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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">xgy96VR9NkyjjFQPVcHzhFM</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021000600928</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20190356</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190356</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Valor Progn&#243;stico de N&#237;veis Elevados de Troponina I Isolados em Pacientes sem S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda Admitidos no Servi&#231;o de Emerg&#234;ncia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1912-552X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Domingues</surname>
            <given-names>C&#233;lia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Jo&#227;o Vidigal</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Joana Moura</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3330-4943</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Marinho</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Vera</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2639-4058</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Patr&#237;cia Marques</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8312-5199</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>C&#225;tia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Isabel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gon&#231;alves</surname>
            <given-names>Lino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universit&#225;rio de Coimbra EPE</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro Hospitalar</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Coimbra</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Centro Hospitalar e Universit&#225;rio de Coimbra EPE, Coimbra - Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Coimbra</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Coimbra</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade de Coimbra - Faculdade de Medicina, Coimbra - Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: C&#233;lia Domingues</bold> &#8226; Centro Hospitalar e Universit&#225;rio de Coimbra EPE - Praceta Prof Mota Pinto Coimbra <postal-code>3000-075</postal-code> &#8211; Portugal. E-mail: <email>celiadomingues@me.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Domingues C, Ferreira MJV, Ferreira JM; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Domingues C, Marinho AV, Alves PM, Ferreira C; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Domingues C, Ferreira MJV, Marinho AV, Alves PM, Fonseca I, Gon&#231;alves L; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Domingues C, Ferreira MJV, Ferreira JM, Ferreira C; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Domingues C, Ferreira MJV; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Ferreira MJV, Ferreira JM, Marinho AV, Alves PM, Ferreira C, Fonseca I, Gon&#231;alves L.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>17</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>116</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>928</fpage>
      <lpage>937</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Embora a eleva&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica da troponina seja frequentemente observada em pacientes admitidos no pronto-socorro (PS), n&#227;o h&#225; consenso quanto ao seu manejo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Este estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar os pacientes admitidos no PS com eleva&#231;&#227;o da troponina n&#227;o-isqu&#234;mica e identificar potenciais preditores de mortalidade nessa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Este estudo observacional retrospectivo incluiu pacientes do PS com resultado positivo no teste da troponina entre junho e julho de 2015. Pacientes com diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCA) foram exclu&#237;dos. Os dados demogr&#225;ficos dos pacientes e as vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais foram extra&#237;dos dos prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos. Os dados do seguimento foram obtidos por 16 meses ou at&#233; a ocorr&#234;ncia de morte. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi de 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A eleva&#231;&#227;o da troponina sem SCA foi encontrada em 153 pacientes no PS. A mediana (IIQ) de idade dos pacientes foi de 78 (19) anos, 80 (52,3%) eram do sexo feminino e 59 (38,6%) morreram durante o seguimento. A mediana do per&#237;odo de seguimento (IIQ) foi de 477 (316) dias. Os sobreviventes eram significativamente mais jovens 76 (24) vs. 84 (13) anos; p=0,004) e apresentaram uma maior propor&#231;&#227;o de eleva&#231;&#227;o da troponina isolada (sem eleva&#231;&#227;o da creatina quinase ou mioglobina) em duas avalia&#231;&#245;es consecutivas: 48 (53,9%) vs. 8 (17,4%), p&lt;0,001. Os sobreviventes tamb&#233;m apresentaram menor taxa de tratamento antiplaquet&#225;rio e interna&#231;&#227;o no mesmo dia. Na regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada com ajuste para vari&#225;veis significativas na an&#225;lise univariada, a eleva&#231;&#227;o isolada da troponina em duas avalia&#231;&#245;es consecutivas mostrou <italic>hazard ratio</italic> = 0,43 (IC95% 0,17&#8211;0,96, p=0,039); hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, tratamento antiplaquet&#225;rio anterior e idade permaneceram independentemente associados &#224; mortalidade.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>A eleva&#231;&#227;o isolada da troponina em duas medidas consecutivas foi um forte preditor de sobrevida em pacientes no PS com eleva&#231;&#227;o da troponina, mas sem SCA.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Troponina I</kwd>
        <kwd>Progn&#243;stico</kwd>
        <kwd>Pronto-socorro</kwd>
        <kwd>Les&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica N&#227;o Isqu&#234;mica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="32"/>
        <page-count count="10"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>O infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (IM) cl&#237;nico, de acordo com a quarta defini&#231;&#227;o universal, requer a presen&#231;a de les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica aguda detectada por biomarcadores card&#237;acos anormais associados a evid&#234;ncias de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica aguda. A troponina card&#237;aca (Tnc) acima do ponto de corte do percentil 99, com padr&#227;o crescente ou decrescente, &#233; o biomarcador de les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> porque n&#227;o pode ser liberada por tecidos n&#227;o card&#237;acos e tem excelente acur&#225;cia para o diagn&#243;stico de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref></p>
      <p>A Tnc &#233; uma prote&#237;na distribu&#237;da no citoplasma e sarc&#244;mero de um mi&#243;cito card&#237;aco, principalmente no ret&#237;culo sarcoplasm&#225;tico. Tr&#234;s subunidades constituem o complexo da troponina, um componente inibit&#243;rio (troponina I), componente de liga&#231;&#227;o &#224; tropomiosina (troponina T) e componente de liga&#231;&#227;o de c&#225;lcio (troponina C).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref></p>
      <p>As subunidades T e I (TncT e TncI, respectivamente) s&#227;o espec&#237;ficas do m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco e, portanto, podem atuar como marcadores adequados de les&#227;o card&#237;aca. A TncT apresenta uma descarga dupla, primeiro o componente citoplasm&#225;tico e depois o componente de liga&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> A TncI &#233; espec&#237;fica para o cora&#231;&#227;o, e n&#227;o foi identificada no m&#250;sculo esquel&#233;tico. Esta especificidade de 100% mostra que a TncI pode ser um marcador de necrose mioc&#225;rdica (MNM) ideal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Antes do advento da troponina, os MNM anteriores utilizados eram a creatina quinase-isoenzima muscular/cerebral (CK-MB) e a mioglobina, que eram menos sens&#237;veis e n&#227;o espec&#237;ficas para IM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> Por essa falta de sensibilidade e especificidade, elas foram progressivamente exclu&#237;das das investiga&#231;&#245;es de CSA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Embora as subunidades Tnc sejam fortemente espec&#237;ficas para mi&#243;citos card&#237;acos, elas podem ser liberadas sob um amplo espectro de condi&#231;&#245;es patol&#243;gicas n&#227;o card&#237;acas, como sepse, doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica, emerg&#234;ncias hipertensivas, sangramento gastrointestinal, acidente vascular cerebral e rabdomi&#243;lise.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> Nesse cen&#225;rio, a detec&#231;&#227;o da troponina pode ser o resultado de 5&#8211;8% da libera&#231;&#227;o do componente citos&#243;lico em resposta ao <italic>turnover</italic> celular do mi&#243;cito, libera&#231;&#227;o celular de produtos de degrada&#231;&#227;o e aumento da permeabilidade da parede celular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref></p>
      <p>O uso generalizado de ensaios de troponina no pronto-socorro (PS) pode representar um desafio diagn&#243;stico dif&#237;cil quando o teste &#233; anormal em paciente sem SCA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> De acordo com a literatura, n&#237;veis elevados de Tnc em pacientes sem SCA foram associados a um progn&#243;stico ruim.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref></p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Objetivo</title>
      <p>Este estudo teve como objetivo identificar os fatores preditivos de mortalidade/sobrevida em pacientes de PS sem SCA e TncI elevada utilizando as caracter&#237;sticas do paciente, hist&#243;rico cl&#237;nico, comorbidades e valores anal&#237;ticos (incluindo creatinina, CK-MB, mioglobina e TncI) medidos no PS.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho, local e participantes do estudo</title>
        <p>Neste estudo retrospectivo, analisamos os dados laboratoriais de pacientes consecutivos que vieram ao PS de um hospital universit&#225;rio da comunidade durante o per&#237;odo de 1 m&#234;s, de junho a julho de 2015, e selecionamos pacientes que apresentaram eleva&#231;&#227;o da TncI.</p>
        <p>Todas as informa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas foram coletadas, incluindo registros m&#233;dicos e de enfermagem do PS e hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es, an&#225;lises e outros exames complementares. O seguimento foi realizado atrav&#233;s de registros locais e nacionais para observar as taxas de reinterna&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular e morte.</p>
        <p>Os dados coletados inclu&#237;ram dados demogr&#225;ficos, fatores de risco cardiovascular, ensaio de biomarcador mioc&#225;rdico e resultados da creatinina, sintoma principal no PS, diagn&#243;stico final do PS, hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, mortalidade da hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, taxa de mortalidade em 30 dias e 16 meses e taxa de reinterna&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular.</p>
        <p>Neste estudo, os crit&#233;rios para o diagn&#243;stico de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio foram: aumento ou diminui&#231;&#227;o da Troponina I com pelo menos um valor anormal acima do limite superior de refer&#234;ncia do ensaio e, ao menos um dos seguintes: 1) sintomas de isquemia; 2) novas altera&#231;&#245;es da onda T / segmento ST ou novo bloqueio de ramo esquerdo; 3) desenvolvimento de ondas Q patol&#243;gicas na eletrocardiografia; 4) nova perda de mioc&#225;rdio vi&#225;vel ou anormalidades regionais de movimento da parede na imagem; ou 5) identifica&#231;&#227;o de um trombo intracoron&#225;rio na imagem.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Os registros do PS e a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o de todos os pacientes com TncI elevada foram revisados pelos investigadores, e os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos: aqueles com diagn&#243;stico de SCA (IM tipo 1 ou tipo 2 com sinais e sintomas isqu&#234;micos (com vasoespasmo, embolia e dissec&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria n&#227;o-ateroscler&#243;tica) (grupo A) e aqueles sem SCA com um teste de troponina positivo devido ao desequil&#237;brio de oferta/demanda de oxig&#234;nio ou les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica sem sinais ou sintomas de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica aguda (grupo B). Pacientes com IM tipo 4 ou 5 n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos neste estudo, pois, por defini&#231;&#227;o, estes n&#227;o s&#227;o os pacientes regulares do PS e os pacientes com IM tipo 3 n&#227;o t&#234;m medida de TncI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Pacientes sem SCA foram identificados atrav&#233;s de crit&#233;rios predefinidos que inclu&#237;ram o seguinte: 1) miocardite/cardiomiopatia: diagn&#243;stico &#224; alta hospitalar ou achados sugestivos de miocardite em teste de imagem ou patol&#243;gico, cardiomiopatias infiltrativas, como amiloidose ou sarcoidose, uma fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &#8804;30% antes da admiss&#227;o, ou transplante card&#237;aco anterior; 2) infec&#231;&#245;es: condi&#231;&#245;es com impacto sist&#234;mico, como celulite, pneumonia, sepse e pielonefrite; 3) disritmias agudas n&#227;o relacionadas com a SCA; 4) doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica ou aguda: doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica est&#225;gio 5, di&#225;lise cr&#244;nica, receptor de transplante renal ou doen&#231;a renal aguda moderada a grave; 5) patologia do sistema nervoso central: acidente vascular cerebral, convuls&#227;o ou hemorragia subaracn&#243;idea; 6) sangramento abdominal ou gastrointestinal agudo; 7) embolia pulmonar; 8) s&#237;ncope inexplicada; 9) asma ou exacerba&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica; e 10) outros: n&#237;vel elevado de troponina de etiologia desconhecida que n&#227;o atende a nenhum dos crit&#233;rios acima mencionados.</p>
