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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">pqd8PD3r7WJCbWyNbGLBVtG</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021000500844</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200062</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200062</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Comunica&#231;&#227;o Breve</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Pacientes Na&#239;ve Infectados por HIV Apresentam Disfun&#231;&#227;o Concomitante com Diminui&#231;&#227;o de Anticorpos Naturais contra Autoant&#237;genos Derivados da Apolipoprote&#237;na B Definidos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8360-8465</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique Andrade R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gidlund</surname>
            <given-names>Magnus</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sant&#8217;Anna</surname>
            <given-names>Viviane Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Esteferson Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9911-4598</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco A. H.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5738-2623</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Izar</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Cristina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo Escola Paulista de Medicina</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo Escola Paulista de Medicina, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Sao Paulo</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade de Sao Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Henrique Andrade Fonseca</bold> &#8226; Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo Escola Paulista de Medicina - Rua Loefgreen, 1350. CEP <postal-code>04023-062</postal-code>, Vila Clementino, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil E-mail: <email>har.fonseca@yahoo.com.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Fonseca HA, Gidlund M, Fonseca FAH, Izar MC; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Fonseca HA, Fernandes ER; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Fonseca HA, Gidlund M, Sant&#8217;Anna VR, Fernandes ER; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Fonseca HA, Sant&#8217;Anna VR; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Fonseca HA, Fonseca FAH; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Fonseca HA, Gidlund M, Sant&#8217;Anna VR, Izar MC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Os autores declaram n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>16</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>116</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>844</fpage>
      <lpage>849</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Fatores de risco definidos para HIV e tradicionais podem estar associados a um aumento de eventos cardiovasculares. Estudos recentes sugerem que a resposta imune humoral &#224; LDL modificada pode estar associada ao processo de aterosclerose.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Avaliar a presen&#231;a de anti-LDL oxidada e de pept&#237;deos derivados da Apolipoprote&#237;na B no sangue, bem como sua associa&#231;&#227;o &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial na infec&#231;&#227;o por HIV.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Este estudo incluiu consecutivamente sujeitos com idade, sexo e dados demogr&#225;ficos correspondentes em dois grupos: (1) indiv&#237;duos infectados com HIV e na&#239;ve para terapia antiviral e (2) indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o infectados. A aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica foi avaliada pela espessura &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia, utilizando-se a ultrassonografia das art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas. A fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial foi determinada pela dilata&#231;&#227;o mediada por fluxo (DMF) da art&#233;ria braquial por ultrassonografia. Os n&#237;veis de autoanticorpos (IgM, IgG) de lipoprote&#237;nas de baixa densidade antioxidadas (LDL-ox), fragmentos de pept&#237;deos antiapolipoprote&#237;na B (pept&#237;deos ApoB-D e 0033G-Cys), e citocina foram avaliados por meio de ELISA.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Os resultados deste estudo n&#227;o mostraram diferen&#231;as na aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica entre os grupos. Entretanto, os sujeitos infectados com HIV apresentaram uma DMF mais baixa, em compara&#231;&#227;o com os sujeitos n&#227;o infectados. Portanto, os sujeitos infectados com HIV apresentaram n&#237;veis mais altos de citocinas inflamat&#243;rias, t&#237;tulos de IgG anti-LDL-ox, e IgG anti-ApoB-D. Em contraste, t&#237;tulos de IgM anti-ApoB-D foram mais baixos em indiv&#237;duos infectados com HIV e associados a fun&#231;&#245;es endoteliais diminu&#237;das.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Os resultados deste estudo mostram que a infec&#231;&#227;o por HIV, em sujeitos na&#239;ve, est&#225; associada &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o de anticorpos naturais para ant&#237;genos Apo-B.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="20"/>
        <page-count count="6"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Doen&#231;as cardiovasculares s&#227;o mais prevalentes em indiv&#237;duos infectados por HIV, em compara&#231;&#227;o com indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o infectados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> A disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial (DE) &#233; o evento iniciador da forma&#231;&#227;o de placas, associado &#224; inflama&#231;&#227;o do espa&#231;o subendotelial causada pela oxida&#231;&#227;o da prote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> A detec&#231;&#227;o de oxida&#231;&#227;o de LDL pode ser um marcador do processo e/ou do avan&#231;o da aterosclerose.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Para superar alguns dos obst&#225;culos relacionados &#224; falta de mais ep&#237;topos restritos do que os expressos em um processo de oxida&#231;&#227;o artificial (cobre, ferro e outros) para gerar a LDL oxidada (LDL-ox), foi determinada a resposta autoimune a pept&#237;deos da Apolipoprote&#237;na B (ApoB) - derivada de uma part&#237;cula de LDL. Estudos anteriores demonstraram que anticorpos contra um pept&#237;deo espec&#237;fico (ApoB-D) podem ser considerados um marcador de ativa&#231;&#227;o inflamat&#243;ria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> Entretanto, n&#227;o foi demonstrado que infec&#231;&#245;es cr&#244;nicas podem modular os autoanticorpos (AAC) em autoant&#237;genos, especialmente na condi&#231;&#227;o de defici&#234;ncia do sistema imune.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
      <title>Materiais e m&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Sujeitos</title>
        <p>Este trabalho conduziu um estudo piloto caso-controle transversal que incluiu prospectivamente 40 sujeitos infectados por HIV, na&#239;ve para terapia antirretroviral altamente ativa (HAART, do ingl&#234;s <italic>highly active antiretroviral therapy</italic>), de ambos os sexos. Cinquenta e tr&#234;s sujeitos n&#227;o infectados com HIV (controle) foram recrutados nas mesmas comunidades, utilizando-se os mesmos an&#250;ncios e fatores de risco cardiovasculares. Depois de fazer a coleta de sangue e avalia&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, os pacientes infectados com HIV que iniciaram a HAART aderiram &#224; medica&#231;&#227;o prescrita.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Lip&#237;dios e an&#225;lise bioqu&#237;mica</title>
        <p>O colesterol total s&#233;rico, o colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL-C), e os triglic&#233;rides foram determinados enzimaticamente (Opera Bayer, Leverkusen, Alemanha), com o colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL-C) estimado pela equa&#231;&#227;o <italic>Friedewald</italic> quando os triglic&#233;rides eram &lt;400 mg/dl.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> A glicose foi avaliada pelo m&#233;todo enzim&#225;tico.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e espessura &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia da car&#243;tida</title>
