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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">q8MtDBhgR37WcbRCWFbjF6K</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021000600898</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20190822</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190822</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Treinamento de Caminhada Melhora a Variabilidade da Press&#227;o Arterial Ambulatorial em Claudicantes</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9857-8761</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Chehuen</surname>
            <given-names>Marcel da Rocha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cucato</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriel Grizzo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Celso Ricardo Fernandes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zerati</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leicht</surname>
            <given-names>Anthony</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1991-3507</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Wolosker</surname>
            <given-names>Nelson</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7883-6746</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ritti-Dias</surname>
            <given-names>Raphael Mendes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7584-4265</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Forjaz</surname>
            <given-names>Claudia Lucia de Moraes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Escola de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica e Esporte</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Escola de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica e Esporte, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Northumbria University</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Newcastle Upon Tyne</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="GB">Reino Unido</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, Reino Unido</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Sao Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Clinicas (HCFMUSP)</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Clinicas (HCFMUSP), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>4</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">James Cook University</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Queensland</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="AU">Austr&#225;lia</country>
          <institution content-type="original">James Cook University, Queensland - Austr&#225;lia</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>5</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>6</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Nove de Julho</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Nove de Julho - Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Reabilita&#231;&#227;o, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Cl&#225;udia L&#250;cia de Moraes Forjaz &#8226;</bold> Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Escola de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica e Esporte, Av. Prof. Mello Moraes, 65 - Cidade Universit&#225;ria - CEP: <postal-code>05508-030</postal-code> - S&#227;o Paulo - SP E-mail: <email>cforjaz@usp.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Chehuen M, Cucato GG, Zerati AE, Leicht A, Ritti-Dias RM, Forjaz CLM; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Chehuen M, Cucato GG; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Chehuen M, Cucato GG, Forjaz CLM; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Forjaz CLM; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Chehuen M, Cucato GG, Carvalho C, Wolosker N, Ritti-Dias RM; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Chehuen M, Cucato GG, Carvalho C, Zerati AE, Leicht A, Wolosker N, Ritti-Dias RM, Forjaz CLM.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>17</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>116</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>898</fpage>
      <lpage>905</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>O treinamento de caminhada (TC) melhora a capacidade de caminhar e reduz a press&#227;o arterial (PA) cl&#237;nica em pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica (DAP), mas seus efeitos na PA ambulatorial permanecem desconhecidos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Investigar o efeito de 12 semanas de TC na PA ambulatorial e sua variabilidade em pacientes com DAP.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Trinta e cinco pacientes do sexo masculino com DAP e sintomas de claudica&#231;&#227;o foram alocados aleatoriamente em dois grupos: controle (n = 16, 30 min de alongamento) e TC (n = 19, 15 s&#233;ries de 2 minutos de caminhada na frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em que ocorreu limiar de dor intercalados por 2 minutos de repouso em p&#233;). Antes e depois de 12 semanas, a PA ambulatorial de 24 horas foi avaliada. Os &#237;ndices de variabilidade da PA ambulatorial avaliados em ambos os momentos inclu&#237;ram o desvio-padr&#227;o de 24 horas (DP<sub>24</sub>), o desvio-padr&#227;o ponderado de vig&#237;lia e sono (DP<sub>vs</sub>) e a variabilidade real m&#233;dia de 24 horas (VRM<sub>24</sub>). Os dados foram analisados por ANOVAs mistas de dois fatores, considerando significativo P&lt;0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Ap&#243;s 12 semanas, nenhum dos grupos apresentou altera&#231;&#245;es na PA de 24 horas, vig&#237;lia e sono. O TC diminuiu as variabilidades da PA sist&#243;lica e m&#233;dia (PA sist&#243;lica &#8211; 13,3 &#177; 2,8 vs 11,8 &#177; 2,3; 12,1 &#177; 2,84 vs 10,7 &#177; 2,5; e 9,4 &#177; 2,3 vs 8,8 &#177; 2,2 mmHg; PA m&#233;dia &#8211; 11,0 &#177; 1,7 vs 10,4 &#177; 1,9; 10,1 &#177; 1,6 vs 9,1 &#177; 1,7; e 8,0 &#177; 1,7 vs 7,2 &#177; 1,5 mmHg para DP<sub>24</sub>, DPvs e VRM<sub>24</sub>, respectivamente). Nenhum dos grupos apresentou mudan&#231;as significantesnos &#237;ndices de variabilidade da PA diast&#243;lica ap&#243;s 12 semanas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>O TC n&#227;o altera os n&#237;veis ambulatoriais da PA, mas diminui a sua variabilidade em pacientes com DAP. Essa melhora pode ter um impacto favor&#225;vel no risco cardiovascular de pacientes com DAP sintom&#225;tica. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021; 116(5):898-905)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Claudica&#231;&#227;o Intermitente</kwd>
        <kwd>Caminhada</kwd>
        <kwd>Press&#227;o Arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>Monitora&#231;&#227;o Ambulatorial da Press&#227;o Arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>Fraqueza Muscular</kwd>
        <kwd>Treinamento Aer&#243;bico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNPQ</funding-source>
          <award-id>442507/2014-3</award-id>
          <award-id>304436/2018-6</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPESP</funding-source>
          <award-id>2015/13800-0</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CAPES</funding-source>
          <award-id>0001</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo CNPQ (442507/2014-3; 304436/2018-6), FAPESP (2015/13800-0) e CAPES (0001)</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="2"/>
        <ref-count count="25"/>
        <page-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A claudica&#231;&#227;o intermitente, o sintoma mais prevalente da doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica (DAP), prejudica a capacidade de locomo&#231;&#227;o, afetando os n&#237;veis de atividade f&#237;sica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> e a qualidade de vida do paciente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> Al&#233;m disso, essa limita&#231;&#227;o funcional est&#225; associada ao aumento das taxas de eventos cardiovasculares fatais e n&#227;o fatais nessa popula&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Dentre as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, a hipertens&#227;o arterial &#233; uma comorbidade frequente, afetando mais de 80% dos pacientes com DAP,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> Pacientes com DAP comumente apresentam valores de press&#227;o arterial (PA) cl&#237;nica e, principalmente, ambulatorial mais altos que indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> Recentemente a capacidade de caminhada foi negativamente associada com a PA ambulatorial na DAP,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> indicando um pior controle press&#243;rico em pacientes com maior comprometimento funcional. Assim, estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas que aumentem a capacidade funcional, como o treinamento de caminhada, podem melhorar os desfechos cardiovasculares e reduzir o risco cardiovascular nesse grupo.</p>
      <p>Recentemente, demonstramos que o treinamento de caminhada (TC) supervisionado melhora a capacidade de caminhada e reduz a PA cl&#237;nica de pacientes com DAP sintom&#225;tica,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> por&#233;m seus efeitos na PA ambulatorial permanecem desconhecidos. Essa &#233; uma quest&#227;o importante, uma vez que a PA ambulatorial &#233; um preditor mais forte de mortalidade por causas cardiovasculares do que a PA cl&#237;nica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> Al&#233;m disso, um estudo anterior n&#227;o relatou nenhum efeito do treinamento resistido de nos n&#237;veis ambulatoriais da PA, mas observou uma melhora na variabilidade da PA ambulatorial, que &#233; um forte marcador de les&#227;o de &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo, eventos cardiovasculares e mortalidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> Uma vez que o treinamento aer&#243;bico, como a caminhada, promove redu&#231;&#227;o consider&#225;vel nos n&#237;veis de PA ambulatorial em compara&#231;&#227;o ao treinamento resistido em popula&#231;&#245;es normotensas e hipertensas,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> &#233; poss&#237;vel supor que esta modalidade de exerc&#237;cio tamb&#233;m possa melhorar a PA ambulatorial e sua variabilidade em pacientes com DAP, o que precisa ser verificado. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os efeitos do TC na PA ambulatorial e sua variabilidade em pacientes com DAP sintom&#225;tica.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
        <p>Este &#233; um dado complementar de um estudo anterior.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> Os pacientes foram recrutados no Ambulatorio de Cirurgia Vascular do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil. Foram convidados pacientes do sexo masculino com diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de DAP e sintomas de claudica&#231;&#227;o intermitente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram: (a) idade &#8805; 50 anos; (b) &#237;ndice tornozelo-braquial (ITB) &#8804; 0,90<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref>; c) DAP classe II segundo os crit&#233;rios de Fontaine;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> (d) &#237;ndice de massa corporal &lt;35 kg/m<sup>2</sup>; (e) PA sist&#243;lica em repouso &lt;160 mmHg e PA diast&#243;lica &lt;105 mmHg; (f) n&#227;o estar tomando &#946;-bloqueadores ou bloqueadores dos canais de c&#225;lcio n&#227;o diidropirid&#237;nicos; (g) aus&#234;ncia de neuropatia auton&#244;mica cardiovascular nos pacientes diab&#233;ticos;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> (h) capacidade de caminhar por pelo menos 2 minutos a 3,2 km/h em uma esteira; (i) capacidade de realizar um teste incremental em esteira que seja limitado por por sintomas de claudica&#231;&#227;o intermitente; (j) aus&#234;ncia de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica ou arritmias complexas durante um teste m&#225;ximo em esteira; (k) diminui&#231;&#227;o de pelo menos 15% no ITB ap&#243;s um teste m&#225;ximo em esteira; e (l) n&#227;o estar envolvido em programa de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos. Al&#233;m disso, os pacientes n&#227;o eram inclu&#237;dos se tivessem pelo menos um dos seguintes crit&#233;rios: 1) cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o ou angioplastia h&#225; menos de um ano; 2) uso de vasodilatadores perif&#233;ricos, 3) amputa&#231;&#227;o de membros inferiores e 4) problemas ortop&#233;dicos que contraindicassem o TC. Os indiv&#237;duos foram exclu&#237;dos quando seus medicamentos foram alterados durante o estudo. O protocolo do estudo foi registrado no Brazilian Clinical Trials (RBR-7M3D8W) e aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa em Seres Humanos da Escola de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica e Esporte da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (processo: 39-2008/55) e do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas (processo: 1179/09), sendo conduzido de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque. Um termo de consentimento livre e informado foi obtido de todos os pacientes antes da participa&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Triagem dos participantes</title>