        <p>O <italic>endpoint</italic> prim&#225;rio para este estudo foi a mortalidade durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, em 30 dias e 16 meses, enquanto o <italic>endpoint</italic> secund&#225;rio foi a reinterna&#231;&#227;o por doen&#231;a cardiovascular durante o seguimento.</p>
        <p>O seguimento foi conclu&#237;do em 16 meses ou em caso de morte. O seguimento foi realizado atrav&#233;s de consulta aos prontu&#225;rios eletr&#244;nicos e ao registro nacional de &#243;bitos online. O conselho de revis&#227;o institucional aprovou o protocolo do estudo. A exig&#234;ncia de consentimento informado foi dispensada porque os pacientes n&#227;o receberam qualquer tipo de cuidado diferente por causa do estudo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ensaios de marcadores de necrose mioc&#225;rdica</title>
        <p>O n&#237;vel de troponina I foi determinado utilizando o mesmo imunoensaio TncI padr&#227;o (Troponina I Siemens Dimension EXL)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref> em todos os pacientes. O teste foi realizado no laborat&#243;rio central do hospital. Os limites de detec&#231;&#227;o inferior e superior estabelecidos pelo fabricante foram 0,017 ng/mL e 4000 ng/mL, respectivamente. As medidas abaixo do limite de detec&#231;&#227;o receberam o valor de 0. Os resultados do teste de troponina I foram considerados positivos se o n&#237;vel fosse superior ao limite de refer&#234;ncia (&gt; 0,059 ng/mL) usado no laborat&#243;rio do PS. Os resultados dos ensaios de CK-MB e mioglobina foram considerados normais quando &lt;3,6 ng/mL e 9&#8211;82 ng/mL, respectivamente.</p>
        <p>Medidas repetidas dos MNM foram realizadas pelo menos 3 horas ap&#243;s a primeira avalia&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Utilizando a primeira e a segunda avalia&#231;&#227;o da Tnc, a varia&#231;&#227;o foi calculada da seguinte forma: varia&#231;&#227;o da troponina% = ((segunda troponina &#215; 100)/primeira troponina) &#215; 100%.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>M&#233;todos estat&#237;sticos</title>
        <p>Todos os dados cont&#237;nuos foram testados quanto &#224; normalidade com o teste de Shapiro-Wilks; todos apresentaram distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-normal e s&#227;o apresentados por sua mediana e intervalo interquartil. O teste de Mann-Whitney foi aplicado para comparar vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram representadas por sua frequ&#234;ncia e comparadas utilizando o teste exato de Fisher ou o teste de qui-quadrado.</p>
        <p>A sobrevida foi analisada utilizando modelos de risco proporcional de Cox uni- e multivariados. Os resultados foram expressos como <italic>hazard ratio</italic> (HR) com intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95% (IC 95%). Para as vari&#225;veis independentes preditoras de sobrevida, um gr&#225;fico de sobrevida foi obtido utilizando o m&#233;todo de Kaplan-Meier e o teste de <italic>log-rank</italic>. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi estabelecido com um valor de p&lt;0,05. Todas as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas utilizando o software SPSS 23.0 para Mac (SPSS, Inc; Chicago, IL, EUA).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais e diagn&#243;sticos da popula&#231;&#227;o de estudo</title>
        <p>Durante o per&#237;odo de estudo de 1 m&#234;s, 10.564 pacientes foram admitidos no PS da nossa institui&#231;&#227;o. Os pacientes que foram submetidos a avalia&#231;&#245;es de MNM, incluindo troponina I, CK-MB e mioglobina e sua distribui&#231;&#227;o de acordo com o status da troponina e o diagn&#243;stico final, est&#227;o descritos na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos: Grupo A (n = 42 [21,5%]) com SCA (todos com oclus&#227;o/sub-oclus&#227;o aguda de art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias: 4 deles com IM tipo 2 (2 casos de dissec&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria e 2 de trombose coron&#225;ria emb&#243;lica); de 38 com IM tipo 1, 14 apresentavam IAM com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMCSST); enquanto no Grupo B (n = 153 [78,5%]) sem SCA, 58 apresentavam desequil&#237;brio entre oferta/demanda de oxig&#234;nio, 53 tinham les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica aguda sem sinais ou sintomas de isquemia e 42 tinham eleva&#231;&#227;o est&#225;vel da TncI (varia&#231;&#227;o da TncI em duas an&#225;lises consecutivas &#8804; 20%). Entre os pacientes sem SCA, a primeira medida de MNM foi realizada ap&#243;s uma mediana de 6 (IIQ 4) horas desde o in&#237;cio dos sintomas, e 90 pacientes repetiram a medida de MNM ap&#243;s uma mediana de 5 (IIQ 3) horas a partir da primeira avalia&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Ilustra&#231;&#227;o esquem&#225;tica dos pacientes inclu&#237;dos. MNM, marcadores de necrose mioc&#225;rdica; SCA, s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-05-0928-90356-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Na primeira avalia&#231;&#227;o do MNM do grupo B, 81 pacientes apresentaram eleva&#231;&#227;o de CK-MB e/ou mioglobina (16 apresentaram eleva&#231;&#227;o de CK-MB, e 40 de mioglobina, enquanto 25 tiveram eleva&#231;&#227;o de ambos). Na segunda avalia&#231;&#227;o, 18 apresentaram eleva&#231;&#227;o de ambos e 6 apresentaram eleva&#231;&#227;o isolada do CK-MB e 31 da mioglobina. Em ambas as avalia&#231;&#245;es, 88 pacientes apresentaram pelo menos uma eleva&#231;&#227;o de CKMB e / ou mioglobina.</p>
        <p>Os pacientes com resultado positivo no teste da troponina apresentaram um amplo espectro de sintomas cl&#237;nicos na apresenta&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>). Como esperado, os pacientes que ao final receberam o diagn&#243;stico de SCA (Grupo A) apresentaram maior propor&#231;&#227;o de dor tor&#225;cica como queixa principal na apresenta&#231;&#227;o hospitalar.</p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Ilustra&#231;&#227;o esquem&#225;tica dos sintomas cl&#237;nicos na apresenta&#231;&#227;o de todos os pacientes e diferentes grupos A: com SCA e grupo B: Sem SCA.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-05-0928-90356-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Conforme mostrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>, os pacientes dos Grupos A e B possu&#237;am mediana de idade semelhante, mas tinham propor&#231;&#245;es de g&#234;nero significativamente diferentes. Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos fatores de risco cardiovascular e condi&#231;&#245;es de comorbidade, n&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as significativas na preval&#234;ncia de diabetes mellitus e hipertens&#227;o, mas hiperlipidemia e doen&#231;a arterial coronariana anterior foram mais comuns em pacientes com SCA e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca anterior e tratamento anticoagulante foram mais prevalentes em pacientes sem SCA.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais de todos os pacientes com eleva&#231;&#227;o da troponina no PS</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Global<break/>N = 195</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Grupo A<break/>n = 42 (22%)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Grupo B<break/>n = 153 (78%)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p-valor</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Idade (anos), mediana (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">77(21) anos</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">71(19) anos</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">78(19) anos</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,06</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Sexo masculino n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">105 (53,8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">32 (76,2%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">73 (47,7%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Diabetes mellitus, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">69 (35,5%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">16 (37,2%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">54 (35%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,89</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Hipertens&#227;o, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">155 (79,3%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">35 (84,4%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">119 (78,1%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,57</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Hiperlipidemia, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">87 (44,4%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">25 (60%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">61 (40,1%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">DAC anterior, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">37 (19%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">13 (31%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">24 (16%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">IC anterior, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">43 (21,9%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">9 (21,9%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">71 (46,7%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">AVCI anterior, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">31 (14,8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3 (6,3%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">26 (16,8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,26</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">TFG (ml/[min.1.73 m<sup>2</sup>]), mediana (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">54 (46)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">68 (47)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">49(47)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Medica&#231;&#227;o Anterior</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Anticoagulantes</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">62 (33,7%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4 (10%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">47 (31%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,007</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Antiplaquet&#225;rios</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">50 (26,7%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">15(37%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">48 (32%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,13</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Betabloqueadores</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">69 (36,9%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">16 (40%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">53 (36,1%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,65</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Inibidores ECA/ARA</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">108 (57,8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">23 (57,5%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">87 (57,8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,97</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">ARM</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">15 (17,6%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2 (12,5%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">13 (18,8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,55</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Estatinas</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">83 (44,4%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">24 (60%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">60 (40,1%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Troponina padronizada na primeira avalia&#231;&#227;o *, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">1&#8211;2,99</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">95 (48,9%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">10 (23,1%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">85 (55,8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">3-4,99</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">36 (18,3%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5 (12,8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">31 (19,7%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">5-9,99</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">19 (9,7%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4 (10,3%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">15 (9,7%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">10+</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">45 (23,1%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">23 (53,8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">22 (15%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">CK-MB elevada, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">54 (53%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">22 (53%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">32 (21%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Mioglobina elevada, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">88 (48%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">23 (56%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">66 (45%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,24</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">CK-MB + Mioglobina elevadas, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">43 (22%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">16 (40%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">25 (16%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,003</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">% de eleva&#231;&#227;o da troponina entre 2 medidas, mediana (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7 (73)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">183 (666)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2,65(42)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>Grupo A - pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCA); Grupo B - pacientes sem SCA. DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; AVCI: acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico agudo; TFG: taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular de acordo com a equa&#231;&#227;o MDRD; Inibidor de ECA: inibidor da enzima conversora da angiotensina; ARM: antagonista do receptor mineralocorticoide.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Os principais diagn&#243;sticos dos pacientes do Grupo B foram miocardite /cardiomiopatia (40 [26%]), seguido de infec&#231;&#227;o (celulite, pneumonia e pielonefrite, 24 [15,5%]), arritmias agudas (25 [16,6%]), doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica ou aguda (17 [11%]), doen&#231;a cerebral (13 [8,4%]), sangramento abdominal ou gastrointestinal agudo (11[7,1%]), embolia pulmonar (6 [3,9%]), s&#237;ncope inexplicada (4 [2,6%]]), asma ou exacerba&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica (4 [2,6%]) e outros (9 [6,5%]).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Dados de desfechos</title>
        <p>A mediana do seguimento (IIQ) foi de 477 dias (316). N&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; mortalidade intra-hospitalar (6 [14,3%] vs. 21 [13,7%], p = 0,077), mortalidade em 30 dias (6 [14,3%] vs. 27 [17,6%], p = 0,4) e reinterna&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular no seguimento (11 [29,7%] vs. 32 [24,2%], p = 0,316). Notavelmente, a taxa de mortalidade em longo prazo foi significativamente maior nos pacientes do grupo B (9 [21,4%] vs. 59 [38,6%], p = 0,039), embora as curvas de sobreviv&#234;ncia dos dois grupos n&#227;o fossem significativamente diferentes (log rank, 3,45; p = 0,063). As principais causas de morte do grupo B foram: cardiovasculares em 12 indiv&#237;duos (nenhum deles com diagn&#243;stico de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio), 27 n&#227;o-cardiovasculares, 13 por causas desconhecidas e 4 mistas de causas cardiovasculares e outras comorbidades.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Resultados principais</title>
        <p>Os preditores de mortalidade dos pacientes do Grupo B est&#227;o descritos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>. Foi observado que maior idade (p &lt;0,001), insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca anterior (p = 0,049), medica&#231;&#227;o antiplaquet&#225;ria anterior (p = 0,005) e hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s a avalia&#231;&#227;o &#237;ndice do PS (p &lt; 0,001) foram preditores de mortalidade. A morte no seguimento n&#227;o foi relacionada com os n&#237;veis de TncI, CK-MB ou mioglobina (primeira, segunda ou ambas as avalia&#231;&#245;es). No entanto, a eleva&#231;&#227;o isolada da troponina (isto &#233;, sem eleva&#231;&#227;o concomitante da CK-MB ou mioglobina) foi um poderoso preditor de sobreviv&#234;ncia; de fato, a eleva&#231;&#227;o isolada da troponina na primeira medida estava presente em 58,7% dos sobreviventes vs. 40% dos n&#227;o sobreviventes (p = 0,021); os pacientes com duas medidas isoladas de eleva&#231;&#227;o da troponina tinham maior probabilidade de sobreviver (48 [53,9%] dos sobreviventes vs. 8 [17,4%] dos n&#227;o sobreviventes [p &lt;0,001]).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre as Vari&#225;veis Cl&#237;nicas e Sobrevida em Longo Prazo de Pacientes com Eleva&#231;&#227;o da Troponina e S&#237;ndrome Coronariana N&#227;o-Aguda (Grupo B)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Sobreviventes<break/>(n = 94)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">N&#227;o-sobreviventes<break/>(n = 59)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p-valor</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Idade, mediana (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">76(24) anos</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">84 (13)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Sexo masculino, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">44 (46,8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">29 (49,2%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,77</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Fatores de risco CV, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Diabetes mellitus</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">28 (30,8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">22 (38,6%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,33</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">68 (73,9%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">44 (78,6%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,52</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">DAC anterior</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">14 (15,2%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">9 (16,4%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,85</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">HF anterior</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">33 (39,3%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">31 (56,4%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,049</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">TFG, mL / (min.1.73 m<sup>2</sup>), mediana (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">56 (48)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">45 (34)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, bpm, mediana (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">75 (33)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">84 (36)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Medica&#231;&#227;o Anterior, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Antiplaquet&#225;ria</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">22 (23,9%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">25 (35,5%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Anticoagulantes</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">34 (37%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">12 (21,8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,06</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Betabloqueadores</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">35 (38%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">18 (32,7%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,52</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Inibidor de ECA</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">57 (62%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">28 (50,9%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,19</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">ARM</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">9 (20,5%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4 (16%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,65</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Estatinas</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">36 (39,1%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">23 (41,8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,75</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>ECG, n (%)</bold><break/>Sem altera&#231;&#245;es significativas</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">51 (64,6%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">16 (50%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,38</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Eleva&#231;&#227;o do ST</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1 (1,3%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0 (0%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Depress&#227;o do ST ou onda T negativa</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">16 (20,3%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6 (18,8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">28 (35,0%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">18 (46,2%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">BRE</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4 (5,1%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4 (12,5%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Ritmo</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4 (5,1%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3 (9,4%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Marcadores de necrose mioc&#225;rdica, mediana (IIQ)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Troponina (ng/mL) na primeira avalia&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,13 (0,23)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,10 (0,18)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,61</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">CK-MB (ng/mL) na primeira avalia&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,6 (1,8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,9 (2,05)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,50</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Mioglobina (ng/mL) na primeira avalia&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">70 (120)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">99 (175)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,06</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Eleva&#231;&#227;o isolada da troponina na primeira avalia&#231;&#227;o, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">54 (58,7%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">22 (40%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,028</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Troponina (ng / mL) na segunda avalia&#231;&#227;o, mediana (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,12(0,16)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,14(0,32)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,28</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">% de varia&#231;&#227;o da troponina I em duas medidas sequenciais, mediana (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0 (32)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">27 (35)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Eleva&#231;&#227;o isolada da troponina em duas medidas sequenciais, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">48 (53,9%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">8 (17,4%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o no evento &#237;ndice, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">52 (55,3%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">51 (86,4%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,88</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Sem terapia espec&#237;fica, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">88 (93,6%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">54 (91,5%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">TMO, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5 (5,3%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4 (6,8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">ICP + TMO, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1 (1,1%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1 (1,1%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>IIQ: intervalo interquartil; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; AVCI: acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico agudo; TFG: taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular de acordo com a equa&#231;&#227;o MDRD; Inibidor da ECA: inibidor da enzima conversora da angiotensina; ARM: antagonista do receptor mineralocorticoide; ECG: eletrocardiograma; CK: creatina-quinase; CK-MB: creatina quinase-MB; TMO: terapia m&#233;dica otimizada; ICP: interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea;</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o de Cox &#233; apresentada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>. A an&#225;lise univariada mostrou que em pacientes internados com troponina isolada em duas medidas consecutivas de MNM, a probabilidade de sobrevida em longo prazo no seguimento aumentou em quatro vezes (p &lt;0,001). A an&#225;lise multivariada de Cox corrigida para idade e sexo demonstrou que a eleva&#231;&#227;o isolada da troponina em duas medidas consecutivas permaneceu um preditor independente de sobrevida (HR, 0,433; IC95%, 0,196-0,958; p = 0,039). A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref> mostra as curvas de sobrevida dos pacientes do Grupo B de acordo com a presen&#231;a de eleva&#231;&#227;o isolada da troponina em duas medidas consecutivas (<italic>log rank</italic>, 18,09; p &lt;0,001).