        <p>Testes de ultrassom foram realizados para avaliar a aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica por meio da espessura &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia da car&#243;tida (EIMC)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> e avalia&#231;&#227;o de vasorreatividade da dilata&#231;&#227;o mediada por fluxo (DMF) dependente do endot&#233;lio da art&#233;ria braquial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Brevemente, os pacientes tiveram que fazer jejum e n&#227;o consumir nitratos e &#225;lcool, e n&#227;o fazer uso de medicamentos vasoativos 24 horas antes dos exames. Depois de um repouso de 15-20 minutos, a art&#233;ria braquial da fossa antecubital direita foi visualizada, utilizando-se um transdutor linear com frequ&#234;ncia de at&#233; 11 MHz, com monitoramento simult&#226;neo por eletrocardiograma (ECG). As imagens foram obtidas pelo sistema de ultrassom HP SONOS 5500 (Hewlett Packard, Palo Alto, EUA). Quanto foi obtida a imagem ideal da art&#233;ria, o di&#226;metro do vaso de linha de base foi medido. Foi induzida a hiperemia reativa inflando-se o manguito at&#233; 200 mmHg, ou pelo menos 50 mmHg acima da PAS, no antebra&#231;o distal por 5 minutos e, em seguida, esvaziando-se o manguito. Imagens diast&#243;licas finais foram obtidas no momento do surgimento do complexo QRS no ECG. Essas imagens foram capturadas na linha de base e um minuto ap&#243;s o esvaziamento da bra&#231;adeira. A mudan&#231;a de porcentagem do di&#226;metro da linha de base at&#233; o valor detectado durante a hiperemia reativa foi calculada para determinar a DMF. As medidas de DMF e a EIMC foram avaliadas por um ultrassonografista experiente de maneira cega. As variabilidades de resultados do pr&#243;prio son&#243;grafo e entre son&#243;grafos foram menores que 1% e 2%, respectivamente.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Citocinas e c&#233;lulas T CD4</title>
        <p>As concentra&#231;&#245;es de citocina foram testadas utilizando-se kits ELISA dispon&#237;veis comercialmente. A carga viral plasm&#225;tica e as contagens de c&#233;lulas T CD4 foram determinadas para os sujeitos infectados com HIV. O nadir de c&#233;lulas T CD4+ foi definido como o valor mais baixo registrado e confirmado em laborat&#243;rio.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Isolamento e s&#237;ntese de autoant&#237;geno</title>
        <p>A part&#237;cula de LDL foi obtida do plasma total ap&#243;s a centrifuga&#231;&#227;o (1.000 g; 4 &#176;C; 15 min) e suplementada com benzamidina (2 mM), gentamicina (0,5%), cloranfenicol (0,25%), fluoreto de fenilmetilsulfonil (PMSF) (0,5 mM), e aprotinina (0,1 unidade/mL). Part&#237;culas de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (1,006&lt;d&lt;1,063 mg/mL) foram isoladas por ultracentrifuga&#231;&#227;o sequencial (100.000 g; 4 &#176;C), utilizando-se um rotor (70 Ti, &#226;ngulo fixo; Beckman Coulter, EUA) e uma ultracentr&#237;fuga (Hitachi, Jap&#227;o). A part&#237;cula de LDL foi oxidada por cobre e utilizada como autoant&#237;geno para avaliar os t&#237;tulos de anticorpos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> Os pept&#237;deos de Apolipoprote&#237;na B (pept&#237;deos ApoB) usados neste estudo foram compostos de dois fragmentos sint&#233;ticos: ApoB-D (ApoB-D, que &#233; um fragmento de pept&#237;deo ApoB com uma sequ&#234;ncia de 22 amino&#225;cidos derivados do dom&#237;nio 3 da sequ&#234;ncia da Apolipoprote&#237;na B na terceira por&#231;&#227;o conservada para digest&#245;es de tripsina),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> e o pept&#237;deo-0033G-Cys (pept&#237;deo-0033G-Cys, que &#233; um fragmento de pept&#237;deo com uma sequ&#234;ncia de 21 amino&#225;cidos derivados do dom&#237;nio 3 da sequ&#234;ncia da Apolipoprote&#237;na B na primeira por&#231;&#227;o conservada para digest&#227;o de tripsina).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Determina&#231;&#245;es de autoanticorpos</title>
        <p>A quantifica&#231;&#227;o da LDL-ox e dos autoanticorpos (AAC) derivados do pept&#237;deo ApoB foi avaliada no plasma total por ELISA, conforme descrito anteriormente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> Microplacas de 96 po&#231;os (Microplates 8096, Costar-EUA) foram cobertas com 10&#181;g/mL do pept&#237;deo ApoB-D ou 0033G-Cys em tamp&#227;o carbonato/bicarbonato (0,1 mol/l; pH 9,6), que foi deixado em sensibiliza&#231;&#227;o durante a noite a 4&#186;C. Depois de tr&#234;s ciclos de lavagem com solu&#231;&#227;o salina tamponada com fosfato (PBS, pH 7,4) mais Polissorbato-20 (0,05%), a placa foi bloqueada com gelatina (3%; temperatura ambiente; 24 h). Amostras de plasma dos pacientes (50 &#956;l/po&#231;o, 1:400 em tamp&#227;o fosfatado, PBS, pH 7,4) foram acrescentadas &#224;s placas por 2 horas em temperatura ambiente. Em seguida, tr&#234;s ciclos adicionais de lavagem foram realizados, e foram acrescentados anticorpos conjugados com peroxidase horseradish de IgG secund&#225;rio (anticorpo de cabra anti-IgG de humano, 0,1 &#181;g/ml, KPL, Kirkegaard &amp; Perry Laboratories, Gaithersburg, Maryland, EUA) ou IgM (anticorpo de cabra anti-IgM de humano purificado, 10 &#181;g/ml, KPL, Kirkegaard &amp; Perry Laboratories, Gaithersburg, Maryland, EUA), para avaliar os t&#237;tulos de AAC de pept&#237;deos anti-ApoB-D ou anti-0033G-Cys. Depois da incuba&#231;&#227;o (1 hora), as placas foram lavadas (tr&#234;s ciclos), e foram acrescentados 3,3,5,5-tetrametilbenzidina (6,5% in dimetilsulf&#243;xido; Sigma, St Louis, MO) e H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> (Sigma) dilu&#237;dos em tamp&#227;o fosfato-citrato (0,1mol/l; 250&#956;l; pH 5,5) em temperatura ambiente, como enzima-substratos. A rea&#231;&#227;o foi interrompida acrescentando-se H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> (2mol/l). A densidade &#243;tica (DO) das amostras foi medida em 450 nm. T&#237;tulos de autoanticorpos (AAC) foram expressos como &#237;ndice de reatividade (IR), calculado como <inline-formula><mml:math id="m1" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>IR</mml:mtext><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>DO</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>amostra</mml:mtext></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:mo>&#8211;</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>DO</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>amostra em branco</mml:mtext></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>DO</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>IgG ou IgM</mml:mtext></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:mo>&#8211;</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>DO</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>IgG ou IgM em branco</mml:mtext></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> em que os anticorpos IgG ou IgM foram usados como controles. O coeficiente de varia&#231;&#227;o intraensaios foi de 5,4% e o intraensaios foi de 2,0%.</p>
        <p>Foram realizados t&#237;tulos de AAC Anti-LDL-ox similares para o ensaio com pept&#237;deo de Apolipoprote&#237;na B, utilizando-se, contudo, microplacas de noventa e seis po&#231;os cobertos com 7,5 &#956;g/ml de LDL-ox.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> Os anticorpos totais foram determinados em plasma total pelo m&#233;todo ELISA.</p>
        <p>As amostras foram executadas triplicadas e a varia&#231;&#227;o entre os triplos n&#227;o ultrapassou 5% da m&#233;dia.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>&#201;tica</title>
        <p>O estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica institucional da Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo e da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (FO. 99/2009), e todos os participantes assinaram termos de consentimento informado antes do in&#237;cio do protocolo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas utilizando-se o pacote de software SPSS 17.0 (Statistical Package for Social Science, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, EUA). As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram comparadas por meio do teste qui-quadrado de Pearson. A distribui&#231;&#227;o de normalidade foi avaliada pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. As an&#225;lises entre grupos foram testadas por teste <italic>t</italic> ou teste Mann-Whitney. A intera&#231;&#227;o entre a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e outras vari&#225;veis foram testadas com os testes de Pearson ou Spearman. Vari&#225;veis cuja intera&#231;&#227;o foi identificada como significativa foram testadas com an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear m&#250;ltipla stepwise, com a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial como vari&#225;vel dependente. Foi usado um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5% para todos os testes.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Os par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos e demogr&#225;ficos s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a de EIMC entre sujeitos infectados com HIV e n&#227;o infectados. A fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial foi diminu&#237;da em sujeitos infectados com HIV (p=0,040). (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos sujeitos infectados com HIV na&#239;ve e n&#227;o infectados</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="24%">
