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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">3wv5xHLT5FcFWJtgFRgQmts</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021000500806</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20190762</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190762</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Aumento da Rigidez Arterial Pulmonar e Comprometimento do Acoplamento Ventr&#237;culo Direito-Art&#233;ria Pulmonar na SOP</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1392-9380</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Abacioglu</surname>
            <given-names>Ozge Ozcan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gulumsek</surname>
            <given-names>Erdinc</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sumbul</surname>
            <given-names>Hilmi Erdem</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7081-5799</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Kaplan</surname>
            <given-names>Mehmet</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yavuz</surname>
            <given-names>Fethi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Health Sciences University</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Adana Research and Training Hospital</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Cardiology</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Adana</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Health Sciences University, Adana Research and Training Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Adana - Turquia</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Health Sciences University</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Adana Research and Training Hospital</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Internal Medicine</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Adana</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Health Sciences University, Adana Research and Training Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine, Adana - Turquia</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Ozge Ozcan Abacioglu</bold> &#8226; Adana City Education and Research Hospital - Adana City Hospital Adana <postal-code>01001</postal-code> - Turquia E-mail: <email>ozgeozcan83@yahoo.com.tr</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Abacioglu OO; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Abacioglu OO, Gulumsek E, Sumbul H, Kaplan M, Yavuz F.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>16</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>116</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>806</fpage>
      <lpage>811</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A s&#237;ndrome dos ov&#225;rios polic&#237;sticos (SOP) &#233; a doen&#231;a end&#243;crino-metab&#243;lica mais comum em mulheres em idade reprodutiva, e ocorre em uma a cada 10 mulheres. A doen&#231;a inclui irregularidade menstrual e excesso de horm&#244;nios masculinos e &#233; a causa mais comum de infertilidade em mulheres. A dispneia &#233; um sintoma frequente e muitas vezes acredita-se que seja decorrente da obesidade, mas n&#227;o se sabe se &#233; decorrente de disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar o acoplamento ventr&#237;culo-arterial (VDAP) e a rigidez arterial pulmonar em pacientes com SOP.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos 44 pacientes com SOP e 60 controles; amostras de sangue venoso foram coletadas para exames laboratoriais e ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico 2-D, Modo-M e com Doppler tecidual foram realizados em todos os participantes. Um valor de p&lt;0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Quando comparadas ao grupo controle, as pacientes com SOP apresentaram valores maiores de rigidez da art&#233;ria pulmonar (p = 0,001), que se correlacionaram positivamente com o &#237;ndice HOMA-IR (r = 0,545 e p &lt;0,001). O acoplamento VDAP tamb&#233;m estava comprometido em 34% dos pacientes do estudo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>A rigidez da art&#233;ria pulmonar est&#225; aumentada e o acoplamento VDAP est&#225; comprometido em pacientes com SOP. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021; 116(4):806-811)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as do Sistema End&#243;crino</kwd>
        <kwd>Rigidez Arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>Infertilidade Feminina</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Dispneia</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o Pulmonar</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="20"/>
        <page-count count="6"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A s&#237;ndrome do ov&#225;rio polic&#237;stico (SOP) &#233; considerada uma doen&#231;a multissist&#234;mica, reprodutiva e metab&#243;lica. &#201; o dist&#250;rbio endocrinol&#243;gico mais comum em mulheres em idade reprodutiva e sua preval&#234;ncia varia entre 6 a 15% de acordo com diferentes crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos. A fim de esclarecer os crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos da SOP, tr&#234;s consensos principais foram estabelecidos at&#233; o momento (<italic>National Institutes of Health</italic> &#8211; NIH, <italic>Rotterdam and Androgen Excess Society</italic>). A presen&#231;a de ov&#225;rios polic&#237;sticos, irregularidade menstrual, hirsutismo, obesidade e resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina (RI) contribuem para o quadro cl&#237;nico da SOP.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> Mulheres com SOP apresentam perfil de risco cardiovascular adverso, incluindo dislipidemia, hipertens&#227;o e tamb&#233;m disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e calcifica&#231;&#227;o das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> Estudos recentes demonstraram que o comprometimento assintom&#225;tico da fun&#231;&#227;o do VE em mulheres jovens est&#225; associado &#224; obesidade e RI, em vez dos dist&#250;rbios de horm&#244;nios sexuais associados &#224; SOP e, em outro estudo, verificou-se que a massa do VE foi maior em pacientes com SOP.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref></p>
      <p>A rigidez arterial pulmonar (RAP) foi desenvolvida como um par&#226;metro ecocardiogr&#225;fico Doppler relativamente novo para avaliar a vasculatura arterial pulmonar e sua mec&#226;nica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> Sua associa&#231;&#227;o com a fun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD) e a capacidade de predizer a capacidade funcional na hipertens&#227;o pulmonar foi demonstrada. A RAP est&#225; aumentada no in&#237;cio do desenvolvimento da hipertens&#227;o pulmonar e, portanto, estudos sugerem que esse biomarcador pode ser utilizado para detec&#231;&#227;o precoce da doen&#231;a.</p>
      <p>O acoplamento ventr&#237;culo direito-art&#233;ria pulmonar &#233; um indicador de complac&#234;ncia arterial pulmonar e seu comprometimento &#233; resultado da redu&#231;&#227;o da complac&#234;ncia da art&#233;ria pulmonar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> Estudos sugeriram que a diminui&#231;&#227;o da complac&#234;ncia desempenha um papel cr&#237;tico na patog&#234;nese da hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar (HAP), de modo que o acoplamento VDAP &#233; clinicamente importante, devido &#224; sua associa&#231;&#227;o com aumento da mortalidade em pacientes com HAP.</p>