        <p>O diagn&#243;stico de DAP foi feito com base no hist&#243;rico cl&#237;nico e na medida do ITB em repouso e ap&#243;s teste m&#225;ximo em esteira.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> A PA sist&#243;lica do bra&#231;o foi medida pelo m&#233;todo auscultat&#243;rio e a PA sist&#243;lica do tornozelo de cada perna foi avaliada com um doppler vascular (Martec, DV 6000, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, Brasil). Para cada paciente, foi registrado o ITB de menor valor. A massa corporal e a altura foram medidas (Welmy, 110, S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil), e o &#237;ndice de massa corporal foi calculado. A PA braquial em repouso foi medida em duas visitas, sendo o valor m&#233;dio calculado e utilizado na an&#225;lise. Em cada visita, ap&#243;s cinco minutos em repouso sentado, foram realizadas tr&#234;s medidas auscultat&#243;rias da PA em cada bra&#231;o, sendo registrado o maior valor m&#233;dio. O uso de medicamentos e os h&#225;bitos de exerc&#237;cios foram avaliados por meio de entrevista, Nos diab&#233;ticos, a presen&#231;a de neuropatia auton&#244;mica cardiovascular foi avaliada de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da American Diabetes Association.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> O tratamento medicamentoso foi mantido constante para todos os pacientes ao longo do estudo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho do estudo</title>
        <p>O desenho experimental est&#225; descrito na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>. O estudo foi composto por uma triagem inicial que incluiu um teste m&#225;ximo em esteira utilizando o protocolo de Gardner para avaliar o limiar de dor.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> Em seguida, os indiv&#237;duos que atenderam a todos os crit&#233;rios do estudo realizaram uma monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da PA de 24 horas no in&#237;cio e 12 semanas ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o. Os pacientes foram alocados de forma aleat&#243;ria, por meio de um programa online espec&#237;fico (www.randomizer.org) em dois grupos: grupo treinamento de caminhada (GTC) e grupo controle (GC).</p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Desenho experimental do estudo.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-05-0898-90822-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Para todas as avalia&#231;&#245;es, as recomenda&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;vias inclu&#237;am a n&#227;o realiza&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio vigoroso nas 48 horas anteriores, realiza&#231;&#227;o de uma refei&#231;&#227;o leve 2 horas antes, a n&#227;o ingest&#227;o de alimentos com propriedades estimulantes como cafe&#237;na, bebida alco&#243;lica ou o consumo de tabaco nas 12 horas anteriores. As avalia&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas foram realizadas pela manh&#227; em um laborat&#243;rio com temperatura controlada (20-22 &#176;C).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Medidas</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Desfecho prim&#225;rio: press&#227;o arterial ambulatorial</title>
        <p>A monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da PA foi realizada com um aparelho oscilom&#233;trico n&#227;o invasivo (SpaceLabs Medical Inc, 90207, Washington, EUA) posicionado no bra&#231;o n&#227;o dominante e programado para realizar medidas a cada 15 minutos durante 24 horas. A precis&#227;o do dispositivo foi confirmada por um esfigmoman&#244;metro de merc&#250;rio antes do uso.</p>
        <p>Para a an&#225;lise, os n&#237;veis ambulatoriais de PA sist&#243;lica, diast&#243;lica e m&#233;dia foram calculados pela m&#233;dia de todas as medidas realizadas por 24 horas, bem como durante os per&#237;odos de vig&#237;lia e sono relatados pelo paciente. Al&#233;m disso, a variabilidade da PA ambulatorial foi calculada para a PA sist&#243;lica, diast&#243;lica e m&#233;dia usando tr&#234;s &#237;ndices diferentes:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref> desvio-padr&#227;o de 24 horas (DP<sub>24</sub>); desvio-padr&#227;o ponderado em vig&#237;lia e durante o sono (DP<sub>VS</sub>) e a variabilidade real m&#233;dia de 24 horas (VRM<sub>24</sub>). Esses &#237;ndices foram calculados conforme relatado anteriormente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref> Resumidamente, o DP<sub>24</sub> foi calculado pelo desvio-padr&#227;o (DP) ao longo de 24 horas ponderado pelo intervalo de tempo entre as medidas. DPvs foi calculado pela m&#233;dia de DP de vig&#237;lia e sono corrigido para o n&#250;mero de horas de cada um desses per&#237;odos [ou seja, DPvs = [(DP vig&#237;lia x horas de vig&#237;lia) + (DP sono x horas de sono)] / horas de vig&#237;lia + horas de sono]. A VRM<sub>24</sub> foi calculada pela m&#233;dia das diferen&#231;as absolutas entre as medi&#231;&#245;es consecutivas, contabilizando a ordem de medi&#231;&#227;o pela seguinte f&#243;rmula: <disp-formula id="ueq1"><mml:math display="block" id="m1"><mml:mi>V</mml:mi><mml:mi>R</mml:mi><mml:msub><mml:mi>M</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mn>24</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mfrac><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mrow><mml:mstyle displaystyle="true"><mml:mo>&#8721;</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow/><mml:mi>w</mml:mi></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:mstyle></mml:mrow></mml:mfrac><mml:mstyle displaystyle="true"><mml:munderover><mml:mo>&#8721;</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mi>k</mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>n</mml:mi><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:munderover><mml:mi>w</mml:mi></mml:mstyle><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mo>|</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mi>P</mml:mi><mml:msub><mml:mi>A</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mi>k</mml:mi><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mi>P</mml:mi><mml:msub><mml:mi>A</mml:mi><mml:mi>k</mml:mi></mml:msub></mml:mrow><mml:mo>|</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:math></disp-formula></p>
        <p>Onde k varia de 1 a N&#8722;1, PA o valor da press&#227;o arterial e w &#233; o intervalo de tempo entre PAk e PAk+1. N &#233; o n&#250;mero de registros v&#225;lidos da PA.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Interven&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>Detalhes das interven&#231;&#245;es foram relatados anteriormente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> Resumidamente, as interven&#231;&#245;es foram realizadas duas vezes por semana durante 12 semanas e supervisionadas por um dos pesquisadores. Os pacientes do GC realizaram exerc&#237;cios de alongamento por 30 minutos. Os pacientes do GTC realizaram 15 s&#233;ries de 2 minutos de caminhada em uma esteira, intercaladas por 2 minutos de repouso. Durante cada s&#233;rie de caminhada, a velocidade foi mantida em 3,2 km/h e a intensidade foi ajustada pela inclina&#231;&#227;o da esteira para manter a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca dentro de 4 bpm da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca obtida no limiar de dor avaliado durante o teste m&#225;ximo em esteira<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref> (por exemplo, se o paciente relatou o limiar de dor durante teste m&#225;ximo em esteira a 100 bpm, a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca durante cada s&#233;rie era mantida entre 96 a 104 bpm).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Conforme descrito anteriormente,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> o tamanho da amostra foi estimado considerando-se um poder de 90%, erro alfa de 5% e desvio-padr&#227;o de 3 mmHg para a PA sist&#243;lica. O tamanho m&#237;nimo necess&#225;rio para detectar uma diferen&#231;a de 4 mmHg foi de 7 indiv&#237;duos em cada grupo.</p>
        <p>A normalidade da distribui&#231;&#227;o dos dados e a homogeneidade da vari&#226;ncia foram avaliadas pelos testes de Shapiro-Wilk e Levene, respectivamente. Distribui&#231;&#245;es que n&#227;o atenderam aos crit&#233;rios de normalidade foram normalizadas usando transforma&#231;&#245;es logar&#237;tmicas. No in&#237;cio do estudo, as diferen&#231;as entre os grupos foram identificadas por meio do teste qui-quadrado (comorbidades foi preval&#234;ncia da terapia medicamentosa) ou teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado (vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas). Os efeitos das interven&#231;&#245;es foram avaliados pela ANOVA mista de dois fatores (Statsoft, Statistic for Windows 4.3, Oklahoma, EUA), tendo como fatores grupo (GC e GTC) e fase do estudo (in&#237;cio e 12 semanas). Teste post-hoc de Newman-Keuls foi usado quando necess&#225;rio. O valor de p&lt;0,05 foi considerado significante e os dados foram apresentados em m&#233;dia &#177; DP.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>O fluxograma de pacientes est&#225; representado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>. Oitenta e quatro pacientes foram triados, mas 35 foram exclu&#237;dos por n&#227;o atenderem aos crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade (n = 7) ou n&#227;o aceitaram participar (n = 28, falta de disponibilidade para realiza&#231;&#227;o dos treinamento). Os 49 pacientes restantes foram alocados aleatoriamente no GC (n = 24) e no GTC (n = 25). Quatorze pacientes desistiram por circunst&#226;ncias n&#227;o relacionadas ao estudo, de forma que a amostra final foi composta por 35 pacientes (GC, n = 16; GTC, n = 19).</p>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figura 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Fluxograma do estudo CI: claudica&#231;&#227;o intermitente, GC: Grupo controle, GTC: Grupo treinamento de caminhada</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-05-0898-90822-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      <p>Esses grupos tinham caracter&#237;sticas iniciais semelhantes quanto &#224; idade, grau de obesidade, n&#237;veis cl&#237;nicos de PA, limita&#231;&#245;es da doen&#231;a, comorbidades e uso de medicamentos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes alocados nos grupos controle e treinamento de caminhada</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="25%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th valign="top" align="left"/>
              <th valign="top" align="center">GC (n = 16)</th>
              <th valign="top" align="center">GTC (n = 19)</th>
              <th valign="top" align="center">Valor p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">62 &#177; 7</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">63 &#177; 7</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,64</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">&#205;ndice de massa corporal (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">25,7 &#177; 3,9</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">26,1 &#177; 3,1</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,76</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">&#205;ndice tornozelo-braquial</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,60 &#177; 0,12</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,62 &#177; 0,14</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,61</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">Dist&#226;ncia de in&#237;cio de claudica&#231;&#227;o (m)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">319 &#177; 152</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">277 &#177; 164</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,45</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">Dist&#226;ncia total caminhada (m)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">759 &#177; 305</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">624 &#177; 255</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,16</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">PA sist&#243;lica cl&#237;nica (mmHg)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">136 &#177; 19</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">133 &#177; 14</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,60</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">PA diast&#243;lica cl&#237;nica (mmHg)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">79 &#177; 10</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">77 &#177; 9</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,53</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">