            <col width="1%"/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">Vari&#225;veis</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Geral (93)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">HIV- (Controle) (53)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">HIV+ (Na&#239;ve) (40)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">p-valores</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">
                <bold>Par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Sexo (masculino/feminino)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">63/30</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">32/21</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">31/9</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,110</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Idade (anos)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">32 (1,0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">32 (1,7)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">32 (1,3)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,746</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal (cm)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">88 (83-97)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">89,5 (76,5-100)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">97 (83-96)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,668</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">&#205;ndice de Massa Corporal (kg/m&#178;)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">24,8 (23-28)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">25,5 (21,5-28,5)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">25,2 (23,5-28)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,586</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Fumantes (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">11</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">6</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">5</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,951</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea sist&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">120 (110-120)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">120 (110-120)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">120 (110-120)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,631</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea diast&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">80 (70-80)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">80 (70-80)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">80 (70-80)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,441</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">
                <bold>An&#225;lise bioqu&#237;mica</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Colesterol total (mg/dL)z</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">165 (139-185)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">166 (144-191)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">150 (124-176)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,028</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">LDL-c (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">98 (69-115)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">103 (77-119)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">91 (66-113)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,095</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">HDL-c (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">46 (37-65)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">47 (40-57)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">36 (30-46)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,008</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Triglic&#233;rides (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">91 (52-122)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">88 (67-131)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">113 (73-131)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,285</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Glicose (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">90 (86-94)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">90 (86-94)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">92 (86-96)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,425</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">
                <bold>Par&#226;metros de infec&#231;&#227;o por HIV</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Tempo de infec&#231;&#227;o (anos)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8211;</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8211;</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3 (1-6)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">N.A</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Contagem de c&#233;lulas CD4 (c&#233;lulas/&#181;L)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8211;</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8211;</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">447 (366-590)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">N.A</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Nadir CD4 (c&#233;lulas/&#181;L)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8211;</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8211;</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">402 (356-537)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">N.A</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Carga viral de HIV (c&#243;pias de RNA/&#181;L)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8211;</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8211;</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2623 (485-26225)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">N.A</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Coinfec&#231;&#227;o por HBV</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">N.A</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Coinfec&#231;&#227;o por HCV</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">N.A</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">
                <bold>Terapia em uso</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Anti-hipertensivos (indiv&#237;duos, N)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">N.A</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Estatinas (indiv&#237;duos, N)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">N.A</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Drogas neurol&#243;gicas (indiv&#237;duos, N)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">N.A</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">
                <bold>Marcadores inflamat&#243;rios</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">hs-CRP (mg/L)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,20 (0,30-1,92)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,51 (0,20-1,87)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,48 (0,82-3,30)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,017</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">IFN-&#947; (pg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,84 (0,90-6,85)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,43 (0,87-4,10)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3,89 (1,30-8,85)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,021</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">TNF-&#945; (pg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">6,66 (5,58-7,31)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">6,02 (5,51-6,94)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">6,90 (6,54-7,63)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,020</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">IL-6 (pg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,54 (1,37-1,80)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,54 (1,36-1,63)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,50 (1,37-1,95)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,028</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">IL-8 (pg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3,13 (2,50-4,60)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,80 (2,20-4,40)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3,65 (2,70-5,50)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,050</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">IL-10 (pg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,75 (0,39-1,97)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,79 (0,80-1,98)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,87 (0,36-1,94)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,088</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">
                <bold>Anticorpos totais</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">Total s&#233;rico de IgG (IR)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,33 (1,19-1,38)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,34 (1,20-1,38)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,33 (1,18-1,37)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,877</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">Total s&#233;rico de IgM (IR)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,69 (0,55-0,84)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,67 (0,49-0,82)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,3(0.58-0.86)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,310</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">