      <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a rigidez da art&#233;ria pulmonar e o acoplamento VDAP em pacientes com SOP.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o de estudo</title>
        <p>A coorte do estudo consistiu em 104 pacientes recrutados da <italic>Internal Diseases Policlinic</italic> do <italic>Adana City Education and Research Hospital</italic> entre mar&#231;o de 2019 e setembro de 2019. Foram obtidos dados sobre caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, hist&#243;rico m&#233;dico e uso de medicamentos, sendo exclu&#237;dos os pacientes que apresentavam doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, hipertens&#227;o, diabetes mellitus, doen&#231;a card&#237;aca valvar em vez de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica leve, diagn&#243;stico ou achados cl&#237;nicos (ronco, sonol&#234;ncia diurna excessiva ou apneia testemunhada) de s&#237;ndrome da apneia obstrutiva do sono, hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar, doen&#231;a respirat&#243;ria, disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo direito e imagens ecocardiogr&#225;ficas de m&#225; qualidade. O &#205;ndice de Massa Corporal foi calculado como o peso em quilogramas dividido pelo quadrado da altura em metros. Crit&#233;rios do NIH: foram usados para o diagn&#243;stico: hiperandrogenismo cl&#237;nico e/ou bioqu&#237;mico, disfun&#231;&#227;o ovariana (oligoanovula&#231;&#227;o e/ou ov&#225;rios polic&#237;sticos) e exclus&#227;o de outras causas, como s&#237;ndrome de Cushing, tumores etc. A popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo era assintom&#225;tica, com 77% de hirsutismo, 32% de irregularidade menstrual, 6% de acne, 6% de infertilidade e 6% de obesidade. O escore da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada (ICFEp) foi 0 ou 1 em 91% dos participantes e a possibilidade de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foi baixa nos grupos. Treze (29%) pacientes com SOP recebiam diferentes tratamentos. Apenas uma delas estava utilizando metformina. A dura&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia da doen&#231;a foi de 31 meses. O grupo controle era constitu&#237;do de pacientes atendidas na policl&#237;nica com sintomas semelhantes, mas que n&#227;o preenchiam os crit&#233;rios para SOP, sendo 66% com irregularidade menstrual, 20% com acne e 14% com infertilidade. As causas desses sintomas eram a dieta, dist&#250;rbios hormonais e estresse; restri&#231;&#227;o de gordura na dieta, tratamento da ansiedade e medicamentos para diminuir os n&#237;veis de prolactina foram administrados, com diminui&#231;&#227;o dos sintomas. O <italic>Adana City Education and Research Hospital</italic> aprovou o protocolo do estudo e o mesmo foi realizado de acordo com os princ&#237;pios da Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ecocardiografia</title>
        <p>Uma avalia&#231;&#227;o foi realizada utilizando ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica (ETT) completa com um equipamento de ultrassonografia comercialmente dispon&#237;vel de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da <italic>American Society of Echocardiography.</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> Os exames de ETT inclu&#237;ram avalia&#231;&#245;es em modo M, bidimensional, avalia&#231;&#245;es de fluxo com Doppler e Doppler tecidual e pulsado. Foram determinadas a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE (FEVE) e a espessura da parede posterior (EPP) e do septo interventricular (ESIV). Foram determinadas a velocidade diast&#243;lica inicial e tardia da v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide, a press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar (PSAP) e a velocidade m&#225;xima do fluxo pulmonar. A excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica do plano do anel tric&#250;spide (TAPSE, do ingl&#234;s <italic>tricuspid annular plane systolic excursio</italic>n), uma medida do desempenho do VD, foi realizada a partir da an&#225;lise do Modo M na vis&#227;o apical de quatro c&#226;maras com foco no VD. O tempo de acelera&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria pulmonar (PAAT, do ingl&#234;s <italic>pulmonary artery acceleration time</italic>) foi obtido a partir da vis&#227;o do eixo longo paraesternal do fluxo de sa&#237;da do VD ao n&#237;vel da v&#225;lvula pulmonar, utilizando um protocolo publicado para aquisi&#231;&#227;o de imagens de PAAT.</p>
        <p>A rigidez da art&#233;ria pulmonar foi avaliada na vis&#227;o do eixo curto paraesternal com Doppler pulsado e calculada de acordo com a seguinte f&#243;rmula: a raz&#227;o entre o deslocamento m&#225;ximo da velocidade do fluxo pulmonar e o tempo de acelera&#231;&#227;o do fluxo pulmonar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref></p>
        <p>A rela&#231;&#227;o entre a contratilidade do VD e a p&#243;s-carga do VD &#233; frequentemente chamada de acoplamento VDAP. A contratilidade refere-se &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca intr&#237;nseca ou independente da carga, enquanto a p&#243;s-carga refere-se &#224; oposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular. O acoplamento VDAP foi calculado de acordo com a seguinte f&#243;rmula: TAPSE/PSAP e quando um valor &lt;1,6 era obtido, isso era caracterizado como acoplamento deficiente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref></p>
        <p>As medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas foram realizadas por dois ecocardiografistas, com mascaramento. A m&#233;dia das medidas foram calculadas.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise laboratorial</title>
        <p>As an&#225;lises laboratoriais incluem hemograma completo de rotina, n&#237;veis bioqu&#237;micos e de insulina de ambos os grupos, de estudo e controle. Os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade-colesterol (LDL-c), lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade-colesterol (HDL-c) e triglic&#233;rides (TG) foram medidos utilizando azul de xilidina com um m&#233;todo colorim&#233;trico de ponto final. O modelo de avalia&#231;&#227;o da homeostase da resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina (HOMA-IR) foi calculado utilizando o teste de glicemia em jejum, com exame de insulina em jejum de pelo menos 8-10 horas e de acordo com a seguinte f&#243;rmula: n&#237;vel de glicose em jejum (mg/dL) x n&#237;vel de insulina em jejum (uIU/mL)/405. Um escore HOMA &#8805;2,5 foi considerado como positivo para a resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Todas as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas utilizando o software SPSS 17 (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, Illinois, EUA). As vari&#225;veis do estudo foram analisadas por m&#233;todos anal&#237;ticos (teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov) para determinar a distribui&#231;&#227;o normal e foram expressas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (m&#233;dia &#177; DP) ou n&#250;meros e porcentagens. O teste U de Mann-Whitney foi utilizado para a compara&#231;&#227;o de 2 grupos com uma distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-normal das vari&#225;veis e o teste do qui-quadrado para a compara&#231;&#227;o dos dados qualitativos. As compara&#231;&#245;es das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas entre os grupos foram realizadas pelo teste <italic>t</italic> para amostras independentes, quando apropriado, e as associa&#231;&#245;es entre as vari&#225;veis foram realizadas pela correla&#231;&#227;o produto-momento de Pearson. Um valor de p bicaudal menor que 0,05 foi considerado significativo. A reprodutibilidade inter-observador foi medida com o coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o tau-b de Kendall.