<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" article-type="research-article" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">NVMHnBKDVxZhSdGwT3Fg3Wg</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021000600938</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20190807</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190807</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efeitos de Diferentes Tipos de Treinamento F&#237;sico na Fun&#231;&#227;o Endotelial em Pr&#233;-Hipertensos e Hipertensos: Uma Revis&#227;o Sistem&#225;tica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7875-9939</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Waclawovsky</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1148-7136</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pedralli</surname>
            <given-names>Marinei L.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2077-3751</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Eibel</surname>
            <given-names>Bruna</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Schaun</surname>
            <given-names>Maximiliano I.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5912-8020</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lehnen</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Laborat&#243;rio de Pesquisas Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Laborat&#243;rio de Pesquisas Cl&#237;nicas - Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul / Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Alexandre M. Lehnen</bold> &#8226; Laborat&#243;rio de Pesquisas Cl&#237;nicas - Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul / Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia - Av. Princesa Isabel, 395. CEP <postal-code>90620-001</postal-code>, Santana, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil. E-mail: <email>amlehnen@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Waclawovsky G, Schaun MI, Lehnen AM; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Waclawovsky G, Pedralli ML, Eibel B, Schaun MI; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Waclawovsky G, Pedralli ML, Eibel B, Schaun MI, Lehnen AM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Os autores declaram n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>17</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>116</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>938</fpage>
      <lpage>947</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A hipertens&#227;o sustentada pode levar ao remodelamento vascular e les&#227;o das c&#233;lulas endoteliais, o que pode explicar a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial encontrada em hipertensos. O treinamento f&#237;sico pode melhorar a sa&#250;de vascular em indiv&#237;duos com risco cardiovascular, mas pouco se sabe sobre seus efeitos em pr&#233;-hipertensos e hipertensos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Revisar a literatura mostrando evid&#234;ncias de altera&#231;&#245;es da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial em resposta a diferentes modalidades de treinamento f&#237;sico em pr&#233;-hipertensos e hipertensos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Realizamos uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica de estudos nas bases de dados MEDLINE, Cochrane, LILACS, EMBASE e SciELO seguindo tanto as diretrizes PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyzes) quanto a estrat&#233;gia PICO (paciente/popula&#231;&#227;o, interven&#231;&#227;o, compara&#231;&#227;o e resultados). Os ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados (ECRs) publicados at&#233; abril de 2019 foram selecionados e avaliados por quatro revisores independentes. A qualidade metodol&#243;gica foi avaliada por meio da escala PEDro (Physiotherapy Evidence Database).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Nossa busca rendeu 598 resumos, e 10 estudos foram eleg&#237;veis para revis&#227;o. Todos eles apresentaram qualidade metodol&#243;gica aceit&#225;vel pela escala PEDro. Dos 10 estudos, 7 envolveram treinamento aer&#243;bico, 1 treinamento resistido isom&#233;trico e 2 treinamento aer&#243;bico e treinamento resistido din&#226;mico separadamente. Sete estudos usaram dilata&#231;&#227;o fluxo-mediada (DFM) para avaliar a sa&#250;de vascular, e tr&#234;s usaram pletismografia. A maioria dos protocolos de treinamento envolveu indiv&#237;duos hipertensos e consistiu em exerc&#237;cios de baixa e moderada intensidade.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Nossa revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica mostrou que o treinamento aer&#243;bico cont&#237;nuo moderado &#233; eficaz para melhorar a sa&#250;de vascular em indiv&#237;duos hipertensos. Em pr&#233;-hipertensos, o treinamento aer&#243;bico intervalado vigoroso parece ser uma alternativa para benef&#237;cios &#224; sa&#250;de vascular. O treinamento f&#237;sico resistido isom&#233;trico ou din&#226;mico pode ser usado como alternativa secund&#225;ria, mas ainda requer mais investiga&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Endot&#233;lio</kwd>
        <kwd>C&#233;lulas Tronco</kwd>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio F&#237;sico</kwd>
        <kwd>treinamento resistido</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Revis&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="48"/>
        <page-count count="10"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o multifatorial caracterizada por n&#237;veis elevados de press&#227;o arterial (PA) sustentada. Um aumento de 20 mmHg na press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) em indiv&#237;duos com idades entre 40 e 69 anos tem sido associado a um risco duas vezes maior de morte por doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o devido a doen&#231;a vascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> Eventos cardiovasculares est&#227;o intimamente relacionados &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o vascular, em particular devido ao comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o do tecido endotelial, que desempenha um papel central na regula&#231;&#227;o do t&#244;nus vascular e da resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> Fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial prejudicada, n&#237;veis elevados de micropart&#237;culas endoteliais circulantes (MPE)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> e menor capacidade regenerativa vascular, caracterizada pela redu&#231;&#227;o da mobiliza&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas progenitoras endoteliais (CPE),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> j&#225; est&#227;o bem descritos em hipertensos e s&#227;o a principal causa de aterosclerose e consequentes eventos cardiovasculares fatais e n&#227;o fatais nessa popula&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Integra&#231;&#227;o geral das esp&#233;cies reativas de oxig&#234;nio com aterosclerose e balan&#231;o da les&#227;o endotelial versus recupera&#231;&#227;o. Painel A-B: Representa&#231;&#227;o esquem&#225;tica da gera&#231;&#227;o de ROS induzida por respostas inflamat&#243;rias e vasoconstritoras em estados de doen&#231;a e estilo de vida n&#227;o saud&#225;vel, bem como seus efeitos no processo de disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e forma&#231;&#227;o de placa ateroscler&#243;tica. NO: &#243;xido n&#237;trico; ROCK: Rho-quinase associada; SOD, super&#243;xido dismutase; AT1-R: Receptor AT1; NADH: Nicotinamida Adenina Dinucleot&#237;deo reduzido; ROS: esp&#233;cies reativas de oxig&#234;nio; eNOS: &#243;xido n&#237;trico sintase 3; PI3K: Fosfatidilinositol-4,5-bisfosfato 3-quinase; RAS: sistema renina-angiotensina; MAPK: prote&#237;na quinase ativada por mitog&#234;nio; Akt: prote&#237;na quinase B; NF-&#954;B: fator nuclear kappa B; AP-1: Prote&#237;na ativadora 1; VCAM-1: mol&#233;cula 1 de ades&#227;o de c&#233;lulas vasculares; ICAM-1: Mol&#233;cula de Ades&#227;o Intercelular 1; MMP: metaloproteinases de matriz. Adaptado de Higashi et al (2009) e Sanz e Fayad (2008).</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-05-0938-90807-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      <p>Mudan&#231;as no estilo de vida, como a inclus&#227;o de pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica regular, s&#227;o recomendadas como abordagem terap&#234;utica para restaurar a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial em indiv&#237;duos com hipertens&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> Os exatos mecanismos subjacentes aos potenciais efeitos anti-hipertensivos e a resposta endotelial de longo prazo ao exerc&#237;cio ainda n&#227;o s&#227;o totalmente compreendidos, mas uma redu&#231;&#227;o na atividade simp&#225;tica,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> um equil&#237;brio entre vasodilatadores e vasoconstritores<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> e uma redu&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis do vasoconstritor endotelina-1 (ET-1)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> j&#225; foram investigados.</p>
      <p>O exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico regular pode prevenir a perda da vasodilata&#231;&#227;o dependente do endot&#233;lio at&#233; mesmo em idosos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> Este benef&#237;cio est&#225; associado ao aumento do estresse de cisalhamento nas paredes vasculares em reposta ao exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico. Portanto, o exerc&#237;cio regular aumenta a produ&#231;&#227;o de &#243;xido n&#237;trico (NO), aumenta a express&#227;o de &#243;xido n&#237;trico sintase e dilata todos os tipos de vasos sangu&#237;neos, estimulando a guanilato ciclase sol&#250;vel e aumentando o monofosfato c&#237;clico de guanosina (GMPc) nas c&#233;lulas musculares lisas. Tamb&#233;m promove angiog&#234;nese por meio do fator de crescimento endotelial vascular e aumenta a resposta antioxidante local, que por sua vez preserva a biodisponibilidade do &#243;xido n&#237;trico endotelial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Uma metan&#225;lise de estudos de indiv&#237;duos com v&#225;rios fatores de risco cardiovascular e/ou doen&#231;a cardiovascular estabelecida demonstrou que o treinamento aer&#243;bico e resistido podem melhorar a resposta &#224; dilata&#231;&#227;o dependente do endot&#233;lio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> Outros estudos relatam os benef&#237;cios do exerc&#237;cio regular por promover a express&#227;o de mol&#233;culas de ades&#227;o, modula&#231;&#227;o da resposta inflamat&#243;ria<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> e mobiliza&#231;&#227;o de CPE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> Ainda assim, esse corpo de evid&#234;ncias prov&#233;m de estudos conduzidos com popula&#231;&#245;es altamente heterog&#234;neas, o que dificulta conclus&#245;es para a popula&#231;&#227;o particular de indiv&#237;duos pr&#233;-hipertensos e hipertensos.</p>
      <p>De fato, nosso grupo publicou uma metan&#225;lise abordando os efeitos do treinamento f&#237;sico na fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref> No entanto, apenas exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bicos foram inclu&#237;dos e o resultado foi avaliado por dilata&#231;&#227;o fluxo-mediada (DFM). Assim, a presente revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica tem um escopo mais amplo, pois discute os mecanismos potenciais envolvidos na associa&#231;&#227;o entre o treinamento f&#237;sico e a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>). Assim, semelhante &#224; t&#233;cnica de DFM, a pletismografia &#233; fortemente dependente do NO endotelial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref> e, portanto, ambas as t&#233;cnicas s&#227;o amplamente utilizadas quando a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial &#233; o desfecho de interesse. Optamos por incluir pletismografia e exerc&#237;cios resistidos, que n&#227;o foram abordados em nossa metan&#225;lise anterior. Assim, realizamos uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica de estudos que mostram evid&#234;ncias das altera&#231;&#245;es da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial em resposta a diferentes modalidades de treinamento f&#237;sico em pr&#233;-hipertensos e hipertensos. Em seguida, examinamos as evid&#234;ncias sobre marcadores endoteliais, como mobiliza&#231;&#227;o de CPE e MPE.</p>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figura 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Painel A-B: Hip&#243;tese do processo adaptativo modulado pelo treinamento f&#237;sico para restaurar o equil&#237;brio dano/reparo do tecido endotelial e a manuten&#231;&#227;o de sua fun&#231;&#227;o vasomotora.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-05-0938-90807-gf02.tif"/></fig>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
      <title>Materiais e m&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Sele&#231;&#227;o de estudos</title>
        <p>Esta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica seguiu as diretrizes PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyzes)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref> e foi conduzida at&#233; abril de 2019 por quatro revisores independentes (G.W., M.I.S., M.L.P. e B.E.) nas seguintes bases de dados: MEDLINE (acessado via PubMed), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (Cochrane); Centro Latino-Americano e do Caribe de Informa&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de (LILACS); EMBASE e Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO). N&#227;o estabelecemos limites para a data de publica&#231;&#227;o, e artigos em portugu&#234;s, ingl&#234;s ou espanhol eram eleg&#237;veis para inclus&#227;o.</p>
        <p>O conjunto de termos <italic>exercise, systemic hypertension</italic> e <italic>endothelium</italic> foi utilizado para a busca de estudos nas bases de dados Cochrane, LILACS, EMBASE e SciELO. Para a pesquisa MEDLINE, usamos tr&#234;s conjuntos diferentes de descritores MeSH (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref>). Para aumentar a precis&#227;o e a sensibilidade de nossa pesquisa de desenhos de estudo (<italic>Randomized Controlled Trial</italic>, RCTs) no banco de dados MEDLINE, adicionamos os termos de pesquisa para RCTs (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref> Al&#233;m disso, utilizamos a estrat&#233;gia PICO<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref> (paciente/popula&#231;&#227;o, interven&#231;&#227;o, compara&#231;&#227;o e desfechos) para inclus&#227;o dos estudos.</p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Descritores MeSH (Medical Subject Headings for PubMed) para busca no MEDLINE.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-05-0938-90807-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Os quatro revisores realizaram a sele&#231;&#227;o dos estudos e revisaram independentemente os t&#237;tulos e resumos. Quando os resumos n&#227;o forneciam informa&#231;&#245;es suficientes, eles realizavam uma leitura completa dos artigos. Os revisores resolveram quaisquer discrep&#226;ncias por consenso; quaisquer discord&#226;ncias sobre os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram resolvidas por outro revisor (A.M.L.). As informa&#231;&#245;es sobre o n&#250;mero de artigos envolvendo treinamento aer&#243;bico, resistido e combinado, bem como as intensidades dos exerc&#237;cios e t&#233;cnicas utilizadas para medir a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, foram definidas por grupos: pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o e hipertens&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e exclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram: (a) adultos com 18 anos ou mais; (b) indiv&#237;duos com pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o ou hipertens&#227;o sist&#234;mica; (c) treino regular de exerc&#237;cios como parte do protocolo de interven&#231;&#227;o; (d) mobiliza&#231;&#227;o de CPE ou MPE como resultado do estudo; (e) avalia&#231;&#227;o endotelial por DFM ou pletismografia, n&#250;mero de CPE avaliado por citometria de fluxo ou cultura de c&#233;lulas e n&#250;mero de MPE avaliados por citometria de fluxo.</p>