                <bold>Comorbidades</bold>
              </td>
              <td valign="top" align="center"/>
              <td valign="top" align="center"/>
              <td valign="top" align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">Obesidade (%)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">12,5</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">10,5</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,55</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">Hipertens&#227;o (%)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">81,3</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">84,2</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,89</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">Diabetes Mellitus (%)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">25,0</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">21,1</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,61</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">Dislipidemia (%)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">100,0</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">89,5</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,17</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">Fumantes atuais (%)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">37,5</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">26,3</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,38</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">Doen&#231;a card&#237;aca/acidente vascular cerebral (%)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">18,8</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">21,1</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,80</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">
                <bold>Terapia medicamentosa</bold>
              </td>
              <td valign="top" align="center"/>
              <td valign="top" align="center"/>
              <td valign="top" align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">Aspirina (%)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">93,8</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">100,0</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,28</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">Estatina (%)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">62,5</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">78,9</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,83</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">Inibidor da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina (%)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">43,8</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">68,4</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,20</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">Diur&#233;ticos (%)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">25,0</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">47,4</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,17</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">Bloqueador do canal de c&#225;lcio (%)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">18,8</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center"/>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,86</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">Hipoglicemiante oral (%)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">18,8</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center"/>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,69</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">
                <bold>N&#250;mero de anti-hipertensivos</bold>
              </td>
              <td valign="top" align="center"/>
              <td valign="top" align="center"/>
              <td valign="top" align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">Monoterapia</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">50,0</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center"/>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,76</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p><italic>Dados apresentados em m&#233;dia</italic> &#177; <italic>DP ou porcentagem (%). PA: press&#227;o arterial. Vari&#225;vel cont&#237;nua</italic> &#8211; <italic>teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado. Vari&#225;vel categ&#243;rica</italic> &#8211; <italic>teste do qui-quadrado. CG - Grupo controle, GTC - Grupo treinamento de caminhada</italic>.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Os n&#237;veis de PA ambulatorial foram semelhantes entre os grupos no in&#237;cio do estudo, e nenhum deles apresentou qualquer mudan&#231;a significante na PA de 24 horas, vig&#237;lia e sono ap&#243;s as 12 semanas de interven&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Tabela 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>N&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial ambulatorial medidos no in&#237;cio e ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo de interven&#231;&#227;o de 12 semanas no grupo treinamento de caminhada e o grupo controle</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="12%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th valign="top" align="center" rowspan="2"/>
              <th valign="top" align="center" colspan="2">GC (n = 16)</th>
              <th valign="top" align="center" colspan="2">GTC (n = 19)</th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2">P grupo</th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2">P fase do estudo</th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2">P intera&#231;&#227;o</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th valign="top" align="center">in&#237;cio</th>
              <th valign="top" align="center">12 semanas</th>
              <th valign="top" align="center">in&#237;cio</th>
              <th valign="top" align="center">12 semanas</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">
                <bold>24h</bold>
              </td>
              <td valign="top" align="center"/>
              <td valign="top" align="center"/>
              <td valign="top" align="center"/>
              <td valign="top" align="center"/>
              <td valign="top" align="center"/>
              <td valign="top" align="center"/>
              <td valign="top" align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">PA sist&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">130 &#177; 14</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">132 &#177; 15</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">128 &#177; 14</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">126 &#177; 11</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,51</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,74</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,21</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">PA diast&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">78 &#177; 7</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">80 &#177; 7</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">78 &#177; 12</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">76 &#177; 10</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,44</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,42</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,16</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">PA m&#233;dia (mmHg)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">96 &#177; 9</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">98 &#177; 8</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">94 &#177; 9</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">93 &#177; 9</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,32</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,60</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,14</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">
                <bold>Vig&#237;lia</bold>
              </td>
              <td valign="top" align="center"/>
              <td valign="top" align="center"/>
              <td valign="top" align="center"/>
              <td valign="top" align="center"/>
              <td valign="top" align="center"/>
              <td valign="top" align="center"/>
              <td valign="top" align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">PA sist&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">135 &#177; 14</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">137 &#177; 16</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">130 &#177; 14</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">129 &#177; 12</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,16</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,74</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,44</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">PA diast&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">83 &#177; 7</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">84 &#177; 7</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">80 &#177; 12</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">79 &#177; 11</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,16</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,41</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,35</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">PA m&#233;dia (mmHg)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">101 &#177; 9</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">103 &#177; 9</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">96 &#177; 10</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">95 &#177; 10</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,08</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,60</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,25</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">
                <bold>Sono</bold>
              </td>
              <td valign="top" align="center"/>
              <td valign="top" align="center"/>
              <td valign="top" align="center"/>
              <td valign="top" align="center"/>
              <td valign="top" align="center"/>
              <td valign="top" align="center"/>
              <td valign="top" align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">PA sist&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">119 &#177; 16</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">121 &#177; 16</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">124 &#177; 16</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">122 &#177; 12</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,50</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,85</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,51</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">PA diast&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">69 &#177; 9</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">71 &#177; 8</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">73 &#177; 9</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">71 &#177; 11</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,61</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,80</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,32</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">PA m&#233;dia (mmHg)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">87 &#177; 11</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">89 &#177; 11</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">89 &#177; 9</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">89 &#177; 9</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,63</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,82</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,33</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p><italic>Dados apresentados em m&#233;dia</italic> &#177; <italic>desvio padr&#227;o. PA: press&#227;o arterial. ANOVA de dois fatores (grupo e fase do estudo). CG: Grupo controle, GTC: Grupo treinamento de caminhada</italic>.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Os &#237;ndices de variabilidade da PA avaliados no in&#237;cio do estudo foram semelhantes entre o GTC e o GC. Houve intera&#231;&#227;o significante entre grupos e a fase de estudo para os &#237;ndices de variabilidade da PA sist&#243;lica e m&#233;dia (todos P&lt;0,05), mostrando redu&#231;&#227;o do DP<sub>24</sub>, DP<sub>vs</sub> e VRM<sub>24</sub> da PA sist&#243;lica e m&#233;dia apenas no GTC (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref>). Nenhum grupo teve qualquer mudan&#231;a significante nos &#237;ndices de variabilidade da PA diast&#243;lica.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Tabela 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>&#205;ndices de variabilidade da press&#227;o arterial ambulatorial avaliados no in&#237;cio e ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo de interven&#231;&#227;o de 12 semanas para os grupos treinamento de caminhada e controle</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="12%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="2"/>