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>O grupo com SOP tinha m&#233;dia de idade de 22 &#177; 5 anos, enquanto no grupo controle a idade m&#233;dia era de 24 &#177; 5 anos. A idade e o &#237;ndice de massa corporal foram estatisticamente semelhantes nos grupos (p = 0,329 e 0,210, respectivamente). As caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas basais e os par&#226;metros laboratoriais dos grupos de estudo s&#227;o mostrados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas basais e par&#226;metros laboratoriais dos grupos e an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="25%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Grupo SOP n=44 (m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Grupo Controle n=60 (m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">p-valor</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Idade, anos</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">22 &#177; 5</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">24 &#177; 5</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,210</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">IMC, kg/ m<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">24,86 &#177; 2,74</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">24,26 &#177; 2,25</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,329</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Glicose (mg/ dL)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">96,45 &#177; 12,52</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">90,16 &#177; 1,48</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,279</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Ureia (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">20,22 &#177; 5,53</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">23,38 &#177; 3,96</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,233</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">S&#243;dio (mmol/L)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">139,25 &#177; 1,72</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">137,60 &#177; 0,52</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,114</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Pot&#225;ssio (mmol/L)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4,43 &#177; 0,29</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4,33 &#177; 0,14</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,568</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">C&#225;lcio (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">9,75 &#177; 0,35</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">9,62 &#177; 0,60</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,473</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">AST (u /L)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">20,72 &#177; 5,06</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">19,88 &#177; 5,45</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,735</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">ALT (u /L)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">16,90 &#177; 9,10</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">13,02 &#177; 2,01</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,354</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">LDL (mg /dL)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">119,25 &#177; 22,81</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">111,16 &#177; 32,26</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,580</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">HDL (mg dL)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">46,13 &#177; 13,28</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">42,30 &#177; 15,46</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,317</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Triglic&#233;rides (mg /dL)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">106,30 &#177; 78,40</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">91,66 &#177; 50,63</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,757</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">CL (10<sup>3</sup>/&#181;L)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">7,60 &#177; 1,76</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">8,44 &#177; 2,79</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,318</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">HGB (g/dL)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">12,90 &#177; 0,81</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">11,85 &#177; 2,10</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,238</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">PLT (10<sup>3</sup>/&#181;L)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">277,90 &#177; 69,23</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">272,85 &#177; 33,25</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,853</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">HOMA-IR</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3,12 &#177; 2,00</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,16 &#177;, 52</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,023</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; AST: aspartato aminotransferase; ALT: alanina aminotransferase; LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade, HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade, CL: contagem leucocit&#225;ria, HGB: hemoglobina, PLT: plaquetas, HOMA-IR: modelo de avalia&#231;&#227;o da homeostase da resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>As caracter&#237;sticas da ecocardiografia ventricular esquerda e direita s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE, espessura do septo interventricular e da parede posterior, velocidades diast&#243;licas da v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide inicial (E) e tardia (A), PSAP e as velocidades m&#225;ximas da art&#233;ria pulmonar foram semelhantes entre os grupos. A TAPSE foi menor e o tempo de acelera&#231;&#227;o do fluxo arterial pulmonar foi encurtado no grupo de estudo, com diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa (p &lt;0,001 e p = 0,001, respectivamente).