        <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos estudos sobre interven&#231;&#245;es medicamentosas, interven&#231;&#245;es diet&#233;ticas ou uma &#250;nica sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cios, bem como estudos envolvendo animais, crian&#231;as/adolescentes e apenas indiv&#237;duos normotensos, ensaios cl&#237;nicos n&#227;o randomizados e publica&#231;&#245;es duplicadas. Tamb&#233;m foram exclu&#237;dos estudos cujos participantes tinham doen&#231;as metab&#243;licas e outras doen&#231;as cardiovasculares al&#233;m da hipertens&#227;o.</p>
        <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o da qualidade dos estudos foi baseada na escala Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref> (Tabela 1S, <xref ref-type="app" rid="app01">material suplementar</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Todos os dados foram tabulados como vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas no Microsoft Excel e uma an&#225;lise descritiva no SPSS for Windows, vers&#227;o 24 (Chicago, IL), foi realizada por um dos pesquisadores (G.W.).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Esta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica teve como objetivo avaliar as evid&#234;ncias de altera&#231;&#245;es na fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial em resposta ao treinamento f&#237;sico aer&#243;bico, resistido e combinado (pr&#233;- vs. p&#243;s-treinamento) em indiv&#237;duos pr&#233;-hipertensos e hipertensos. Encontramos em nossa busca 598 resumos (297 na MEDLINE; 43 na Cochrane; 47 na LILACS; 200 na EMBASE; e 11 na SciELO). Todos os t&#237;tulos e resumos foram revisados e, em seguida, 46 artigos foram lidos na &#237;ntegra e revisados para checagem de elegibilidade. Dez artigos foram selecionados para revis&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f4">
        <label>Figura 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Fluxograma da sele&#231;&#227;o dos ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados inclu&#237;dos nesta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-05-0938-90807-gf04.tif"/></fig>
      <p>Dentre os dez estudos, quatro somaram 7 pontos, outros quatro somaram 6 pontos e apenas dois estudos somaram 5 pontos na escala PEDro. No entanto, &#233; importante destacar que a abordagem cega (treinamento f&#237;sico) n&#227;o foi fornecida, pois n&#227;o &#233; aplic&#225;vel neste tipo de interven&#231;&#227;o. Assim, consideramos todos os estudos inclu&#237;dos de qualidade aceit&#225;vel de acordo com a escala PEDro.</p>
      <p>A Tabela 2S (<xref ref-type="app" rid="app01">material suplementar</xref>) mostra informa&#231;&#245;es detalhadas dos estudos revisados. Resumidamente, dos dez estudos selecionados, sete envolveram treinamento aer&#243;bico, um abordou o treinamento resistido isom&#233;trico, dois o treinamento aer&#243;bico e o treinamento resistido din&#226;mico separadamente e nenhum envolveu a combina&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bicos e resistido na mesma sess&#227;o (treinamento combinado). Destes, apenas tr&#234;s estudos compararam os efeitos de diferentes tipos de treinamento f&#237;sico na fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial (treinamento cont&#237;nuo e intervalado; resistido din&#226;mica e treinamento intervalado). O tamanho da amostra variou de 16 a 155, totalizando 519 pr&#233;-hipertensos e hipertensos.</p>
      <p>Dos estudos selecionados, as amostras de sangue foram analisadas em busca de marcadores de sa&#250;de vascular em apenas dois deles. CPE e MPE n&#227;o foram avaliados em nenhum dos RCTs com pr&#233;-hipertensos ou hipertensos. A fun&#231;&#227;o vasomotora endotelial foi avaliada por DFM (dilata&#231;&#227;o fluxo-mediada da art&#233;ria braquial avaliada por ultrassom) em sete estudos e pletismografia (vasodilata&#231;&#227;o total do antebra&#231;o ou panturrilha capturada por medi&#231;&#245;es de fluxo por um extensor de el&#225;stico local) em tr&#234;s estudos (descri&#231;&#227;o detalhada da pletismografia pode ser vista em Bystrom et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref> e Waclawovsky et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref>).</p>
      <p>De acordo com a classifica&#231;&#227;o de intensidade de exerc&#237;cio do American College of Sports Medicine,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref> o treinamento aer&#243;bico de baixa intensidade foi avaliado em tr&#234;s estudos, o exerc&#237;cio moderado em quatro estudos e o exerc&#237;cio vigoroso em tr&#234;s estudos. Para o treinamento de resist&#234;ncia isom&#233;trica, selecionamos apenas um estudo de baixa intensidade. Para o treinamento de resist&#234;ncia din&#226;mico, a intensidade moderada foi examinada em dois estudos, enquanto o treinamento de intensidades baixa e vigorosa n&#227;o foi avaliado em nenhum deles.</p>
      <p>A dura&#231;&#227;o do treinamento f&#237;sico foi na maioria das vezes de 12 semanas (seis estudos), seguida de 8 semanas (tr&#234;s estudos) e 24 semanas (um estudo). O n&#250;mero de sess&#245;es de variou: 3 vezes por semana (sete estudos); 4 vezes por semana (um estudo); e 5 ou mais vezes por semana (dois estudos).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Esta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica teve como objetivo avaliar quaisquer evid&#234;ncias de altera&#231;&#245;es na fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial em resposta a diferentes modalidades de treinamento f&#237;sico em indiv&#237;duos pr&#233;-hipertensos e hipertensos. Os resultados mostraram que o treinamento aer&#243;bico cont&#237;nuo em intensidade moderada (50% VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x), por 30-40 minutos por sess&#227;o pelo menos 3 vezes por semana, parece ser a interven&#231;&#227;o mais adequada para melhorar a vasodilata&#231;&#227;o endot&#233;lio-dependente em hipertensos. Em pr&#233;-hipertensos, o treinamento aer&#243;bico intervalado vigoroso (3 min/caminhada e 2 min/corrida; 65% e 85% da FCm&#225;x), em sess&#245;es de 45 minutos, 3 vezes por semana parece ser uma alternativa para beneficiar a sa&#250;de vascular. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao treinamento resistido, encontramos um estudo relatando os efeitos do treinamento isom&#233;trico de baixa intensidade (30% do esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo, 4 vezes por 2 minutos, 3 vezes por semana) na fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial em indiv&#237;duos hipertensos; e o treinamento resistido de intensidade moderada (8 exerc&#237;cios, 60 min/sess&#227;o, 3 vezes por semana, 2&#215;8-12 repeti&#231;&#245;es at&#233; a fadiga muscular local) foi examinado em dois estudos conduzidos com indiv&#237;duos pr&#233;-hipertensos. Com base nos ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados envolvendo treinamento isom&#233;trico avaliado, podemos especular que o treinamento de baixa intensidade pode melhorar a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial localizada. J&#225; o treinamento resistido din&#226;mico pode ser uma alternativa para melhorar a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial em pr&#233;-hipertensos quando realizado em intensidade moderada.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Treinamento aer&#243;bico</title>
        <p>Westhoff et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref> desenvolveu um protocolo de treinamento de exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico de baixa intensidade (sess&#245;es 2 vezes por semana durante 12 semanas) usando um cicloerg&#244;metro de membros superiores para avaliar a resposta vascular em pacientes com hipertens&#227;o e n&#227;o encontrou melhora na vasodilata&#231;&#227;o dependente do endot&#233;lio dos vasos do bra&#231;o. Uma explica&#231;&#227;o pode ser a intensidade do exerc&#237;cio: o lactato sangu&#237;neo era 2,0 mmol/L, que &#233; um n&#237;vel pr&#243;ximo ao de repouso. A associa&#231;&#227;o com a intensidade do exerc&#237;cio &#233; ainda suportada pelo fato de que os indiv&#237;duos com hipertens&#227;o est&#225;gio I-II apresentaram melhora da vasodilata&#231;&#227;o endot&#233;lio-dependente dos vasos do bra&#231;o ap&#243;s treinamento aer&#243;bico em exerc&#237;cios de intensidade quase m&#225;xima.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref> Al&#233;m do exerc&#237;cio de baixa intensidade neste estudo, o uso de betabloqueadores pode ter causado diminui&#231;&#227;o do volume sist&#243;lico e do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco e redu&#231;&#227;o da libera&#231;&#227;o de NO mediada pelo estresse de cisalhamento das c&#233;lulas endoteliais, causando, portanto, menor vasodilata&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref></p>
        <p>A intensidade do exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico parece influenciar a resposta vasomotora em indiv&#237;duos hipertensos. O treinamento aer&#243;bico por uma hora em bicicleta ergom&#233;trica, 3 vezes por semana por 6 meses em intensidade moderada (50% FCreserva), demonstrou aumentar os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de NO em mulheres hipertensas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30"><sup>30</sup></xref> Molmen-Hansen et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref> relatou que um treinamento aer&#243;bico de 3 meses melhorou a vasodilata&#231;&#227;o endot&#233;lio-dependente dos vasos do bra&#231;o em indiv&#237;duos hipertensos apenas em altas intensidades (exerc&#237;cios alternados a 60-70% e 90-95% da FCm&#225;x). Levanta-se a quest&#227;o de quais outros fatores al&#233;m do aumento dos n&#237;veis de NO poderiam contribuir para a melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o vasomotora em resposta ao treinamento aer&#243;bico em indiv&#237;duos hipertensos.</p>
        <p>A hipertens&#227;o arterial est&#225; associada ao aumento da atividade simp&#225;tica, que &#233; intensificada durante o exerc&#237;cio. Em indiv&#237;duos normotensos, o exerc&#237;cio causa uma atenua&#231;&#227;o da atividade simp&#225;tica nos m&#250;sculos ativos com consequente vasodilata&#231;&#227;o local.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"><sup>31</sup></xref> Essa vasodilata&#231;&#227;o local tardia &#233; paralela ao aumento da intensidade do trabalho muscular, e esse fen&#244;meno envolve altera&#231;&#245;es nos metab&#243;litos musculares e outras subst&#226;ncias para reduzir a resposta vascular &#224; ativa&#231;&#227;o de receptores &#945;-adren&#233;rgicos envolvidos na regula&#231;&#227;o do t&#244;nus vascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32"><sup>32</sup></xref> Por outro lado, esse mecanismo &#233; atenuado em indiv&#237;duos hipertensos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"><sup>31</sup></xref> e, junto com o aumento da rigidez arterial, leva &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o do fluxo sangu&#237;neo e menor estresse de cisalhamento durante o exerc&#237;cio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33"><sup>33</sup></xref> Esses fatores podem atuar em conjunto, impossibilitando a melhora na capacidade vasomotora em hipertensos ap&#243;s exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico em intensidade moderada ou pr&#243;xima a moderada, mesmo com s&#237;ntese de NO preservada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30"><sup>30</sup></xref></p>
        <p>O treinamento intervalado parece ser ben&#233;fico para a sa&#250;de vascular de indiv&#237;duos pr&#233;-hipertensos. Conforme demonstrado por Beck et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34"><sup>34</sup></xref> um programa de treinamento de exerc&#237;cios que consiste em caminhar por 3 minutos em intensidade moderada, alternando com corrida por 2 minutos em intensidade vigorosa (exerc&#237;cios alternados em 65-85% da FCm&#225;x), 3 vezes por semana e durante 8 semanas pode aumentar a vasodilata&#231;&#227;o dependente do endot&#233;lio em jovens pr&#233;-hipertensos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35"><sup>35</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Ao contr&#225;rio do corpo de evid&#234;ncias sobre exerc&#237;cios de alta intensidade, alguns estudos relataram melhorias na vasodilata&#231;&#227;o dependente do endot&#233;lio dos vasos do bra&#231;o em pacientes idosos hipertensos ap&#243;s 12 semanas de treinamento aer&#243;bico de baixa intensidade (n&#237;vel de lactato sangu&#237;neo &#8804;2,5 mmol/L).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36"><sup>36</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37"><sup>37</sup></xref> No entanto, um fator importante que afeta a melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial ap&#243;s exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico em indiv&#237;duos com hipertens&#227;o &#233; a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, ou seja, vasodilata&#231;&#227;o endot&#233;lio-dependente avaliada por DFM menor que 5,5%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38"><sup>38</sup></xref> Assim, a varia&#231;&#227;o dos resultados de estudos envolvendo exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bicos em intensidade baixa e moderada tamb&#233;m pode ser explicada pela disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial basal dos participantes.</p>
        <p>A sa&#250;de vascular em hipertensos em resposta ao treinamento aer&#243;bico pode ser influenciada pelo perfil lip&#237;dico. Em dois estudos, Higashi et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39"><sup>39</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40"><sup>40</sup></xref> demonstraram que um treinamento de 3 meses, consistindo em caminhada n&#227;o supervisionada 5&#8211;7 vezes por semana em intensidade moderada (50% VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x) por 30 minutos, melhorou a vasodilata&#231;&#227;o dos vasos do antebra&#231;o em indiv&#237;duos hipertensos n&#227;o tratados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39"><sup>39</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40"><sup>40</sup></xref> Curiosamente, a melhora na vasodilata&#231;&#227;o dos vasos do antebra&#231;o foi negativamente correlacionada com os n&#237;veis de colesterol LDL. Assim, como a hipertens&#227;o est&#225; comumente associada a n&#237;veis baixos de HDL e n&#237;veis elevados de LDL, a n&#227;o modifica&#231;&#227;o do perfil lip&#237;dico nessa popula&#231;&#227;o pode contribuir para uma melhoria insatisfat&#243;ria da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial.</p>