              <th valign="top" align="center" colspan="2">GC (n = 16)</th>
              <th valign="top" align="center" colspan="2">GTC (n = 19)</th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2">P grupo</th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2">P fase do estudo</th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2">P intera&#231;&#227;o</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th valign="top" align="center">in&#237;cio</th>
              <th valign="top" align="center">12 semanas</th>
              <th valign="top" align="center">in&#237;cio</th>
              <th valign="top" align="center">12 semanas</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">
                <bold>DP</bold>
                <sub>24</sub>
              </td>
              <td valign="top" align="center"/>
              <td valign="top" align="center"/>
              <td valign="top" align="center"/>
              <td valign="top" align="center"/>
              <td valign="top" align="center"/>
              <td valign="top" align="center"/>
              <td valign="top" align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">PA sist&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">14,6 &#177; 3,0</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">15,5 &#177; 3,9</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">13,3 &#177; 2,8</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">11,8 &#177; 2,3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">#</xref></td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,01</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,65</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,04</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">PA diast&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">10,9 &#177; 1,8</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">11,2 &#177; 1,7</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">9,7 &#177; 2,3</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">10,0 &#177; 2,5</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,06</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,49</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,68</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">PA m&#233;dia (mmHg)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">12,0 &#177; 2,6</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">13,0 &#177; 3,0</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">11,0 &#177; 1,7</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">10,4 &#177; 1,9<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">#</xref></td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,01</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,71</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,04</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">
                <bold>DP</bold>
                <sub>vs</sub>
              </td>
              <td valign="top" align="center"/>
              <td valign="top" align="center"/>
              <td valign="top" align="center"/>
              <td valign="top" align="center"/>
              <td valign="top" align="center"/>
              <td valign="top" align="center"/>
              <td valign="top" align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">PA sist&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">12,2 &#177; 2,4</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">12,7 &#177; 3,0</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">12,1 &#177; 2,4</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">10,7 &#177; 2,5<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">#</xref></td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,18</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,27</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,03</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">PA diast&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">8,7 &#177; 1,3</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">9,0 &#177; 1,6</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">9,0 &#177; 1,8</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">8,9 &#177; 2,2</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,98</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,95</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,48</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">PA m&#233;dia (mmHg)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">10,0 &#177; 2,1</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">10,7 &#177; 2,2</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">10,1 &#177; 1,6</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">9,1 &#177; 1,7<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>#<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">#</xref></td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,23</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,82</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">
                <bold>VRM</bold>
                <sub>24</sub>
              </td>
              <td valign="top" align="center"/>
              <td valign="top" align="center"/>
              <td valign="top" align="center"/>
              <td valign="top" align="center"/>
              <td valign="top" align="center"/>
              <td valign="top" align="center"/>
              <td valign="top" align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">PA sist&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">9,4 &#177; 2,1</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">10,7 &#177; 2,4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref></td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">9,4 &#177; 2,3</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">8,8 &#177; 2,2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">#</xref></td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,18</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,28</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,02</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">PA diast&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">6,9 &#177; 1,8</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">7,3 &#177; 1,8</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">7,3 &#177; 2,3</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">7,2 &#177; 1,6</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,75</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,67</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,54</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">PA m&#233;dia (mmHg)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">8,1 &#177; 1,9</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">8,6 &#177; 1,7</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">8,0 &#177; 1,7</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">7,2 &#177; 1,5<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">#</xref></td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,15</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,88</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,01</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <p><italic>Valores apresentados em m&#233;dia</italic> &#177; <italic>desvio-padr&#227;o. DP<sub>24</sub></italic> = <italic>desvio-padr&#227;o ponderado de 24 horas; DPvs</italic> = <italic>desvio-padr&#227;o ponderado em vig&#237;lia e durante o sono; VRM</italic> = <italic>variabilidade real m&#233;dia. ANOVA de dois fatores (grupo e fase do estudo)</italic>.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>
              <italic>Diferente do in&#237;cio (p &lt;0,05);</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <label>#</label>
            <p><italic>Diferente do GC (p &lt;0,05). GC: Grupo controle, GTC: Grupo treinamento de caminhada, PA: press&#227;o arterial</italic>.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <fig id="f3">
        <label>Figura 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Altera&#231;&#227;o absoluta (&#916;) da variabilidade da press&#227;o arterial ambulatorial para o grupo controle (GC &#8211; barras brancas) e grupo de treinamento de caminhada (GTC &#8211; barras pretas). PA: press&#227;o arterial; DP<sub>24</sub>, desvio-padr&#227;o acima de 24 horas ponderado pelo intervalo de tempo entre leituras consecutivas; DPvs, a m&#233;dia dos DPs diurnos e noturnos ponderados para a dura&#231;&#227;o do intervalo diurno e noturno, VRM<sub>24</sub>: variabilidade real m&#233;dia ponderada para o intervalo de tempo entre leituras consecutivas de registros de PA ambulatorial de 24 horas. * p &lt;0,05 vs. GC.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-05-0898-90822-gf03.tif"/></fig>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O principal achado deste estudo foi que 12 semanas de TC diminu&#237;ram os &#237;ndices de variabilidade da PA sist&#243;lica e m&#233;dia, sem alterar os n&#237;veis de PA ambulatorial.</p>
      <p>No presente estudo, 12 semanas de TC n&#227;o alteraram a PA ambulatorial em pacientes com DAP, o que contrasta com estudos realizados com indiv&#237;duos normotensos e hipertensos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref> que relataram consistentemente redu&#231;&#245;es em torno de 3 mmHg para PA sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica ambulatorial ap&#243;s treinamento aer&#243;bico. No entanto, 12 semanas de treinamento resistido tamb&#233;m n&#227;o alteraram a PA ambulatorial em pacientes com DAP.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> Assim, tem-se a hip&#243;tese de que epis&#243;dios frequentes de isquemia durante as atividades di&#225;rias dos pacientes com DAP produzem dor de claudica&#231;&#227;o, estresse oxidativo e ac&#250;mulo metab&#243;lico, aumentando a atividade do nervo simp&#225;tico e, consequentemente, mitigando qualquer poss&#237;vel efeito do exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico sobre os n&#237;veis de PA ambulatorial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref> Outra poss&#237;vel explica&#231;&#227;o, entretanto, pode ser a dura&#231;&#227;o muito curta do programa, uma vez que um estudo anterior<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref> realizado com hipertensos idosos n&#227;o mostrou altera&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de PA ambulatoriais ap&#243;s 6 meses de treinamento, ap&#243;s 12 meses de interven&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Apesar da aus&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis de PA ambulatorial, foram observadas redu&#231;&#245;es nas variabilidades sist&#243;lica e m&#233;dia da PA ambulatorial para todos os &#237;ndices de variabilidade: DP<sub>24</sub>, DPvs e VRM<sub>24</sub>. Esses resultados est&#227;o de acordo com estudo anterior com treinamento resistido em pacientes sintom&#225;ticos com DAP.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> Esse resultado &#233; coerente com a ideia de que mudan&#231;as no controle auton&#244;mico precedem altera&#231;&#245;es nos n&#237;veis da PA, uma vez que a variabilidade da PA reflete principalmente o controle auton&#244;mico da PA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref> Al&#233;m disso, esses resultados tamb&#233;m est&#227;o de acordo com nossos achados anteriores de uma melhora na modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca e sensibilidade barorreflexa, marcadores de controle auton&#244;mico, ap&#243;s TC em pacientes com DAP.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> A aus&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es na variabilidade da PA ambulatorial diast&#243;lica tamb&#233;m &#233; coerente com a aus&#234;ncia de efeitos do treinamento de caminhada na resist&#234;ncia vascular da panturrilha, como descrito anteriormente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Mesmo sem quaisquer altera&#231;&#245;es nos n&#237;veis de PA ambulatorial, a diminui&#231;&#227;o da variabilidade da PA ambulatorial obtida com o TC pode ter implica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas relevantes. A variabilidade da PA tem sido associada &#224; presen&#231;a e progress&#227;o de les&#245;es de &#243;rg&#227;os alvo, bem como &#224; incid&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> levando a um pior progn&#243;stico cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> Assim, a diminui&#231;&#227;o induzida pelo TC pode ter impacto favor&#225;vel no risco cardiovascular de pacientes com DAP, refor&#231;ando a recomenda&#231;&#227;o do TC para esses pacientes.</p>