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>An&#225;lise de regress&#227;o de Cox univariada e multivariada (corrigida para idade e sexo) das vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e sobrevida em longo prazo de pacientes com eleva&#231;&#227;o da troponina e s&#237;ndrome coronariana n&#227;o-aguda</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">Regress&#227;o univariada de Cox</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">Regress&#227;o multivariada de Cox</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">HR (IC95%)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p-valor</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">HR (IC95%)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p-valor</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Idade, anos</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,040 (1,017&#8211;1,063)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,001</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,030 (1,002&#8211;1,058)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,038</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Sexo</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,899 (0,540&#8211;1,499)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,684</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,807 (0,436&#8211;1,493)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,494</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Fatores de risco CV</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Diabetes mellitus</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,336 (0,783&#8211;2,277)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,288</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,245 (0,658&#8211;2,358)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,501</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">DAC anterior</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,067 (0,521&#8211;2,182)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,860</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">HF anterior</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,649 (0,967&#8211;2,812)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,066</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">GFR, mL / (min.1.73 m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,992 (0,984&#8211;1,001)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,082</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, bpm</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,006 (0,997&#8211;1,014)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,193</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Medica&#231;&#227;o Anterior</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Antiplaquet&#225;rios</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,867 (1,230&#8211;2,835)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,006</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,823 (1,105&#8211;3,006)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,019</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Betabloqueadores</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,806 (0,459&#8211;1,416)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,449</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Inibidor de ECA</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,689 (0,406&#8211;1,170)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,170</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">ARM</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,764 (0,262&#8211;2,226)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,611</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Estatinas</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,017 (0,595&#8211;1,739)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,950</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Padr&#227;o de ECG</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,162 (0,999&#8211;1,351)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,067</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Laborat&#243;rio</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Eleva&#231;&#227;o isolada da troponina na primeira avalia&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,533 (0,311&#8211;0,916)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,021</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,097 (0,378&#8211;3,180)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,865</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Eleva&#231;&#227;o isolada da troponina na segunda avalia&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,528 (0,218&#8211;1,279)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,142</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">% de eleva&#231;&#227;o da troponina em duas avalia&#231;&#245;es sequenciais</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,000 (0,999&#8211;1,001)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,750</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Eleva&#231;&#227;o isolada da troponina em duas avalia&#231;&#245;es sequenciais</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0, 239 (0,111&#8211;0,512)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,433 (0,196&#8211;0,958)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,039</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o no evento &#237;ndice</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3.782 (1.794&#8211;7.973)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4.708 (1.652&#8211;13.423)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.004</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>IC 95%: intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; TFG: taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular de acordo com a equa&#231;&#227;o MDRD; CK: creatina quinase; CK-MB: creatina quinase-MB; Inibidor da ECA: inibidor da enzima conversora da angiotensina; ARM: antagonista do receptor mineralocorticoide; ECG: eletrocardiograma.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Curva de sobrevida de Kaplan-Meier no seguimento de 16 meses de pacientes n&#227;o-SCA de acordo com resultados de duas avalia&#231;&#245;es consecutivas de MNM.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-05-0928-90356-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Interpreta&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Em nosso estudo, 78% dos pacientes com eleva&#231;&#227;o da troponina receberam diagn&#243;stico de n&#227;o-SCA, o que est&#225; de acordo com estudos anteriores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref> Em algumas s&#233;ries, a isquemia mioc&#225;rdica n&#227;o foi identificada em aproximadamente 65% dos pacientes do PS com eleva&#231;&#227;o da troponina. O espectro do diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico foi extremamente heterog&#234;neo em nosso estudo, englobando condi&#231;&#245;es de alto risco. O progn&#243;stico a m&#233;dio prazo foi claramente pior para pacientes com troponina elevada e sem SCA do que para pacientes com n&#237;veis normais de troponina. Provavelmente tamb&#233;m foi pior do que para pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de SCA, com esses achados relatados em estudos anteriores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Neste estudo, 33,5% dos pacientes com n&#237;veis elevados de troponina e diagn&#243;stico de n&#227;o-SCA tiveram alta do PS sem interna&#231;&#227;o. Esse percentual parece muito alto, mas taxas mais elevadas foram descritas por outros autores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref> No grupo sem SCA, a mortalidade em 16 meses foi de 38,6%, mas 81,4% dessas mortes ocorreram durante a interna&#231;&#227;o ou nos primeiros 30 dias, o que refor&#231;a o papel do MNM como preditor de mortalidade nesse grupo. Considerando a alta taxa de alta hospitalar ap&#243;s uma interna&#231;&#227;o no PS e o alto risco de mortalidade conferido pela eleva&#231;&#227;o da troponina, n&#227;o &#233; surpreendente que os pacientes idosos com eleva&#231;&#227;o da troponina que recebem um diagn&#243;stico diferente de SCA e n&#227;o s&#227;o hospitalizados apresentem em um risco inaceit&#225;vel de morte.</p>
        <p>Acreditamos que a alta taxa de mortalidade durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o e seguimento est&#225; intimamente relacionada &#224; idade avan&#231;ada e maiores comorbidades (insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca anterior ou medica&#231;&#227;o antiplaquet&#225;ria), conforme relatado por outros autores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref></p>
        <p>O &#250;nico biomarcador recomendado para uso no diagn&#243;stico de SCA neste momento &#233; a Tnc, devido &#224; sua sensibilidade e precis&#227;o superiores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> De fato, at&#233; 80% dos pacientes com IM isqu&#234;mico ter&#225; um n&#237;vel elevado de troponina nas 2 a 3 horas ap&#243;s a chegada ao PS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Nosso estudo &#233; not&#225;vel por descobrir que a eleva&#231;&#227;o isolada da TncI em duas an&#225;lises consecutivas de MNMs &#233; um preditor de sobrevida para pacientes com eleva&#231;&#227;o da TncI e sem SCA, em compara&#231;&#227;o com a eleva&#231;&#227;o de pelo menos dois MNMs (TncI e CK-MB e/ou mioglobina). Algumas particularidades das diferentes propriedades das mol&#233;culas de MNM poderiam explicar esse fato. A mioglobina apresenta libera&#231;&#227;o precoce e <italic>clearance</italic> r&#225;pida (liberada a partir de 1h ap&#243;s a les&#227;o e retorna &#224; linha de base em 24-36h), enquanto a CK-MB apresenta uma libera&#231;&#227;o e <italic>clearance</italic> mais lentas (liberada a partir de 4-9h ap&#243;s a les&#227;o e <italic>clearance</italic> em 48-72h),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref> e a troponina apresenta libera&#231;&#227;o semelhante &#224; da CK-MB (4&#8211;9h), mas <italic>clearance</italic> retardada (7&#8211;10 dias).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref> Nossa hip&#243;tese &#233; que a eleva&#231;&#227;o persistente da CK-MB e/ou mioglobina junto com a troponina em duas an&#225;lises consecutivas de MNM implica em uma les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica recente ou permanente, mesmo em pacientes sem SCA.</p>
        <p>Provavelmente houve uma diferen&#231;a no mecanismo de libera&#231;&#227;o de diferentes mol&#233;culas de MNM de acordo com o tipo e a gravidade da les&#227;o. Alguns estudos em animais e c&#233;lulas humanas sugeriram que a descarga de prote&#237;nas mioc&#225;rdicas, exatamente como a Tnc, pode n&#227;o implicar em necrose mioc&#225;rdica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s subunidades T e I, a TncI tem um peso molecular de 37 kDa e a TncT tem um peso molecular de 21 kDa, ambas presentes principalmente nos sarc&#244;meros e 4&#8211;6% no citoplasma. Ap&#243;s a les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, a troponina citos&#243;lica &#233; liberada primeiro; &#224; medida que mais danos ocorrem, a troponina presente no sarc&#244;mero &#233; liberada na circula&#231;&#227;o;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> estudos anteriores defenderam a ideia de que cardiomi&#243;citos com les&#227;o revers&#237;vel poderiam liberar troponina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"><sup>31</sup></xref></p>
        <p>A CK-MB tamb&#233;m &#233; liberada com necrose tecidual devido ao seu alto peso molecular (86kDa). A mioglobina tem libera&#231;&#227;o r&#225;pida, provavelmente pelo baixo peso molecular (17kDa) e sua localiza&#231;&#227;o citoplasm&#225;tica, podendo ser liberada sob estresse mioc&#225;rdico sem necrose,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> assim como a troponina.</p>
