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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">Crq79xT8XHDmmy3KypBKsFh</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021000600856</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20190905</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190905</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Compara&#231;&#227;o dos Resultados entre os Fen&#244;menos de No-Reflow e Slow-Flow Coronariano em Pacientes sem IAMSSST</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8740-1429</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Huyut</surname>
            <given-names>Mustafa Ahmet</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Yeni Yuzyil University</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculty of Medicine</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Cardiology</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Istambul</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Yeni Yuzyil University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Istambul &#8211; Turquia.</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Mustafa Ahmet Huyut</bold> &#8226; Yeni Yuzyil University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Merkez Mah. Cukurcesme Caddesi No:51 Gaziosmanpasa Istanbul - Turquia. E-mail: <email>ahuyut@yahoo.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Huyut MA.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>17</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>116</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>856</fpage>
      <lpage>864</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Os fen&#244;menos de <italic>slow-flow</italic> (CSFP) e <italic>no-reflow</italic> coronariano (CNP) est&#227;o associados a um risco aumentado de eventos cardiovasculares adversos maiores (ECAM).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar e comparar os resultados do seguimento cl&#237;nico de um ano entre pacientes com CNP e CSFP submetidos a interven&#231;&#245;es coron&#225;rias percut&#226;neas (ICP) em infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMSSST).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Este estudo incluiu um total de 858 pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de IAMSSST e submetidos a ICP nas 24 horas desde o in&#237;cio dos sintomas. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos, o grupo CSFP (n = 221) e o grupo CNP (n = 25), considerando as caracter&#237;sticas angiogr&#225;ficas do fluxo da tromb&#243;lise no infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (TIMI) e na art&#233;ria relacionada ao infarto. Os pacientes tiveram um seguimento de um ano. Um valor de p &lt;0,05 foi considerado significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>O CNP foi observado em 2,91% e o CSFP em 25,75% dos pacientes. Os desfechos cl&#237;nicos analisaram que a incid&#234;ncia de acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) foi significativamente maior no grupo CNP do que no grupo CSFP (6 (24%) vs. 6 (2,70%), p &lt;0,001) e a de ECAM foi significativamente maior no grupo CNP do que no grupo CSFP (11 (44%) vs. 51 (23,10%), p = 0,022). A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica condicional forward demonstrou que o &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) (OR = 1,11, IC95%: 1,00-1,24, p = 0,038) e frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) basal (OR = 0,923, IC 95%: 0,88-0,96, p &lt;0,001) foram os preditores independentes de CNP no IAMSSST.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Pacientes com CNP t&#234;m piores resultados cl&#237;nicos e um maior risco de AVC em compara&#231;&#227;o com pacientes com CSFP no IAMSSST.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda</kwd>
        <kwd>Fen&#244;meno de N&#227;o Refluxo</kwd>
        <kwd>Interven&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Percut&#226;nea/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Angiografia Coron&#225;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>Acidente Vascular Cerebral</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="24"/>
        <page-count count="9"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>As s&#237;ndromes coron&#225;rias agudas continuam sendo uma das principais causas de mortalidade e morbidade nos pa&#237;ses industrializados e est&#227;o se tornando um problema cada vez mais importante nos pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento, apesar das melhoras em seu manejo e sua preven&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> Entre as s&#237;ndromes coron&#225;rias agudas, os pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMSSST) apresentam os piores desfechos de longo prazo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> Poucos estudos, entretanto, relataram os desfechos no IAMSSST, e esses relatos n&#227;o esclareceram a diferen&#231;a entre as caracter&#237;sticas dos subgrupos fen&#244;meno de <italic>slow-flow</italic> (CSFP, do ingl&#234;s <italic>coronary slow-flow phenomenon</italic>) e fen&#244;meno de <italic>no-reflow</italic> coronariano (CNP, do ingl&#234;s <italic>coronary no-reflow phenomenon</italic>) na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, tanto no hospital quanto no seguimento de longo prazo, dentro de uma perspectiva do &#8216;mundo real&#8217;.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> Na aus&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria obstrutiva, o fluxo coron&#225;rio TIMI-II e a opacifica&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria tardia s&#227;o definidos como CSFP.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> Al&#233;m disso, o fluxo TIMI 0-I sem dissec&#231;&#227;o, obstru&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica, estenose residual significativa, espasmo ou trombo da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria s&#227;o definidos como CNP angiogr&#225;fico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> Os mecanismos subjacentes no CNP e CSFP s&#227;o inflama&#231;&#227;o, microemboliza&#231;&#227;o aterotromb&#243;tica, ativa&#231;&#227;o de neutr&#243;filos e plaquet&#225;ria, que desencadeiam a libera&#231;&#227;o de radicais livres de oxig&#234;nio, enzimas proteol&#237;ticas e mediadores pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rios, que podem causar dano tecidual e endotelial especialmente em mi&#243;citos com les&#245;es graves.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o est&#225; claro sob que circunst&#226;ncias as diferen&#231;as nas caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e nos desfechos persistem em pacientes com IAMSSST. Tamb&#233;m n&#227;o h&#225; evid&#234;ncias na literatura sobre como o fen&#244;meno de <italic>slow-flow</italic> pode afetar os resultados no IAMSSST. Al&#233;m disso, a compara&#231;&#227;o dos resultados entre CSFP e CNP em pacientes com IAMSSST n&#227;o foi abordada na literatura. Nossa hip&#243;tese &#233; que os piores desfechos cl&#237;nicos no IAMSSST est&#227;o fortemente relacionados ao n&#227;o-fluxo TIMI III nas art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias e especialmente no subconjunto do grupo CNP. No presente estudo, nosso objetivo foi investigar as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e comparar os principais desfechos cardiovasculares entre os grupos CSFP e CNP em pacientes com IAMSSST que foram seguidos por 12 meses.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Para este estudo de centro &#250;nico, conduzido prospectivamente, um total de 858 pacientes com idade entre 18 e 90 anos foi inclu&#237;do entre junho de 2016 e junho de 2018 no Bezmialem University Hospital, que foram diagnosticados com IAMSSST e submetidos a ICP precoce nas 24 horas desde o in&#237;cio dos sintomas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura1</xref>). Pacientes com fluxo TIMI III, cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio (CABG), choque cardiog&#234;nico, edema pulmonar, sinais de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda aguda, trombose de stent, submetidos a aspira&#231;&#227;o de trombo no evento &#237;ndice, com doen&#231;a infecciosa ou neopl&#225;sica aguda ou cr&#244;nica, doen&#231;a renal moderada-grave e doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica cr&#244;nica foram exclu&#237;dos deste estudo (n = 602). De acordo com os resultados finais das caracter&#237;sticas angiogr&#225;ficas do fluxo TIMI da art&#233;ria culpada tratada, um total de 25 pacientes com CNP comprovado por angiografia foram inscritos no grupo CNP, enquanto 221 pacientes com comprova&#231;&#227;o angiogr&#225;fica de CSFP foram inscritos no grupo CSFP. Todos os pacientes receberam um total de 300 mg de &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico e uma dose de ataque (600 mg) de clopidogrel e heparina NF (100 mg/kg) durante a ICP. As informa&#231;&#245;es de seguimento foram obtidas de registros hospitalares e ap&#243;s 1, 3, 6 e 12 meses durante as consultas feitas pelo paciente com o mesmo investigador. Os endpoints deste estudo foram obtidos a partir de prontu&#225;rios hospitalares e atestados de &#243;bito ou contato telef&#244;nico com parentes dos pacientes. Os eventos cardiovasculares adversos maiores (ECAM) foram definidos como mortalidade por todas as causas, morte cardiovascular, acidente vascular cerebral e reinfarto do mioc&#225;rdio. Todos os participantes deram consentimento informado por escrito antes da participa&#231;&#227;o no estudo e o estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica local (N&#250;mero: 7/70-04/17). Al&#233;m disso, o estudo foi conduzido de acordo com os princ&#237;pios da Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque.</p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Diagrama mostrando a sele&#231;&#227;o dos grupos de estudo. IAMSSST: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST; TIMI: tromb&#243;lise no infarto do mioc&#225;rdio; CNP: fen&#244;meno no-reflow coronariano; CSFP: fen&#244;meno slow-flow coronariano.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-05-0856-90905-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o Bioqu&#237;mica</title>