                <bold>Aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Espessura &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia (mm)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,67 (0,57-0,68)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,67 (0,56-0,68)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,67 (0,57-0,68)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,971</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">
                <bold>Fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Dilata&#231;&#227;o mediada por fluxo (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">11,6 (1,4)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">13,7 (2,4)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">9,3 (1,2)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,040</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>HBV: v&#237;rus da hepatite B; HCV: v&#237;rus da hepatite C; N.A: n&#227;o se aplica; IR: &#237;ndice de reatividade.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Como esperado, sujeitos infectados com HIV tinham n&#237;veis de marcador inflamat&#243;rio significativamente mais altos do que indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o infectados. Entretanto a citocina anti-inflamat&#243;ria IL-10 n&#227;o variou entre os grupos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>Os t&#237;tulos de AAC IgG e IgM totais s&#233;ricos n&#227;o variaram entre sujeitos infectados e n&#227;o infectados com HIV (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>). A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref> demonstrou que os t&#237;tulos de AAC de IgG anti-LDL-ox eram mais altos em sujeitos infectados por HIV (p&lt;0.001). Entretanto, os t&#237;tulos de AAC de IgM anti-LDL-ox n&#227;o variaram entre sujeitos infectados e n&#227;o infectados com HIV. Os sujeitos infectados com HIV tiveram t&#237;tulos mais altos de AAC de IgG anti-ApoB-D (p&lt;0,001) e t&#237;tulos mais baixos de IgM anti-ApoB-D em compara&#231;&#227;o com sujeitos n&#227;o infectados (p=0,040). Nenhuma diferen&#231;a foi encontrada entre os grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o aos AAC de antipept&#237;deo-0033G-Cys.</p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Resposta humoral a LDL oxidada, pept&#237;deo ApoB-D e pept&#237;deo 0033 em pacientes infectados com HIV e controles n&#227;o infectados. (A) Autoanticorpos (AAC) IgG anti-LDL-ox; (B) AAC IgM anti-LDL-ox; (C) AAC IgG pept&#237;deo anti-ApoB-D; (D) AAC IgM anti-ApoB-D. (E) AAC IgG pept&#237;deos anti-0033; (F) IgM pept&#237;deos anti-0033. Diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos foram calculadas pelo teste de Mann-Whitney.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-04-0844-00062-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      <p>O presente estudo demonstrou que, em sujeitos infectados com HIV, a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial foi associada aos t&#237;tulos IgM anti-ApoB-D AAC [&#946;=10,75; p=0,015] (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>). O modelo de regress&#227;o stepwise, incluindo fatores de risco cardiovascular tradicionais, marcadores relacionados ao HIV, e respostas imunes, mostrou que AAC IgM anti-ApoB-D estavam associados &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial [&#946;=7,28; p=0,002]. N&#227;o foram observadas associa&#231;&#245;es entre IgG anti-ApoB-D e a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica, as medidas de EIMC n&#227;o foram associadas &#224; resposta humoral para ambos os pept&#237;deos.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Tabela 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>An&#225;lise univariada ajustada de poss&#237;veis fatores de risco associados &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial em sujeitos infectados com HIV</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="33%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2">Vari&#225;veis</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">&#946;</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">p-valores</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Idade (anos)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,187</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,350</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,049</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,708</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">IgM pept&#237;deo anti-ApoB-D</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">10,754</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,015</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">IgG pept&#237;deo anti-ApoB-D</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,597</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,351</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Nadir CD4</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,007</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,135</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">CD4 atual</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,010</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,126</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Carga viral registrada</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,413</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,786</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Tempo de infec&#231;&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,215</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,718</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>O coeficiente &#946; representa as altera&#231;&#245;es na porcentagem de dilata&#231;&#227;o mediada por fluxo nas vari&#225;veis preditoras. Foram feitos ajustes para hipertens&#227;o, tabagismo atual, e dislipidemia. IC: Intervalo de confian&#231;a.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O presente estudo mostrou que, em sujeitos infectados por HIV, na&#239;ve de terapia antirretroviral, uma fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial reduzida acompanha uma modula&#231;&#227;o distinta em AAC contra fragmentos de pept&#237;deos ApoB, em compara&#231;&#227;o com sujeitos n&#227;o infectados, independentemente dos t&#237;tulos de AAC com totais s&#233;ricos.</p>
      <p>Dados relacionados a imunidade humoral de pept&#237;deos ApoB sugerem que sua presen&#231;a est&#225; associada ao avan&#231;o da doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica, como parte de uma resposta autoimune.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> Entretanto, esses AAC podem participar de elimina&#231;&#227;o de produtos pr&#243;-aterog&#234;nicos gerados a partir da oxida&#231;&#227;o de part&#237;culas LDL, e da modifica&#231;&#227;o dos ApoB, desempenhando uma fun&#231;&#227;o dupla no processo de aterog&#234;nese.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Este estudo tamb&#233;m mostrou que AAC de IgM contra ApoB-D estavam associados &#224; ED, corroborando com estudos anteriores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref> Nossos achados sugerem que h&#225; uma elimina&#231;&#227;o de autoant&#237;genos ApoB por anticorpos naturais, sugerindo que eles possam estar envolvidos em reparos vasculares ap&#243;s um processo de les&#227;o,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref> entretanto, os efeitos da infec&#231;&#227;o por HIV da DMF podem ser atribu&#237;dos a um est&#225;gio distinto da doen&#231;a e &#224;s diferentes terapias medicamentosas adotadas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Estudos de coorte e meta-an&#225;lise demonstraram que a EIMC &#233; mais alta em pacientes infectados com HIV, em compara&#231;&#227;o com n&#227;o infectados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref> Acreditamos que o momento da infec&#231;&#227;o em nosso estudo n&#227;o foi suficiente para promover modifica&#231;&#245;es ateroscler&#243;ticas na car&#243;tida, detectadas por exame de ultrassom.</p>
      <p>Os resultados do presente estudo sugerem que autoanticorpos para pept&#237;deos definidos-ApoB podem ser um marcador de disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, ou mesmo de uma resposta inflamat&#243;ria elevada, por&#233;m n&#227;o de aterosclerose da car&#243;tida em pacientes infectados com HIV. Estudos cl&#237;nicos coorte em pacientes submetidos a HAART merecem investiga&#231;&#227;o adicional para confirmar esses resultados preliminares.</p>