        <p>Os n&#237;veis circulantes de MPE no sangue perif&#233;rico est&#227;o associados &#224; integridade endotelial. MPE s&#227;o pequenas ves&#237;culas de membrana liberadas das c&#233;lulas endoteliais em resposta &#224; ativa&#231;&#227;o, les&#227;o e apoptose celular. Os principais marcadores de superf&#237;cie celular incluem CD144+, CD31+/CD41-, CD31+/CD42b-, CD31+/anexina V+ e CD62E.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41"><sup>41</sup></xref> Os MPE t&#234;m sido associados ao escore de risco de Framingham,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> hipertens&#227;o,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42"><sup>42</sup></xref> entre outras condi&#231;&#245;es. Feairheller et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43"><sup>43</sup></xref> avaliaram, em afroamericanos, os efeitos do treinamento aer&#243;bico vigoroso (at&#233; 65% do VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x) por 6 meses.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43"><sup>43</sup></xref> Eles relataram que a DFM aumentou 60% e os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de NO aumentaram 77%, junto com uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 50% nas contagens de MPE. Por&#233;m, dos 25 indiv&#237;duos da amostra, 10 eram normotensos, 9 pr&#233;-hipertensivos e apenas 7 eram hipertensos, dificultando a extrapola&#231;&#227;o dos dados para as tr&#234;s popula&#231;&#245;es. Parece que o estresse de cisalhamento induzido pelo exerc&#237;cio pode preservar a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial por meio de um mecanismo que potencializa as fun&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas das c&#233;lulas vasculares.</p>
        <p>O equil&#237;brio entre les&#227;o endotelial e reparo &#233; o evento mais significativo na patog&#234;nese da aterosclerose. Os CPE desempenham um papel importante na repara&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas endoteliais lesadas e na manuten&#231;&#227;o da integridade endotelial. Um baixo n&#250;mero de CPE expressando o fen&#243;tipo CD34+/KDR+ &#233; preditivo de eventos cardiovasculares e morte,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44"><sup>44</sup></xref> e baixos n&#237;veis de CPE expressando o fen&#243;tipo CD34+/KDR+/CD45dim &#233; um forte preditor de progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> Est&#225; bem estabelecido que os indiv&#237;duos hipertensos apresentam baixo n&#250;mero de CPE funcionais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> Por sua vez, o treinamento aer&#243;bico aumenta os n&#237;veis de CPE em pacientes com risco cardiovascular ou doen&#231;a cardiovascular estabelecida,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45"><sup>45</sup></xref> equilibrando les&#227;o e reparo endotelial. No entanto, n&#227;o encontramos estudos associando treinamento aer&#243;bio e CPE em pr&#233;-hipertensos e hipertensos. Mais investiga&#231;&#245;es sobre esse tema s&#227;o necess&#225;rias.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Treinamento resistido</title>
        <p>At&#233; o momento, apenas um RCT relatou os resultados do treinamento isom&#233;trico sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial em hipertensos. Os autores avaliaram a vasodilata&#231;&#227;o endot&#233;lio-dependente dos vasos do bra&#231;o em indiv&#237;duos hipertensos ap&#243;s treinamento de preens&#227;o manual isom&#233;trica unilateral e bilateral.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46"><sup>46</sup></xref> Curiosamente, a vasodilata&#231;&#227;o dependente do endot&#233;lio melhorou apenas no bra&#231;o treinado (o DFM do bra&#231;o treinado aumentou de 2,4 para 6,6%, p&lt;0,001; sem altera&#231;&#227;o observada no bra&#231;o n&#227;o treinado).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46"><sup>46</sup></xref> Portanto, pode-se supor que uma maior massa muscular submetida ao treinamento seja necess&#225;ria para alcan&#231;ar benef&#237;cios globais da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial nessa popula&#231;&#227;o. &#201; importante ressaltar que a maioria dos artigos inclu&#237;dos realizava a t&#233;cnica DFM de Corretti et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47"><sup>47</sup></xref> mesmo os publicados ap&#243;s 2011, per&#237;odo em que a t&#233;cnica j&#225; havia sido atualizada. Isso nos permite questionar como a t&#233;cnica atual, mais precisa, poderia alterar os resultados vasculares encontrados, otimizando-os.</p>
        <p>Beck et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34"><sup>34</sup></xref> examinaram os efeitos do treinamento resistido em indiv&#237;duos pr&#233;-hipertensos e descobriram que o treinamento de uma hora, 3 vezes por semana durante 2 meses, consistindo de 2&#215;8 a 12 repeti&#231;&#245;es m&#225;ximas (intensidade moderada), aumentou a vasodilata&#231;&#227;o dependente do endot&#233;lio dos vasos do bra&#231;o e reduziu os n&#237;veis de ET-1. Esse mesmo protocolo foi repetido para avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o vascular em membros superiores e inferiores por pletismografia de oclus&#227;o venosa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35"><sup>35</sup></xref> Foi reportada uma melhora na vasodilata&#231;&#227;o dos vasos do antebra&#231;o e das pernas, bem como maior equil&#237;brio oxidante-antioxidante ao final de dois meses de treinamento. O aumento da vasodilata&#231;&#227;o endot&#233;lio-dependente pode ser explicado pela oclus&#227;o mec&#226;nica dos vasos durante o exerc&#237;cio, que causa per&#237;odos cont&#237;nuos de isquemia e reperfus&#227;o nos membros treinados, aumenta o o estresse de cisalhamento e leva a altera&#231;&#245;es adaptativas endoteliais locais que aumentam cronicamente a capacidade vasodilatadora.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33"><sup>33</sup></xref> Outra explica&#231;&#227;o poss&#237;vel &#233; o aumento do fluxo sangu&#237;neo para os m&#250;sculos treinados. Essa redistribui&#231;&#227;o do fluxo sangu&#237;neo durante o exerc&#237;cio aumenta o fluxo sangu&#237;neo sist&#243;lico anter&#243;grado e diast&#243;lico retr&#243;grado, que pode induzir aumento do estresse de cisalhamento nos vasos dos membros destreinados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Ao contr&#225;rio do exerc&#237;cio resistido, o exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico aumenta continuamente o fluxo sangu&#237;neo, o que pode levar a um aumento no estresse de cisalhamento<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48"><sup>48</sup></xref> e maiores adapta&#231;&#245;es vasculares induzidas pelo exerc&#237;cio quando comparado a outras modalidades. No entanto, melhorias na fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial em membros n&#227;o treinados parecem ser semelhantes em indiv&#237;duos jovens saud&#225;veis e indiv&#237;duos com diabetes tipo 1 ap&#243;s uma sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bicos e resistido com dura&#231;&#227;o, intensidade e grupos musculares treinados semelhantes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref> Esse achado levanta a possibilidade de que essas vari&#225;veis possam ter impactado os resultados e possam explicar inconsist&#234;ncias entre os estudos.</p>
        <p>N&#227;o encontramos estudos envolvendo treinamento isom&#233;trico isom&#233;trico ou din&#226;mico que medissem MPE e CPE em pr&#233;-hipertensos e hipertensos. Requer mais investiga&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Nosso estudo apresenta algumas limita&#231;&#245;es que precisam ser consideradas. Diferentes estrat&#233;gias de treinamento aer&#243;bico (caminhada r&#225;pida, ciclismo e esteira), idades dos participantes e tempos de interven&#231;&#227;o avaliados nos RCTs dificultam a infer&#234;ncia do efeito de cada fator na fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial. Dado o corpo limitado de evid&#234;ncias para o treinamento resistido, mais investiga&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o necess&#225;rias para que possamos delinear os efeitos da melhora na fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial em indiv&#237;duos com press&#227;o arterial alterada, uma vez que at&#233; agora s&#227;o especulativos.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Nos estudos inclu&#237;dos em nossa revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica, o treinamento aer&#243;bico de intensidade moderada por 30&#8211;40 minutos/sess&#227;o e pelo menos 3 vezes por semana &#233; eficaz para melhorar a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial em indiv&#237;duos hipertensos. Em pr&#233;-hipertensos, o treinamento aer&#243;bico intervalado de intensidade vigorosa, 45 minutos/sess&#227;o e 3 vezes por semana parece ser uma alternativa para trazer benef&#237;cios &#224; sa&#250;de vascular. Em perspectiva, o treinamento resistido, seja isom&#233;trico ou din&#226;mico, pode ser utilizado como estrat&#233;gia secund&#225;ria para melhorar a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial de indiv&#237;duos com medidas alteradas da press&#227;o arterial. Com rela&#231;&#227;o aos dados de CPE e MPE, nenhum estudo envolvendo treinamento de for&#231;a isom&#233;trico ou din&#226;mico mediu MPE e CPE em pr&#233;-hipertensos e hipertensos.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o contou com fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Gustavo Waclawovsky pelo Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul / Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p>
          <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lewington</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Clarke</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Qizilbash</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Peto</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Collins</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Collaboration</surname>
              <given-names>PS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>360</volume>
          <issue>9349</issue>
          <fpage>1903</fpage>
          <lpage>1913</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>1. Lewington S, Clarke R, Qizilbash N, Peto R, Collins R, Collaboration PS. Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies. Lancet. 2002; 360(9349): 1903-13.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Furchgott</surname>
              <given-names>RF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vanhoutte</surname>
              <given-names>PM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Endothelium-derived relaxing and contracting factors</article-title>
          <source>FASEB J</source>
          <year>1989</year>
          <volume>3</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>2007</fpage>
          <lpage>2018</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>2. Furchgott RF, Vanhoutte PM. Endothelium-derived relaxing and contracting factors. FASEB J. 1989; 3(9): 2007-18.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Amabile</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cheng</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Renard</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Larson</surname>
              <given-names>MG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ghorbani</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McCabe</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Association of circulating endothelial microparticles with cardiometabolic risk factors in the Framingham Heart Study</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>35</volume>
          <issue>42</issue>
          <fpage>2972</fpage>
          <lpage>2979</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>3. Amabile N, Cheng S, Renard JM, Larson MG, Ghorbani A, McCabe E et al. Association of circulating endothelial microparticles with cardiometabolic risk factors in the Framingham Heart Study. Eur Heart J. 2014; 35(42): 2972-9.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Schmidt-Lucke</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fichtlscherer</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aicher</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tsch&#246;pe</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schultheiss</surname>
              <given-names>HP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zeiher</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Quantification of circulating endothelial progenitor cells using the modified ISHAGE protocol</article-title>
          <source>PLoS One</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>5</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <elocation-id>e13790</elocation-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>4. Schmidt-Lucke C, Fichtlscherer S, Aicher A, Tsch&#246;pe C, Schultheiss HP, Zeiher AM et al. Quantification of circulating endothelial progenitor cells using the modified ISHAGE protocol. PLoS One. 2010; 5(11): e13790.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Skrzypkowska</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>My&#347;liwska</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>S&#322;omi&#324;ski</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Siebert</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gutknecht</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ryba-Stanis&#322;awowska</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Quantitative and functional characteristics of endothelial progenitor cells in newly diagnosed hypertensive patients</article-title>
          <source>J Hum Hypertens</source>
          <year>2014</year>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>5. Skrzypkowska M, My&#347;liwska J, S&#322;omi&#324;ski B, Siebert J, Gutknecht P, Ryba-Stanis&#322;awowska M. Quantitative and functional characteristics of endothelial progenitor cells in newly diagnosed hypertensive patients. J Hum Hypertens. 2014.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Shimbo</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Muntner</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mann</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Viera</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Homma</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Polak</surname>
              <given-names>JF</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Endothelial dysfunction and the risk of hypertension: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis</article-title>
          <source>Hypertension</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>55</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>1210</fpage>
          <lpage>1216</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>6. Shimbo D, Muntner P, Mann D, Viera AJ, Homma S, Polak JF et al. Endothelial dysfunction and the risk of hypertension: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Hypertension. 2010; 55(5): 1210-6.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mancia</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fagard</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Narkiewicz</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Redon</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zanchetti</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>B&#246;hm</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>2013 ESH/ESC guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: the Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>34</volume>