      <p>Este estudo apresenta algumas limita&#231;&#245;es que devem ser reconhecidas. Foi realizado apenas com homens e as adapta&#231;&#245;es induzidas pelo treinamento podem diferir entre os sexos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref> Assim, estudos futuros devem investigar o impacto do TC na PA ambulatorial e sua variabilidade tamb&#233;m em mulheres, principalmente idosas, que podem apresentar maior risco cardiovascular do que os homens.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref> O presente estudo tamb&#233;m examinou apenas pacientes com sintomas de claudica&#231;&#227;o, e novos estudos devem examinar os efeitos do TC em outros grupos de pacientes, como os assintom&#225;ticos (est&#225;gio 1) e naqueles que apresentam diminui&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos ambulatoriais ap&#243;s o TC. Por fim, o programa durou 12 semanas, dura&#231;&#227;o que melhora a capacidade funcional e os par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos cardiovasculares desses pacientes,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> mas um per&#237;odo de treinamento mais longo pode ser necess&#225;rio para diminuir os n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos ambulatoriais.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Em conclus&#227;o, 12 semanas de TC diminui a variabilidade ambulatorial da PA em homens com DAP sintom&#225;tica.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo CNPQ (442507/2014-3; 304436/2018-6), FAPESP (2015/13800-0) e CAPES (0001).</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de doutorado de Marcel Chehuen pela Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Walking Training Improves Ambulatory Blood Pressure Variability in Claudication</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9857-8761</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Chehuen</surname>
            <given-names>Marcel da Rocha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cucato</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriel Grizzo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Celso Ricardo Fernandes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zerati</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leicht</surname>
            <given-names>Anthony</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1991-3507</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Wolosker</surname>
            <given-names>Nelson</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7883-6746</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ritti-Dias</surname>
            <given-names>Raphael Mendes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7584-4265</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Forjaz</surname>
            <given-names>Claudia Lucia de Moraes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff7">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Escola de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica e Esporte, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff8">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Newcastle Upon Tyne</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="GB">Reino Unido</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, Reino Unido</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff9">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Clinicas (HCFMUSP), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff10">
          <label>4</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Queensland</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="AU">Austr&#225;lia</country>
          <institution content-type="original">James Cook University, Queensland - Austr&#225;lia</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff11">
          <label>5</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff12">
          <label>6</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Nove de Julho - Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Reabilita&#231;&#227;o, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Cl&#225;udia L&#250;cia de Moraes Forjaz</bold> &#8226; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Escola de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica e Esporte, Av. Prof. Mello Moraes, 65 - Cidade Universit&#225;ria - CEP: <postal-code>05508-030</postal-code> - S&#227;o Paulo - SP E-mail: <email>cforjaz@usp.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author Contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Chehuen M, Cucato GG, Zerati AE, Leicht A, Ritti-Dias RM, Forjaz CLM; Acquisition of data: Chehuen M, Cucato GG; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Chehuen M, Cucato GG, Forjaz CLM; Statistical analysis and Obtaining financing: Forjaz CLM; Writing of the manuscript: Chehuen M, Cucato GG, Carvalho C, Wolosker N Ritti-Dias RM; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual contente: Chehuen M, Cucato GG, Carvalho C, Zerati AE, Leicht A, Wolosker N, Ritti-Dias RM, Forjaz CLM.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Walking training (WT) improves walking capacity and reduces clinic blood pressure (BP) in patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD), but its effects on ambulatory BP remains unknown.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To investigate the effect of 12 weeks of WT on ambulatory BP and its variability in patients with PAD.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Thirty-five male patients with PAD and claudication symptoms were randomly allocated into two groups: control (n = 16, 30 min of stretching) and WT (n = 19, 15 bouts of 2 min of walking at the heart rate of leg pain threshold interspersed by 2 min of upright rest). Before and after 12 weeks, 24-hour ambulatory BP was assessed. Ambulatory BP variability indices assessed at both time points included the 24-hour standard deviation (SD<sub>24</sub>), the awake and asleep weighted standard deviation (SD<sub>dn</sub>), and the 24-hour average real variability (ARV<sub>24</sub>). Data were analyzed by mixed two-way ANOVAs, considering P&lt;0.05 as significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>After 12 weeks, neither group had significant changes in 24-hour, awake and sleep BPs. The WT decreased systolic and mean BP variabilities (Systolic BP &#8211; 13.3&#177;2.8 vs 11.8&#177;2.3, 12.1&#177;2.84 vs 10.7&#177;2.5 and 9.4&#177;2.3 vs 8.8&#177;2.2 mmHg); Mean BP &#8211; 11.0&#177;1.7 vs 10.4&#177;1.9, 10.1&#177;1.6 vs 9.1&#177;1.7 and 8.0.&#177;1.7 vs 7.2&#177;1.5 mmHg) for SD<sub>24,</sub> SD<sub>dn</sub> and ARV<sub>24</sub>, respectively). Neither group had significant changes in diastolic BP variabilities after 12 weeks.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>The WT does not change ambulatory BP levels but decreases ambulatory BP variability in patients with PAD. This improvement may have a favorable impact on the cardiovascular risk of patients with symptomatic PAD. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021; 116(5):898-905)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Intermittent Claudication</kwd>
        <kwd>Walking</kwd>
        <kwd>Blood Pressure</kwd>
        <kwd>Blood Pressure Monitoring Ambulatory</kwd>
        <kwd>Muscle Weakness</kwd>
        <kwd>Endurance Training</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNPQ</funding-source>
          <award-id>442507/2014-3</award-id>
          <award-id>304436/2018-6</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPESP</funding-source>
          <award-id>2015/13800-0</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CAPES</funding-source>
          <award-id>0001</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>This study was partially funded by CNPQ (442507/2014-3; 304436/2018-6), FAPESP (2015/13800-0) and CAPES (0001)</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Intermittent claudication, the most prevalent symptom of peripheral artery disease (PAD), impairs walking capacity, impacting on patient&#8217;s physical activity levels<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> and quality of life.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> In addition, this functional limitation is associated with increased rates of fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular events in this population.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Among cardiovascular diseases, arterial hypertension is a common comorbidity that affects more than 80% of the patients with PAD,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> who present higher clinic and specially higher ambulatory BP levels compared with healthy individuals.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> Interestingly, we recently demonstrated that walking capacity was negatively associated with ambulatory BP in PAD,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> indicating a poorer BP control in patients with greater functional impairment. Thus, therapeutic strategies that increase functional capacity, such as walking training, may improve cardiovascular outcomes and reduce cardiovascular risk in this group.</p>
        <p>We have recently demonstrated that supervised walking training (WT) improves walking capacity in addition to reducing clinic BP in patients with symptomatic PAD,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> however its effects on ambulatory BP remains unknown. This is a very important issue, since ambulatory BP is considered a stronger predictor of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality than clinic BP.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> Additionally, a previous study reported no effect of resistance training on ambulatory BP levels, but an improvement in ambulatory BP variability,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> a new and strong marker for target-organ damage, cardiovascular events, and mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> Given that aerobic training such as walking promotes considerable reduction on ambulatory BP levels compared to resistance training in normotensive and hypertensive populations,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> one may suppose that this mode of exercise can also improve ambulatory BP and its variability in patients with PAD, which needs to be checked. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of WT on ambulatory BP and its variability in patients with symptomatic PAD.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study Population</title>