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Tabela 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas dos ventr&#237;culos esquerdo e direito dos grupos de estudo e controle e an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="25%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Grupo SOP n=44 (m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Grupo Controle n=60 (m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">p-valor</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">FEVE (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">61,45 &#177; 5,76</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">61,00 &#177; 5,32</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,810</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">ESIV (mm)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">8,85 &#177; 1,07</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">8,98 &#177; 1,24</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,633</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">EPP (mm)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">8,34 &#177; 1,06</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">8,63 &#177; 1,47</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,329</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">E/E&#8217;</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">10,33 &#177; 1,57</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">10,39 &#177; 1,76</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,896</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Velocidade E da tric&#250;spide (cm/s)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">80,25 &#177; 12,73</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">75,81 &#177; 12,20</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,140</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Velocidade A da tric&#250;spide (cm/s)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">56,05 &#177; 8,33</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">56,25 &#177; 9,76</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,924</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">PSAP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">19,04 &#177; 2,54</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">18,04 &#177; 1,74</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,064</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">TA (ms)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">159,35 &#177; 24,08</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">179,17 &#177; 22,36</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Velocidade pulmonar m&#225;xima</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">87,38 &#177; 12,49</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">84,79 &#177; 6,21</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,299</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">TAPSE (cm)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,18 &#177; 0,30</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,58 &#177; 0,25</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">RAP</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">5,58 &#177; 1,05</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4,80 &#177; 0,78</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Acoplamento VDAP</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,09 &#177; 0,23</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,63 &#177; 0,31</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>SOP: s&#237;ndrome dos ov&#225;rios polic&#237;sticos; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; ESIV: septo interventricular; EPP: espessura da parede posterior; PSAP: press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar; TAPSE: do ingl&#234;s tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; RAP: rigidez arterial pulmonar; VDAP: acoplamento ventr&#237;culo-arterial. TA: tempo de acelera&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Os n&#237;veis de rigidez da art&#233;ria pulmonar (RAP) foram mais elevados no grupo SOP e a RAP apresentou correla&#231;&#227;o significativamente positiva com o HOMA-IR (r = 0,545 e p &lt;0,001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>). Seis pacientes (46%) com resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina apresentaram valores de RAP mais elevados do que os controles. A an&#225;lise de subgrupo das pacientes do estudo que receberam tratamento e aquelas que n&#227;o receberam tratamento mostrou que a rigidez da art&#233;ria pulmonar foi maior no grupo sem tratamento (RAP = 5,15 &#177; 0,99 e 5,75 &#177; 1,02 respectivamente), mas a diferen&#231;a n&#227;o foi estatisticamente significativa (p = 0,084).</p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o entre HOMA-IR e RAP.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-04-0806-90762-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      <p>O acoplamento VDAP estava comprometido em 15 pacientes (34%) do grupo de estudo, com n&#237;veis m&#233;dios de 1,09 &#177; 0,23 e o valor de <italic>p</italic> foi significativo entre os dois grupos (p &lt;0,001). Treze dessas 15 pacientes n&#227;o estavam recebendo nenhum tratamento e a diferen&#231;a em termos de valores de acoplamento VDAP entre os subgrupos, tratados ou n&#227;o tratados, tamb&#233;m foi estatisticamente significativa. O valores do acoplamento VDAP foram (m&#233;dia &#177; DP) 1,20 &#177; 0,22 para o grupo tratado e 1,05 &#177; 0,22 para o grupo n&#227;o tratado. O valor de p foi de 0,048.</p>
      <p>O valor do coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o tau-b de Kendall foi 0,961 para a RAP e 0,790 para o acoplamento VDAP.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>&#201; bem conhecido que o risco de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares &#233; elevado em pacientes com SOP, devido ao aumento da resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina e diminui&#231;&#227;o da toler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose. Achados relatados anteriormente sobre a resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina e seu metabolismo fornecem novas pistas no tratamento da SOP e complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref></p>
      <p>As manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas da resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina s&#227;o: hipertens&#227;o (HT), dislipidemia e diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM-2). Os efeitos assintom&#225;ticos s&#227;o disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, estado pr&#243;-coagulante, condi&#231;&#227;o pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;ria e prolifera&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas de m&#250;sculo liso. Ergun et al, descobriram que pacientes com s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica tinham valores de rigidez a&#243;rtica maiores do que os controles. O mecanismo pelo qual a resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina aumenta a rigidez pode ser explicado por seus efeitos assintom&#225;ticos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Wang et.al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> relataram no estudo CARDIA, realizado com mulheres, que a s&#237;ndrome dos ov&#225;rios polic&#237;sticos est&#225; associada a um &#237;ndice de massa ventricular esquerdo mais alto e, em outro estudo, foram observadas anormalidades distintas nas caracter&#237;sticas cardiovasculares e metab&#243;licas na SOP em idade precoce.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> Essas diferen&#231;as s&#227;o refletidas por uma press&#227;o de pulso aumentada e uma press&#227;o diast&#243;lica final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo mais alta, mas uma imagem Doppler tecidual de mais baixa qualidade da parede direita na s&#237;stole. Os resultados podem indicar que as mulheres com SOP j&#225; apresentam disfun&#231;&#227;o arterial sutil, o que pode levar &#224; aterosclerose mais tarde.</p>