          <issue>28</issue>
          <fpage>2159</fpage>
          <lpage>2219</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>7. Mancia G, Fagard R, Narkiewicz K, Redon J, Zanchetti A, B&#246;hm M et al. 2013 ESH/ESC guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: the Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2013; 34(28): 2159-219.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>James</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oparil</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carter</surname>
              <given-names>BL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cushman</surname>
              <given-names>WC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dennison-Himmelfarb</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Handler</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>2014 evidence-based guideline for the management of high blood pressure in adults: report from the panel members appointed to the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8)</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>311</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>507</fpage>
          <lpage>520</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>8. James PA, Oparil S, Carter BL, Cushman WC, Dennison-Himmelfarb C, Handler J et al. 2014 evidence-based guideline for the management of high blood pressure in adults: report from the panel members appointed to the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8). JAMA. 2014; 311(5): 507-20.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Martinez</surname>
              <given-names>DG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nicolau</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lage</surname>
              <given-names>RL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Toschi-Dias</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>de Matos</surname>
              <given-names>LD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alves</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effects of long-term exercise training on autonomic control in myocardial infarction patients</article-title>
          <source>Hypertension</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>58</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>1049</fpage>
          <lpage>1056</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>9. Martinez DG, Nicolau JC, Lage RL, Toschi-Dias E, de Matos LD, Alves MJ et al. Effects of long-term exercise training on autonomic control in myocardial infarction patients. Hypertension. 2011; 58(6): 1049-56.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hansen</surname>
              <given-names>AH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nyberg</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bangsbo</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Saltin</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hellsten</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Exercise training alters the balance between vasoactive compounds in skeletal muscle of individuals with essential hypertension</article-title>
          <source>Hypertension</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>58</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>943</fpage>
          <lpage>949</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>10. Hansen AH, Nyberg M, Bangsbo J, Saltin B, Hellsten Y. Exercise training alters the balance between vasoactive compounds in skeletal muscle of individuals with essential hypertension. Hypertension. 2011; 58(5): 943-9.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nyberg</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mortensen</surname>
              <given-names>SP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hellsten</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Physical activity opposes the age-related increase in skeletal muscle and plasma endothelin-1 levels and normalizes plasma endothelin-1 levels in individuals with essential hypertension</article-title>
          <source>Acta Physiol (Oxf)</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>207</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>524</fpage>
          <lpage>535</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>11. Nyberg M, Mortensen SP, Hellsten Y. Physical activity opposes the age-related increase in skeletal muscle and plasma endothelin-1 levels and normalizes plasma endothelin-1 levels in individuals with essential hypertension. Acta Physiol (Oxf). 2013; 207(3): 524-35.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>DeSouza</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shapiro</surname>
              <given-names>LF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Clevenger</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dinenno</surname>
              <given-names>FA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Monahan</surname>
              <given-names>KD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tanaka</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Regular aerobic exercise prevents and restores age-related declines in endothelium-dependent vasodilation in healthy men</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2000</year>
          <volume>102</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>1351</fpage>
          <lpage>1357</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>12. DeSouza CA, Shapiro LF, Clevenger CM, Dinenno FA, Monahan KD, Tanaka H et al. Regular aerobic exercise prevents and restores age-related declines in endothelium-dependent vasodilation in healthy men. Circulation. 2000; 102(12): 1351-7.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Higashi</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yoshizumi</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Exercise and endothelial function: role of endothelium-derived nitric oxide and oxidative stress in healthy subjects and hypertensive patients</article-title>
          <source>Pharmacol Ther</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>102</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>87</fpage>
          <lpage>96</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>13. Higashi Y, Yoshizumi M. Exercise and endothelial function: role of endothelium-derived nitric oxide and oxidative stress in healthy subjects and hypertensive patients. Pharmacol Ther. 2004; 102(1): 87-96.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ashor</surname>
              <given-names>AW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lara</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Siervo</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Celis-Morales</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oggioni</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jakovljevic</surname>
              <given-names>DG</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Exercise modalities and endothelial function: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials</article-title>
          <source>Sports Med</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>45</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>279</fpage>
          <lpage>296</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>14. Ashor AW, Lara J, Siervo M, Celis-Morales C, Oggioni C, Jakovljevic DG et al. Exercise modalities and endothelial function: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Sports Med. 2015; 45(2): 279-96.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Palmefors</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>DuttaRoy</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rundqvist</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>B&#246;rjesson</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The effect of physical activity or exercise on key biomarkers in atherosclerosis--a systematic review</article-title>
          <source>Atherosclerosis</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>235</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>150</fpage>
          <lpage>161</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>15. Palmefors H, DuttaRoy S, Rundqvist B, B&#246;rjesson M. The effect of physical activity or exercise on key biomarkers in atherosclerosis--a systematic review. Atherosclerosis. 2014; 235(1): 150-61.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Volaklis</surname>
              <given-names>KA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tokmakidis</surname>
              <given-names>SP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Halle</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Acute and chronic effects of exercise on circulating endothelial progenitor cells in healthy and diseased patients</article-title>
          <source>Clin Res Cardiol</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>102</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>249</fpage>
          <lpage>257</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>16. Volaklis KA, Tokmakidis SP, Halle M. Acute and chronic effects of exercise on circulating endothelial progenitor cells in healthy and diseased patients. Clin Res Cardiol. 2013; 102(4): 249-57.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pedralli</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Eibel</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Waclawovsky</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schaun</surname>
              <given-names>MI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nisa-Castro</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
              <suffix>Neto</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Umpierre</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effects of exercise training on endothelial function in individuals with hypertension: a systematic review with meta-analysis</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Hypertens</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>e65</fpage>
          <lpage>e75</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>17. Pedralli ML, Eibel B, Waclawovsky G, Schaun MI, Nisa-Castro-Neto W, Umpierre D et al. Effects of exercise training on endothelial function in individuals with hypertension: a systematic review with meta-analysis. J Am Soc Hypertens. 2018; 12(12): e65-e75.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Green</surname>
              <given-names>DJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jones</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thijssen</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cable</surname>
              <given-names>NT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Atkinson</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Flow-mediated dilation and cardiovascular event prediction: does nitric oxide matter?</article-title>
          <source>Hypertension</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>57</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>363</fpage>
          <lpage>369</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>18. Green DJ, Jones H, Thijssen D, Cable NT, Atkinson G. Flow-mediated dilation and cardiovascular event prediction: does nitric oxide matter? Hypertension. 2011; 57(3): 363-9.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gilligan</surname>
              <given-names>DM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Panza</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kilcoyne</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Waclawiw</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Casino</surname>
              <given-names>PR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Quyyumi</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Contribution of endothelium-derived nitric oxide to exercise-induced vasodilation</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>1994</year>
          <volume>90</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>2853</fpage>
          <lpage>2858</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>19. Gilligan DM, Panza JA, Kilcoyne CM, Waclawiw MA, Casino PR, Quyyumi AA. Contribution of endothelium-derived nitric oxide to exercise-induced vasodilation. Circulation. 1994; 90(6): 2853-8.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Dyke</surname>
              <given-names>CK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Proctor</surname>
              <given-names>DN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dietz</surname>
              <given-names>NM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Joyner</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Role of nitric oxide in exercise hyperaemia during prolonged rhythmic handgripping in humans</article-title>
          <source>J Physiol</source>
          <year>1995</year>
          <volume>488</volume>
          <issue>Pt 1</issue>
          <fpage>259</fpage>
          <lpage>265</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>20. Dyke CK, Proctor DN, Dietz NM, Joyner MJ. Role of nitric oxide in exercise hyperaemia during prolonged rhythmic handgripping in humans. J Physiol. 1995; 488 (Pt 1): 259-65.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Moher</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liberati</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tetzlaff</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Altman</surname>
              <given-names>DG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Group</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement</article-title>
          <source>PLoS Med</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>6</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <elocation-id>e1000097</elocation-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>21. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, Group P. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med. 2009; 6(7): e1000097.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <label>22</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Robinson</surname>
              <given-names>KA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dickersin</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Development of a highly sensitive search strategy for the retrieval of reports of controlled trials using PubMed</article-title>
          <source>Int J Epidemiol</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>31</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>150</fpage>
          <lpage>153</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>22. Robinson KA, Dickersin K. Development of a highly sensitive search strategy for the retrieval of reports of controlled trials using PubMed. Int J Epidemiol. 2002; 31(1): 150-3.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Maher</surname>
              <given-names>CG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sherrington</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Herbert</surname>
