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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">PZrYCSfzNHRtTxsTxgwLLyx</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021000500804</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200556</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200556</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Preven&#231;&#227;o da Doen&#231;a Cardiovascular na Adolesc&#234;ncia: Novos Horizontes</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5841-9432</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana Xavier e</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdades Pequeno Pr&#237;ncipe</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdades Pequeno Pr&#237;ncipe, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Mariana Xavier e Silva</bold> &#8226; Rua das Corruiras, 80 s 26. CEP <postal-code>81020-570</postal-code>, Novo Mundo, Curitiba, PR - Brasil E-mail: <email>marianaxaviermx@gmail.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>16</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>116</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>804</fpage>
      <lpage>805</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares/preven&#231;&#227;o e controle</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares/tend&#234;ncias</kwd>
        <kwd>Adolescente</kwd>
        <kwd>Aterosclerose</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Inf&#226;ncia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="15"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Atualmente sabe-se que o processo de aterosclerose tem seu despertar na inf&#226;ncia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> Dessa forma, para encolher o n&#250;mero dos eventos cardiovasculares na popula&#231;&#227;o adulta, foi preciso estabelecer estrat&#233;gias para evitar o desenvolvimento dos fatores de risco nas crian&#231;as.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> Desses, a obesidade &#233; um entre os elementos com maior responsabilidade; sua presen&#231;a e suas consequ&#234;ncias, especialmente entre adolescentes, t&#234;m sido uma realidade cada vez mais frequente nos consult&#243;rios dos cardiologistas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> Estudos v&#234;m mostrando que o &#237;ndice elevado de massa corporal significa maior probabilidade para desenvolver doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas, incluindo aterosclerose, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, diabetes melito, dislipidemia, s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica e comorbidades como apneia obstrutiva do sono.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> Esses fatores de risco, tamb&#233;m durante o crescimento e o desenvolvimento, tendem a se agrupar e atuam no favorecimento da doen&#231;a cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref></p>
    <p>O sobrepeso e a obesidade entre crian&#231;as e adolescentes preocupam, de fato. Um olhar atento mostra que, nos &#250;ltimos 20 anos, a propor&#231;&#227;o aumentou sobremaneira em v&#225;rios pa&#237;ses.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> A adolesc&#234;ncia &#233; caracterizada por mudan&#231;as significantes na composi&#231;&#227;o corporal, especialmente durante a puberdade. O acompanhamento e o monitoramento s&#227;o fundamentais, uma vez que peso, gordura corporal e massa magra s&#227;o caracter&#237;sticas preditivas na vida adulta do desenvolvimento de fatores de risco cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> Essa faixa et&#225;ria, dentro desse panorama, apresenta risco cinco vezes maior de adiposidade excessiva no futuro, tornando-se um marcador de risco cardiometab&#243;lico aumentado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref></p>
    <p>A obesidade pode agravar outros fatores de risco. Em adolescentes, ela est&#225; associada a maiores valores de press&#227;o arterial, principalmente, sist&#243;lica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> No Brasil, os resultados do estudo ERICA mostraram que quase 1/5 da preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial em adolescentes no Brasil pode ser atribu&#237;da &#224; obesidade. Segundo esse estudo, em n&#250;meros absolutos, cerca de 200 mil adolescentes brasileiros n&#227;o teriam press&#227;o alta se n&#227;o fossem obesos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> Nas crian&#231;as, os valores da press&#227;o arterial, al&#233;m de estarem associados ao sobrepeso, tamb&#233;m se correlacionam com a distribui&#231;&#227;o de gordura corporal. Existe rela&#231;&#227;o direta entre a medida da circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura e os valores da press&#227;o arterial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref></p>
    <p>No mesmo sentido, a epidemia de obesidade infantil &#233; tamb&#233;m respons&#225;vel pela ocorr&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as que impactam o metabolismo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> As altera&#231;&#245;es temporais nos fatores de risco metab&#243;lico ocorrem na inf&#226;ncia e na adolesc&#234;ncia, anos antes do in&#237;cio dos eventos cl&#237;nicos da doen&#231;a cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> A agrega&#231;&#227;o de m&#250;ltiplos fatores de risco, tais como obesidade central, dislipidemia, hipertens&#227;o e resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina, entre outros, constitui a s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> Esta, na Pediatria, ainda &#233; mat&#233;ria controversa quanto aos seus crit&#233;rios.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> Dessa maneira, &#233; fundamental contextualizar que a puberdade &#233; uma janela de tempo sens&#237;vel para o desenvolvimento das origens fisiopatol&#243;gicas da s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica, visto que incorpora v&#225;rias altera&#231;&#245;es hormonais e corporais. Estas incluem o ac&#250;mulo de gordura e sensibilidade reduzida &#224; insulina que contribuem para o desfecho do estado inflamat&#243;rio criado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref></p>