        <p>Amostras de sangue venoso foram coletadas da veia antecubital imediatamente ap&#243;s a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o antes da ICP. Um eletrocardiograma de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es foi obtido no momento da hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o no pronto-socorro e a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) foi registrada. A taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular estimada (TFGe) de cada paciente foi calculada utilizando-se a equa&#231;&#227;o <italic>Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration</italic>. O IMC foi calculado atrav&#233;s da f&#243;rmula: peso (kg) /altura&#178; (m&#178;). A avalia&#231;&#227;o bioqu&#237;mica de rotina do sangue, par&#226;metros lip&#237;dicos e n&#237;veis de troponina I card&#237;aca foram medidos em um autoanalisador padr&#227;o. O hemograma foi realizado com um autoanalisador Sysmex K-1000 (Block Scientific, Bohemia, NY, EUA). As amostras foram centrifugadas a 3000 rpm durante 10 min, e o sobrenadante e o soro foram separados das amostras, e em seguida, foram congelados a -80&#176;C at&#233; an&#225;lise posterior. A medida dos n&#237;veis de creatinina s&#233;rica foi repetida ap&#243;s 72 horas, depois da administra&#231;&#227;o do meio de contraste (MC). A nefropatia induzida por contraste foi definida como um aumento absoluto de 0,5 mg/dL no n&#237;vel de creatinina s&#233;rica acima da linha basal ou &#8805;25% de aumento relativo no n&#237;vel de creatinina s&#233;rica basal nas 72 horas de exposi&#231;&#227;o ao MC.</p>
        <p>Diagn&#243;stico de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio sem eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST</p>
        <p>O diagn&#243;stico de IAMSSST foi feito na presen&#231;a das seguintes caracter&#237;sticas com base nas defini&#231;&#245;es das diretrizes de pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> Os pacientes com IAMSSST apresentaram dor ou desconforto tor&#225;cico t&#237;pico em repouso ou com esfor&#231;o m&#237;nimo por pelo menos 10 minutos e o ECG inicial mostrou um ECG normal ou altera&#231;&#245;es isqu&#234;micas, como infradesnivelamento do segmento ST ou invers&#227;o da onda T com n&#237;vel elevado de troponina I card&#237;aca com pelo menos um valor acima do limite superior de refer&#234;ncia do percentil 99.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Fatores de Risco Cardiovascular</title>
        <p>Ap&#243;s exames detalhados, o hist&#243;rico m&#233;dico de cada paciente foi coletado pelo mesmo investigador. Fatores de risco foram identificados para doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC), fatores de risco cardiovascular, incluindo idade, sexo, diabetes mellitus (DM), hipertens&#227;o (HT), hiperlipidemia (HPL) e tabagismo. Pacientes recebendo terapia anti-hipertensiva anterior ou com n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial &#8805;140/90 mmHg em pelo menos duas medidas, foram considerados hipertensos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> Pacientes previamente tratados com antidiab&#233;tico oral e/ou terapia com insulina ou cuja glicemia de jejum era &#8805; 125 mg/dL em pelo menos duas medidas foram considerados diab&#233;ticos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> A presen&#231;a de HPL foi considerada quando foi obtida uma medida de colesterol total &gt;200 mg/dL ou de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade-colesterol (LDL-C)&gt;100 mg/dL, ou quando o paciente utilizava medicamento hipolipemiante, de acordo com a diretriz &#8220;Adult Treatment Panel III&#8221;.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> Pacientes que ainda utilizavam produtos do tabaco na admiss&#227;o ao servi&#231;o de emerg&#234;ncia e aqueles que tinham parado de fumar no &#250;ltimo m&#234;s foram considerados fumantes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ecocardiografia Transtor&#225;cica</title>
        <p>Antes da alta, cada paciente foi submetido a um exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico transtor&#225;cico utilizando um transdutor de 3,5 MHz (Vivid 7 GE Medical System, Horten, Noruega). Os exames e avalia&#231;&#245;es foram realizados de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es das diretrizes da <italic>American Echocardiography Unit</italic>. O m&#233;todo de Simon foi utilizado para calcular a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Angiografia Coron&#225;ria</title>
        <p>Os procedimentos da angiografia coron&#225;ria foram realizados por via femoral utilizando o sistema de angiografia Philips (Optimus 200 DCA e Integris Allura 9, Philips Medical Systems, Eindhoven, Pa&#237;ses Baixos). A angiografia coron&#225;ria e a ICP foram realizadas com meio de contraste n&#227;o i&#244;nico, iso-osmolar (iodixanol, Visipaque 320mg/100mL, GE Healthcare, Cork, Irlanda) de acordo com as pr&#225;ticas cl&#237;nicas padr&#227;o. A ICP da art&#233;ria relacionada ao infarto foi realizada. As imagens angiogr&#225;ficas foram obtidas a uma taxa de pelo menos 80 quadros e gravadas a uma taxa de 25 quadros por segundo. Pelo menos dois cardiologistas especialistas examinaram a anatomia coron&#225;ria e o grau de fluxo TIMI <italic>offline</italic>. O fluxo TIMI das coron&#225;rias foi determinado pelo n&#250;mero quantitativo da contagem de quadros como descrito por Gibson et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> Fluxos TIMI de 0-I sem dissec&#231;&#227;o, obstru&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica, estenose residual significativa, espasmo ou trombo da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria foram definidos como CNP angiogr&#225;fico. Na aus&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria obstrutiva, o fluxo coron&#225;rio TIMI-II e a opacifica&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria tardia foram definidos como CSFP. Os pacientes com CNP receberam tratamento com inibidores da glicoprote&#237;na IIb/IIIa intracoron&#225;rios (IC) (inib. da Gp-IIb/IIIa) ou adenosina IC ou epinefrina IC. Ap&#243;s o procedimento, todos os pacientes receberam hidrata&#231;&#227;o venosa (IV) com solu&#231;&#227;o salina isot&#244;nica (1mL/kg/h) por pelo menos 12 horas.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>A an&#225;lise dos dados foi realizada com o pacote de software estat&#237;stico SPSS vers&#227;o 22.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, EUA). A distribui&#231;&#227;o normal de uma vari&#225;vel cont&#237;nua foi avaliada pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. O teste <italic>t</italic> para amostras independentes ou o teste U de Mann-Whitney foram utilizados para comparar vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas dependendo se os pressupostos estat&#237;sticos fossem cumpridos ou n&#227;o. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas em m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o se distribu&#237;das normalmente, ou medianas e percentis 25 e 75 caso n&#227;o satisfizessem a suposi&#231;&#227;o de normalidade. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas em n&#250;mero (porcentagem). O teste de qui-quadrado foi utilizado para comparar vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. A correla&#231;&#227;o entre as vari&#225;veis foi realizada atrav&#233;s da an&#225;lise do teste de <italic>log-rank</italic> de Spearman. O m&#233;todo de Kaplan-Meier foi utilizado para estimar as taxas de sobrevida livre de eventos. A an&#225;lise da curva caracter&#237;stica de opera&#231;&#227;o do receptor (ROC, do ingl&#234;s <italic>Receiver Operating Characteristic</italic>) foi realizada para determinar o valor preditivo do IMC e da FC para o CNP. Foi realizada a an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada, e as vari&#225;veis que se mostraram estatisticamente significativas (p&lt;0,1) foram avaliadas com a an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada. O <italic>odds ratio</italic> e o intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% de cada vari&#225;vel independente foram calculados. Um valor de P bicaudal &lt;0,05 foi considerado significativo.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Neste estudo, inclu&#237;mos um total de 858 pacientes com IAMSSST e, por fim, conclu&#237;mos o presente estudo com 246 pacientes (171 homens; m&#233;dia de idade: 61,69 &#177; 12,60 anos). Em pacientes com IAMSSST, o CNP foi observado em 2,91% (n = 25) e o CSFP foi observado em 25,75% (n = 221). Para a popula&#231;&#227;o final do estudo, o grupo CNP teve 25 (10,16%) pacientes e o grupo CSFP, 221 (89,84%) pacientes. Os achados demogr&#225;ficos s&#227;o descritos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>. Al&#233;m disso, a classe NYHA, a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, o tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, o escore de Mehran e a TFGe foram significativamente associados ao EuroSCORE-II (p&lt;0,05) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>). Os achados do seguimento cl&#237;nico foram descritos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>. N&#227;o identificamos nenhum acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) hemorr&#225;gico durante o seguimento. As estimativas de Kaplan-Meier para as taxas de AVC e ECAM s&#227;o descritas na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2A e Figura 2B</xref>. A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica condicional <italic>forward</italic> demonstrou que o IMC e a FC foram os preditores independentes de CNP (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais e laboratoriais dos pacientes</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="25%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th valign="top" align="left">Vari&#225;vel, n (%)</th>
              <th valign="top" align="center">CNP, n=25 (10.16)</th>
              <th valign="top" align="center">CSFP, n=221 (89.84)</th>