          <p>This is a complementary data from a previous study.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> Patients were recruited from the Clinic Hospital&#8217;s Vascular Unit, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Male patients previously diagnosed with PAD and with symptoms of intermittent claudication were invited. Inclusion criteria were: (a) age &#8805; 50 years; (b) ankle-brachial index (ABI) &#8804; 0.90;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> c) Fontaine stage II of PAD;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> (d) body mass index &#8804; 35 kg/m<sup>2</sup>; (e) resting systolic BP &#8804; 160 mmHg and diastolic BP &#8804; 105 mmHg; (f) not taking &#946;-blockers or non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers; (g) absence of cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy for diabetic patients;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> (h) ability to walk for at least 2 minutes at 3.2 km/h on a treadmill; (i) ability to undertake an incremental treadmill test limited by symptoms of intermittent claudication; (j) absence of myocardial ischemia or complex arrhythmias during a maximal treadmill test; (k) decrease of at least 15% in ABI after a maximal treadmill test; and (l) not engaged in any exercise program. In addition, patients were not included if they met at least one of the following criteria: 1) revascularization surgery or angioplasty less than one year earlier; 2) use of peripheral vasodilators, 3) lower limb amputation, and 4) orthopedic problems that contraindicate walking exercise. Subjects were excluded if they had their medications changed during the study. The study&#8217;s protocol was registered at the Brazilian Clinical Trials (RBR-7M3D8W) and approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee of the School of Physical Education and Sport of the University of Sao Paulo (process: 39-2008/55) and the Clinic Hospital (process:1179/09), being conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. A written informed consent was obtained from all patients prior to participation.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Participant screening</title>
          <p>Diagnosis of PAD was made based on clinical history and ABI measurement at rest and after a treadmill maximal test.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> Arm systolic BP was measured using the auscultatory method, and ankle systolic BP of each leg was assessed with a Doppler ultrasound (Martec, DV 6000, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, Brazil). For each patient, the lowest ABI was recorded. Body mass and height were measured (Welmy, 110, S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil), and body mass index was calculated. Resting brachial BP was measured in two visits, and the mean value was calculated and used for analysis. In each visit, after five minutes of seated rest, three auscultatory measurements were taken in each arm, and the highest mean value was recorded. Medication use and exercise habits were assessed via interview. In diabetic patients, the presence of cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy, was assessed according to the recommendations of the American Diabetes Association.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> Drug treatment was kept constant for all patients throughout the study.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Design</title>
          <p>The experimental protocol is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 1</xref>. The study had an initial pre-screening including a maximal treadmill test following Gardner&#8217;s protocol for assessing pain threshold.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> Then, subjects who met all the study criteria underwent 24-hour ambulatory BP monitoring at baseline and after 12-weeks of intervention. Patients were randomized using a specific online program (www.randomizer.org) into two groups: walking training (WTG) and control (CG).</p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Experimental design of the study.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-05-0898-90822-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          <p>For all the assessments, recommendations included no vigorous exercise in the previous 48 hours, a light meal 2 hours before, no ingestion of food with stimulant properties such as caffeine, no alcoholic beverages or smoking in the previous 12 hours. Clinic assessments were conducted in the morning in a temperature-controlled laboratory (20-22&#176;C).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Measurements</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Primary outcome: ambulatory blood pressure</title>
          <p>Ambulatory BP monitoring was performed with a noninvasive oscillometric device (SpaceLabs Medical Inc, 90207, Washington, USA) placed on the non-dominant arm and programmed to perform measurements every 15 minutes for 24 hours. The accuracy of the device was confirmed by a mercury sphygmomanometer prior to use.</p>
          <p>For the analysis, ambulatory systolic, diastolic and mean BP levels were calculated by the average of all BP measurements taken during the 24 hours as well as during the awake and asleep periods reported by the patient. In addition, ambulatory BP variability was calculated for systolic, diastolic and mean BP using three different indices:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref> the 24-hour standard deviation (SD<sub>24</sub>); the awake and asleep weighted standard deviation (SD<sub>dn</sub>), and the 24-hour average real variability (ARV<sub>24</sub>). These indices were calculated as previously reported. Briefly, SD<sub>24</sub> was calculated by the standard deviation (SD) over 24 hours weighted for the time interval between measures. SD<sub>dn</sub> was calculated by the mean of awake and asleep SD corrected for the number of hours of each of these periods [i.e SD<sub>dn</sub> = [(awake SD x awake hours) + (asleep SD x asleep hours)]/(wake + asleep hours)]. ARV<sub>24</sub> was calculated by the average of absolute differences between consecutive measurements accounting for the order of measurement using following formula: <disp-formula id="ueq2"><mml:math display="block" id="m2"><mml:mi>A</mml:mi><mml:mi>R</mml:mi><mml:mi>M</mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mfrac><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mrow><mml:mstyle displaystyle="true"><mml:mo>&#8721;</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow/><mml:mi>w</mml:mi></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:mstyle></mml:mrow></mml:mfrac><mml:mstyle displaystyle="true"><mml:munderover><mml:mo>&#8721;</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mi>k</mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>n</mml:mi><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:munderover><mml:mi>w</mml:mi></mml:mstyle><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mo>|</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mi>B</mml:mi><mml:msub><mml:mi>P</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mi>k</mml:mi><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mi>B</mml:mi><mml:msub><mml:mi>P</mml:mi><mml:mi>k</mml:mi></mml:msub></mml:mrow><mml:mo>|</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:math></disp-formula></p>
          <p>where k ranges from 1 to N&#8722;1, BP is the blood pressure and w is the time interval between BPk and BPk+1. N is the number of blood pressure readings.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Interventions</title>
          <p>Details of the interventions have been previously reported.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> Briefly, interventions were conducted twice a week for 12 weeks and supervised by one of the researchers. CG patients performed stretching exercises for 30 minutes. WTG patients performed 15 bouts of 2-minute walking on a treadmill intersected by 2 minutes of resting. During each walking bouts, speed was kept at 3.2 km/h and intensity was adjusted by setting the treadmill grade to maintain heart rate within 4 bpm of the heart rate obtained at the pain threshold assessed during maximal treadmill test<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref> (e.g., if the patient reported the pain threshold during maximal treadmill test at 100 bpm, the heart rate during each training session was kept between 96 to 104 bpm).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>As previously described,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> the sample size was estimated considering a power of 90%, alpha error of 5%, and standard deviation of 3 mmHg for systolic BP. The minimal sample size necessary to detect a difference of 4 mmHg was 7 subjects in each group.</p>
          <p>Normality of data distribution and homogeneity of variance were evaluated using the Shapiro-Wilk and Levene tests, respectively. Skewed distributions were normalized using logarithmic transformations. At baseline, group differences were identified via chi-square test (comorbidities and drug therapy prevalence) or unpaired Student&#8217;s t-test (continuous variables). The effects of the interventions were assessed using a mixed two-way ANOVA (Statsoft, Statistic for Windows 4.3, Oklahoma, USA), the groups being the between factor, and the study phase (baseline and 12 weeks) being the within factor. Newman-Keuls post-hoc tests were used when necessary. P&lt;0.05 was considered significant, and data were presented as mean &#177; SD.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Patients flowchart is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 2</xref>. Eighty-four patients were screened, but 35 were excluded for not meeting the eligibility criteria (n=7) or declining participation (n=28, not available to perform training sessions). The remaining 49 patients were randomly allocated in the CG (n=24) and the WTG (n=25). Fourteen patients withdrew due to circumstances unrelated to the the study. Thus, the final sample was composed of 35 patients (CG, n=16; WTG, n=19).</p>
        <fig id="f5">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Participants flowchart. IC: Intermittent claudication, CG: Control group, WTG: Walking training group</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-05-0898-90822-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>These groups had similar initial characteristics regarding age, obesity level, clinic BP levels, disease limitations, comorbidities, and medication use (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Characteristics of the patients allocated in the control (CG) and the walking (WTG) training groups.</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th valign="top" align="left"/>
                <th valign="top" align="center">CG (n = 16)</th>
                <th valign="top" align="center">WTG (n = 19)</th>
                <th valign="top" align="center">p value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">Age (years)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">62 &#177; 7</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">63 &#177; 7</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.64</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">Body mass index (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">25.7 &#177; 3.9</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">26.1 &#177; 3.1</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.76</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">Ankle brachial index</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.60 &#177; 0.12</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.62 &#177; 0.14</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.61</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">Claudication onset distance (m)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">319 &#177; 152</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">277 &#177; 164</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.45</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">Total walking distance (m)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">759 &#177; 305</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">624 &#177; 255</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.16</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">Clinic systolic BP (mmHg)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">136 &#177; 19</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">133 &#177; 14</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.60</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">Clinic diastolic BP (mmHg)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">79 &#177; 10</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">77 &#177; 9</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.53</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">
                  <bold>Comorbidities</bold>
                </td>
                <td valign="top" align="center"/>
                <td valign="top" align="center"/>