      <p>O desenho transversal e a falta de um grupo que estivesse recebendo tratamento antirretroviral para permitir compara&#231;&#245;es dos efeitos das drogas HAART na fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e na aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica s&#227;o limita&#231;&#245;es. Nenhuma diferen&#231;a significativa foi encontrada entre os sexos, o que pode ser justificado pelo pequeno n&#250;mero de sujeitos inclu&#237;do neste estudo. Estudos adicionais, incluindo um n&#250;mero maior de pacientes, s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para confirmar nossos achados em rela&#231;&#227;o a sexo, infec&#231;&#227;o e fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial. Para fins de ajuste, os efeitos de fatores de risco cardiovascular diferentes e marcadores de infec&#231;&#227;o foram avaliados como uma poss&#237;vel explica&#231;&#227;o para a resposta imune natural observada, associada &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o vascular.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os achados deste estudo sugerem que a imunidade natural a ant&#237;genos ApoB est&#225; associada &#224; DE. Mais estudos prospectivos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para a avalia&#231;&#227;o de par&#226;metros imunol&#243;gicos de HIV em resposta autoimune e seus efeitos na fun&#231;&#227;o vascular.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o contou com fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Errata</label>
        <p>
          <bold>Edi&#231;&#227;o de Abril de 2021, vol. 116 (4), p&#225;gs. 844-849</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Na Comunica&#231;&#227;o Breve &#8220;Pacientes Na&#239;ve Infectados por HIV Apresentam Disfun&#231;&#227;o Concomitante com Diminui&#231;&#227;o de Anticorpos Naturais contra Autoant&#237;genos Derivados da Apolipoprote&#237;na B Definidos&#8221;, com n&#250;mero de DOI: https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20200062, publicado no peri&#243;dico Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, 116(4):844-849, na p&#225;gina 844, corrigir o t&#237;tulo do artigo em portugu&#234;s &#8220;Pacientes Na&#239;ve Infectados por HIV Apresentam Disfun&#231;&#227;o Concomitante com Diminui&#231;&#227;o de Anticorpos Naturais contra Autoant&#237;genos Derivados da Apolipoprote&#237;na B Definidos&#8221; para: &#8220;Os Pacientes Na&#239;ve Infectados pelo HIV Apresentam Disfun&#231;&#227;oEndotelialConcomitante com a Diminui&#231;&#227;o de Anticorpos Naturais contra Definidos Autoant&#237;genos Derivados da Apolipoprote&#237;na B&#8221;.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Brief Communication</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>HIV-Infected Na&#239;ve Patients Exhibit Endothelial Dysfunction Concomitant with Decreased Natural Antibodies Against Defined Apolipoprotein B Autoantigens</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8360-8465</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique Andrade R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gidlund</surname>
            <given-names>Magnus</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sant&#8217;Anna</surname>
            <given-names>Viviane Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Esteferson Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9911-4598</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco A. H.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5738-2623</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Izar</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Cristina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo Escola Paulista de Medicina, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade de Sao Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Henrique Andrade Fonseca</bold> &#8226; Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo Escola Paulista de Medicina - Rua Loefgreen, 1350. Postal Code <postal-code>04023-062</postal-code>, Vila Clementino, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil E-mail: <email>har.fonseca@yahoo.com.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Fonseca HA, Gidlund M, Fonseca FAH, Izar MC; Data acquisition: Fonseca HA, Fernandes ER; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Fonseca HA, Gidlund M, Sant&#8217;Anna VR, Fernandes ER; Statistical analysis: Fonseca HA, Sant&#8217;Anna VR; Obtaining financing: Fonseca HA, Fonseca FAH; Writing of the manuscript: Fonseca HA, Gidlund M, Sant&#8217;Anna VR, Izar MC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>The authors report no conflict of interest concerning the materials and methods used in this study or the findings specified in this paper.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Backgorund:</title>
          <p>Traditional and HIV-defined risk factors may be associated with an increase in cardiovascular events. Recent studies have suggested that the humoral immune response to modified LDL may be associated with the process of atherosclerosis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>To evaluate the presence of anti-oxLDL and apolipoprotein B-derived peptides in the blood, and their association with the endothelial function in HIV-infection.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>This study consecutively included subjects matched for age, gender, and demographic data in two groups: (1) HIV-infected and na&#239;ve for antiviral therapy and (2) uninfected individuals. Subclinical atherosclerosis was assessed by intimal-media thickness, using ultrasonography of the carotid arteries. Endothelial function was determined by flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) of the brachial artery by ultrasonography. Autoantibodies (IgM, IgG) anti-oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL), anti-apolipoprotein B-peptide fragments (ApoB-D and 0033G-Cys peptides), and cytokine levels were evaluated by ELISA.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>This study's results showed no difference in subclinical atherosclerosis between groups; however, HIV-infected subjects showed a lower FMD, when compared to non-infected subjects. Therefore, HIV-infected subjects showed higher levels of inflammatory cytokines, titers of IgG anti-oxLDL, and IgG anti-ApoB-D. In contrast, titers of IgM anti-ApoB-D were lower in HIV-infected individuals and associated with reduced endothelial functions.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>This study's results show that HIV infection, in na&#239;ve subjects, is associated with endothelial dysfunction and a decline of natural antibodies to apo-B antigens.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>HIV Infection</kwd>
        <kwd>Atherosclerosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Endothelium Vascular</kwd>
        <kwd>Apolipoproteunes B, Carotid Arteries/ultrasonography</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Cardiovascular disease is more prevalent in HIV-infected, as compared to non-infected, individuals.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> Endothelial dysfunction (ED) is the initiating event in plaque formation, associated with sub-endothelial space inflammation caused by low density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> Detection of LDL oxidation can be a marker of atherosclerosis processes and/or progression.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref></p>
      <p>To overcome some of the obstacles related to the lack of more restricted epitopes than those expressed in an artificial oxidation process (copper, iron, and others) to generate oxidized LDL (oxLDL), the autoimmune response to apolipoprotein B (apoB) peptides-derived from an LDL particle was determined. Previous studies showed that antibodies against a specific peptide (ApoB-D) can be considered a marker of inflammatory activation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> However, it has not been shown that chronic infection can modulate the autoantibodies (Abs) into auto-antigens, especially in the immune system deficiency condition.</p>
      <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
        <title>Materials and methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Subjects</title>
          <p>This study conducted a cross-sectional, case-control, pilot study including prospectively 40 HIV-infected subjects, na&#239;ve for highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) for both genders. Fifty-three HIV non-infected subjects (control) were recruited from the same communities, using the same advertisements and cardiovascular risk factors. After blood collections and clinical evaluations, HIV-infected patients who began HAART therapy adhered to the prescribed medications.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Lipids and biochemical analysis</title>
          <p>Serum total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglycerides were determined enzymatically (Opera Bayer, Leverkusen, Germany) with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), estimated by the <italic>Friedewald</italic> equation when triglycerides were &lt;400 mg/dl.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> Glucose was evaluated by the enzymatic method.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Endothelial function and carotid intima-media thickness</title>