              <th valign="top" align="center">p-valor</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">Idade, a</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">66,28&#177;14,14</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">61,17&#177;12,34</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,057</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">Sexo feminino, n (%)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">12 (48)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">63 (28,50)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,045</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">IMC, kg / m&#178;</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">30,51&#177;3,99</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">28,34&#177;4,55</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,015</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">HT, n (%)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">19 (76)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">129 (58,40)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,088</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">DM, n (%)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">10 (40)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">70 (31,70)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,400</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">HL, n (%)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">9 (36)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">95 (43)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,503</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">Fumante, n (%)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">15 (60)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">132 (59,70)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,979</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">Hist&#243;rico familiar, n (%)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">8 (32)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">73 (33)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,917</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">DAP, n (%)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">5 (20)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">13 (5,90)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,010</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">DPOC, n (%)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">5 (20)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">31 (14)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,423</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">FEVE,%</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">50&#177;7,40</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">52,29&#177;7,19</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,126</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">Glicose, mg/dL</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">115 (90,50-174)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">106 (96-146)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,719</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">&#193;cido &#250;rico, mg/dL</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">5,60 (4,55-7,25)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">5,80 (4,20-6,90)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,303</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">Creatinina, mg/dL</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,86 (0,77-1,23)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,87 (0,76-1,05)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,175</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">TFGe, mL/min por 1,73 m&#178;</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">70,90&#177;25,95</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">82,86&#177;20,80</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,021</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">Triglic&#233;rides, mg/dL</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">153 (125-195)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">147 (110,5-180)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,353</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">LDL, mg/dL</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">135 (114-171)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">125 (98-149)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,051</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">HTC,%</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">40,60 (35,80-42)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">41 (37,10-43,15)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,344</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">Plaquetas, 10&#179;/uL</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">220 (185-266)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">225 (190-276,50)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,428</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">Pico de troponina-I, pg/mL</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">814 (156-5693,50)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">146 (116-2113)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,037</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">PCR-us, mg/dL</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,10 (0,01-0,57)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,18 (0,04-0,50)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,836</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, bpm</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">69,60&#177;19,86</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">78,81&#177;13,46</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">Tempo de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, d.</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">3,40&#177;0,95</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">3,00&#177;0,88</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,015</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">Escore de Mehran</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">7,56&#177;6,20</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">5,24&#177;4,91</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,017</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">Desenvolvimento NIC, n (%)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">4 (16)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">19 (8,60)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,228</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">Classe NYHA</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">2,48&#177;0,50</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">2,04&#177;0,40</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">EuroSCORE II,%</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">3,96&#177;3,95</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">2,14&#177;2,32</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left"><italic>Medicamentos</italic>, n (%)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center"/>
              <td valign="top" align="center"/>
              <td valign="top" align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">Inibidores de ECA</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">17 (68)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">110 (49,80)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,084</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">BRA</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">7 (28)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">75 (33,90)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,551</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">Betabloqueador</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">24 (96)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">212 (95,90)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,986</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">BCC</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">9 (36)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">52 (23,50)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,171</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">Estatina</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">25 (100)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">194 (87,80)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,064</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">Nitrato</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">11 (44)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">73 (33)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,273</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">DAOs</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">10 (40)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">68 (30,80)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,347</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">Diur&#233;ticos</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">13 (52)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">71 (32,10)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,047</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">Gp-IIb / IIIa inh. IC</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">25 (100)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">8 (3,61)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">Adenosina IC</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">25 (100)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">1 (0,45)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">Epinefrina IC</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">25 (100)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">1 (0,45)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>Os valores s&#227;o expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; DP ou n&#250;meros e porcentagens ou mediana e percentis 25-75. Valor de p para dados categ&#243;ricos do Qui-quadrado. Valor de p para o teste <italic>t</italic> de amostras independentes ou o teste U de Mann-Whitney foi utilizado para comparar vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas. CNP: fen&#244;meno no-reflow coronariano; CSFP: fen&#244;meno slow-flow coronariano; a: anos; IMC: &#205;ndice de Massa Corporal; HT: hipertens&#227;o; DM: diabetes mellitus tipo 2; HL: hiperlipidemia; DAP: doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica; DPOC: doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; TFGe: taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular estimada; LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; HTC: hemat&#243;crito; PCR-us: prote&#237;na C reativa de alta sensibilidade; bpm: batimentos por minuto; d: dias; NIC: Nefropatia induzida por contraste; NYHA: Classifica&#231;&#227;o Funcional da New York Heart Association; EuroSCORE: European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation; Inibidores ECA: inibidores da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina; BRA: bloqueadores do receptor da angiotensina; B bloqueador: betabloqueador; BCC. bloqueadores dos canais de c&#225;lcio; DAOs: drogas anti-hiperglic&#234;micas orais; IC: intracoron&#225;rio; Inibidores Gp-IIb / IIIa: inibidores da glicoprote&#237;na-IIb/IIIa.