                <td valign="top" align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">Obesity (%)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">12.5</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">10.5</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.55</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">Hypertension (%)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">81.3</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">84.2</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.89</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">Diabetes Mellitus (%)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">25.0</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">21.1</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.61</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">Dyslipidemia (%)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">100.0</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">89.5</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.17</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">Current Smokers (%)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">37.5</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">26.3</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.38</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">Heart Disease/Stroke (%)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">18.8</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">21.1</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.80</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">
                  <bold>Drug therapy</bold>
                </td>
                <td valign="top" align="center"/>
                <td valign="top" align="center"/>
                <td valign="top" align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">Aspirin (%)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">93.8</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">100.0</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.28</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">Statin (%)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">62.5</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">78.9</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.83</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (%)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">43.8</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">68.4</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.20</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">Diuretics (%)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">25.0</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">47.4</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.17</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">Calcium channel blocker (%)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">18.8</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">21.1</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.86</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">Oral hypoglycemic (%)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">18.8</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">15.8</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.69</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">
                  <bold>Number of antihypertensive</bold>
                </td>
                <td valign="top" align="center"/>
                <td valign="top" align="center"/>
                <td valign="top" align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">Monotherapy</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">50.0</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center"/>
                <td valign="top" align="center"/>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <p><italic>Data are shown as mean</italic> &#177; <italic>SD or percentage (%). BP: Blood pressure. Continuous variable</italic> &#8211; <italic>unpaired Student&#8217;s t-test. Categorical variable</italic> &#8211; <italic>chi-square test</italic>.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Ambulatory BP levels were similar between WTG and CG at baseline, and neither group presented any significant change in 24-hour, awake and asleep BPs after the 12 weeks of intervention (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Ambulatory blood pressure levels measured at baseline and after the 12-week intervention period for the walking training (WTG) and the control (CG) groups</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="12%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th valign="top" align="center" rowspan="2"/>
                <th valign="top" align="center" colspan="2">CG (n = 16)</th>
                <th valign="top" align="center" colspan="2">WTG (n = 19)</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2">P group</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2">P study phase</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2">P interaction</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th valign="top" align="center">Baseline</th>
                <th valign="top" align="center">12 weeks</th>
                <th valign="top" align="center">Baseline</th>
                <th valign="top" align="center">12 weeks</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">
                  <bold>24h</bold>
                </td>
                <td valign="top" align="center"/>
                <td valign="top" align="center"/>
                <td valign="top" align="center"/>
                <td valign="top" align="center"/>
                <td valign="top" align="center"/>
                <td valign="top" align="center"/>
                <td valign="top" align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">Systolic BP (mmHg)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">130 &#177; 14</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">132 &#177; 15</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">128 &#177; 14</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">126 &#177; 11</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.51</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.74</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.21</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">Diastolic BP (mmHg)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">78 &#177; 7</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">80 &#177; 7</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">78 &#177; 12</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">76 &#177; 10</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.44</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.42</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.16</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">Mean BP (mmHg)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">96 &#177; 9</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">98 &#177; 8</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">94 &#177; 9</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">93 &#177; 9</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.32</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.60</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.14</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">
                  <bold>Awake</bold>
                </td>
                <td valign="top" align="center"/>
                <td valign="top" align="center"/>
                <td valign="top" align="center"/>
                <td valign="top" align="center"/>
                <td valign="top" align="center"/>
                <td valign="top" align="center"/>
                <td valign="top" align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">Systolic BP (mmHg)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">135 &#177; 14</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">137 &#177; 16</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">130 &#177; 14</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">129 &#177; 12</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.16</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.74</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.44</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">Diastolic BP (mmHg)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">83 &#177; 7</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">84 &#177; 7</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">80 &#177; 12</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">79 &#177; 11</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.16</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.41</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.35</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">Mean BP (mmHg)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">101 &#177; 9</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">103 &#177; 9</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">96 &#177; 10</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">95 &#177; 10</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.08</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.60</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.25</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">
                  <bold>Asleep</bold>
                </td>
                <td valign="top" align="center"/>
                <td valign="top" align="center"/>
                <td valign="top" align="center"/>
                <td valign="top" align="center"/>
                <td valign="top" align="center"/>
                <td valign="top" align="center"/>
                <td valign="top" align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">Systolic BP (mmHg)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">119 &#177; 16</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">121 &#177; 16</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">124 &#177; 16</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">122 &#177; 12</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.50</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.85</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.51</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">Diastolic BP (mmHg)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">69 &#177; 9</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">71 &#177; 8</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">73 &#177; 9</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">71 &#177; 11</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.61</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.80</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.32</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">Mean BP (mmHg)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">87 &#177; 11</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">89 &#177; 11</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">89 &#177; 9</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">89 &#177; 9</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.63</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.82</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.33</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <p><italic>Data are shown as mean</italic> &#177; <italic>standard deviation. BP: Blood pressure. Mixed two-way ANOVA, with the group being the between main factor and the study phase being the within main factor</italic>.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>BP variability indices assessed at baseline were similar between WTG and CG. There was a significant interaction between group and study phase for systolic and mean BP variability indices (all p&lt;0,05), showing a reduction in SD<sub>24</sub>, SD<sub>dn</sub>, and AVR<sub>24</sub> of systolic and mean BP in the WTG (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 3</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 3</xref>). Neither group had any significant change in the indices of diastolic BP variability.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Ambulatory blood pressure variability indices assessed at baseline and after the 12-week intervention period for the walking training (WTG) and the control (CG) groups</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="12%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="2"/>
                <th valign="top" align="center" colspan="2">CG (n = 16)</th>
                <th valign="top" align="center" colspan="2">WTG (n = 19)</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2">P value group</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2">P value study phase</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2">P value interaction</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th valign="top" align="center">Baseline</th>