          <p>Ultrasound tests were performed to evaluate the subclinical atherosclerosis by carotid intimal medial-thickness (cIMT)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> and vasoreactivity assessment of endothelial-dependent flow-mediated dilation (FMD) of the brachial artery.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref></p>
          <p>Briefly, patients were required to fast and abstain from nitrates, alcohol, and vasoactive medications for 24 h prior to the tests. After a 15-20 min rest, the brachial artery in the right antecubital fossa was viewed, using a linear transducer with a frequency of up to 11 MHz, together with simultaneous monitoring by means of an electrocardiogram (ECG). Images were obtained by HP SONOS 5500 ultrasound system (Hewlett Packard, Palo Alto, USA). Once the optimal image of the artery was achieved, the baseline vessel diameter was measured. Reactive hyperemia was induced by inflating the blood pressure cuff to 200 mmHg, or at least 50 mmHg above SBP, on the distal forearm for 5 min and then deflating the cuff. End-diastolic images were obtained at the time of onset of the QRS complex on ECG. These images were acquired at baseline and one min after cuff deflation. The percentage change from the baseline diameter to the value detected during reactive hyperemia was calculated to determine the FMD. The FMD and cIMT measurements were evaluated by an experienced sonographer in a blinded fashion. The intra-sonographer and inter-sonographer variability were less than 1% and 2%, respectively.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Cytokines and CD4 T-cells</title>
          <p>Cytokine concentrations were tested using commercially available ELISA kits. Plasma viral load and CD4 T-cell counts were determined for HIV-infected subjects. The nadir CD4+ T-cell count was defined as the lowest registered and laboratory-confirmed value.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Autoantigen isolation and synthesis</title>
          <p>The LDL particle was obtained from total plasma after centrifugation (1,000 g; 4 &#176;C; 15 min) and supplemented with benzamidine (2 mM), gentamicin (0.5%), chloramphenicol (0.25%), phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) (0.5 mM), and aprotinin (0.1 unit/mL). Low-density lipoprotein particles (1.006&lt;d&lt;1.063 mg/mL) were isolated by sequential ultracentrifugation (100,000 g; 4 &#176;C), using a rotor (70 Ti, fixe angle; Beckman Coulter, USA) and an ultracentrifuge (Hitachi, Japan). The LDL particle was copper-oxidized and used as an autoantigen to evaluate autoantibodies titers.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> The apolipoprotein B-peptides (apoB-peptides) used in this study consisted of two synthetic fragments: ApoB-D (ApoB-D, which is an ApoB-peptide fragment with a 22-amino-acid sequence derivate of domain 3 of the apolipoprotein B sequence in the third conserved portion for tripsin digestions)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> and peptide-0033G-Cys (peptide-0033G-Cys, which is a peptide fragment with a 21-amino-acid derivate of domain 3 of the apolipoprotein B sequence in the first conserved portion for trypsin digestion).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Determinations of autoantibodies</title>
          <p>The quantification of oxLDL and apoB-peptide derivate autoantibodies (Abs) was assessed in total plasma by ELISA, as previously described.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> Ninety-six-well microtiter plates (Microplates 8096, Costar-USA) were coated with 10&#181;g/mL of the ApoB-D or 0033G-Cys peptide in carbonate/bicarbonate buffer (0.1 mol/l; pH 9.6), which was left for sensitization overnight at 4&#186;C. After three cycles of washing with phosphate buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.4) plus Tween-20 (0.05%), the plate was blocked with gelatin (3%; room temperature; 24 h). Patients&#8217; plasma samples (50 &#956;l/well, 1:400 in phosphate buffer, PBS, pH 7.4) were added to the plates for 2 hours at room temperature. Next, three more cycles of washing were performed, and secondary IgG horseradish peroxidase-conjugated antibodies (purified goat anti-human IgG, 0.1 &#181;g/ml, KPL, Kirkegaard &amp; Perry Laboratories, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA) or IgM (purified goat anti-human IgM, 10 &#181;g/ml KPL, Kirkegaard &amp; Perry Laboratories, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA) were added to evaluate the titers of anti-ApoB-D or anti-0033G-Cys peptide Abs. After incubation (1 hour), the plaques were washed (three cycles), and 3,3,5,5-tetramethylbenzidine (6.5% in dimethyl sulfoxide; Sigma, St Louis, MO) and H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> (Sigma) diluted in citrate/phosphate buffer (0.1mol/l; 250&#956;l; pH 5.5) were added (room temperature), as enzyme substrates. The reaction was stopped by adding H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> (2mol/l). The optical density (OD) of samples was measured at 450 nm. Autoantibodies (Abs) titers were expressed as the reactivity index (RI), calculated as <inline-formula><mml:math id="m2" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>RI</mml:mtext><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>OD</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>sample</mml:mtext></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:mo>&#8211;</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>OD</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>sample blank</mml:mtext></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>OD</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>IgG or IgM</mml:mtext></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:mo>&#8211;</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>OD</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>IgG or IgM blank</mml:mtext></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> where the IgG or IgM antibodies were used as controls. The intra-assay coefficient of variation was 5.4% and the intra-assay was 2.0%.</p>
          <p>Anti-oxLDL Abs titers were performed similarly to the apolipoprotein B peptide assay but using ninety-six-well microtiter plates coated with 7.5 &#956;g/ml of oxLDL.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> The total antibodies were determined in total plasma by the ELISA method.</p>
          <p>Samples were run in triplicate and the variation within the triplicates did not exceed 5% of the mean.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ethics</title>
          <p>The study was approved by the institutional ethics committee of the Federal University of S&#227;o Paulo and University of S&#227;o Paulo (FO. 99/2009), and written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to beginning the protocol.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS 17.0 software package (Statistical Package for Social Science, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Categorical variables were compared by Pearson's chi-square test. Distribution of normality was assessed by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Between group analyses were tested by a <italic>t</italic> test or Mann-Whitney test. Interaction between endothelial function and other variables were tested by Pearson or Spearman tests. Variables identified to have significant interaction were tested with stepwise multiple linear regression analyses, with an endothelial function as a dependent variable. A significance level of 5% was used for all tests.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Clinical and demographic parameters are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 1</xref>. There were no differences in the cIMT among HIV-infected and non-infected subjects. The endothelial function was decreased in HIV-infected subjects (p=0.040). (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Characteristics of the HIV na&#239;ve infected and uninfected subjects</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="24%">