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Tabela 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais significativamente associadas ao EuroSCORE II</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="33%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">Vari&#225;vel</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">r</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">p-valor</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">Classe NYHA</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,590</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,192</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,003</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">Tempo de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,468</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">Escore de Mehran</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,763</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">TFGe</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">-0,671</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>EuroSCORE II: European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation II; r: coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de log-rank de Spearman, NYHA: Classifica&#231;&#227;o Funcional da New York Heart Association; TFGe: taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular estimada.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Tabela 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Achados do seguimento cl&#237;nico em um ano</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="25%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th valign="top" align="left">Vari&#225;vel, n (%)</th>
              <th valign="top" align="center">CNP, n=25 (10.16)</th>
              <th valign="top" align="center">CSFP, n=221 (89.84)</th>
              <th valign="top" align="center">p-valor</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">Mortalidade por todas as causas</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">4 (16)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">29 (13,10)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,689</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">Morte Cardiovascular</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">4 (16)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">23 (10,40)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,396</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">AVC</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">6 (24)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">6 (2,70)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">Reinfarto do mioc&#225;rdio</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">3 (12)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">25 (11,30)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,918</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">ECAM</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">11 (44)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">51 (23,10)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,022</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <p>Os valores s&#227;o expressos como n&#250;meros e porcentagens. CNP: fen&#244;meno no-reflow coronariano; CSFP: fen&#244;meno slow-flow coronariano; AVC: acidente vascular cerebral; ECAM: Eventos cardiovasculares adversos maiores.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figura 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>(A) Estimativas de Kaplan-Meier para AVC. (B) Estimativas de Kaplan-Meier para ECAM. AVC: acidente vascular cerebral; ECAM: eventos card&#237;acos adversos maiores; CNP: fen&#244;meno no-reflow coronariano; CSFP: fen&#244;meno slow-flow coronariano.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-05-0856-90905-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Tabela 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Preditores independentes de CNP</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="25%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th valign="top" align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
              <th valign="top" align="center">OR</th>
              <th valign="top" align="center">IC95%</th>
              <th valign="top" align="center">p-valor</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">IMC</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">1,11</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">1,00-1,24</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,038</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">FC</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,923</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,88-0,96</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <p>OR: Odds ratio; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Na an&#225;lise ROC, um IMC &gt;28,38 kg/m<sup>2</sup> previu a presen&#231;a de CNP com 80% de sensibilidade e 54% de especificidade. A &#225;rea sob a curva foi de 0,649 (IC 95%: 0,548&#8211;0,750, p = 0,015) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3A</xref>). Al&#233;m disso, a FC &lt; 66,5 bpm previu a presen&#231;a de CNP com 86% de sensibilidade e 60% de especificidade. A &#225;rea sob a curva foi de 0,741 (IC 95%: 0,88-0,96, p &lt;0,001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3B</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f3">
        <label>Figura 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>(A) Curva ROC para a especificidade e sensibilidade do IMC. (B) Curva ROC para a especificidade e sensibilidade da FC. IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; ROC: Curva da caracter&#237;stica de opera&#231;&#227;o do receptor; AUC: &#225;rea sob a curva; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-05-0856-90905-gf03.tif"/></fig>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O principal achado desta pesquisa foi que os dois determinantes do CNP em pacientes com IAMSSST foram os n&#237;veis aumentados de IMC e FC mais baixa. Al&#233;m disso, em pacientes com IAMSSST, o CNP foi significativamente associado a desfechos ruins. Mostramos que os valores de IMC &gt; 28,38 kg/m<sup>2</sup> sugerem a presen&#231;a de CNP no IAMSSST. Al&#233;m disso, a FC &lt; 66,5 bpm sugere a presen&#231;a de CNP no IAMSSST. Que seja de nosso conhecimento, este &#233; o primeiro relato na literatura que demonstra a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o IMC e FC mais baixa em pacientes com CNP com IAMSSST. Em nosso estudo, os resultados do seguimento cl&#237;nico de um ano mostraram que as incid&#234;ncias de AVC e ECAM foram significativamente maiores no grupo CNP. Neste estudo, mostramos que o CNP piorou os desfechos dos pacientes com IAMSSST.</p>
      <p>CSFP e CNP n&#227;o s&#227;o achados frequentes, com uma incid&#234;ncia de aproximadamente 1% em pacientes submetidos &#224; angiografia coronariana; entretanto, em rela&#231;&#227;o aos dados publicados, as frequ&#234;ncias estimadas de CNP e CSFP variam de 1% a 60% na s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> Neste estudo, o CNP foi observado em 2,91% e o CSFP em 25,75% da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada. CSFP e CNP est&#227;o associados a desfechos cl&#237;nicos ruins em curto e longo prazo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> Em particular, o CNP &#233; um preditor significativo de desfechos card&#237;acos ruins no IAMSSST.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> Consistente com os dados publicados, encontramos os piores desfechos no grupo CNP. Em nosso estudo, os achados do seguimento cl&#237;nico de um ano demonstraram que os desfechos de ECAM e AVC foram significativamente maiores no grupo CNP. No grupo CNP, a probabilidade de AVC foi 8,88 vezes maior do que no grupo CSFP.</p>
      <p>Al&#233;m disso, no grupo CNP, observamos uma probabilidade de ECAM 1,90 vezes maior do que no grupo PFC. Meta-an&#225;lises anteriores, incluindo estudos retrospectivos e prospectivos, encontraram uma associa&#231;&#227;o positiva entre troponina card&#237;aca e eventos adversos no IAMSSST.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref> Neste estudo, consistente com a literatura, encontramos um n&#237;vel de pico de troponina-I significativamente mais alto no grupo CNP. Enquanto isso, o acidente vascular cerebral foi associado &#224; carga de um trombo. De acordo com nossa pesquisa, o mecanismo relacionado que causa esse evento adverso &#233; a ativa&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua do trombo ap&#243;s o evento &#237;ndice, e consideramos que essa pode ser a principal raz&#227;o para o aumento do risco de acidente vascular cerebral. Embora todos os pacientes com IAMSSST tenham sido tratados regularmente com drogas antitromb&#243;ticas, o AVC ocorreu com uma incid&#234;ncia significativamente mais alta no grupo CNP. Assim, ap&#243;s a alta, tais pacientes precisam ser cuidadosamente monitorados. Al&#233;m disso, o IMC &#233; o m&#233;todo mais comumente utilizado para avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco cardiovascular e obesidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Em pacientes com IAMSSST, Bakirci et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref> descobriram que a gordura epic&#225;rdica, que est&#225; aumentada em pacientes obesos, est&#225; associada ao fluxo coronariano prejudicado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref> Estudos recentes sugeriram que o CNP &#233; mais comumente visto em combina&#231;&#227;o com hiperglicemia, hipercolesterolemia e insufici&#234;ncia renal leve a moderada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref> No presente estudo, encontramos n&#237;veis de TFGe significativamente mais baixas e escores de Mehran mais altos no grupo CNP, consistentes com a literatura. Al&#233;m disso, em nosso estudo, os pacientes do grupo CNP apresentaram IMC significativamente maior e consideramos que isso pode estar associado a um risco aumentado de acidente vascular cerebral. Portanto, o c&#225;lculo do IMC pode ser um m&#233;todo &#250;til para estimar os desfechos card&#237;acos em pacientes com IAMSSST e CNP. Tamb&#233;m consideramos que a diminui&#231;&#227;o do IMC pode proteger os pacientes contra um AVC.</p>