    <p>Entendendo a obesidade, nessa popula&#231;&#227;o, inserida no ambiente de inflama&#231;&#227;o gerado, o processo de aterosclerose tem seu in&#237;cio, acelera&#231;&#227;o e progress&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> A disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial &#233; um indicador fisiopatol&#243;gico precoce e, portanto, sinaliza para o m&#233;dico que assiste o adolescente a necessidade de intervir, com o objetivo de minimizar a possibilidade do aumento da morbidade e mortalidade relacionadas aos eventos do sistema cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> Mudan&#231;as patol&#243;gicas e fisiol&#243;gicas no endot&#233;lio vascular podem existir em crian&#231;as obesas mesmo que elas ainda n&#227;o tenham desenvolvido s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica. Devido a esse motivo, a prote&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial vascular &#233; crucial e tornou-se alvo do tratamento dessa doen&#231;a.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref></p>
    <p>Entre os fatores ambientais modific&#225;veis que podem interferir no risco, o consumo da dieta obesog&#234;nica &#233; considerado um dos principais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> Contudo, outros, potencialmente plaus&#237;veis, como a curta dura&#231;&#227;o do sono, v&#234;m ganhando cada vez mais aten&#231;&#227;o nos &#250;ltimos anos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> A s&#237;ndrome da apneia obstrutiva do sono est&#225; intimamente relacionada com ganho excessivo de peso, dist&#250;rbios metab&#243;licos e cardiovasculares. Pacientes com apneia obstrutiva apresentam epis&#243;dios hip&#243;xicos recorrentes durante o sono, levando ao estresse oxidativo nos vasos sangu&#237;neos e, assim, aumentam a inflama&#231;&#227;o. Muitos pesquisadores buscam investigar se o potencial negativo dos mediadores inflamat&#243;rios poderiam levar &#224; les&#227;o vascular sendo, ent&#227;o, a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial mediada por esse processo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref></p>
    <p>Nesta edi&#231;&#227;o dos <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic>, os autores<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> investigam a associa&#231;&#227;o entre adolescentes obesos, s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica, disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e apneia obstrutiva do sono. Al&#233;m disso, houve interesse em explorar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre os dois &#250;ltimos, uma vez que altera&#231;&#227;o endotelial &#233; um marcador precoce de risco cardiovascular. O grupo formado pelos adolescentes obesos, quando comparado ao do constitu&#237;do por adolescentes eutr&#243;ficos, apresentou maior &#237;ndice de circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal, gordura corporal, press&#227;o arterial, triglicer&#237;dios e LDLc. No mesmo sentido, encontraram menor HDLc e capacidade funcional. Foi evidenciado que 35% dos adolescentes preencheram os crit&#233;rios para s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica. Outra constata&#231;&#227;o interessante foi a associa&#231;&#227;o entre disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e maiores valores tanto de circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal quanto de press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica. Nesse estudo, a presen&#231;a da apneia obstrutiva do sono n&#227;o se mostrou diferente nos dois grupos considerados. Dessa maneira, o estudo finaliza entendendo que a obesidade em adolescentes aumentou o risco para s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica e disfun&#231;&#227;o do endot&#233;lio. Valores maiores da circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal e press&#227;o sist&#243;lica sustentam esse achado. Ainda, independentemente do fator obesidade, a apneia foi observada nos dois grupos.</p>
    <p>Dessa maneira, diante do apresentado, pode-se concluir que todo o esfor&#231;o &#233; importante para a preven&#231;&#227;o das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares do adulto. Essa come&#231;a na inf&#226;ncia, com a identifica&#231;&#227;o dos fatores de risco e abordagem precoce. A inten&#231;&#227;o &#233; evitar a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial que &#233; substrato da aterosclerose. A obesidade pode preceder dist&#250;rbios metab&#243;licos futuros e est&#225; intimamente associada ao desenvolvimento de doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas e comorbidades.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Minieditorial referente ao artigo:</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Obesidade Visceral e Hipertens&#227;o Sist&#243;lica como Substratos da Disfun&#231;&#227;o Endotelial em Adolescentes Obesos</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Adolescence: New Possibilities</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5841-9432</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana Xavier e</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdades Pequeno Pr&#237;ncipe, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Mariana Xavier e Silva</bold> &#8226; Rua das Corruiras, 80 s 26. Postal Code <postal-code>81020-570</postal-code>, Novo Mundo, Curitiba, PR - Brazil E-mail: <email>marianaxaviermx@gmail.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases/prevention and control</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases/trends</kwd>
        <kwd>Adolescent</kwd>
        <kwd>Atherosclerosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Childhood</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>It is currently known that the atherosclerosis process starts in childhood.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> Thus, in order to decrease the number of cardiovascular events in the adult population, it was necessary to establish strategies aimed at preventing the development of risk factors in children.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> Of these, obesity is one of the most accountable elements. Obesity and its consequences, especially in adolescents, has been an increasingly frequent reality in cardiologists&#8217; offices.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> Studies have shown that a high body mass index means a greater probability of developing chronic diseases, including, and among them, atherosclerosis, systemic arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome and comorbidities, such as obstructive sleep apnea.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> These risk factors, also during growth and development, tend to join and act in favor of cardiovascular disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Overweight and obesity in children and adolescents are indeed a matter of concern. A close look shows that, in the last twenty years, their proportion has greatly increased in several countries.