              <col width="1%"/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">Variables</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Overall (93)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">HIV- (Control) (53)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">HIV+ (Na&#239;ve) (40)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p-values</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Clinical parameters</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Gender (males/females)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">63/30</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">32/21</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">31/9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.110</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Age (years)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">32 (1.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">32 (1.7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">32 (1.3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.746</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Abdominal circumference (cm)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">88 (83-97)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">89.5 (76.5-100)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">97 (83-96)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.668</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Body mass index (kg/m&#178;)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">24.8 (23-28)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">25.5 (21.5-28.5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">25.2 (23.5-28)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.586</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Smokers (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">11</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.951</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">120 (110-120)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">120 (110-120)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">120 (110-120)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.631</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">80 (70-80)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">80 (70-80)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">80 (70-80)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.441</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Biochemical analysis</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Total cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">165 (139-185)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">166 (144-191)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">150 (124-176)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.028</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">LDL-c (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">98 (69-115)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">103 (77-119)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">91 (66-113)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.095</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">HDL-c (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">46 (37-65)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">47 (40-57)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">36 (30-46)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.008</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Triglycerides (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">91 (52-122)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">88 (67-131)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">113 (73-131)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.285</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Glucose (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">90 (86-94)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">90 (86-94)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">92 (86-96)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.425</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">
                  <bold>HIV parameters of infection</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Time of infection (years)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8722;</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8722;</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3 (1-6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">N.A</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">CD4 count (cells/&#181;L)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8722;</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8722;</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">447 (366-590)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">N.A</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">CD4 nadir (cells/&#181;L)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8722;</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8722;</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">402 (356-537)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">N.A</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">HIV viral load (RNA copies/&#181;L)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8722;</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8722;</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2623 (485-26225)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">N.A</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">HBV coinfection</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">N.A</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">HCV coinfection</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">N.A</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Therapies in use</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Antihypertensive (individuals, <italic>N</italic>)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">N.A</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Statins (individuals, <italic>N</italic>)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">N.A</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Neurological drugs (individuals, <italic>N</italic>)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">N.A</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Inflammatory markers</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">hs-CRP (mg/L)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.20 (0.30-1.92)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.51 (0.20-1.87)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.48 (0.82-3.30)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.017</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">IFN-&#947; (pg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.84 (0.90-6.85)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.43 (0.87-4.10)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3.89 (1.30-8.85)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.021</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">TNF-&#945; (pg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6.66 (5.58-7.31)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6.02 (5.51-6.94)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6.90 (6.54-7.63)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.020</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">IL-6 (pg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.54 (1.37-1.80)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.54 (1.36-1.63)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.50 (1.37-1.95)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.028</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">IL-8 (pg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3.13 (2.50-4.60)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.80 (2.20-4.40)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3.65 (2.70-5.50)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.050</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">IL-10 (pg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.75 (0.39-1.97)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.79 (0.80-1.98)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.87 (0.36-1.94)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.088</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Total antibodies</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">IgG total serum (RI)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.33 (1.19-1.38)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.34 (1.20-1.38)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.33 (1.18-1.37)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.877</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">IgM total serum (RI)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.69 (0.55-0.84)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.67 (0.49-0.82)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.73(0.58-0.86)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.310</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Subclinical atherosclerosis</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Intima-media Thickness (mm)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.67 (0.57-0.68)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.67 (0.56-0.68)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.67 (0.57-0.68)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.971</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Endothelial function</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Flow-mediated Dilatation (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">11.6 (1.4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">13.7 (2.4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">9.3 (1.2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.040</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>HBV: hepatitis B virus; HCV: hepatitis C virus; N.A: not applicable; RI: reactivity index.