      <p>Enquanto isso, estudos randomizados mostraram que o uso de cateter de aspira&#231;&#227;o manual de trombo pode fornecer melhor perfus&#227;o microvascular e resultados em longo prazo em compara&#231;&#227;o com pacientes controle.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref> Entretanto, o uso de aspira&#231;&#227;o de trombo pode causar acidente vascular cerebral devido a complica&#231;&#245;es do dispositivo, raz&#227;o pela qual em nosso estudo exclu&#237;mos os pacientes (n = 6) submetidos a aspira&#231;&#227;o de trombo durante o procedimento &#237;ndice, de forma que n&#227;o afetasse o endpoint de AVC. O uso rotineiro de inibidores de plaquetas (inibidores da Gp-IIb / IIIa., Abciximab, tirofiban), nicorandil, nitroprussiato e adenosina mostraram efeitos ben&#233;ficos na perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica no IAMSSST.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref> Al&#233;m disso, Aksu et al. descobriram que o uso de epinefrina intracoron&#225;ria teve um efeito ben&#233;fico no CNP.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref> Al&#233;m disso, Skelding et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref> descobriram que um aumento da press&#227;o arterial na circula&#231;&#227;o coronariana e taquicardia podem ser outros efeitos ben&#233;ficos potenciais da epinefrina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref> Em nosso estudo, consistente com a literatura, descobrimos que a FC mais baixa foi independentemente associada com o CNP em pacientes com IAMSSST. Se a microcircula&#231;&#227;o for lenta, o CNP ocorre, e sugerimos que a FC mais baixa poderia ser um indicador de CNP em pacientes com IAMSSST. Os m&#233;dicos intervencionistas devem estar cientes da FC do paciente, e o paciente com menor FC deve ser considerado como candidato a CNP antes de iniciar a ICP. Apesar dos resultados encorajadores de nosso estudo, os achados de FC mais baixa devem ser explicados por estudos grandes e randomizados.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>Em primeiro lugar, embora um modelo multivariado tenha sido utilizado para ajustar as vari&#225;veis de confus&#227;o, um vi&#233;s era inevit&#225;vel, uma vez que sesta foi uma an&#225;lise unic&#234;ntrica com um tamanho de amostra razoavelmente pequeno. Ensaios multic&#234;ntricos com mais pacientes podem mostrar melhores resultados e fornecer mais dados. Em segundo lugar, apenas par&#226;metros angiogr&#225;ficos foram usados na determina&#231;&#227;o do CNP e CSFP; a microcircula&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foi avaliada diretamente; por outro lado, nem a ecocardiografia, nem os pacientes foram avaliados com resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica (RM) para confirmar a reperfus&#227;o microvascular adequada. A RM &#233; o melhor m&#233;todo para avalia&#231;&#227;o da obstru&#231;&#227;o microvascular. Terceiro, para avaliar os resultados cl&#237;nicos em longo prazo, um per&#237;odo de seguimento de um ano pode n&#227;o ser adequado. Esses fatores limitam nosso estudo.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os dois determinantes do CNP em pacientes com IAMSSST foram n&#237;veis aumentados de IMC e FC mais baixa. Em nosso estudo, os resultados do seguimento cl&#237;nico de um ano mostraram que a incid&#234;ncia de AVC e ECAM foi significativamente mais elevada no grupo CNP. Este estudo mostrou que o CNP piorou os desfechos dos pacientes com IAMSSST.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Comparison of the Outcomes between Coronary No-Reflow and Slow-Flow Phenomenon in Non-STEMI Patients</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8740-1429</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Huyut</surname>
            <given-names>Mustafa Ahmet</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Istanbul</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Yeni Yuzyil University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Istambul &#8211; Turkey.</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Mustafa Ahmet Huyut</bold> &#8226; Yeni Yuzyil University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Merkez Mah. Cukurcesme Caddesi No:51 Gaziosmanpasa Istanbul &#8211; Turkey. E-mail: <email>ahuyut@yahoo.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author Contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research; Acquisition of data; Analysis and interpretation of the data; Statistical analysis; Obtaining financing; Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Huyut MA.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Coronary slow-flow phenomenon (CSFP) and coronary no-reflow phenomenon (CNP) are associated with increased risk of major cardiovascular adverse events (MACE).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>This study aimed to evaluate and compare the one-year clinical follow-up outcomes among patients with CNP and CSFP who underwent percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) in non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>This study included a total of 858 patients who were diagnosed with NSTEMI and underwent PCI within 24 h of symptom onset. The patients were divided into two groups, the CSFP group (n=221) and the CNP group (n=25), regarding the angiographic characteristics of thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) flow of the infarct-related artery. Patients were followed for one-year. A p-value of &lt;0.05 was considered significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>CNP was observed in 2.91%, and CSFP was observed in 25.75% of the patients. Clinical endpoints analyzed that stroke was significantly higher in the CNP group than in the CSFP group (6 (24%) vs. 6 (2.70%), p&lt;0.001) and MACE was significantly higher in the CNP group than in the CSFP group (11 (44%) vs. 51 (23.10%), p=0.022). Forward conditional logistic regression analysis demonstrated that body mass index (BMI) (OR=1.11, 95%CI: 1.00-1.24, p=0.038) and baseline heart rate (HR) (OR=0.923, 95%CI: 0.88-0.96, p&lt;0.001) were the independent predictors of CNP in NSTEMI.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>CNP patients have worse clinical outcomes and a higher risk of stroke compared with CSFP patients in NSTEMI. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021; 116(5):856-864)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>No-Reflow Phenomenon</kwd>
        <kwd>Percutaneous Coronary Interventon</kwd>
        <kwd>Acute Coronary Syndrome/complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Angiography</kwd>
        <kwd>Stroke</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Acute coronary syndromes remain a major cause of mortality and morbidity in industrialized countries and are becoming an increasingly important problem in developing countries, despite improvements in its management and prevention.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> Among the acute coronary syndromes, patients with non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) have been shown to have worse long-term outcomes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> Few studies have, however, reported on the outcomes in NSTEMI, but these reports have not clarified the difference between coronary slow-flow phenomenon (CSFP) and coronary no-reflow phenomenon (CNP) subgroups&#8217; characteristics in clinical practice, both in the hospital and over the long term follow-up, from a &#8216;real-world&#8217; perspective.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> In the absence of obstructive coronary artery disease, TIMI-II coronary flow and delayed coronary opacification are defined as CSFP.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> In addition, TIMI 0-I flows without dissection, mechanical obstruction, significant residual stenosis, spasm or coronary artery thrombus are defined as angiographic CNP.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> The underlying mechanisms in CNP and CSFP are inflammation, atherothrombotic microembolization, neutrophil and platelet activation, which triggers the release of oxygen-free radicals, proteolytic enzymes, and proinflammatory mediators that can trigger tissue and endothelial damage, especially in critically-injured myocytes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Moreover, it is unclear under what circumstances the differences in clinical characteristics and outcomes persist in NSTEMI patients. Also, there is no evidence in the literature about how slow-flow could affect the outcomes in NSTEMI. Additionally, the comparison of outcomes between CSFP and CNP in NSTEMI patients has not been addressed in the literature. We hypothesized that the worst clinical outcomes in NSTEMI are strongly related to the non-TIMI III flow in the coronary arteries and especially in the CNP group subset. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the clinical characteristics and compare the major cardiovascular outcomes between CSFP and CNP in NSTEMI patients who were followed for 12 months.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>For this single-center, prospectively conducted study, 858 patients aged between 18 and 90 years were enrolled between June 2016 and June 2018 at Bezmialem University Hospital, who were diagnosed with NSTEMI and submitted to early PCI within 24 hours of symptom onset (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure1</xref>). Patients with TIMI III flow, coronary artery bypass graft (CABG), cardiogenic shock, pulmonary edema, signs of acute left ventricular dysfunction, stent thrombosis, underwent thrombus aspiration in index event, had acute or chronic infective or neoplastic disease, moderate-to-severe chronic kidney disease, and chronic liver disease were excluded from this study (n=602). The final results of the angiographic characteristics of TIMI flow of the treated culprit artery assigned a total of 25 patients with angiographically-proven CNP to the CNP group and 221 patients with angiographically-proven CSFP to the CSFP group. All patients received a total of 300 mg acetylsalicylic acid and a loading dose (600 mg) of clopidogrel and UF heparin (100mg / kg) during the PCI. The follow-up information was obtained from hospital records and after 1, 3, 6, and 12 months during patients&#8217; visits by the same investigator. The endpoints of this study were obtained from hospital records and death certificates, or telephone contact with the patients&#8217; relatives. Major cardiovascular adverse events (MACE) was defined as all-cause mortality, cardiovascular death, stroke, and myocardial re-infarction. All participants gave written informed consent prior to study participation and the study was approved by the local ethics committee (Number:7/70-04/17). Furthermore, the study was conducted according to the provisions of the Declaration of Helsinki.</p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Diagram shows the selection of the study groups. Non-STEMI: non-ST elevation myocardial infarction; TIMI: thrombolysis in myocardial infarction; CNP: coronary no-reflow phenomenon; CSFP: coronary slow-flow phenomenon.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-05-0856-90905-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        <sec>