              <given-names>RD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moseley</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Elkins</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Reliability of the PEDro scale for rating quality of randomized controlled trials</article-title>
          <source>Phys Ther</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>83</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>713</fpage>
          <lpage>721</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>23. Maher CG, Sherrington C, Herbert RD, Moseley AM, Elkins M. Reliability of the PEDro scale for rating quality of randomized controlled trials. Phys Ther. 2003; 83(8): 713-21.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <label>24</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bystrom</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jensen</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jensen-Urstad</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lindblad</surname>
              <given-names>LE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kilbom</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Ultrasound-Doppler technique for monitoring blood flow in the brachial artery compared with occlusion plethysmography of the forearm</article-title>
          <source>Scand J Clin Lab Invest</source>
          <year>1998</year>
          <volume>58</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>569</fpage>
          <lpage>576</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>24. Bystrom S, Jensen B, Jensen-Urstad M, Lindblad LE, Kilbom A. Ultrasound-Doppler technique for monitoring blood flow in the brachial artery compared with occlusion plethysmography of the forearm. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 1998; 58(7): 569-76.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <label>25</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Waclawovsky</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Umpierre</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Figueira</surname>
              <given-names>FR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>de Lima</surname>
              <given-names>ES</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alegretti</surname>
              <given-names>AP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schneider</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Exercise on Progenitor Cells in Healthy Subjects and Patients with Type 1 Diabetes</article-title>
          <source>Med Sci Sports Exerc</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>48</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>190</fpage>
          <lpage>199</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>25. Waclawovsky G, Umpierre D, Figueira FR, de Lima ES, Alegretti AP, Schneider L et al. Exercise on Progenitor Cells in Healthy Subjects and Patients with Type 1 Diabetes. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2016; 48(2): 190-9.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <label>26</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Garber</surname>
              <given-names>CE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Blissmer</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Deschenes</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Franklin</surname>
              <given-names>BA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lamonte</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lee</surname>
              <given-names>IM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal, and neuromotor fitness in apparently healthy adults: guidance for prescribing exercise</article-title>
          <source>Med Sci Sports Exerc</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>43</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>1334</fpage>
          <lpage>1359</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>26. Garber CE, Blissmer B, Deschenes MR, Franklin BA, Lamonte MJ, Lee IM et al. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal, and neuromotor fitness in apparently healthy adults: guidance for prescribing exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011; 43(7): 1334-59.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <label>27</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Westhoff</surname>
              <given-names>TH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schmidt</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gross</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Joppke</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zidek</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>van der Giet</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The cardiovascular effects of upper-limb aerobic exercise in hypertensive patients</article-title>
          <source>J Hypertens</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>26</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>1336</fpage>
          <lpage>1342</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>27. Westhoff TH, Schmidt S, Gross V, Joppke M, Zidek W, van der Giet M et al. The cardiovascular effects of upper-limb aerobic exercise in hypertensive patients. J Hypertens. 2008; 26(7): 1336-42.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <label>28</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Molmen-Hansen</surname>
              <given-names>HE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stolen</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tjonna</surname>
              <given-names>AE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aamot</surname>
              <given-names>IL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ekeberg</surname>
              <given-names>IS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tyldum</surname>
              <given-names>GA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Aerobic interval training reduces blood pressure and improves myocardial function in hypertensive patients</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Prev Cardiol</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>19</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>151</fpage>
          <lpage>160</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>28. Molmen-Hansen HE, Stolen T, Tjonna AE, Aamot IL, Ekeberg IS, Tyldum GA et al. Aerobic interval training reduces blood pressure and improves myocardial function in hypertensive patients. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2012; 19(2): 151-60.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <label>29</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tinken</surname>
              <given-names>TM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thijssen</surname>
              <given-names>DH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hopkins</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Black</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dawson</surname>
              <given-names>EA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Minson</surname>
              <given-names>CT</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Impact of shear rate modulation on vascular function in humans</article-title>
          <source>Hypertension</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>54</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>278</fpage>
          <lpage>285</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>29. Tinken TM, Thijssen DH, Hopkins N, Black MA, Dawson EA, Minson CT et al. Impact of shear rate modulation on vascular function in humans. Hypertension. 2009; 54(2): 278-85.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <label>30</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zaros</surname>
              <given-names>PR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pires</surname>
              <given-names>CE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bacci</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moraes</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zanesco</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effect of 6-months of physical exercise on the nitrate/nitrite levels in hypertensive postmenopausal women</article-title>
          <source>BMC Womens Health</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>9</volume>
          <fpage>17</fpage>
          <lpage>17</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>30. Zaros PR, Pires CE, Bacci M, Moraes C, Zanesco A. Effect of 6-months of physical exercise on the nitrate/nitrite levels in hypertensive postmenopausal women. BMC Womens Health. 2009; 9: 17.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B31">
        <label>31</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Vongpatanasin</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Arbique</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Arbique</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Adams-Huet</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mitchell</surname>
              <given-names>JH</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Functional sympatholysis is impaired in hypertensive humans</article-title>
          <source>J Physiol</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>589</volume>
          <issue>Pt 5</issue>
          <fpage>1209</fpage>
          <lpage>1220</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>31. Vongpatanasin W, Wang Z, Arbique D, Arbique G, Adams-Huet B, Mitchell JH et al. Functional sympatholysis is impaired in hypertensive humans. J Physiol. 2011; 589(Pt 5): 1209-20.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B32">
        <label>32</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Thomas</surname>
              <given-names>GD</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Functional sympatholysis in hypertension</article-title>
          <source>Auton Neurosci</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>188</volume>
          <fpage>64</fpage>
          <lpage>68</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>32. Thomas GD. Functional sympatholysis in hypertension. Auton Neurosci. 2015; 188: 64-8.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B33">
        <label>33</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tinken</surname>
              <given-names>TM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thijssen</surname>
              <given-names>DH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hopkins</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dawson</surname>
              <given-names>EA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cable</surname>
              <given-names>NT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Green</surname>
              <given-names>DJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Shear stress mediates endothelial adaptations to exercise training in humans</article-title>
          <source>Hypertension</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>55</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>312</fpage>
          <lpage>318</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>33. Tinken TM, Thijssen DH, Hopkins N, Dawson EA, Cable NT, Green DJ. Shear stress mediates endothelial adaptations to exercise training in humans. Hypertension. 2010; 55(2): 312-8.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B34">
        <label>34</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Beck</surname>
              <given-names>DT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Casey</surname>
              <given-names>DP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Martin</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Emerson</surname>
              <given-names>BD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Braith</surname>
              <given-names>RW</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Exercise training improves endothelial function in young prehypertensives</article-title>
          <source>Exp Biol Med (Maywood)</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>238</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>433</fpage>
          <lpage>441</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>34. Beck DT, Casey DP, Martin JS, Emerson BD, Braith RW. Exercise training improves endothelial function in young prehypertensives. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2013; 238(4): 433-41.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B35">
        <label>35</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Beck</surname>
              <given-names>DT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Martin</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Casey</surname>
              <given-names>DP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Braith</surname>
              <given-names>RW</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Exercise training improves endothelial function in resistance arteries of young prehypertensives</article-title>
          <source>J Hum Hypertens</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>28</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>303</fpage>
          <lpage>309</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>35. Beck DT, Martin JS, Casey DP, Braith RW. Exercise training improves endothelial function in resistance arteries of young prehypertensives. J Hum Hypertens. 2014; 28(5): 303-9.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B36">
        <label>36</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Westhoff</surname>
              <given-names>TH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Franke</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schmidt</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vallbracht-Israng</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Meissner</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yildirim</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Too old to benefit from sports? The cardiovascular effects of exercise training in elderly subjects treated for isolated systolic hypertension</article-title>
          <source>Kidney Blood Press Res</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>30</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>240</fpage>
          <lpage>247</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>36. Westhoff TH, Franke N, Schmidt S, Vallbracht-Israng K, Meissner R, Yildirim H, et al. Too old to benefit from sports? The cardiovascular effects of exercise training in elderly subjects treated for isolated systolic hypertension. Kidney Blood Press Res. 2007; 30(4): 240-7.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B37">
        <label>37</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Westhoff</surname>
              <given-names>TH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Franke</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schmidt</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vallbracht-Israng</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zidek</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dimeo</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Beta-blockers do not impair the cardiovascular benefits of endurance training in hypertensives</article-title>