        <p>Essa propriedade molecular de diferentes MNMs poderia explicar a incapacidade de uma medida isolada da troponina I em predizer mortalidade no presente estudo e em outro.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32"><sup>32</sup></xref> Este achado destaca o papel valioso da CK-MB e da mioglobina que n&#227;o pode ser realizado pela medida isolada da troponina. No entanto, as diretrizes atuais recomendam que a Tnc seja o &#250;nico biomarcador utilizado para o diagn&#243;stico da SCA, devido &#224; sua sensibilidade e precis&#227;o superiores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> No entanto, a n&#227;o-realiza&#231;&#227;o das medidas de CK-MB e mioglobina pode ter um custo, especialmente para aqueles pacientes com um diagn&#243;stico de n&#227;o-SCA. Acreditamos que a exclus&#227;o da CK-MB e mioglobina da avalia&#231;&#227;o de rotina com MNMs em muitas institui&#231;&#245;es e diretrizes deve ser reconsiderada, devido ao seu valor progn&#243;stico adjuvante superior, principalmente em pacientes sem SCA, e o aumento do n&#250;mero de pacientes com eleva&#231;&#227;o da troponina que ser&#227;o observados com n&#237;veis de troponinas altamente sens&#237;veis.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>Nossa institui&#231;&#227;o segue um protocolo n&#227;o-restritivo para pedidos de medidas de MNM no PS. Portanto, nossa taxa de pacientes sem SCA estava provavelmente aumentado em compara&#231;&#227;o com protocolos mais r&#237;gidos.</p>
        <p>Nosso estudo analisou a mortalidade dos pacientes sem considerar que os pacientes foram tratados de forma diferente de acordo com o diagn&#243;stico inicial. Esta pode parecer uma limita&#231;&#227;o importante, mas deve ser esclarecido que cada processo cl&#237;nico geralmente tem seu pr&#243;prio manejo espec&#237;fico que influencia o progn&#243;stico do paciente. Portanto, o progn&#243;stico dos grupos &#233; inerente, de alguma forma, ao manejo fornecido. Por exemplo, os pacientes com SCA s&#227;o geralmente admitidos para tratamento com agentes antiplaquet&#225;rios, anticoagulantes, estatinas, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o e outras terapias, e essa abordagem tem um progn&#243;stico espec&#237;fico.</p>
        <p>Os dados foram coletados retrospectivamente, sendo poss&#237;vel que alguns prontu&#225;rios estivessem incompletos e o hist&#243;rico cl&#237;nico subvalorizado.</p>
        <p>O ensaio de troponina utilizado anteriormente em nosso hospital era um ensaio contempor&#226;neo denominado &#8216;troponina sens&#237;vel&#8217; e n&#227;o era altamente sens&#237;vel, ao contr&#225;rio do ensaio de troponina utilizado atualmente, atrav&#233;s do qual espera-se detectar valores positivos de troponina em mais pacientes, como descrito para este ensaio de troponina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref></p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Uma alta porcentagem de pacientes com um n&#237;vel elevado de troponina medido no PS n&#227;o foi diagnosticada com SCA. Esses pacientes apresentavam perfil cl&#237;nico de alto risco, ampla heterogeneidade em rela&#231;&#227;o ao diagn&#243;stico principal e progn&#243;stico adverso aos 16 meses. Uma eleva&#231;&#227;o isolada da troponina I em duas determina&#231;&#245;es consecutivas de MNMs foi um forte preditor de sobrevida em pacientes sem SCA com eleva&#231;&#227;o da troponina.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p>
          <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Gostar&#237;amos de agradecer a todos os m&#233;dicos e enfermeiras envolvidos no tratamento desses pacientes e seus registros. Tamb&#233;m agradecemos o Departamento do Laborat&#243;rio por fornecer a lista de pacientes com eleva&#231;&#227;o da troponina, a base de dados inicial dos pacientes.</p>
    </ack>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
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          <subject>Original Article</subject>
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        <article-title>Prognostic Value of Isolated Elevated Troponin I Levels in Patients without Acute Coronary Syndrome Admitted to the Emergency Department</article-title>
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          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Isabel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gon&#231;alves</surname>
            <given-names>Lino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Coimbra</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Centro Hospitalar e Universit&#225;rio de Coimbra EPE, Coimbra - Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Coimbra</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade de Coimbra - Faculdade de Medicina, Coimbra - Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: C&#233;lia Domingues</bold> &#8226; Centro Hospitalar e Universit&#225;rio de Coimbra EPE - Praceta Prof Mota Pinto Coimbra <postal-code>3000-075</postal-code> &#8211; Portugal. E-mail: <email>celiadomingues@me.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Domingues C, Ferreira MJV, Ferreira JM; Acquisition of data: Domingues C, Marinho AV, Alves PM, Ferreira C; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Domingues C, Ferreira MJV, Marinho AV, Alves PM, Fonseca I, Gon&#231;alves L; Statistical analysis: Domingues C, Ferreira MJV, Ferreira JM, Ferreira C; Writing of the manuscript: Domingues C, Ferreira MJV; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Ferreira MJV, Ferreira JM, Marinho AV, Alves PM, Ferreira C, Fonseca I, Gon&#231;alves L.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Although non-ischemic troponin elevation is frequently seen in patients admitted to the emergency department (ED), consensus regarding its management is lacking.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>This study aimed to characterize patients admitted to the ED with non-ischemic troponin elevation and to identify potential mortality predictors in this population.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>This retrospective observational study included ED patients with a positive troponin test result between June and July of 2015. Patients with a clinical diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) were excluded. Data on patient demographics and clinical and laboratory variables were extracted from medical records. Follow-up data were obtained for 16 months or until death occurred. The statistical significance level was 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Troponin elevation without ACS was found in 153 ED patients. The median (IQR) patient age was 78 (19) years, 80 (52.3%) were female and 59(38.6%) died during follow-up. The median (IQR) follow-up period was 477(316) days. Survivors were significantly younger 76 (24) vs. 84 (13) years; p=0.004) and featured a higher proportion of isolated troponin elevation (without creatine kinase or myoglobin elevation) in two consecutive evaluations: 48 (53.9%) vs. 8 (17.4%), p&lt;0.001. Survivors also presented a lower rate of antiplatelet treatment and same-day hospitalization. In the multivariate logistic regression with adjustment for significant variables in the univariate analysis, isolated troponin elevation in two consecutive evaluations showed a hazard ratio= 0.43 (95%CI 0.17&#8211;0.96, p=0.039); hospitalization, previous antiplatelet treatment and age remained independently associated with mortality.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>Isolated troponin elevation in two consecutive measurements was a strong predictor of survival in ED patients with troponin elevation but without ACS.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Troponin I</kwd>
        <kwd>Prognosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Emergency Department</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Non-Ischemic Injury</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Clinical myocardial infarction according to the fourth universal definition requires the presence of acute myocardial injury detected by abnormal cardiac biomarkers associated with evidence of acute myocardial ischemia. Cardiac troponin(cTn) above the 99<sup>th</sup> percentile cutoff point with an increasing or decreasing pattern is the biomarker of myocardial injury,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> because it cannot be released by non-cardiac tissues and has an excellent accuracy for the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref></p>
        <p>cTn is a protein distributed within the cytoplasm and sarcomere of a cardiac myocyte, mostly in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Three subunits make up the troponin complex, an inhibitory component (troponin I), tropomyosin-binding component (troponin T) and calcium-binding component (troponin C).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref></p>
        <p>The T and I subunits (cTnT and cTnI, respectively) are specific to cardiac muscle and, thus, can act as suitable markers of cardiac injury. cTnT shows a double discharge, first the cytoplasmic component and later the binding component.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> cTnI is cardiac-specific, and was not identified in skeletal muscle. This 100% specificity shows cTnI can be an ideal myocardial necrosis marker (MNM).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Before the advent of troponin, the previous MNM used were muscle/brain isoenzyme of creatine kinase (CK-MB) and myoglobin, which were less sensitive and not specific to myocardial infarction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> Due to their lack of sensitivity and specificity, they have been progressively excluded from ACS investigations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Although cTn subunits are strongly specific to cardiac myocytes, they can be released under a wide spectrum of non-cardiac pathological conditions, such sepsis, chronic kidney disease, hypertensive emergencies, gastrointestinal bleeding, stroke and rhabdomyolysis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> In this setting, the detection of troponin may be the result of 5&#8211;8% of the cytosolic component release in response to myocyte cell turnover, cellular release of degradation products, and increased cellular wall permeability.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref></p>
        <p>The widespread use of troponin assays in the emergency department (ED) may pose a difficult diagnostic challenge when the test is abnormal in patient without an ACS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref>According to the literature, elevated cTn levels in patients without an ACS was associated with a poor prognosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Objective</title>
        <p>This study aimed to identify factors predictive of mortality/survival in ED patients without ACS and elevated cTnI using patient characteristics, clinical past history, comorbidities and analytic values (including creatinine, CK-MB, myoglobin and cTnI) measured in ED.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design, setting, and participants</title>
          <p>In this retrospective study, we analyzed the laboratory data of consecutive patients that came to the ED of a community teaching hospital during 1-month period from June to July of 2015, and selected patients who presented with cTnI elevation.</p>
          <p>All clinical information was collected, including medical and nursing records of the ED and hospitalizations, analyses, and other complementary exams. Follow-up was performed through local and national records to observe the rates of cardiovascular re-hospitalization and death.</p>
          <p>The collected data included demographics, cardiovascular risk factors, myocardial biomarker assay and creatinine results, main symptom at the ED, final ED diagnosis, hospitalization, hospitalization mortality, mortality rate at 30 days and 16 months, and cardiovascular re-hospitalization rate.</p>
          <p>In this study, the criteria for the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction were an increase or decrease in Troponin I with at least one abnormal value higher than the upper reference limit of the assay and at least one of the following: 1) symptoms of ischemia; 2) new ST-segment/ T-wave changes or new left bundle-branch block; 3) development of pathological Q waves on electrocardiography; 4) new loss of viable myocardium or regional wall motion abnormalities on imaging test; or 5) identification of an intracoronary thrombus on imaging test.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref></p>
          <p>Emergency and hospitalization registries of all patients with elevated cTnI, were revised by the investigators, and patients were divided into two groups: those diagnosed with an ACS, (Type 1 myocardial infarction(MI) or type 2 with ischemic signs and symptoms (with vasospasm, embolism and non-atherosclerotic coronary dissection) (group A) and those without an ACS with a positive troponin assay due to oxygen supply/demand imbalance or myocardial injury with no signs or symptoms of acute myocardial ischemia(group B). Patients with type 4 or 5 MI were not included in this study, as by definition these are not the regular ED patients, and type 3 MI patients have no cTnI measure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref></p>
