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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">pDvJmg6NjczYk4TmmQKtQRd</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021000600865</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210228</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210228</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Em Busca da Perfus&#227;o Coronariana Perfeita</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7330-7674</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Montenegro</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Eduardo Lucena</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Pernambuco</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife, PE &#8211; Brasil.</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Carlos Eduardo Lucena Montenegro</bold> &#8226; Universidade de Pernambuco - Miocardiopatias/ Transplante card&#237;aco - Rua dos Palmares, S/N. CEP: <postal-code>50100-010</postal-code>, Recife, PE &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>ce_montenegro@yahoo.com.br</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>17</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>116</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>865</fpage>
      <lpage>866</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Perfus&#227;o do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Acidente Vascular Cerebral</kwd>
        <kwd>Les&#227;o Renal</kwd>
        <kwd>Progn&#243;stico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="13"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Desde a faculdade, sempre ouvimos que &#8220;tempo &#233; m&#250;sculo&#8221;, e que quanto mais r&#225;pido reperfundimos uma art&#233;ria culpada por uma s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCA), melhor para o paciente. Com o passar do tempo, a cardiologia baseada em evid&#234;ncias nos ensina que nem toda art&#233;ria aberta &#233; igual. O fato de termos uma art&#233;ria com fluxo TIMI 3 parecia ser suficiente para definir o progn&#243;stico do paciente. No entanto, ap&#243;s o conceito de isquemia microvascular, passamos a nos importar tamb&#233;m com a perfus&#227;o dos pequenos vasos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref></p>
    <p>Tendo em vista essa preocupa&#231;&#227;o, surgiu o conceito de <italic>no reflow</italic>, que significa que mesmo ap&#243;s a recanaliza&#231;&#227;o de uma art&#233;ria culpada, haveria o risco do n&#227;o restabelecimento do fluxo tecidual relacionado a aquele territ&#243;rio mioc&#225;rdico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> Voltando mais no tempo, desde 1972 j&#225; havia sido descrito o fen&#244;meno de <italic>slow flow</italic>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> que &#233; a lentifica&#231;&#227;o da opacifica&#231;&#227;o na aus&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a coronariana obstrutiva epic&#225;rdica, mantendo a perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. O <italic>slow flow</italic> parece ser mais comum em pacientes com s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica, do sexo masculino e tabagistas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> Tanto o fen&#244;meno de <italic>no reflow</italic> quanto o de <italic>slow flow</italic> est&#227;o associados a desfechos cardiovasculares significativos; o primeiro caso est&#225; relacionado &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e ao remodelamento card&#237;aco;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> e o segundo caso, &#224;s arritmias ventriculares ou &#224; morte s&#250;bita,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> al&#233;m de angina refrat&#225;ria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref></p>
    <p>No trabalho do Dr. Huyut, publicado nesta edi&#231;&#227;o de <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> encontramos uma nova abordagem sobre esse tema, na qual o autor procura comparar os dois fen&#244;menos e as suas implica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, no contexto de uma SCA sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST. Tanto do ponto de vista do &#8220;embate&#8221; entre essas duas entidades cl&#237;nicas quanto por estarem sendo abordadas ap&#243;s um evento coronariano agudo, estamos diante de uma disserta&#231;&#227;o rara, talvez at&#233; in&#233;dita na literatura. Neste trabalho, um &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea acima de 28,3 kg/m<sup>2</sup> e uma frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca menor que 66,5 bpm foram preditores de <italic>no reflow</italic>. Os pacientes com este fen&#244;meno tiveram maior incid&#234;ncia de acidente vascular encef&#225;lico e de eventos cardiovasculares maiores (MACE) ao final de um ano.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref></p>
    <p>Algumas limita&#231;&#245;es devem ser consideradas, como a discrep&#226;ncia entre os grupos analisados (221 pacientes com <italic>slow flow versus</italic> 25 com <italic>no reflow</italic>) e o fato de que n&#227;o foi utilizada a resson&#226;ncia nuclear magn&#233;tica para avaliar a isquemia microvascular, o que seria o padr&#227;o-ouro para esse fim. No entanto, essas limita&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o devem ofuscar a an&#225;lise desse trabalho, que nos brinda, por outro lado, com um tempo de seguimento significativo (um ano) e desfechos cl&#237;nicos importantes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref></p>
    <p>Estamos falando de um tema que suscita ainda uma s&#233;rie de d&#250;vidas. Por exemplo, como prevenir o <italic>no reflow</italic> nesses pacientes? F&#225;rmacos como os inibidores da glicoprote&#237;na IIb/IIIa podem ser recomendados para pacientes tempo porta-bal&#227;o elevado, num contexto de SCA com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST. Ser&#225; que isso vale na SCA sem supra? Dispositivos de preven&#231;&#227;o de embolias em pacientes com les&#245;es envolvendo enxertos venosos tamb&#233;m tem sido recomendados,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> mas ainda &#233; muito complicado avaliar quais indiv&#237;duos podem se beneficiar de qualquer estrat&#233;gia de preven&#231;&#227;o de <italic>slow flow</italic> ou <italic>no reflow</italic>, sobretudo diante de um contexto agudo. Ser&#225; que existe alguma conduta preventiva realmente eficaz desses fen&#244;menos, que apresentem desfechos clinicamente relevantes? Tratam-se de perguntas ainda sem resposta.</p>
    <p>Em edi&#231;&#227;o recente dos <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic>, o mesmo autor publicou a rela&#231;&#227;o entre um marcador bioqu&#237;mico (mol&#233;cula-1 de les&#227;o renal &#8211; KIM-1) e concluiu que os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos dessa e, observem, a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca mais baixa foram associados ao <italic>no reflow</italic> em pacientes com SCA e supradesnivelamento do segmento ST.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> Em contrapartida, estamos falando de um marcador ainda n&#227;o dispon&#237;vel na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. O que temos para identificar os pacientes que ir&#227;o desenvolver <italic>no reflow/slow flow</italic>, em termos pr&#225;ticos? Apenas a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca n&#227;o me parece suficiente.</p>