          <source>J Hum Hypertens</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>21</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>486</fpage>
          <lpage>493</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>37. Westhoff TH, Franke N, Schmidt S, Vallbracht-Israng K, Zidek W, Dimeo F et al. Beta-blockers do not impair the cardiovascular benefits of endurance training in hypertensives. J Hum Hypertens. 2007; 21(6): 486-93.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B38">
        <label>38</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Swift</surname>
              <given-names>DL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Earnest</surname>
              <given-names>CP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Blair</surname>
              <given-names>SN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Church</surname>
              <given-names>TS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The effect of different doses of aerobic exercise training on endothelial function in postmenopausal women with elevated blood pressure: results from the DREW study</article-title>
          <source>Br J Sports Med</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>46</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>753</fpage>
          <lpage>758</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>38. Swift DL, Earnest CP, Blair SN, Church TS. The effect of different doses of aerobic exercise training on endothelial function in postmenopausal women with elevated blood pressure: results from the DREW study. Br J Sports Med. 2012; 46(10): 753-8.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B39">
        <label>39</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Higashi</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sasaki</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kurisu</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yoshimizu</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sasaki</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Matsuura</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Regular aerobic exercise augments endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation in normotensive as well as hypertensive subjects: role of endothelium-derived nitric oxide</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>1999</year>
          <volume>100</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>1194</fpage>
          <lpage>1202</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>39. Higashi Y, Sasaki S, Kurisu S, Yoshimizu A, Sasaki N, Matsuura H et al. Regular aerobic exercise augments endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation in normotensive as well as hypertensive subjects: role of endothelium-derived nitric oxide. Circulation. 1999; 100(11): 1194-202.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B40">
        <label>40</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Higashi</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sasaki</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sasaki</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nakagawa</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ueda</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yoshimizu</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Daily aerobic exercise improves reactive hyperemia in patients with essential hypertension</article-title>
          <source>Hypertension</source>
          <year>1999</year>
          <volume>33</volume>
          <issue>1 Pt 2</issue>
          <fpage>591</fpage>
          <lpage>597</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>40. Higashi Y, Sasaki S, Sasaki N, Nakagawa K, Ueda T, Yoshimizu A et al. Daily aerobic exercise improves reactive hyperemia in patients with essential hypertension. Hypertension. 1999; 33(1 Pt 2): 591-7.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B41">
        <label>41</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Berezin</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zulli</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kerrigan</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Petrovic</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kruzliak</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Predictive role of circulating endothelial-derived microparticles in cardiovascular diseases</article-title>
          <source>Clin Biochem</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>48</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>562</fpage>
          <lpage>568</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>41. Berezin A, Zulli A, Kerrigan S, Petrovic D, Kruzliak P. Predictive role of circulating endothelial-derived microparticles in cardiovascular diseases. Clin Biochem. 2015; 48(9): 562-8.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B42">
        <label>42</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tang</surname>
              <given-names>EH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vanhoutte</surname>
              <given-names>PM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Endothelial dysfunction: a strategic target in the treatment of hypertension?</article-title>
          <source>Pflugers Arch</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>459</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>995</fpage>
          <lpage>1004</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>42. Tang EH, Vanhoutte PM. Endothelial dysfunction: a strategic target in the treatment of hypertension? Pflugers Arch. 2010; 459(6): 995-1004.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B43">
        <label>43</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Feairheller</surname>
              <given-names>DL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Diaz</surname>
              <given-names>KM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kashem</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thakkar</surname>
              <given-names>SR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Veerabhadrappa</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sturgeon</surname>
              <given-names>KM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effects of moderate aerobic exercise training on vascular health and blood pressure in African Americans</article-title>
          <source>J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich)</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>16</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>504</fpage>
          <lpage>510</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>43. Feairheller DL, Diaz KM, Kashem MA, Thakkar SR, Veerabhadrappa P, Sturgeon KM et al. Effects of moderate aerobic exercise training on vascular health and blood pressure in African Americans. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2014; 16(7): 504-10.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B44">
        <label>44</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Werner</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kosiol</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schiegl</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ahlers</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Walenta</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Link</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Circulating endothelial progenitor cells and cardiovascular outcomes</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>353</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>999</fpage>
          <lpage>1007</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>44. Werner N, Kosiol S, Schiegl T, Ahlers P, Walenta K, Link A et al. Circulating endothelial progenitor cells and cardiovascular outcomes. N Engl J Med. 2005; 353(10): 999-1007.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B45">
        <label>45</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
              <given-names>IP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alves</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>do C&#233;u Monteiro</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>NL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effects of exercise training on endothelial progenitor cells in cardiovascular disease: a systematic review</article-title>
          <source>Am J Phys Med Rehabil</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>92</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>1020</fpage>
          <lpage>1030</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>45. Ribeiro F, Ribeiro IP, Alves AJ, do C&#233;u Monteiro M, Oliveira NL, Oliveira J et al. Effects of exercise training on endothelial progenitor cells in cardiovascular disease: a systematic review. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2013; 92(11): 1020-30.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B46">
        <label>46</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>McGowan</surname>
              <given-names>CL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Visocchi</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Faulkner</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Verduyn</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rakobowchuk</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Levy</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Isometric handgrip training improves local flow-mediated dilation in medicated hypertensives</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Appl Physiol</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>98</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>355</fpage>
          <lpage>362</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>46. McGowan CL, Visocchi A, Faulkner M, Verduyn R, Rakobowchuk M, Levy AS et al. Isometric handgrip training improves local flow-mediated dilation in medicated hypertensives. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2006; 98(4): 355-62.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B47">
        <label>47</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Corretti</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Anderson</surname>
              <given-names>TJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Benjamin</surname>
              <given-names>EJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Celermajer</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Charbonneau</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Creager</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Guidelines for the ultrasound assessment of endothelial-dependent flow-mediated vasodilation of the brachial artery: a report of the International Brachial Artery Reactivity Task Force</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>39</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>257</fpage>
          <lpage>265</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>47. Corretti MC, Anderson TJ, Benjamin EJ, Celermajer D, Charbonneau F, Creager MA et al. Guidelines for the ultrasound assessment of endothelial-dependent flow-mediated vasodilation of the brachial artery: a report of the International Brachial Artery Reactivity Task Force. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002; 39(2): 257-65.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B48">
        <label>48</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Thijssen</surname>
              <given-names>DH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dawson</surname>
              <given-names>EA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Black</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hopman</surname>
              <given-names>MT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cable</surname>
              <given-names>NT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Green</surname>
              <given-names>DJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Brachial artery blood flow responses to different modalities of lower limb exercise</article-title>
          <source>Med Sci Sports Exerc</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>41</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>1072</fpage>
          <lpage>1079</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>48. Thijssen DH, Dawson EA, Black MA, Hopman MT, Cable NT, Green DJ. Brachial artery blood flow responses to different modalities of lower limb exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009; 41(5): 1072-9.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <app-group>
      <app id="app01">
        <label>*</label>
        <p>Material suplementar</p>
        <p>Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2021/11605/2019-0807-suplemento.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
      </app>
    </app-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Effects of Different Types of Exercise Training on Endothelial Function in Prehypertensive and Hypertensive Individuals: A Systematic Review</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7875-9939</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Waclawovsky</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1148-7136</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pedralli</surname>
            <given-names>Marinei L.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2077-3751</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Eibel</surname>
            <given-names>Bruna</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Schaun</surname>
            <given-names>Maximiliano I.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5912-8020</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lehnen</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Laborat&#243;rio de Pesquisas Cl&#237;nicas - Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul / Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Alexandre M. Lehnen</bold> &#8226; Laborat&#243;rio de Pesquisas Cl&#237;nicas - Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul / Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia - Av. Princesa Isabel, 395. Postal Code <postal-code>90620-001</postal-code>, Santana, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil E-mail: <email>amlehnen@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Waclawovsky G, Schaun MI, Lehnen AM; Data acquisition: Waclawovsky G, Pedralli ML, Eibel B, Schaun MI; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Waclawovsky G, Pedralli ML, Eibel B, Schaun MI, Lehnen AM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>The authors report no conflict of interest concerning the materials and methods used in this study or the findings specified in this paper.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Sustained high blood pressure can lead to vascular remodeling and endothelial cell injury, which may explain the endothelial dysfunction found in hypertensive individuals. Exercise training can improve vascular health in individuals with cardiovascular risk, but little is known about its effects in prehypertensive and hypertensive individuals.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To review the literature showing evidence of changes in endothelial function in response to different modalities of exercise training in prehypertensive and hypertensive individuals.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>We conducted a systematic review of studies in the MEDLINE, Cochrane, LILACS, EMBASE, and SciELO databases following both the PRISMA guidelines (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) and the PICO framework (patient/population, intervention, comparison and outcomes). Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) published up to April 2019 were selected and assessed by four independent reviewers. The methodological quality was assessed using the PEDro (Physiotherapy Evidence Database) scale.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Our search yielded 598 abstracts, and 10 studies were eligible for review. All of them had acceptable methodological quality by PEDro scale. Of the 10 studies, 7 involved aerobic training, 1 isometric resistance training, and 2 aerobic training and dynamic resistance training separately. Seven studies used flow-mediated dilation (FMD) to assess the vascular health, and three used plethysmography. Most training protocols involved hypertensive individuals and consisted of low and moderate-intensity exercise.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Our systematic review showed that moderate continuous aerobic training is effective to improve vascular health in hypertensive individuals. In prehypertensive individuals, vigorous interval aerobic training seems to be an alternative to determine vascular health benefits. Resistance exercise training, either isometric or dynamic, can be used as a secondary alternative, but still requires further investigation.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Endothelium</kwd>