          <title>Biochemical Assessment</title>
          <p>Venous blood samples were taken from the antecubital vein immediately after admission to the hospital before PCI. A 12-lead electrocardiogram was obtained at the time of admission to the emergency department and heart rate (HR) was noted. The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of each patient was calculated using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation. The BMI was calculated using the formula weight (kg)/ height&#178; (m&#178;).Routine blood chemistry, lipid parameters, and cardiac troponin-I levels were measured using a standard auto-analyzer. Blood counts were measured in a Sysmex K-1000 (Block Scientific, Bohemia, NY, USA) auto-analyzer. Samples were centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 min, the supernatant and serum were separated in the samples and then they were frozen at -80&#176; C until further analysis. The serum creatinine level measurement was repeated at 72 hours after contrast medium (CM) administration. Contrast-induced nephropathy was defined as a 0.5 mg/dL absolute increase in serum creatinine level above baseline or &#8805;25% relative increase in basal serum creatinine level within 72 hours of CM exposure.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Diagnosis of non-ST-segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction</title>
          <p>The diagnosis of NSTEMI was made in the presence of characteristics based on definitions from clinical practice guidelines.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> The NSTEMI patients had typical chest pain or discomfort occurring at rest or minimal exertion, for at least 10 minutes, and the initial ECG showed normal ECG or ischemic changes, such as ST-depression or T-wave inversion with elevated cardiac troponin-I level with at least 1 value above the 99<sup>th</sup> percentile of the upper reference limit.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Cardiovascular Risk Factors</title>
          <p>After detailed examinations, the medical history of each patient was collected by the same investigator. Risk factors were identified for coronary artery disease (CAD), cardiovascular risk factors including age, gender, diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension (HT), hyperlipidemia (HPL), and smoking status. Patients receiving prior antihypertensive therapy or blood pressure levels &#8805;140/90 mmHg, measured at least twice, were considered hypertensive.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> Patients previously treated with oral antidiabetic and/or insulin therapy or whose fasting blood glucose was as high as &#8805;125 mg/dL, after being measured at least twice, were considered diabetic.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> The presence of HPL was considered when a measurement of total cholesterol &gt; 200 mg/dL or low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) &gt;100 mg / dL was obtained, or when the patient used lipid-lowering medication in accordance with the &#8220;Adult Treatment Panel III&#8221; guideline.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> Patients who still used tobacco products on admission to the emergency service and those who had stopped smoking in the past month were considered smokers.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Transthoracic Echocardiography</title>
          <p>Before discharge, each patient underwent a transthoracic echocardiographic examination using a 3.5-MHz transducer (Vivid 7 GE Medical System, Horten, Norway). Examinations and assessments were carried out according to the recommendations of the American Echocardiography Unit guidelines. Simpson&#8217;s method was used to calculate left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Coronary Angiography</title>
          <p>Coronary angiography procedures were performed via the femoral approach using a Philips (Optimus 200 DCA and Integris Allura 9, Philips Medical Systems, Eindhoven, Netherlands) angiography system. Coronary angiography and PCI were conducted using nonionic, iso-osmolar contrast media (iodixanol, Visipaque 320mg/100mL, GE Healthcare, Cork, Ireland) according to standard clinical practices. The PCI of the infarct-related artery was performed. Angiographic images were taken at a rate of at least 80 frames and recorded at a rate of 25 frames per second. At least two expert cardiologists evaluated coronary anatomy and TIMI flow grade offline. Coronary artery TIMI flow was determined by the quantitative number of frame counts as described by Gibson et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> TIMI 0-I flows without dissection, mechanical obstruction, significant residual stenosis, spasm or coronary artery thrombus were defined as angiographic CNP. In the absence of obstructive coronary artery disease, TIMI-II coronary flow and delayed coronary opacification are defined as CSFP. CNP patients received treatment with intracoronary (IC) glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors (Gp-IIb/IIIa inh.) or IC adenosine or IC epinephrine. After the procedure, all patients received intravenous (IV) hydration with isotonic saline (1mL/kg/h) for at least 12 hours.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
          <p>Data analyses were performed using SPSS version 22.0 statistical software package (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). The normal distribution of a continuous variable was assessed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The independent samples t-test or the Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare continuous variables depending on whether statistical assumptions were met or not. Continuous variables were expressed as mean and standard deviation if normally distributed, or medians and 25<sup>th</sup> and 75<sup>th</sup> percentiles if they did not satisfy the normal assumption. Categorical variables were expressed as number (percentage). The Chi-square test was used to compare categorical variables. The correlation between variables was performed using Spearman&#8217;s rank-order correlation analysis. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate event-free survival rates. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed to determine the BMI and the HR predictive value for CNP. Univariate logistic regression analysis was performed, and the variables that were found to be statistically significant (p&lt;0.1) were analyzed with multivariate logistic regression analysis. The odds ratio and 95% confidence interval of each independent variable were calculated. A two-tailed p value of &lt;0.05 was considered significant.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>In this study, we included a total of 858 NSTEMI patients and at the end, we concluded the present study with 246 patients (171 males; mean age: 61.69&#177;12.60 years). In NSTEMI patients, CNP was observed in 2.91% (n=25) and CSFP was observed in 25.75% (n=221). Regarding the final study population, the CNP group had 25 (10.16%) patients and the CSFP group had 221 (89.84%) patients. Demographic findings are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table1</xref>. Moreover, NYHA class, heart rate, hospital length of stay, Mehran score, and eGFR were significantly associated with EuroSCORE-II (p&lt;0.05) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 2</xref>). Clinical follow-up findings were described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table 3</xref>. We did not identify any hemorrhagic stroke during follow-up. Kaplan-Meier estimates for stroke and MACE rates are described in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 2A and Figure 2B</xref>. Forward conditional logistic regression analysis demonstrated that BMI and HR were the independent predictors of CNP (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 4</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Baseline and laboratory characteristics of the patients</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th valign="top" align="left">Variable, n (%)</th>
                <th valign="top" align="center">CNP, n=25 (10.16)</th>
                <th valign="top" align="center">CSFP, n=221 (89.84)</th>
                <th valign="top" align="center">p-value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">Age, y</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">66.28&#177;14.14</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">61.17&#177;12.34</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.057</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">Female gender, n (%)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">12 (48)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">63 (28.50)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.045</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">BMI, kg/m&#178;</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">30.51&#177;3.99</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">28.34&#177;4.55</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.015</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">HT, n (%)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">19 (76)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">129 (58.40)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.088</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">DM, n (%)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">10 (40)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">70 (31.70)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.400</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">HL, n (%)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">9 (36)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">95 (43)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.503</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">Smoker, n (%)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">15 (60)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">132 (59.70)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.979</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">Family History, n (%)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">8 (32)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">73 (33)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.917</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">PAD, n (%)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">5 (20)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">13 (5.90)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.010</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">COPD, n (%)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">5 (20)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">31 (14)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.423</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">LVEF, %</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">50&#177;7.40</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">52.29&#177;7.19</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.126</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">Glucose, mg/dl</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">115 (90.50-174)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">106 (96-146)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.719</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">Uric acid, mg/dl</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">5.60 (4.55-7.25)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">5.80 (4.20-6.90)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.303</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">Creatinine, mg/dl</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.86 (0.77-1.23)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.87 (0.76-1.05)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.175</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">eGFR, mL/min per 1.73 m&#178;</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">70.90&#177;25.95</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">82.86&#177;20.80</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.021</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">Triglycerides, mg/dL</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">153 (125-195)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">147 (110.5-180)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.353</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">LDL, mg/dL</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">135 (114-171)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">125 (98-149)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.051</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">HTC, %</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">40.60 (35.80-42)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">41 (37.10-43.15)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.344</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">Platelets, 10&#179;/uL</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">220 (185-266)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">225 (190-276.50)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.428</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">Peak Troponin-I, pg/ml</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">814 (156-5693.50)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">146 (116-2113)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.037</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">hs-CRP, mg/dL</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.10 (0.01-0.57)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.18 (0.04-0.50)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.836</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">Heart Rate, bpm</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">69.60&#177;19.86</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">78.81&#177;13.46</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">Hospital length of stay, d.</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">3.40&#177;0.95</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">3.00&#177;0.88</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.015</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">Mehran Score</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">7.56&#177;6.20</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">5.24&#177;4.91</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.017</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">CIN development, n (%)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">4 (16)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">19 (8.60)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.228</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">NYHA class</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">2.48&#177;0.50</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">2.04&#177;0.40</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">EuroSCORE II, %</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">3.96&#177;3.95</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">2.14&#177;2.32</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">
                  <italic>Medications, n (%)</italic>
                </td>
                <td valign="top" align="center"/>
                <td valign="top" align="center"/>
                <td valign="top" align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">Ace inh</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">17 (68)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">110 (49.80)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.084</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">ARB</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">7 (28)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">75 (33.90)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.551</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">B-blocker</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">24 (96)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">212 (95.90)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.986</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">CCB</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">9 (36)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">52 (23.50)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.171</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">Statin</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">25 (100)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">194 (87.80)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.064</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">Nitrate</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">11 (44)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">73 (33)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.273</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">OAD</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">10 (40)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">68 (30.80)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.347</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">Diuretic</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">13 (52)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">71 (32.10)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.047</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">IC Gp-IIb/IIIa inh.</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">25 (100)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">8 (3.61)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">IC adenosine</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">25 (100)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">1 (0.45)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">IC epinephrine</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">25 (100)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">1 (0.45)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>Values are mean&#177;SD or numbers and percentages or median and 25th-75th percentiles. The p-value for categorical data from Chi-square. The p-value for independent samples t-test or the Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare continuous variables. CNP: coronary no-reflow phenomenon; CSFP: coronary slow-flow phenomenon; Y: year; BMI: body mass index; HT: hypertension; DM: diabetes mellitus type 2; HL: hyperlipidemia; PAD: peripheral arterial disease; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; HTC: hematocrit; hs-CRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; bpm: beats per minute; d: days; CIN: Contrast-induced nephropathy; NYHA: the New York Heart Association Functional Classification; EuroSCORE: European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation; ACE inh: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ARB: angiotensin receptor blockers; B-blocker: beta-blocker; CCB. calcium channel blockers; OAD: oral antihyperglycemic drugs; IC: intracoronary; Gp-IIb/IIIa inh: glycoprotein-IIb/IIIa inhib&gt;</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Baseline characteristics significantly associated with EuroSCORE II</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="33%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th valign="top" align="left">Variable</th>
                <th valign="top" align="center">r</th>
                <th valign="top" align="center">p-value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">NYHA class</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.590</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">Heart Rate</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.192</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.003</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">Hospital length of stay</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.468</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">Mehran Score</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.763</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">eGFR</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">-0.671</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <p>EuroSCORE II: European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation II; r: Spearman&#8217;s rank correlation coefficient, NYHA: the New York Heart Association Functional Classification; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>One-year clinical follow-up findings</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th valign="top" align="left">Variable, n (%)</th>
                <th valign="top" align="center">CNP, n=25 (10.16)</th>
                <th valign="top" align="center">CSFP, n=221 (89.84)</th>