          <p>Non-ACS patients were identified by predefined criteria that included the following: 1) myocarditis/cardiomyopathy: discharge diagnosis or findings suggestive of myocarditis on imaging test or pathology, infiltrative cardiomyopathies such as amyloidosis or sarcoidosis, an ejection fraction &#8804;30% prior to admission, or prior cardiac transplantation; 2) infections: conditions with systemic impact such as cellulitis, pneumonia, sepsis, and pyelonephritis; 3) acute dysrhythmias unrelated to ACS; 4) chronic or acute kidney disease: stage-5 chronic kidney disease, chronic dialysis, renal transplant recipient, or moderate to severe acute kidney disease; 5) central nervous system pathology: stroke, seizure, or subarachnoid hemorrhage; 6) acute abdominal or gastrointestinal bleeding; 7) pulmonary embolism; 8) unexplained syncope; 9) asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation; and 10) others: elevated troponin level of unknown etiology, which does not meet any of the abovementioned criteria.</p>
          <p>The primary endpoint for this study was mortality during hospitalization, at 30 days and 16 months, while the secondary endpoint was rehospitalization for cardiovascular disease during follow-up.</p>
          <p>Follow-up was completed at 16 months or at death. Follow-up was performed through electronic medical records and the online national death registry. The institutional review board approved the study protocol. The requirement for informed consent was waived, because the patients did not receive any type of different care because of the study.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Myocardial necrosis marker assays</title>
          <p>The troponin I level was determined using the same standard cTnI immunoassay (Troponin I Siemens Dimension EXL)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref> in all patients. The test was performed in the central hospital laboratory. The lower and upper detection limits established by the manufacturer were 0.017 ng/mL and 4000ng/mL, respectively. Measurements below the detection limit were assigned a value of 0. Troponin I test results were considered positive if the level was higher than the reference limit (&gt;0.059 ng/mL) used in the ED laboratory. The CK-MB and myoglobin assay results were considered normal at &lt;3.6ng/mL and at 9&#8211;82 ng/mL, respectively.</p>
          <p>Repeated MNM measurements were performed at least 3 hours after the first evaluation.</p>
          <p>Using the first and second evaluation of cardiac troponin, the variation was calculated as follows: variation of troponin % = ((second troponin &#215; 100)/first troponin) &#215; 100%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical methods</title>
          <p>All continuous data were tested for normality with the Shapiro-Wilks test; all showed non-normal distribution and are presented as median and interquartile range. The Mann-Whitney test was applied to compare continuous variables. Categorical variables were represented by their frequency and compared using Fisher's exact test or the chi-square-test.</p>
          <p>Survival was analyzed using uni- and multivariate Cox proportional hazard models. The results were expressed as hazard ratio (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). For the independent survival predictor variables, a survival plot was obtained using the Kaplan-Meier method and the log-rank test. The statistical significance level was set at p-value&lt;0.05. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 23.0 for Mac (SPSS, Inc; Chicago, IL, USA).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Baseline characteristics and diagnoses of the study population</title>
          <p>During the one-month study period, 10,564 patients were admitted to our institution's ED. Patients who underwent MNM evaluations including troponin I, CK-MB, and myoglobin and their distribution according to troponin status and final diagnosis are described in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 1</xref>. Patients were assigned to two groups: Group A (n=42 [21.5%]) with ACS (all of them with acute occlusion/subocclusion of coronary arteries: 4 of them with type 2 MI (2 coronary dissection and 2 embolic coronary thrombosis); of 38 with type 1 MI, 14 with acute MI with ST-elevation (STEMI)); while in Group B (n=153 [78.5%]) with Non-ACS, 58 had oxygen supply/demand imbalance, 53 had acute myocardial injury without sign or symptoms of ischemia and 42 had stable elevation of cTnI (cTnI variation on two consecutive analysis &#8804; 20%). Among the Non-ACS patients, the first measure of MNM was performed after a median of 6 (IQR 4) hours since symptom onset, and 90 patients had the MNM measure repeated after a median of 5 (IQR 3) hours since the first evaluation.</p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Schematic illustration of patients included. MNM, myocardial necrosis markers; ACS, acute coronary syndrome</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-05-0928-90356-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          <p>On the first MNM evaluation of group B, 81 had CKMB and/or myoglobin elevation (16 showed CKMB and 40 showed myoglobin elevation, whereas 25 showed elevation of both). On the second evaluation, 18 showed elevation of both and 6 showed isolated elevation of CKMB and 31 of myoglobin. At both evaluations, 88 patients showed at least one elevation of CKMB and/or myoglobin.</p>
          <p>Patients with a positive troponin test result had a wide spectrum of clinical symptoms at presentation (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 2</xref>). As expected, patients who ultimately received a diagnosis of ACS (Group A) had a higher proportion of chest pain as the main complaint at hospital presentation.</p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Schematic illustration of clinical symptoms at presentation of all patients and different groups A: with ACS and group B: Non ACS.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-05-0928-90356-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          <p>As shown on <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 1</xref>, patients in Groups A and B had a similar median age but had significantly different gender proportions. Concerning cardiovascular risk factors and comorbidity conditions, no significant differences were found in the prevalence of diabetes mellitus and hypertension, but hyperlipidemia and previous coronary artery disease were more common in the ACS patients and previous heart failure and anticoagulant treatment were more prevalent in Non-ACS patients.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Baseline characteristics of all patients with troponin elevation at the ED</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Overall<break/>N = 195</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Group A<break/>n = 42 (22%)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Group B<break/>n = 153 (78%)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">p Value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Age (years), median(IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">77(21) years</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">71(19) years</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">78(19) years</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.06</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Male n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">105 (53.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">32 (76.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">73 (47.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Diabetes mellitus, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">69 (35.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">16 (37.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">54 (35%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.89</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Hypertension, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">155 (79.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">35 (84.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">119 (78.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.57</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Hyperlipidemia, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">87 (44.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">25 (60%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">61 (40.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.03</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Previous CAD, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">37 (19%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">13 (31%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">24 (16%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.02</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Previous HF, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">43 (21.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">9 (21.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">71 (46.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.02</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Previous AIS, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">31 (14.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">3 (6.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">26 (16.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.26</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">GFR (ml/[min&#8901;1.73 m<sup>2</sup>]), median(IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">54 (46)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">68 (47)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">49(47)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">
                    <bold>Previous Medications</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Anticoagulants</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">62 (33.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">4 (10%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">47 (31%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.007</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Antiplatelets</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">50 (26.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">15(37%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">48 (32%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.13</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Beta-blockers</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">69 (36.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">16 (40%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">53 (36.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.65</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">ACE inhibitors/AARA</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">108 (57.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">23 (57.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">87 (57.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.97</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">MRA</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">15 (17.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2 (12.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">13 (18.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.55</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Statins</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">83 (44.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">24 (60%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">60 (40.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.02</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">
                    <bold>Standardized troponin at the first evaluation*, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">1&#8211;2.99</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">95 (48.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">10 (23.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">85 (55.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">3&#8211;4.99</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">36 (18.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">5 (12.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">31 (19.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">5&#8211;9.99</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">19 (9.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">4 (10.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">15 (9.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">10+</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">45 (23.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">23 (53.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">22 (15%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Elevated CK-MB, n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">54 (53%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">22 (53%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">32 (21%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Elevated myoglobin, n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">88 (48%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">23 (56%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">66 (45%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0,24</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Elevated CK-MB + Myoglobin, n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">43 (22%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">16 (40%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">25 (16%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0,003</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">% troponin elevation between 2 measurements, median (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">7 (73)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">183 (666)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2,65(42)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>Group A- patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS); Group B- patients without ACS. CAD: coronary artery disease; HF: heart failure; AIS: acute ischemic stroke; GFR: glomerular filtration rate according to the MDRD equation; ACE inhibitor: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; MRA: mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>The main diagnoses in Group B patients were myocarditis/cardiomyopathy (40[26%]), followed by infection (cellulitis, pneumonia, and pyelonephritis, 24[15.5%]), acute dysrhythmias (25 [16.6%]), chronic or acute kidney disease (17 [11%]), cerebral disease (13 [8.4%]), acute abdominal or gastrointestinal bleeding (11 [7.1%]), pulmonary embolism (6 [3.9%]), unexplained syncope (4[2.6%]), asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation (4 [2.6%]), and others (9 [6.5%]).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Outcome data</title>