    <p>Outro trabalho tamb&#233;m publicado no ABC em 2020, mostrou que os pacientes com fluxo coronariano lento (n&#227;o relacionados a SCA) podem ter presen&#231;a de realce tardio na resson&#226;ncia nucelar magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca e que nesses pacientes, o NT-proBNP parece estar mais elevado que no grupo controle,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> o que, em concord&#226;ncia com o trabalho apresentado aqui, mostra que esse fen&#244;meno n&#227;o tem nada de inofensivo.</p>
    <p>Estamos ainda em um campo de muitas d&#250;vidas nos pacientes que desenvolvem ou possuem algum tipo de disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular, seja ela espont&#226;nea ou induzida por procedimento percut&#226;neo. Contudo, o trabalho de Dr. Huyut lan&#231;a alguma luz sobre esse terreno sombrio, enquanto nos estimula a seguir em busca da perfus&#227;o coronariana perfeita.</p>
  </body>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>In Search of the Perfect Coronary Perfusion</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7330-7674</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Montenegro</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Eduardo Lucena</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife, PE &#8211; Brasil.</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Carlos Eduardo Lucena Montenegro</bold> &#8226; Universidade de Pernambuco - Miocardiopatias/ Transplante card&#237;aco - Rua dos Palmares, S/N. Postal Code <postal-code>50100-010</postal-code>, Recife, PE &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: <email>ce_montenegro@yahoo.com.br</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Metabolic Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Acute Coronary Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Perfusion</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Thrombosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Rate</kwd>
        <kwd>Stroke</kwd>
        <kwd>Kidney Injury Prognosis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Since medical school, we always heard that &#8220;time is muscle&#8221; and that the faster we reperfuse a culprit artery in acute coronary syndrome (ACS), the better for the patient. Over time, evidence-based cardiology has taught us that not every patent artery is the same. The fact that we have an artery with a &#8220;TIMI 3&#8221; flow seemed enough to define the patient&#8217;s prognosis, but after the concept of microvascular ischemia, we also started to care about small-vessel perfusion.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Based on this concern, came the concept of &#8216;no reflow&#8217;, which means that even after the recanalization of a culprit artery, the tissue flow related to that myocardial territory might not be reestablished.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> Going back in time, the phenomenon of slow flow<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> has been described since 1972, defined as delayed coronary opacification in the absence of epicardial obstructive coronary disease, while maintaining myocardial perfusion. Slow flow seems to be more common in patients with metabolic syndrome, in the male gender and smokers.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> Both the phenomenon of no reflow and slow flow are associated with significant cardiovascular outcomes, the first being related to ventricular dysfunction and cardiac remodeling<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> and the latter, to cases of ventricular arrhythmias or sudden death,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> in addition to refractory angina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref></p>
      <p>In the study by Dr. Huyut, published in this issue of the Brazilian Archives of Cardiology,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> we have a new approach on this topic, with the author trying to make a comparison between the 2 phenomena and their clinical implications, in the context of an ACS without ST-segment elevation. Both from the point of view of the &#8220;clash&#8221; between these two clinical entities, and because they are being approached after an acute coronary event, we are facing a rare dissertation, perhaps even unprecedented in the literature. In this study, a body mass index &gt;28.3 kg/m<sup>2</sup> and a heart rate below 66.5 bpm were predictors of no reflow, and patients with this phenomenon had a higher incidence of stroke and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) at the end of 1 year.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Some limitations should be considered, such as the discrepancy between the analyzed groups (221 patients with slow flow vs. 25 with no reflow) and the fact that nuclear magnetic resonance was not used to assess microvascular ischemia, which would be the gold standard for that purpose. However, these limitations should not overshadow the analysis of this work, which, on the other hand, provides us with a significant time of follow-up (1 year) and with important clinical outcomes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref></p>
      <p>We are talking about a topic that still raises many doubts. For instance, how to prevent no reflow in these patients? Drugs such as glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors may be recommended in patients with elevated door-to-balloon time in a context of ACS with ST-segment elevation, but does this apply to ACS without ST-segment elevation? Embolism prevention devices in patients with lesions involving venous grafts have also been recommended,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> but it is still very complicated to assess which patients can benefit from any slow flow or no reflow prevention strategy, especially in an acute context. And is there a preventive approach that is really effective for these phenomena, with clinically relevant outcomes? These questions remain unanswered.</p>
      <p>In a recent edition of the Brazilian Archives of Cardiology, the same author published about the relationship between a biochemical marker (kidney injury molecule-1 - KIM-1) and found out that its serum levels and, there you are, a lower heart rate, were associated with no reflow in patients with ACS with ST-segment elevation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> But we are talking about a marker not yet available in clinical practice. What do we have in clinical practice to identify patients who will develop no reflow/slow flow? The heart rate just does not seem to be enough.</p>
      <p>Another study also published in ABC in 2020, showed that patients with slow coronary flow (not related to ACS) may have the presence of delayed enhancement on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and that in these patients, NT-proBNP seems to be higher than in the group control,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> which, in agreement with the work presented here, shows that this phenomenon has nothing harmless.</p>
      <p>We are still treading uncharted territory regarding patients who develop or have some type of microvascular dysfunction, whether spontaneous or induced by percutaneous procedure, but Dr. Huyut&#8217;s work sheds some light on this dark path, while encouraging us to continue in our search of the perfect coronary perfusion.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