      <p>A rigidez arterial pulmonar e a hemodin&#226;mica anormal de fluxo na hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar est&#227;o fortemente associadas &#224; p&#243;s-carga ventricular direita elevada e &#224; gravidade da doen&#231;a e desfechos cl&#237;nicos desfavor&#225;veis em adultos com HAP.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref> O acoplamento VDAP pode descrever a compensa&#231;&#227;o do VD na hipertens&#227;o pulmonar e tamb&#233;m em doen&#231;as card&#237;acas esquerdas, e sua import&#226;ncia tem aumentado juntamente com o reconhecimento crescente do papel central que o VD desempenha em muitas condi&#231;&#245;es cardiopulmonares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Descobrimos que a rigidez da art&#233;ria pulmonar, um indicador da vasculatura da art&#233;ria pulmonar, estava aumentada na SOP e foi associada a n&#237;veis mais elevados do HOMA-IR. O acoplamento VDAP, um indicador da complac&#234;ncia arterial pulmonar que tem papel importante na patog&#234;nese da hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar, est&#225; prejudicado nesse grupo de pacientes. Este estudo &#233; o primeiro a examinar a rigidez da art&#233;ria pulmonar e o acoplamento VDAP em pacientes com SOP.</p>
      <p>Considerando todas essas complica&#231;&#245;es e eventos, foi demonstrado em muitos estudos anteriores e meta-an&#225;lises que a patologia subjacente &#233; a resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina. Embora os estudos sobre ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e doen&#231;a arterial coronariana sejam a maioria, a hipertens&#227;o pulmonar e a disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita t&#234;m um papel significativo na mortalidade e estabelecem s&#233;rias limita&#231;&#245;es para a qualidade de vida do paciente. As pacientes com SOP devem ser informadas sobre o risco card&#237;aco e o exames card&#237;acos de rotina deve ser recomendados.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>Nosso estudo apresentou algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. Em primeiro lugar, foi um estudo de centro &#250;nico com poucos participantes. Outra limita&#231;&#227;o do estudo atual foi o curto per&#237;odo de seguimento. Al&#233;m disso, a avalia&#231;&#227;o da resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina foi baseada apenas no &#237;ndice HOMA-IR. Outras investiga&#231;&#245;es com maior dura&#231;&#227;o e com grupos maiores s&#227;o necess&#225;rias para examinar a sustentabilidade dos resultados.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Em resumo, este estudo &#233; o primeiro a fornecer dados preliminares de que pacientes com SOP t&#234;m aumento da rigidez da art&#233;ria pulmonar e acoplamento VDAP prejudicado.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Increased Pulmonary Arterial Stiffness and Impaired Right Ventricle-Pulmonary Artery Coupling In PCOS</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1392-9380</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Abacioglu</surname>
            <given-names>Ozge Ozcan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
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          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sumbul</surname>
            <given-names>Hilmi Erdem</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
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        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
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          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
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            <given-names>Fethi</given-names>
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            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Adana</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Health Sciences University, Adana Research and Training Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Adana - Turkey</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Adana</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Health Sciences University, Adana Research and Training Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine, Adana - Turkey</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Ozge Ozcan Abacioglu</bold> &#8226; Adana City Education and Research Hospital - Adana City Hospital Adana <postal-code>01001</postal-code> - Turkey E-mail: <email>ozgeozcan83@yahoo.com.tr</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Statistical analysis, Obtaining financing, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Abacioglu OO; Acquisition of data: Abacioglu OO, Gulumsek E, Sumbul H, Kaplan M, Yavuz F.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine-metabolic disease in women in reproductive age, and occurs in one of 10 women. The disease includes menstrual irregularity and excess of male hormones and is the most common cause of female infertility. Dyspnea is a frequent symptom and is often thought to be due to obesity, and whether it is due to cardiac dysfunction is unknown.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To evaluate right ventricle-pulmonary artery (RV-PA) coupling and pulmonary arterial stiffness in patients with PCOS.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>44 PCOS patients and 60 controls were included; venous blood samples were taken for laboratory tests and 2-D, m-mode and tissue doppler transthoracic echocardiography were performed for all the participants. P&lt;0,05 was considered as statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>When compared to the control group, PCOS patients had higher pulmonary artery stiffness values (p=0,001), which were positively correlated with HOMA-IR (r=0,545 and p&lt;0,001). RV-PA coupling was also impaired in 34% of the study patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Pulmonary artery stiffness is increased and RV-PA coupling is impaired in patients with PCOS. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021; 116(4):806-811)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Diseases of the Endocrine System</kwd>
        <kwd>Arterial Stiffness</kwd>
        <kwd>Female infertility</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesity</kwd>
        <kwd>Dyspnea</kwd>
        <kwd>Pulmonary hypertension</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is considered a multisystemic, reproductive and metabolic disease. It is the most common endocrinological disorder in women of reproductive age and its prevalence varies between 6-15% according to different diagnostic criteria. In order to clarify the diagnostic criteria of PCOS, three major consensuses have been established to date (National Institute of Health- NIH, Rotterdam and Androgen Excess Society). The presence of polycystic ovaries, menstrual irregularity, hirsutism, obesity and insulin resistance (IR) contribute to the clinical presentation of PCOS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> Women with PCOS have an adverse cardiovascular risk profile including dyslipidemia, hypertension and also endothelial dysfunction and coronary artery calcification.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> Recent studies have shown that asymptomatic impairment of left ventricular (LV) function in young women is associated with obesity and IR rather than the sex hormone disturbances associated with PCO and in another study, LV mass was found to be higher in PCOS patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Pulmonary artery stiffness (PAS) has been developed as a relatively new Doppler echocardiographic parameter to evaluate the pulmonary artery vasculature and mechanics.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> Its association with right ventricular (RV) function and ability to predict functional capacity in pulmonary hypertension has been demonstrated. PAS is increased early in pulmonary hypertension development, so studies suggest that this biomarker may be used for early disease detection.</p>