          <p>The median (IQR) follow-up was 477 days (316). No significant intergroup differences were found regarding in-hospital mortality (6 [14.3%] vs. 21 [13.7%], p=0.077), 30-day mortality (6 [14.3%] vs. 27 [17.6%], p=0.4) and cardiovascular rehospitalization at follow-up (11 [29.7%] vs 32 [24.2%], p=0.316). Remarkably, the long-term mortality rate was significantly higher in group B patients (9 [21.4%] vs. 59 [38.6%], p=0.039), although the survival curves of the two groups were not significantly different (log rank, 3.45; p=0.063). The main causes of death in group B were cardiovascular in 12 individuals (none of them with a diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction), non-cardiovascular in 27, 13 unknown causes and 4 due to mixed of cardiovascular and other comorbidity.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Main results</title>
          <p>Predictors of mortality in Group B patients are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 2</xref>. We found that older age (p&lt;0.001), previous heart failure (p=0.049), previous antiplatelet medication (p=0.005) and hospitalization after index ED evaluation (p&lt;0.001) were mortality predictors. Death at follow-up was not related to cTnI, CK-MB, or myoglobin levels (first, second, or both evaluations). However, isolated troponin elevation (i.e., without concomitant CK-MB or myoglobin elevation) was a powerful predictor of survival; in fact, isolated troponin elevation at the first measurement was present in 58.7% of survivors vs. 40% of non-survivors (p=0.021); patients with two isolated troponin elevation measurements were more likely to survive (48 [53.9%] of survivors vs. 8[17.4%] of non-survivors [p&lt;0.001]).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Association between Clinical Variables and Long-Term Survival of Patients with Troponin Elevation and Non-Acute Coronary Syndrome (Group B)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Survivors<break/>(n = 94)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Non-survivors<break/>(n = 59)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Age, median (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">76(24) years</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">84 (13)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Male, n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">44 (46.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">29 (49.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.77</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">
                    <bold>CV Risk Factors, n(%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Diabetes mellitus</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">28 (30.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">22 (38.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.33</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Hypertension</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">68 (73.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">44 (78.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.52</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Previous CAD</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">14 (15.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">9 (16.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.85</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Previous HF</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">33 (39.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">31 (56.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.049</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">GFR, mL/(min&#8901;1.73 m<sup>2</sup>), median(IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">56 (48)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">45 (34)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0,05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Heart rate, bpm, median(IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">75 (33)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">84 (36)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">
                    <bold>Previous Medication, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Antiplatelets</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">22 (23.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">25 (35.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.02</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Anticoagulants</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">34 (37%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">12 (21.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.06</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Beta-blockers</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">35 (38%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">18 (32.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.52</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">ACE inhibitors</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">57 (62%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">28 (50.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.19</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">MRA</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">9 (20.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">4 (16%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.65</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Statins</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">36 (39.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">23 (41.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.75</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>ECG, n (%)</bold><break/>No significant alterations</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">51 (64.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">16 (50%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.38</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">ST elevation</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1 (1.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">ST-depression or negative T-wave</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">16 (20.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">6 (18.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Atrial fibrillation</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">28 (35.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">18 (46.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">LBBB</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">4 (5.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">4 (12.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Pace rhythm</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">4 (5.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">3 (9.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">
                    <bold>Myocardial Necrosis Markers, median (IQR)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Troponin (ng/mL) at the first evaluation</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0,13 (0,23)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0,10 (0,18)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.61</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">CK-MB (ng/mL) at the first evaluation</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1,6 (1,8)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1,9 (2,05)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.50</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Myoglobin (ng/mL) at the first evaluation</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">70 (120)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">99 (175)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.06</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Isolated troponin elevation at the first evaluation, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">54 (58.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">22 (40%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.028</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Troponin (ng/mL) at the second evaluation, median (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0,12(0,16)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0,14(0,32)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0,28</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">% troponin I variation on two sequential measurements, median (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0 (32)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">27 (35)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Isolated troponin elevation at two sequential measurements, n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">48 (53.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">8 (17.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Hospitalization at index event, n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">52 (55.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">51 (86.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Coronary revascularization</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.88</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">No specific therapy, n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">88 (93.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">54 (91.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">OMT, n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">5 (5.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">4 (6.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">PCI + OMT, n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1 (1.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1 (1.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5">
                <p>IQR: interquartile range; CAD: coronary artery disease; HF: heart failure; AIS: acute ischemic stroke; GFR: glomerular filtration rate according to MDRD equation; ACE inhibitor: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; MRA: mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; ECG: electrocardiogram; CK: creatine kinase; CK-MB: creatine kinase-MB; OMT: optimized medical therapy; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Cox regression analysis is shown on <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 3</xref>. The univariate analysis showed that in inpatients with isolated troponin in two consecutive MNM measurements, the probability of long-term survival at follow-up increased by four-fold (p&lt;0.001). Cox multivariate analysis corrected for age and gender demonstrated that isolated troponin elevation in two consecutive measurements remained an independent predictor of survival (HR, 0.433; 95%CI, 0.196&#8211;0.958; p=0.039). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 3</xref> shows the survival curves of Group B patients according to the presence of isolated troponin elevation in two consecutive measurements (log rank, 18.09; p&lt;0.001).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Univariate and multivariate (corrected for age and gender) Cox regression analysis of clinical variables and long-term survival of patients with troponin elevation and non-acute coronary syndrome</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2"/>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">Univariate Cox regression</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">Multivariate Cox Regression</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">HR (95% CI)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">p Value</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">HR (95% CI)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">p Value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Age, y</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.040 (1.017&#8211;1.063)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.001</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1,030 (1,002&#8211;1,058)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.038</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Gender</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.899 (0.540&#8211;1.499)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.684</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0,807 (0,436&#8211;1,493)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.494</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">CV risk factors</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Diabetes mellitus</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.336 (0.783&#8211;2.277)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.288</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Hypertension</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.245 (0.658&#8211;2.358)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.501</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Previous CAD</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.067 (0.521&#8211;2.182)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.860</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Previous HF</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.649 (0.967&#8211;2.812)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.066</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">GFR, mL/(min&#8901;1.73 m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.992 (0.984&#8211;1.001)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.082</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Heart rate, bpm</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.006 (0.997&#8211;1.014)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.193</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">