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>As expected, HIV-infected subjects had significantly higher inflammatory marker levels than did non-infected individuals; however, the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 did not differ between the groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>Serum total IgG and IgM Abs titers did not differ among HIV-infected and uninfected subjects (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 1</xref>). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 1</xref> demonstrated that titers of IgG anti-oxLDL Abs were higher in HIV-infected subjects (p&lt;0.001). However, the titers of IgM anti-oxLDL Abs did not differ among HIV-infected and uninfected subjects. HIV-infected subjects had higher titers of IgG anti-ApoB-D Abs (p&lt;0.001) and lower titers of IgM anti-ApoB-D when compared to non-infected subjects (p=0.040). No differences were observed among groups for the anti-peptide-0033G-Cys Abs.</p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Humoral response to oxidized LDL, ApoB-D peptide and 0033-peptide in HIV-infected patients and non-infected controls. (A) IgG anti-oxLDL autoantibodies (Abs); (B) IgM anti-oxLDL Abs; (C) IgG anti-ApoB-D peptide Abs; (D) IgM anti-ApoB-D Abs. (E) IgG anti-0033-peptide Abs; (F) IgM anti-0033-peptide. Significant differences between groups were calculated by the Mann-Whitney test.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-04-0844-00062-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>The present study showed that in HIV-infected subjects the endothelial function was associated with IgM anti-ApoB-D Abs titers [&#946;=10.75; p=0.015] (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 2</xref>). The stepwise regression model, including traditional cardiovascular risk factors, HIV-related markers, and immune responses showed that IgM anti-ApoB-D Abs were associated with the endothelial function [&#946;=7.28; p=0.002]. Associations among IgG anti-ApoB-D and the endothelial function were not observed. Regarding subclinical atherosclerosis, the cIMT measures were not associated with the humoral response for both peptides.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Univariate adjusted analysis of potential risk factors associated with endothelial function in HIV-infected subjects</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="33%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2">Variables</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">&#946;</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p-values</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Age (years)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.187</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.350</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Abdominal circumference</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.049</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.708</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">IgM anti-ApoB-D peptide</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">10.754</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.015</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">IgG anti-ApoB-D peptide</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.597</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.351</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Nadir CD4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.007</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.135</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Current CD4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.010</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.126</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Log viral load</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.413</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.786</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Time of infection</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.215</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.718</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>&#946;-coefficient represent the changes in the percentage of flow-mediated dilatation for the predictor variables. Adjustments were made for hypertension, current smoking, and dyslipidemia. CI: Confidence interval.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The present study showed that, in HIV-infected subjects, na&#239;ve of antiretroviral therapy, a reduced endothelial function accompanies distinct modulation in Abs against apoB-peptides fragments, as compared to non-infected subjects, regardless of serum total Abs titers.</p>
        <p>Data related to humoral immunity and apoB peptides suggest that their presence is associated with atherosclerotic disease progression, as part of an autoimmune response.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> However, these Abs can participate in the clearance of pro-atherogenic products generated from the oxidation of LDL particles and the modification of apoB, performing a dual role in the atherogenesis process.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref></p>
        <p>This study also showed that IgM Abs against ApoB-D were associated with ED, corroborating with previous studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref> Our findings suggest that there is a clearance of apoB autoantigens by natural antibodies, suggesting that they may be involved in vascular repair after an injury process,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref> however the effects of HIV infection on FMD may be attributable to a distinct stage of disease and distinct drug therapies adopted.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Cohort studies and meta-analysis showed that cIMT in HIV-infected, when compared to non-infected, subjects is higher.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref> We believe the time of infection in our study was not enough to promote carotid atherosclerosis modification detected by an ultrasound exam.</p>
        <p>The present study's results suggest that autoantibodies to defined-apoB peptides can be a marker of endothelial dysfunction, or even of an elevated inflammatory response, but not of carotid atherosclerosis in HIV-infected patients. Cohort and clinical trials with patients submitted to HARRT merit further investigation to confirm these preliminary results.</p>
        <p>The cross-sectional design and the lack of a group receiving antiretroviral therapy for comparisons of the effects of HAART drugs on endothelial function and subclinical atherosclerosis are a limitation. No significant differences were found among sex groups, which may be justified by the small number of subjects included in this study. Additional studies, including a larger number of patients, are needed to confirm our findings related to sex, infection, and endothelial function. For adjustments, the effects of different cardiovascular risk factors and infection markers were evaluated as a possible explanation for the observed natural immune response associated with the vascular function.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>This study's findings suggest that natural immunity to apoB antigens is associated with ED. Further prospective studies for the evaluation of HIV immunological parameters in autoimmune response and these effects on vascular function are warranted.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn3">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There was no external funding source for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Erratum</label>
          <p>
            <bold>April 2021 Issue, vol. 116 (4), p&#225;gs. 844-849</bold>
          </p>
          <p>In Brief Communication &#8220;Pacientes Na&#239;ve Infectados por HIV Apresentam Disfun&#231;&#227;o Concomitante com Diminui&#231;&#227;o de Anticorpos Naturais contra Autoant&#237;genos Derivados da Apolipoprote&#237;na B Definidos&#8221;, with DOI number: https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20200062, published in the Journal Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, on page 844, correct the title of the article in Portuguese &#8220;Pacientes Na&#239;ve Infectados por HIV Apresentam Disfun&#231;&#227;o Concomitante com Diminui&#231;&#227;o de Anticorpos Naturais contra Autoant&#237;genos Derivados da Apolipoprote&#237;na B Definidos&#8221; to: &#8220;Os Pacientes Na&#239;ve Infectados pelo HIV Apresentam Disfun&#231;&#227;o Endotelial Concomitante com a Diminui&#231;&#227;o de Anticorpos Naturais contra Definidos Autoant&#237;genos Derivados da Apolipoprote&#237;na B&#8221;.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
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  </sub-article>
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