        <p>The right ventricle - pulmonary artery coupling is an indicator of pulmonary arterial compliance and its impairment is a result of reduced pulmonary artery compliance.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> Studies suggested that decreased compliance plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH) so that RV-PA coupling is clinically important, because of its association with increased mortality in patients with PAH.</p>
        <p>The aim of this study was to investigate pulmonary artery stiffness and RV-PA coupling in patients with PCOS.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study population</title>
          <p>The study cohort consisted of 104 patients recruited from the Internal Diseases policlinic of Adana City Education and Research Hospital between March 2019 and September 2019. Data on demographic characteristics, medical history and medication use were obtained and patients with coronary artery disease, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, valvular heart disease rather than mild diastolic dysfunction, diagnosis or clinical findings (snoring, excessive daytime sleepiness or witnessed apnea) of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, pulmonary artery hypertension, respiratory disease, right ventricular systolic dysfunction and poor echocardiographic imaging were excluded. Body mass index was calculated as the weight in kilograms divided by the squared height in meters. NIH criteria: clinical and/or biochemical hyperandrogenism, ovarian dysfunction (oligo-anovulation and /or polycystic ovaries) and exclusion of other causes such as Cushing syndrome, tumors etc., were used for diagnosis. The study population was asymptomatic and 77% presented with hirsutism, 32% with menstrual irregularity, 6% with acne, 6% with infertility and 6% with obesity. HFpEF (heart failure with preserved ejection fraction) score was 0 or 1 in 91% of the participants and the possibility of heart failure was low in the groups. 13 (29%) of PCOS patients were undergoing different treatments. Only one of them was using metformin. Mean disease duration was 31 months. The control group consisted of patients admitted to the polyclinic with similar symptoms but who did not meet the criteria for PCOS, of which 66% with menstrual irregularity, 20% with acne and 14% with infertility. These were due to diet, hormonal disorder and stress; fat restriction in the diet, anxiety treatment and prolactin lowering medications were administered and symptoms were relieved. The Adana City Education and Research Hospital approved the study protocol and this study was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki principles.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Echocardiography</title>
          <p>A complete transthoracic echocardiographic evaluation was performed using commercially available ultrasonographic equipment according to recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> TTE examinations included M-mode, two dimensional, Doppler flow assessments and pulsed-wave tissue Doppler imaging measurements. LV ejection fraction (LVEF), posterior wall (PW) and interventricular septal thickness (IVS) were determined. Tricuspid early and late diastolic velocities, systolic pulmonary arterial pressure, maximal pulmonary velocity were determined. Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), a measure of RV performance, was measured using m-mode analysis in the RV-focused apical four chamber view. Pulmonary artery acceleration time (PAAT), was acquired from the parasternal long axis view of the RV outflow at the level of the pulmonary valve using a published protocol for PAAT image acquisition.</p>
          <p>Pulmonary artery stiffness was assessed in the parasternal short axis view using pulsed-wave Doppler and calculated according to the following formula: the ratio of maximum flow velocity shift of pulmonary flow to pulmonary acceleration time.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref></p>
          <p>The relationship between RV contractility and RV afterload is often referred to as RV-PA coupling. Contractility refers to load independent or intrinsic cardiac function, while afterload refers to the opposition to ventricular ejection. RV- PA coupling was calculated according to the following formula: TAPSE / SPAP and when a ratio &lt;1.6 was obtained, it was characterized as impaired coupling.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref></p>
          <p>The echocardiographic measurements were performed by two blinded echocardiographers. The averages of measurements were calculated.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Laboratory analysis</title>
          <p>Laboratory analysis included routine complete blood count, biochemistry and insulin levels for both the study and control groups. Serum lipid levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and triglycerides (TG) were measured using xylidine blue with an endpoint colorimetric method. The Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated using fasting blood glucose level with fasting insulin level with at least 8-10 hours of fasting and according to following formula: fasting glucose level (mg /dL) x fasting insulin level (uIU/mL) /405. A HOMA score &#8805;2.5 was considered as positive insulin resistance.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 17 (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, Illinois, USA). The study variables were analyzed using analytical methods (Kolmogorov-Smirnov test) to determine normal distribution and were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation (mean &#177; SD) or numbers and percentages. The Mann-Whitney U test was used for the comparison of 2 groups with a non-normal distribution of variables and the chi-square test was used for the comparison of qualitative data. Comparisons of the continuous variables between groups were performed using the independent samples t-test, as appropriate, and associations between variables were carried out using Pearson &#8216;s product moment test. A two-tailed p value of less than 0.05 was considered as significant. Interobserver reproducibility was measured with Kendall's tau b correlation coefficient.