        <kwd>Stem Cells</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>Resistance Training</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Review</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Systemic hypertension is a multifactorial condition characterized by sustained high blood pressure (BP) levels. An increase of 20 mmHg in systolic blood pressure (SBP) in individuals at the ages of 40&#8211;69 years has been associated with a risk 2 times higher of death from ischemic heart disease, due to vascular disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> Cardiovascular events are closely related to vascular dysfunction, in particular due to the impaired endothelial tissue function which plays a central role in the regulation of vascular tone and peripheral vascular resistance.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> Impaired endothelial function, high levels of circulating endothelial microparticles (EMP)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> and a lower vascular regenerative capacity, characterized by reduced mobilization of endothelial progenitor cells (EPC),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> is well described in hypertensive individuals and is the main cause of atherosclerosis and consequent fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular events in this population<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f5">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>General integration of reactive oxygen species with atherosclerosis and balance of endothelial injury versus recovery. Panel A-B: Schematic representation of ROS generation induced by inflammatory and vasoconstrictor responses in disease states and unhealthy lifestyle, and its effects on the process of endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerotic plaque formation. NO: nitric oxide; ROCK: Rho kinase associated; SOD, superoxide dismutase; AT1-R: Receptor AT1; NADPH: reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; ROS: reactive oxygen species; eNOS: nitric oxide synthase 3; PI3K: Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase; RAS: renin&#8211;angiotensin system; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; Akt: Protein kinase B; NF-&#954;B: nuclear factor kappa B; AP-1: Activator protein 1; VCAM-1: vascular cell adhesion molecule 1; ICAM-1: Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1; MMP: matrix metalloproteinases. Adapted from Higashi et al (2009) and Sanz and Fayad (2008).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-05-0938-90807-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Lifestyle changes such as regular physical activity are recommended as a therapeutic approach for restoring endothelial function in individuals with hypertension.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> The exact mechanisms underlying the potential antihypertensive effects and long-term endothelial response to exercise are not fully understood, but a reduction in sympathetic activity,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> a balance between vasodilators and vasoconstrictors<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> and a reduction in the levels of the vasoconstrictor endothelin-1 (ET-1)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> have been investigated.</p>
        <p>Regular aerobic exercise may prevent the loss of endothelium-dependent vasodilation, even in elderly individuals.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> This benefit is associated with exercise-induced increases in shear stress on vascular walls. Therefore, regular exercise increases nitric oxide production, induces increased expression of nitric oxide synthase and dilates all types of blood vessels by stimulating soluble guanylate cyclase and increasing cyclic guanosine monophosphate in smooth muscle cells. It also promotes angiogenesis via the vascular endothelial growth factor and induces increased local antioxidant response, which in turn preserves endothelial nitric oxide bioavailability.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref></p>
        <p>A meta-analysis of individuals with several cardiovascular risk factors and/or established cardiovascular disease has demonstrated that aerobic and resistance exercise training can potentially improve endothelium-dependent dilation response.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> Other studies have reported the benefits of regular exercise because it promotes the expression of adhesion molecules, modulation of the inflammatory response<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> and EPC mobilization.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> Yet, this body of evidence comes from studies conducted with highly heterogeneous populations, making it difficult to draw conclusions for the particular population of prehypertensive and hypertensive individuals.</p>
        <p>Indeed, our group has published a meta-analysis addressing the effects of exercise training on endothelial function.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref> However, only aerobic exercises were included and the outcome was evaluated by flow-mediated dilation (FMD). Thus, the present systematic review has a broader scope as it discusses potential mechanisms involved in the association between exercise training and endothelial function (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 2</xref>). Given that, similar to the FMD technique, plethysmography is strongly dependent on endothelial nitric oxide<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref> and, therefore, both techniques are widely used when endothelial function is the outcome of interest. We chose to include plethysmography and resistance exercises that were not addressed in our previous meta-analysis. Thus, we conducted a systematic review of studies showing evidence of the changes in endothelial function in response to different modalities of exercise training in prehypertensive and hypertensive individuals. Then, we examined the evidence on endothelial markers such as EPC mobilization and EMPs.</p>
        <fig id="f6">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Panel A-B: Hypothesis of the adaptative process modulated by physical training to restore the damage/repair balance of the endothelial tissue and the maintenance of its vasomotor function.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-05-0938-90807-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
        <title>Materials and methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Selection of studies</title>
          <p>This systematic review followed the PRISMA guidelines (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref> and it was conducted until April of 2019 by four independent reviewers (G.W., M.I.S. and M.L.P. and B.E.) on the following databases: MEDLINE (accessed via PubMed), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (Cochrane); <italic>Latin American and Caribbean</italic> Center on <italic>Health Sciences</italic> Information (LILACS); EMBASE and Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO). We set no publication date limits and articles in Portuguese, English or Spanish were eligible for inclusion.</p>
          <p>The set of search terms <italic>exercise, systemic hypertension</italic> and <italic>endothelium</italic> was used to searching for studies in the Cochrane, LILACS, EMBASE and SciELO databases. For MEDLINE search, we used three different sets of MeSH descriptors (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 3</xref>). To increase the precision and the sensitivity of our search of study designs (Randomized Controlled Trial, RCTs) in MEDLINE database, we added the search terms for RCTs (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 3</xref>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref> Besides, we used the PICO strategy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref> (patient/population, intervention, comparison and outcomes) for inclusion of studies.</p>
          <fig id="f7">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>MeSH (Medical Subject Headings for PubMed) descriptors for MEDLINE search.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-05-0938-90807-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          <p>The four reviewers undertook the selection of the studies, and independently reviewed titles and abstracts. When abstracts did not provide sufficient information, they performed a full reading of the articles. Reviewers solved any <italic>discrepancies by consensus; any disagreements on</italic> the inclusion criteria were settled by other reviewer (A.M.L.). Information about the number of articles involving aerobic, resistance and combined training as well as exercise intensities and techniques used to measure endothelial function were set by prehypertension and hypertension groups.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Inclusion and exclusion criteria</title>
          <p>The inclusion criteria were: (a) adults aged 18 or more; (b) individuals with prehypertension or systemic hypertension; (c) regular exercise training as part of the intervention protocol; (d) mobilization of EPCs or EMP counts as study outcomes; (e) endothelial assessment by FMD or plethysmography, number of EPCs measured by flow cytometry or cell culture and number of EMPs measured by flow cytometry.</p>
          <p>Studies on drug interventions, dietary interventions or a single exercise session were excluded, as well as studies involving animals, children/adolescents, and only normotensive individuals; non-randomized clinical trials; duplicate publications. Studies with individuals with metabolic diseases and cardiovascular diseases other than hypertension were also excluded.</p>
          <p>Quality assessment of the studies was based on the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref> (Table 1S, <xref ref-type="app" rid="app0101">supplemental material</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>All data were tabulated as categorical variables in Microsoft Excel and a descriptive analysis using SPSS for Windows, version 24 (Chicago, IL), was performed by one of the investigators (G.W.).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>This systematic review aimed to evaluate any evidence of changes in endothelial function in response to aerobic, resistance and combined exercise training (pre- vs. post-training) in prehypertensive and hypertensive individuals. We found in our search 598 abstracts (297 in MEDLINE; 43 in Cochrane; 47 in LILACS; 200 in EMBASE; and 11 in SciELO). All titles and abstracts were reviewed and then 46 articles were fully read and reviewed for their eligibility. Ten articles were selected for review (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 4</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f8">
          <label>Figure 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Flowchart of the selection of randomized controlled trials included in this systematic review.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-05-0938-90807-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Among the ten studies, four scored 7 points, other four scored 6 points and only two studies scored 5 points in PEDro scale. However, it is important to highlight that the blinding intervention (exercise training) was not provided because it is not applicable in this kind of intervention. Thus, we considered all the included studies as of acceptable quality according to PEDro scale.</p>
        <p>Table 2S (<xref ref-type="app" rid="app0101">supplemental material</xref>) shows detailed information of the studies reviewed. Briefly, of the ten studies selected, seven involved aerobic training, one addressed isometric resistance training, two aerobic training and dynamic resistance training separately, and none involved the combination of aerobic and resistance exercise in the same session (combined training). Of these, only three studies compared the effects of different types of exercise training on endothelial function (continuous <italic>versus</italic> interval training; dynamic resistance <italic>versus</italic> interval training). The sample size ranged from 16 to 155, for a total of 519 prehypertensive and hypertensive individuals.</p>
        <p>Of the studies selected, blood samples were analyzed for markers of vascular health in only two of them. EPCs and EMP were not measured in any RCTs with prehypertensive or hypertensive individuals. Endothelial vasomotor function was assessed by FMD (flow-mediated dilation of the brachial artery assessed by ultrasound) in seven studies and plethysmography (total vasodilation of the forearm or calf captured by local strain-gauge flow measurements) in three studies (a detailed description of plethysmography can be seen in Bystrom et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref> and Waclawovsky et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref>).</p>
        <p>According to the American College of Sports Medicine's exercise intensity classification,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref> low-intensity aerobic training was examined in three studies, moderate exercise in four studies and vigorous exercise in three studies. For isometric resistance training, we selected only one study of low-intensity isometric training. For dynamic resistance training, moderate intensity was examined in two studies, while low and vigorous training in none of them.</p>