                <th valign="top" align="center">p-value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">All-Cause Mortality</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">4 (16)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">29 (13.10)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.689</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">Cardiovascular Death</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">4 (16)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">23 (10.40)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.396</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">Stroke</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">6 (24)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">6 (2.70)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">Myocardial re-infarction</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">3 (12)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">25 (11.30)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.918</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="center">MACE</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">11 (44)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">51 (23.10)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.022</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <p>Values are numbers and percentages. CNP: coronary no-reflow phenomenon; CSFP: coronary slow-flow phenomenon; MACE: Major Adverse cardiovascular events.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <fig id="f5">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>(A) Kaplan-Meier estimates for Stroke. (B) Kaplan-Meier estimates for MACE. MACE: major adverse cardiac events; CNP: coronary no-reflow phenomenon; CSFP: coronary slow-flow phenomenon.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-05-0856-90905-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Independent predictors of CNP</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">Variable</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">OR</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">95% CI</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">p-value</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">BMI</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">1.11</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">1.00-1.24</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.038</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">HR</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.923</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.88-0.96</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <p>OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval; BMI: body mass index; HR: heart rate.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>In the ROC analysis, a BMI &gt; 28.38 kg/m<sup>2</sup> predicted the presence of CNP with 80% of sensitivity and 54% of specificity. The area under the curve was 0.649 (95%CI: 0.548&#8211;0.750, p=0.015) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 3A</xref>). Moreover, HR &lt; 66.5 bpm predicted the presence of CNP with 86% of sensitivity and 60% of specificity. The area under the curve was 0.741 (95%CI: 0.88&#8211;0.96, p&lt;0.001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 3B</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f6">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>(A) ROC curve for the specificity and sensitivity of BMI. (B) ROC curve for the specificity and sensitivity of HR. BMI: body mass index; HR: heart rate; ROC: receiver operating characteristic curve; AUC: area under the curve; CI: confidence interval.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-05-0856-90905-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The key finding of this research was that the two determinants of CNP in NSTEMI patients were increased BMI levels and lower HR. Additionally, in patients with NSTEMI, CNP was significantly associated with poor outcomes. We showed that BMI values &gt; 28.38 kg/m<sup>2</sup> suggest the presence of CNP in NSTEMI. Moreover, HR &lt; 66.5 bpm suggests the presence of CNP in NSTEMI. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report in the literature demonstrating the relationship between BMI and lower HR in CNP patients with NSTEMI. In our study, the results of the one-year clinical follow-up showed that the incidence of stroke and MACE was significantly higher in the CNP group. In this study, we showed that CNP worsened NSTEMI patients&#8217; outcomes.</p>
        <p>CSFP and CNP are not frequent findings, with an incidence of approximately 1% in patients undergoing coronary angiography; however, according to the published data, the estimated frequency of CNP and CSFP range from 1% to 60% in acute coronary syndrome.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> In this study, CNP was observed in 2.91% and CSFP was observed in 25.75% of the study population. CSFP and CNP are associated with poor short-term and long-term clinical outcomes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> In particular, CNP is a significant predictor of poor cardiac outcomes in NSTEMI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> Consistent with the published data, we found the worst outcomes in the CNP group. In our study, the one-year clinical follow-up findings demonstrated that MACE and stroke outcomes were significantly higher in the CNP group. In the CNP group, the probability of stroke was 8.88-fold higher than in the CSFP group.</p>
        <p>Moreover, in the CNP group, we observed that the probability of MACE was 1.90-fold higher than in the CSFP group. Previous meta-analyses including both retrospective and prospective studies found a positive association between cardiac troponin and adverse events in NSTEMI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref> In this study, consistent with the literature, we found a significantly higher peak troponin-I level in the CNP group. Meanwhile, stroke was associated with thrombus burden. According to our research, the associated mechanism causing this adverse event is continuing thrombus activation after the index event, and we considered that may be the main reason for the increased risk of stroke. Although all NSTEMI patients were regularly treated with antithrombotic drugs, stoke occurred with a significantly higher incidence in the CNP group. Thus, after discharge, such patients should be carefully monitored. In addition, BMI is the most commonly used method for cardiovascular risk and obesity assessment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref></p>
        <p>In patients with NSTEMI, Bakirci et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref> found that epicardial fat, which is increased in obese patients, is associated with an impaired coronary flow.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref> Recent studies have suggested that CNP is more commonly seen in combination with hyperglycemia, hypercholesterolemia, and mild to moderate renal insufficiency.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref> In the present study, we found significantly lower rates of eGFR and higher Mehran scores in the CNP group, consistent with the literature. Moreover, in our study, the CNP group patients had significantly higher BMI and we considered this might be associated with an increased risk of stroke. Therefore, the calculation of the BMI may be a useful method for estimating cardiac outcomes in NSTEMI patients with CNP. We also considered that decreasing BMI may protect patients from stroke.</p>
        <p>Meanwhile, randomized studies showed that using a manual thrombus aspiration catheter may provide better microvascular perfusion and long-term outcomes when compared to control patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref> However, the use of thrombus aspiration may cause stroke due to device complications, which is why in our study we excluded the patients (n=6) submitted to thrombus aspiration catheter during the index procedure, so it would not influence the stroke endpoint. The routine use of platelet inhibitors (Gp-IIb/IIIa inh., abciximab, tirofiban), nicorandil, nitroprusside, and adenosine have shown beneficial effects on myocardial perfusion in NSTEMI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref> In addition, Aksu et al. found that intracoronary epinephrine use had a beneficial effect on CNP.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref> Moreover, Skelding et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref> have found that increasing blood pressure in the coronary circulation and tachycardia may be other potential beneficial effects of epinephrine.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref> In our study, consistent with the literature, we have found that a lower HR was independently associated with CNP in NSTEMI patients. If microcirculation is slow, CNP occurs, and we suggest that lower HR could be a CNP indicator in NSTEMI patients. Operators must be aware of the patient&#8217;s HR, and a patient with lower HR should be considered as a CNP candidate, before starting the PCI. In spite of the encouraging results of our study, the lower HR findings should be explained by large and randomized trials.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>First, although a multivariate model was used to adjust confounding variables, a bias was inevitable, since this was a single-center analysis with a fairly small sample size. Multicenter trials with more patients might show better results and yield more data. Second, only angiographic parameters were used to determine CNP and CSFP; microcirculation was not directly evaluated; on the other hand, neither the echocardiography nor the patients were evaluated with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to confirm appropriate microvascular reperfusion. MRI is the best method for the evaluation of microvascular obstruction. Third, in order to assess long-term clinical results, a follow-up period of one year may not be adequate. These factors limit our study.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>The two determinants of CNP in NSTEMI patients were increased BMI and lower HR. In our study, the results of the one-year clinical follow-up showed that the incidence of stroke and MACE were significantly higher in the CNP group. This study showed that CNP worsened NSTEMI patients&#8217; outcomes.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn3">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