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>The PCOS group's mean age was 22 &#177; 5 years, while the control group was 24 &#177; 5 years. Age and body mass index were statistically similar in the groups (p=0.329 and 0.210 respectively). The baseline demographic characteristics and laboratory parameters of the study groups are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Baseline demographic features and laboratory parameters of groups, and statistical analysis</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">PCOS group n=44 (mean &#177; SD)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Control group n=60 (mean &#177; SD)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p-value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Age, years</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">22 &#177; 5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">24 &#177; 5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.210</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">BMI, kg/ m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">24.86 &#177; 2.74</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">24.26 &#177; 2.25</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.329</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Glucose (mg/ dL)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">96.45 &#177; 12.52</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">90.16 &#177; 1.48</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.279</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Urea (mg / dL)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">20.22 &#177; 5.53</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">23.38 &#177; 3.96</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.233</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Sodium (mmol / L)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">139.25 &#177; 1.72</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">137.60 &#177; 0.52</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.114</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Potassium (mmol /L)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4.43 &#177; 0.29</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4.33 &#177; 0.14</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.568</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Calcium (mg / dL)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">9.75 &#177; 0.35</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">9.62 &#177; 0.60</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.473</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">AST (u /L)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">20.72 &#177; 5.06</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">19.88 &#177; 5.45</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.735</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">ALT (u /L)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">16.90 &#177; 9.10</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">13.02 &#177; 2.01</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.354</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">LDL (mg /dL)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">119.25 &#177; 22.81</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">111.16 &#177; 32.26</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.580</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">HDL (mg dL)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">46.13 &#177; 13.28</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">42.30 &#177; 15.46</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.317</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Triglycerides (mg /dL)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">106.30 &#177; 78.40</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">91.66 &#177; 50.63</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.757</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">WBC (10<sup>3</sup> /&#181;L)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7.60 &#177; 1.76</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">8.44 &#177; 2.79</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.318</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">HGB (g /dL)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">12.90 &#177; 0.81</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">11.85 &#177; 2.10</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.238</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">PLT (10<sup>3</sup> /&#181;L)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">277.90 &#177; 69.23</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">272.85 &#177; 33.25</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.853</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">HOMA-IR</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3.12 &#177; 2.00</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.16 &#177; .52</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.023</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>BMI: body mass index; AST: aspartate transaminase, ALT: alanine transaminase, LDL: low-density lipoprotein, HDL: high-density lipoprotein, WBC: white blood count, HGB: hemoglobin, PLT: platelets, HOMA-IR: homeostatic model for insulin resistance.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Left and right ventricular echocardiography characteristics are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 2</xref>. LV ejection fraction, interventricular septum and posterior wall thickness, tricuspid early (E) and late (A) diastolic velocities, systolic pulmonary artery pressure (SPAP) and maximum pulmonary artery velocities were similar between groups. TAPSE was lower and pulmonary acceleration time was shortened in the study group and the difference was statistically significant (p&lt;0.001 and p= 0.001, respectively).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Left and right ventricular echocardiography characteristics of the study and control groups, and statistical analysis</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">PCOS group n=44 (mean &#177; SD)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Control group n=60 (mean &#177; SD)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p-value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">LVEF (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">61.45 &#177; 5.76</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">61.00 &#177; 5.32</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.810</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">IVS (mm)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">8.85 &#177; 1.07</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">8.98 &#177; 1.24</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.633</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">PW (mm)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">8.34 &#177; 1.06</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">8.63 &#177; 1.47</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.329</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">E/E&#8217;</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">10.33 &#177; 1.57</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">10.39 &#177; 1.76</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.896</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Tricuspid E velocity (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">80.25 &#177; 12.73</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">75.81 &#177; 12.20</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.140</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Tricuspid A velocity (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">56.05 &#177; 8.33</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">56.25 &#177; 9.76</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.924</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">SPAP (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">19.04 &#177; 2.54</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">18.04 &#177; 1.74</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.064</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">AT (ms)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">159.35 &#177; 24.08</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">179.17 &#177; 22.36</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Maximum Pulmonary Velocity</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">87.38 &#177; 12.49</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">84.79 &#177; 6.21</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.299</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">TAPSE (cm)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.18 &#177; 0.30</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.58 &#177; 0.25</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">PAS</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5.58 &#177; 1.05</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4.80 &#177; 0.78</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">RV-PA coupling</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.09 &#177; 0.23</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.63 &#177; 0.31</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>PCOS: polycystic ovary syndrome; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; IVS: interventricular septal thickness; PW: posterior wall; SPAP: systolic pulmonary artery pressure; AT: Acceleration time; TAPSE: tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; PAS: pulmonary artery stiffness; RV-PA: right ventricle-pulmonary artery.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Pulmonary artery stiffness (PAS) levels were higher in the PCOS group and PAS had a significantly positive correlation with HOMA-IR (r=0.545 and p&lt;0.001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 1</xref>). Six patients (46%) with insulin resistance had higher PAS values than controls. The subgroup analysis of study patients who received treatment and those who received no treatment showed that pulmonary artery stiffness was higher in the non-treatment group (PAS= 5.15 &#177; 0.99 and 5.75 &#177; 1.02 respectively) but the difference was not statistically significant (p=0.084).</p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Correlation between HOMA-IR and PAS.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-04-0806-90762-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>RV-PA coupling was impaired in 15 (34%) of the study group with mean levels 1.09 &#177; 0.23 and p value was significant between the two groups (p&lt;0.001). Thirteen of these 15 patients were not receiving any treatment and the difference in terms of RV-PA coupling values between the subgroups, treated or nontreated, was also statistically significant. RV-PA coupling (mean &#177; SD) = 1.20 &#177; 0.22 for the treated group and 1.05 &#177; 0.22 for nontreated group. The p value was 0,048.</p>
        <p>Kendall's tau b was 0.961 for PAS and 0.790 for RV-PA coupling.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>It is well known that the risk of cardiovascular diseases is elevated in patients with PCOS due to increased insulin resistance and impaired glucose tolerance. Previously reported findings about insulin metabolism and resistance provide new clues in the treatment of PCOS and related complications.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref></p>
        <p>The clinical manifestations of insulin resistance are; HT, dyslipidemia and type 2 DM. Asymptomatic effects are endothelial dysfunction, procoagulant status, proinflammatory condition and smooth muscle cell proliferation. Ergun et al. found that patients with metabolic syndrome had higher aortic stiffness values than controls. The mechanism that shows how insulin resistance increases stiffness may be explained by its asymptomatic effects.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Wang et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> reported in the CARDIA women's study that polycystic ovary syndrome is associated with higher left ventricular mass index and in another study, distinct abnormalities in both cardiovascular and metabolic features in PCOS were observed at an early age.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> These differences are reflected by an increased pulse pressure and a higher left ventricular end-diastolic but a lower tissue Doppler imaging of the right wall in systole. The results could indicate that women with PCOS already have subtle arterial dysfunction, which could lead to atherosclerosis in later life.</p>
        <p>Pulmonary arterial stiffness and abnormal flow hemodynamics in pulmonary arterial hypertension are strongly associated with elevated right ventricular afterload and associated with disease severity and poor clinical outcomes in adults with PAH.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref> RV-PA coupling can describe RV compensation in pulmonary hypertension and also in left-sided cardiac conditions and its importance has risen alongside increasing recognition of the pivotal role that RV plays in many cardiopulmonary conditions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref></p>
        <p>We found that pulmonary artery stiffness, an indicator of pulmonary artery vasculature, was increased in PCOS and also associated with higher levels of HOMA-IR. RV-PA coupling, an indicator of pulmonary arterial compliance that has an important role in the pathogenesis of pulmonary arterial hypertension, is impaired in this patient group. This study is the first to evaluate pulmonary artery stiffness and RV-PA coupling in PCOS patients.</p>
        <p>Considering all these complications and events, it has been shown in many previous studies and meta-analyses that the underlying pathology is insulin resistance. Although studies on the left ventricular and coronary artery disease are in the majority, pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular dysfunction have a significant place in mortality and establishes severe limitations for the patients&#8217; quality of life. PCOS patients should be informed about cardiac risk and routine cardiac examinations should be recommended.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>Our study had a few limitations. First, it was a single-center study with few participants. Another limitation of the current study was the short follow-up period. In addition, the evaluation of insulin resistance was only based on HOMA-IR. Further investigations with a longer duration and with larger groups are needed to assess the sustainability of the outcomes.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>In summary, this study is the first to provide preliminary data that PCOS patients have increased pulmonary artery stiffness and impaired RV-PA coupling.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn3">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Erratum</label>
          <p>
            <bold>April 2021 Issue, vol. 116 (4), p&#225;gs. 806-811</bold>
          </p>
          <p>In Original Article &#8220;Increased Pulmonary Arterial Stiffness and Impaired Right Ventricle-Pulmonary Artery Coupling In PCOS&#8221;, with DOI number: https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20190762, published in the Journal Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, 116(4):806-811, on page 806, corrigir o nome do autor Hilmi Sumbul para: Hilmi Erdem Sumbul.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
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  </sub-article>
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