                    <bold>Previous Medication</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Antiplatelets</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.867 (1.230&#8211;2.835)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">
                    <bold>0.006</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1,823 (1,105&#8211;3,006)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">
                    <bold>0.019</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Beta-blockers</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.806 (0.459&#8211;1.416)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.449</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">ACE inhibitors</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.689 (0.406&#8211;1.170)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.170</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">MRA</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.764 (0.262&#8211;2.226)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.611</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Statins</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.017 (0.595&#8211;1.739)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.950</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">ECG pattern</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.162 (0.999&#8211;1.351)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.067</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">
                    <bold>Laboratory</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Isolated troponin elevation at the first evaluation</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.533 (0.311&#8211;0.916)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">
                    <bold>0.021</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.097 (0.378&#8211;3.180)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.865</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Isolated troponin elevation at the second evaluation</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.528 (0.218&#8211;1.279)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.142</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">% troponin elevation at two sequential evaluations</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.000 (0.999&#8211;1.001)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.750</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Isolated troponin elevation at two sequential evaluations</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0. 239 (0.111&#8211;0.512)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">
                    <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.433 (0.196&#8211;0.958)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">
                    <bold>0.039</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Hospitalization at index event</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">3.782 (1.794&#8211;7.973)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">
                    <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">4.708 (1.652&#8211;13.423)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">
                    <bold>0.004</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN6">
                <p>95% CI: 95% confidence interval; CAD: coronary artery disease; HF: Heart failure; GFR: glomerular filtration rate according to MDRD equation; CK: creatine kinase; CK-MB: creatine kinase-MB; ACE inhibitor: angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; MRA: mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; ECG: electrocardiogram.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <fig id="f6">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Survival Kaplan Meier curve at 16-month follow-up of Non-ACS patients according to the results of two consecutive MNM evaluations.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-05-0928-90356-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Interpretation</title>
          <p>In our study, 78% of patients with troponin elevations received a non-ACS diagnosis, which is in agreement with previous studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref> In some series, myocardial ischemia was not identified in approximately 65% of ED patients with troponin elevation. The spectrum of clinical diagnosis was extremely heterogeneous in our study, encompassing high-risk conditions. Mid-term prognosis was clearly worse for patients with elevated troponin and non-ACS than for patients with normal troponin levels. It was also probably worse than for patients diagnosed with ACS, with these findings having been reported in previous studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref></p>
          <p>In this study, 33.5% of the patients with elevated troponin levels and a non-ACS diagnosis were discharged from the ED without hospitalization. This percentage seems very high, but higher rates have been described by other authors.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref> In the non-ACS group, the 16-month mortality rate was 38.6%, but 81.4% of these deaths occurred during hospitalization or during the first 30 days, which reinforces the role of MNM as a mortality predictor in this group. Considering the high hospital discharge rate after an ED stay and the high risk of mortality conferred by troponin elevation, it is not surprising that elderly patients with troponin elevation who receive a diagnosis other than ACS and are not admitted to the hospital are at an unacceptable high risk of death.</p>
          <p>We believe that the high mortality rate during hospitalization and follow-up is closely related to older age and greater comorbidities (past heart failure or antiplatelet medication), as reported by others.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref></p>
          <p>The only biomarker recommended to diagnose ACS at this time is cardiac troponin, due to its higher sensitivity and accuracy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> In fact, up to 80% of patients with ischemic myocardial infarction will have an elevated troponin level within 2&#8211;3 hours after ED arrival.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref></p>
          <p>Our study is remarkable for finding that isolated cTnI elevation in two consecutive analyses of MNMs is a survival predictor for patients with cTnI elevation and non-ACS, compared to the elevation in at least two MNMs (cTnI and CK-MB and/or myoglobin). Some particularities of the different properties of MNM molecules could explain this fact. Myoglobin has an early release and quick clearance (released starting 1h after the injury and return to baseline at 24&#8211;36h), while CK-MB shows slower release and clearance (release starting 4&#8211;9h after the injury and clearance after 48&#8211;72h),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref> and troponin shows a release similar to that of CK-MB (4&#8211;9h) but delayed clearance (7&#8211;10 days).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref> We hypothesize that the persistent elevation of CK-MB and/or myoglobin along with troponin in two consecutive MNM analyses implies a recent or permanent myocardial injury, even in non-ACS patients.</p>
          <p>Probably, there was a difference in the release mechanism of different MNM molecules according to the injury type and severity. Some studies in animals and human cells suggested that the discharge of myocardial proteins just like cTn may not imply myocardial necrosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref></p>
          <p>Regarding the T and I subunits, cTnI has a molecular weight of 37 kDa and cTnT has a molecular weight of 21 kDa; both presenting mainly in the sarcomeres and 4&#8211;6% in the cytoplasm. After the myocardial injury, cytosolic troponin is released first; as further damage occurs, the troponin present in the sarcomere is released into the circulation;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> previous studies advocated that reversibly injured cardiomyocytes could release troponin.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"><sup>31</sup></xref></p>
          <p>CK-MB is also released when there is tissue necrosis, because of its high molecular weight (86kDa). Myoglobin has a rapid release, probably because of its low molecular weight (17kDa) and cytoplasmic location, and it could be released under myocardial stress without necrosis,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> just like troponin.</p>
          <p>This molecular property of different MNMs could explain the incapacity of a single troponin I measurement to predict mortality in the present study and another one.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32"><sup>32</sup></xref> This finding highlights the valuable role of CK-MB and myoglobin that cannot be accomplished by an isolated troponin measurement. However, current guidelines recommend that cardiac troponin be the only biomarker used for the diagnosis of ACS, owing to its superior sensitivity and accuracy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> Nevertheless, failing to perform CK-MB and myoglobin measurements may come at a cost, especially for those patients who receive a non-ACS diagnosis. We believe that the exclusion of CK-MB and myoglobin from routine MNM evaluations in many institutions and guidelines should be reconsidered because of its superior adjunctive prognostic value, mainly in non-ACS patients, and the increased number of patients with troponin elevation that will be observed with highly sensitive troponin levels.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>Our institution follows a non-restrictive protocol for MNM measurement orders at the ED. Therefore, our rate of Non-ACS probably were increased, when compared with more strict protocols.</p>
          <p>Our study analyzed patient mortality without considering that patients were managed differently according to the initial diagnosis. This may seem to be an important limitation, but it should be clarified that each clinical process usually has its own specific management, which influences patient prognosis. Therefore, the prognosis of the groups is somehow inherent to the provided management. For instance, patients with ACS are usually admitted for treatment with antiplatelet, anticoagulant agents, statins, revascularization, and other therapies, and this approach has a specific prognosis.</p>
          <p>Data were retrospectively collected and it is possible that some medical records were incomplete and the clinical history could have been undervalued.</p>
          <p>The troponin assay previously used in our hospital was a contemporary assay called &#8216;sensitive troponin&#8217; and it was not highly sensitive, unlike the currently used troponin assay, which is expected to detect positive troponin values in more patients, as described for this troponin assay.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref></p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>High percentage of patients with an elevated troponin level measured in the ED were not diagnosed with ACS. These patients had a high-risk clinical profile, broad heterogeneity regarding the main diagnosis, and an adverse prognosis at 16 months. An isolated troponin I elevation in two consecutive determinations of MNM was a strong predictor of survival in non-ACS patients with troponin elevation.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <p>
            <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgements</title>
        <p>We would like to thank all physicians and nurses involved in patient treatment and their records. We also thank the laboratory department for providing the list of patients with troponin elevation, the initial patient database.</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