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> Adolescence is characterized by significant changes in body composition, especially during puberty. The follow-up and monitoring are essential since weight, body fat and lean mass are predictive characteristics of the development of cardiovascular risk factors in adult life.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> This age group, within this scenario, has a five-fold greater risk of excessive adiposity in the future, thus becoming a marker of increased cardiometabolic risk.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Obesity can also aggravate other risk factors. In adolescents, it is associated with higher blood pressure, especially systolic blood pressure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> In Brazil, the results of the ERICA study showed that almost 1/5 of the prevalence of hypertension in adolescents in Brazil can be attributed to obesity. According to this study, in absolute numbers, about 200,000 Brazilian adolescents would not have high blood pressure if they were not obese.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> In children, blood pressure levels, in addition to being associated with overweight, also correlate with body fat distribution. There is a direct association between waist circumference measures and blood pressure values.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Likewise, the childhood obesity epidemic is also responsible for the occurrence of diseases that impact metabolism.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> Temporary alterations in metabolic risk factors occur in childhood and adolescence, years before the onset of cardiovascular disease clinical events.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> The aggregation of multiple risk factors, such as central obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension and insulin resistance, among others, constitute the metabolic syndrome.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> This syndrome, in Pediatrics, remains a controversial matter regarding its criteria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> Therefore, it is essential to contextualize that puberty is a sensitive window of time for the development of the pathophysiological origins of the metabolic syndrome, since it incorporates several hormonal and body alterations. These include the accumulation of fat and reduced insulin sensitivity, which contribute to the outcome of the established inflammatory status.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Understanding obesity in this population, included in the generated inflammation environment, shows the process of atherosclerosis has its start, acceleration and progression.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> Endothelial dysfunction is an early pathophysiological indicator of this disease and, therefore, shows the doctor treating the adolescent that it is necessary to intervene, aiming to minimize the possibility of increased morbidity and mortality related to cardiovascular system events.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> Pathological and physiological alterations in the vascular endothelium may be found in obese children even if they have not yet developed metabolic syndrome. For this reason, the protection of vascular endothelial function is crucial and has become a target for the treatment of this disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Among the modifiable environmental factors that can interfere with risk, the consumption of the obesogenic diet is considered one of the main factors.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> However, other potentially plausible factors, such as short sleep duration, have been gaining more and more attention in recent years.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome is closely related to excessive weight gain, metabolic and cardiovascular disorders.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> Patients with obstructive apnea have recurrent hypoxic episodes during sleep, which lead to oxidative stress in the blood vessels and thus, increase inflammation. Many researchers seek to investigate whether the negative potential of inflammatory mediators could lead to vascular injury, with endothelial dysfunction then being mediated by this process.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref></p>
      <p>In this issue of the Brazilian Archives of Cardiology, the authors<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> investigate the association between obese adolescents, metabolic syndrome, endothelial dysfunction and obstructive sleep apnea. Also, there was an interest in exploring the association between the last two, since endothelial alteration is an early marker of cardiovascular risk. The group comprised by obese adolescents, when compared to the group comprised by adolescents with normal weight, showed a higher abdominal circumference index, body fat, blood pressure, triglycerides and LDLc. Hence, they found lower HDLc levels and functional capacity. It was demonstrated that 35% of the adolescents met the criteria for metabolic syndrome. Another interesting finding was the association between endothelial dysfunction and higher values for both abdominal circumference and systolic blood pressure. In this study, the presence of obstructive sleep apnea was not different between the two assessed groups. Consequently, the study ends by assuming that obesity in adolescents increased the risk for metabolic syndrome and endothelial dysfunction. Higher values of abdominal circumference and systolic blood pressure levels support this finding. However, regardless of the obesity factor, apnea was observed in both groups.</p>
      <p>Thus, in view of the presented facts, it can be concluded that every effort is important in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases in adults. That begins in childhood, with the identification of risk factors and early approach. The intention is to prevent endothelial dysfunction, which is an atherosclerosis substrate. Obesity can precede future metabolic disorders and is closely associated with the development of chronic diseases and comorbidities.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>
            <bold>Short Editorial related to the article:</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Visceral Obesity and High Systolic Blood Pressure as the Substrate of Endothelial Dysfunction in Obese Adolescents</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