        <p>The duration of exercise training was most often 12 weeks (six studies), followed by 8 weeks (three studies), and 24 weeks (one study). The number of training sessions varied: 3 times a week (seven studies); 4 times a week (one studies); and 5 or more times a week (two studies).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>This systematic review aimed to evaluate any evidence of changes in endothelial function in response to different modalities of exercise training in prehypertensive and hypertensive individuals. The results showed that continuous aerobic training at moderate intensity (50% VO<sub>2</sub>max), for 30-40 minutes per session at least 3 times a week appears to be the most appropriate intervention to improve endothelium-dependent vasodilation in hypertensive individuals. In prehypertensive individuals, vigorous aerobic interval training (3 min/walking and 2 min/running; 65% and 85% HRmax), 45 minutes per session 3 times a week seems to be an alternative to determine vascular health benefits. Regarding resistance training, we found an RCT reporting the effects of low-intensity isometric resistance training (30% of maximal effort, 4 times for 2 min, 3 times a week) on endothelial function in hypertensive individuals; and dynamic resistance training at moderate intensity (8 exercises, 60 min/session, 3 times a week, 2&#215;8-12 repetitions until local muscle fatigue) was examined in two studies in prehypertensive individuals. Based on the RCTs involving isometric training assessed, we can speculate that training at low intensity can improve localized endothelial function. As for dynamic resistance training, it could be an alternative to improve endothelial function in prehypertensive individuals when performed at moderate intensity.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Aerobic training</title>
          <p>Westhoff et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref> developed a low-intensity aerobic exercise training protocol (sessions 2 times a week for 12 weeks) using upper limb cycle ergometer to assess vascular response in patients with hypertension and found no improvement in endothelium-dependent vasodilation of arm vessels. One explanation may be exercise intensity: blood lactate was 2.0 mmol/L, which is a near resting level. The association with exercise intensity is further supported by the fact that individuals with stage I-II hypertension showed improvement of endothelium-dependent vasodilation of arm vessels after aerobic training at near-maximum-intensity exercise.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref> In addition to low-intensity exercise in this study, the use of beta-blockers may have caused systolic volume and cardiac output decrease and reduced shear stress-mediated NO release from endothelial cells, causing therefore less vasodilation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref></p>
          <p>The intensity of aerobic exercise appears to influence vasomotor response in hypertensive individuals. Aerobic training for an hour on a stationary bike 3 times a week for 6 months at moderate intensity (50% HRreserve) was proven to increase plasma NO levels in hypertensive women.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30"><sup>30</sup></xref> Molmen-Hansen et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref> reported that a 3-month aerobic training improved endothelium-dependent vasodilation of arm vessels in hypertensive individuals only at high-intensities (alternating exercise at 60&#8211;70% and 90&#8211;95% HRmax). It raises the question of which other factors besides increased NO levels may contribute to the improvement of vasomotor function in response to aerobic training in hypertensive individuals.</p>
          <p>Hypertension is associated with increased sympathetic activity that is enhanced during exercise. In normotensive individuals, exercise causes an attenuation of sympathetic activity in the active muscles with consequent local vasodilation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"><sup>31</sup></xref> This late local vasodilation is parallel to the increasing intensity of muscular work, and this phenomenon involves changes in muscle metabolites and other substances to reduce vascular response to the activation of &#945;-adrenergic receptors involved in the regulation of vascular tone.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32"><sup>32</sup></xref> On the other hand, this mechanism is attenuated in hypertensive individuals,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"><sup>31</sup></xref> and along with increased arterial stiffness, it leads to reduced blood flow and shear stress during exercise.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33"><sup>33</sup></xref> These factors may act together, precluding improvements in vasomotor capacity in hypertensive individuals following aerobic exercise in moderate or close to moderate intensity, even with preserved NO synthesis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30"><sup>30</sup></xref></p>
          <p>Interval training appears to benefit vascular health in prehypertensive individuals. As it was demonstrated by Beck et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34"><sup>34</sup></xref> an exercise training program consisting of walking for 3 minutes at moderate intensity alternated with running for 2 minutes at vigorous intensity (alternating exercise at 65&#8211;85% HRmax) 3 times a week for 8 weeks may increase endothelial-dependent vasodilation in prehypertensive young.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35"><sup>35</sup></xref></p>
          <p>Contrary to the body of evidence on high-intensity exercise, some studies reported improvements in endothelium-dependent vasodilation of arm vessels in hypertensive elderly patients after 12 weeks of low-intensity aerobic training (blood lactate level &#8804;2.5 mmol/L).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36"><sup>36</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37"><sup>37</sup></xref> However, an important factor affecting the improvement of endothelial function following aerobic training in individuals with hypertension is endothelial dysfunction, i.e., endothelium-dependent vasodilation assessed by FMD lower than 5.5%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38"><sup>38</sup></xref> Thus, the variation of results from studies involving aerobic exercise at low-and moderate-intensity may also be explained by baseline endothelial dysfunction in participants.</p>
          <p>Vascular health in hypertensive individuals in response to aerobic training may be influenced by their lipid profile. In two studies, Higashi et al demonstrated that a 3-month training consisting of unsupervised walking 5&#8211;7 times a week at moderate intensity (50% VO<sub>2</sub>max) for 30 minutes improved vasodilation of forearm vessels in untreated hypertensive individuals.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39"><sup>39</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40"><sup>40</sup></xref> Interestingly, the improvement in vasodilation of forearm vessels was negatively correlated with LDL-cholesterol levels. Thus, since hypertension is commonly associated with low HDL and high LDL levels, failure to modify the lipid profile in this population may contribute to unsatisfactory improvement in endothelial function.</p>
          <p>Circulating levels of EMPs in peripheral blood are associated with endothelial integrity. EMPs are small membrane vesicles that are released from endothelial cells in response to cell activation, injury and apoptosis. The major cell surface markers include CD144+, CD31+/CD41-, CD31+/CD42b-, CD31+/Annexin V+ and CD62E.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41"><sup>41</sup></xref> EMPs have been associated with the Framingham risk score,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> hypertension,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42"><sup>42</sup></xref> among other conditions. While studying Afro-Americans, Feairheller et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43"><sup>43</sup></xref> investigated the effects of vigorous aerobic training (up 65% VO<sub>2</sub>max) for 6 months.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43"><sup>43</sup></xref> They reported that FMD increased by 60% and plasma NO levels increased by 77% along with a 50% reduction in EMP counts. However, of the 25 individuals of the sample, 10 were normotensives, 9 prehypertensives and only 7 were hypertensives, making it difficult to extrapolate the data to all three populations. It appears that exercise-induced shear stress can preserve endothelial function through a mechanism that potentiates metabolic functions of vascular cells.</p>
          <p>The balance between endothelial injury and repair is the most significant event in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. EPCs play an important role in repairing injured endothelial cells and maintaining endothelial integrity. A low number of EPCs expressing the phenotype CD34+/KDR+ is predictive of cardiovascular events and death<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44"><sup>44</sup></xref> and low levels of EPCs expressing the CD34+/KDR+/CD45dim phenotype is a strong predictor of atherosclerotic disease progression.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> It is well established that hypertensive individuals have low numbers of functioning EPCs.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> In turn, aerobic training increases the levels of EPCs in patients with cardiovascular risk or established cardiovascular disease,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45"><sup>45</sup></xref> balancing out endothelial injury and repair. However, we did not find any studies associating aerobic training and EPCs in prehypertensive and hypertensive individuals. Further investigations are required on this subject.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resistance training</title>
          <p>To date, one RCT has reported the results of isometric resistance training on endothelial function in hypertensive individuals. They assessed endothelium-dependent vasodilation of arm vessels in hypertensive individuals following unilateral and bilateral isometric handgrip training.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46"><sup>46</sup></xref> Interestingly, endothelium-dependent vasodilation improved in the trained arm only (trained arm FMD increased from 2.4 to 6.6%, p&lt;0.001; with no change observed in untrained arm).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46"><sup>46</sup></xref> It can thus be assumed that a greater muscle mass subjected to training is required to achieve global endothelial function benefits in this population. It is important to emphasize that most of the included articles performed the FMD technique from Corretti et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47"><sup>47</sup></xref> even those published after 2011, a period in which the technique was already updated. This allows us to question how the current technique, which is more accurate, could alter vascular results found, optimizing them.</p>
          <p>Beck et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34"><sup>34</sup></xref> examined the effects of dynamic resistance training in prehypertensive individuals. They found that one-hour training, 3 times a week for 2 months consisting of 2&#215;8 to 12 maximum repetitions (moderate intensity) increased endothelium-dependent vasodilatation of arm vessels and reduced ET-1 levels. This same protocol was repeated to assess vascular function in the upper and lower limbs by venous occlusion plethysmography.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35"><sup>35</sup></xref> They found improved vasodilation of forearm and leg vessels as well as improved oxidant-antioxidant balance at the end of the 2-month training. Increased endothelium-dependent vasodilation may be explained by the mechanical occlusion of vessels during exercise that causes continuous ischemia and reperfusion periods in the trained limbs, increases shear stress and leads to local endothelial adaptive changes that chronically increase vasodilatory capacity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33"><sup>33</sup></xref> Another possible explanation is increased blood flow to the trained muscles. This redistribution of blood flow during exercise increases systolic antegrade and diastolic retrograde blood flow that may induce increased shear stress in the vessels of the untrained limbs.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref> Contrasting with resistance exercise, aerobic exercise continuously increases blood flow, which may lead to increased shear stress<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48"><sup>48</sup></xref> and greater exercise-induced vascular adaptations when compared to other modalities. However, improvements in endothelial function in untrained limbs appear to be similar in healthy young individuals and individuals with type 1 diabetes after an exercise session consisting of both aerobic and resistance training with similar duration, intensity and muscle groups trained.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref> This finding raises the possibility that these variables may have impacted the results and could explain inconsistencies among the studies.</p>
          <p>We did not find any studies involving isometric or dynamic resistance training that measured EMPs and EPCs in prehypertensive and hypertensive individuals. It requires further investigation.</p>
          <p>The study has some limitations that need to be considered. Different aerobic training strategies (brisk walking, cycling and treadmill), participant ages and intervention times assessed in the RCTs make it difficult to infer the effect of each factor on endothelial function. Given the limited body of evidence for resistance training, further investigation is needed so we can delineate the improvement effects on endothelial function in individuals with altered blood pressure, as these are so far speculative.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>In the studies included in our systematic review, moderate intensity aerobic training for 30&#8211;40 minutes/session and at least 3 times a week is effective to improve endothelial function in hypertensive individuals. In prehypertensive individuals, the vigorous intensity interval aerobic training, 45 minutes/session and 3 times a week seems to be an alternative to determine vascular health benefits. As a perspective, resistance exercise training, either isometric or dynamic, could be used as a secondary strategy to improve endothelial function in individuals with altered blood pressure measurements. With regard to EPCs and EMPs data, no studies involving isometric or dynamic resistance training had measured EMPs and EPCs in prehypertensive and hypertensive individuals.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There was no external funding source for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Gustavo Waclawovsky, from Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul/Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <p>
            <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <app-group>
        <app id="app0101">
          <label>*</label>
          <p>Material suplementar</p>
          <p>Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2021/11605/2019-0807-suplemento.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
        </app>
      </app-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