                <th valign="top" align="center">12 weeks</th>
                <th valign="top" align="center">Baseline</th>
                <th valign="top" align="center">12 weeks</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">
                  <bold>SD<sub>24</sub></bold>
                </td>
                <td valign="top" align="center"/>
                <td valign="top" align="center"/>
                <td valign="top" align="center"/>
                <td valign="top" align="center"/>
                <td valign="top" align="center"/>
                <td valign="top" align="center"/>
                <td valign="top" align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">Systolic BP (mmHg)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">14.6 &#177; 3.0</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">15.5 &#177; 3.9</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">13.3 &#177; 2.8</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">11.8 &#177; 2.3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">#</xref></td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.01</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.65</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.04</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">Diastolic BP (mmHg)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">10.9 &#177; 1.8</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">11.2 &#177; 1.7</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">9.7 &#177; 2.3</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">10.0 &#177; 2.5</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.06</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.49</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.68</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">Mean BP (mmHg)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">12.0 &#177; 2.6</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">13.0 &#177; 3.0</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">11.0 &#177; 1.7</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">10.4 &#177; 1.9<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">#</xref></td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.01</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.71</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.04</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">
                  <bold>SD<sub>dn</sub></bold>
                </td>
                <td valign="top" align="center"/>
                <td valign="top" align="center"/>
                <td valign="top" align="center"/>
                <td valign="top" align="center"/>
                <td valign="top" align="center"/>
                <td valign="top" align="center"/>
                <td valign="top" align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">Systolic BP (mmHg)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">12.2 &#177; 2.4</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">12.7 &#177; 3.0</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">12.1 &#177; 2.4</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">10.7 &#177; 2.5<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">#</xref></td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.18</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.27</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">Diastolic BP (mmHg)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">8.7 &#177; 1.3</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">9.0 &#177; 1.6</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">9.0 &#177; 1.8</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">8.9 &#177; 2.2</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.98</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.95</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.48</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">Mean BP (mmHg)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">10.0 &#177; 2.1</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">10.7 &#177; 2.2</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">10.1 &#177; 1.6</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">9.1 &#177; 1.7<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">#</xref></td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.23</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.82</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">
                  <bold>ARV<sub>24</sub></bold>
                </td>
                <td valign="top" align="center"/>
                <td valign="top" align="center"/>
                <td valign="top" align="center"/>
                <td valign="top" align="center"/>
                <td valign="top" align="center"/>
                <td valign="top" align="center"/>
                <td valign="top" align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">Systolic BP (mmHg)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">9.4 &#177; 2.1</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">10.7 &#177; 2.4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref></td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">9.4 &#177; 2.3</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">8.8 &#177; 2.2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">#</xref></td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.18</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.28</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">Diastolic BP (mmHg)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">6.9 &#177; 1.8</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">7.3 &#177; 1.8</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">7.3 &#177; 2.3</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">7.2 &#177; 1.6</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.75</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.67</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.54</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">Mean BP (mmHg)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">8.1 &#177; 1.9</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">8.6 &#177; 1.7</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">8.0 &#177; 1.7</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">7.2 &#177; 1.5<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">#</xref></td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.15</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.88</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.01</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <p>Values are shown as mean &#177; standard deviation. SD24 = 24-hour weighted standard deviation; SDdn: awake and asleep weighted standard deviation; ARV: average real variability. Mixed two-way ANOVA, with the group being the between main factor and the study phase being the within main factor.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN9">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Different from baseline (P&lt;0.05);</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <label>#</label>
              <p>Different from CG (P&lt;0.05)</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <fig id="f6">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Absolute change (&#916;) of ambulatory blood pressure variability for the control group (white bars) and walking training group (black bars). BP: blood pressure; SD<sub>24</sub>: standard deviation over 24 hours weighted for the time interval between consecutive readings; SD<sub>dn</sub>: the average of the daytime and nighttime SDs weighted for the duration of the daytime and nighttime interval; ARV<sub>24</sub>: the average real variability weighted for the time interval between consecutive readings in 24-hour ambulatory BP recordings. *p&lt;0.05 vs control group.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-05-0898-90822-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The main finding of this study was that 12 weeks of WT decreased systolic and mean BP variability indices without changing ambulatory BP levels.</p>
        <p>In the present study, 12 weeks of WT did not alter ambulatory BP in patients with PAD, which contrasts with studies with normotensive subjects and hypertensive patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref> that have consistently reported decreases around 3 mmHg for systolic and diastolic ambulatory BP after aerobic training. However, 12 weeks of resistance training have also not changed ambulatory BP in patients with PAD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> Thus, it has been hypothesized that the frequent episodes of ischemia during daily activities in patients with PAD produce claudication pain, oxidative stress and metabolic accumulation, increasing sympathetic nerve activity and, consequently, blunting any possible hypotensive effect of exercise training on ambulatory BP levels.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref> Another potential explanation, however, can be the too short duration of the training program, since a previous study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref> conducted with elderly hypertensive patients showed no change in ambulatory BP levels after 6 months of training, but a significant reduction after 12 months.</p>
        <p>Despite the absence of change in ambulatory BP levels, reductions in ambulatory systolic and mean BP variabilities were observed for all variability indices: SD<sub>24</sub>, SD<sub>dn</sub> and ARV<sub>24</sub>. These results are in accordance with a previous study with resistance training in symptomatic PAD patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> In addition, this result is coherent with the concept that changes in autonomic control precede alterations in BP levels, since BP variability mainly reflects autonomic control of BP.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref> Additionally, these results are also in accordance with our previous clinic findings of improvements in cardiac autonomic modulation and baroreflex sensitivity, all markers of autonomic control, after WT in patients with PAD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> The absence of changes in diastolic ambulatory BP variability is also coherent with the absence of effects of walking training on calf vascular resistance, as previously described.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Even without any changes in ambulatory BP levels, the decrease in ambulatory BP variability obtained with WT may have relevant clinical implications. BP variability has been associated with the presence and progression of subclinical organ damage as well as the incidence of hard endpoints such as cardiovascular events<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref>, leading to a worse cardiovascular prognosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> Thus, the decrease induced by WT may have favorable impact on the cardiovascular risk of patients with PAD, reinforcing the recommendation of WT for these patients.</p>
        <p>This study has some limitations that should be acknowledged. It was conducted only with men, and training-induced adaptations may differ between genders.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref> Thus, future studies should investigate the impact of WT on ambulatory BP and its variability also in women, especially the elderly, who may experience greater cardiovascular risk than men.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref> The current study also only examined patients with claudication symptoms, and further studies should examine the effects of WT in other groups of patients, such as those who are asymptomatic (stage 1) and may also present a decrease in ambulatory BP levels after WT. Finally, the training program lasted 12 weeks, a length that improves functional capacity and clinic cardiovascular parameters in these patients,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> but a longer training period may be necessary to decrease ambulatory BP levels.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>In conclusion, 12 weeks of WT decreases ambulatory BP variability in men with symptomatic PAD.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn3">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study was partially funded by CNPQ (442507/2014-3; 304436/2018-6), FAPESP (2015/13800-0) and CAPES (0001).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis submitted by Marcel Chehuen, from Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
