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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">DHy4XTgyPP8tRHDTNnw4R3p</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021000500795</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20190541</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190541</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Obesidade Visceral e Hipertens&#227;o Sist&#243;lica como Substratos da Disfun&#231;&#227;o Endotelial em Adolescentes Obesos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6900-5959</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Hussid</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Fernanda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1544-3499</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cepeda</surname>
            <given-names>Felipe Xerez</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jord&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Camila P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes-Vicente</surname>
            <given-names>Rafaela R. P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Virmondes</surname>
            <given-names>Leslie</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Katayama</surname>
            <given-names>Keyla Y.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Ezequiel F. de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3852-9415</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Luis V. F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Consolim-Colombo</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda Marciano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9651-5372</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Trombetta</surname>
            <given-names>Ivani Credidio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Nove de Julho</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil.</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor), Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil.</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Universit&#225;rio de An&#225;polis</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">An&#225;polis</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Centro Universit&#225;rio de An&#225;polis (UniEvang&#233;lica), An&#225;polis, GO - Brasil.</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Ivani Credidio Trombetta</bold> &#8226; Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE) - Rua Vergueiro, 235/249. CEP <postal-code>01504-001</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>ivani.trombetta@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos Autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Hussid MF, Cepeda FX, Consolim-Colombo FM, Trombetta IC; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Jord&#227;o CP, Lopes-Vicente RRP, Virmondes L, Katayama KY, Oliveira EF, Oliveira LVF; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Hussid MF, Cepeda FX, Oliveira LVF, Trombetta IC; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Hussid MF, Cepeda FX, Trombetta IC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>16</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>116</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>795</fpage>
      <lpage>803</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A obesidade afeta a adolesc&#234;ncia, podendo levar &#224; s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica (SM) e disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, um marcador precoce de risco cardiovascular. Apesar de a obesidade ser fortemente associada &#224; s&#237;ndrome da apneia obstrutiva do sono (SAOS), ainda n&#227;o est&#225; claro o papel da SAOS na fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial em adolescentes obesos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Investigar se a obesidade durante a adolesc&#234;ncia leva &#224; SM e/ou SAOS e causa disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial nesses indiv&#237;duos. Al&#233;m disso, estudamos a poss&#237;vel associa&#231;&#227;o dos fatores de risco para SM e do &#237;ndice de apneia e hipopneia (IAH) com disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudamos 20 adolescentes obesos sedent&#225;rios (AO; 14,2&#177;1,6 anos, 100,9&#177;20,3kg), e 10 adolescentes eutr&#243;ficos (AE, 15,2&#177;1,2 anos, 54,4&#177;5,3kg) pareados por sexo. Avaliamos os fatores de risco para SM (crit&#233;rios da Federa&#231;&#227;o Internacional de Diabetes), fun&#231;&#227;o vascular (dilata&#231;&#227;o mediada pelo fluxo, DMF), capacidade funcional (VO<sup>2</sup>pico) e presen&#231;a de SAOS (IAH &gt; 1 evento/hora, pela polissonografia). Consideramos um p&lt;0,05 como estatisticamente significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>AO apresentaram maior circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura (CC), gordura corporal, triglicer&#237;deos, press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) e diast&#243;lica (PAD), maiores n&#237;veis de LDL e menores HDL e VO<sup>2</sup>pico em compara&#231;&#227;o a AE. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a no IAH entre os grupos. AO apresentaram menor DMF que AE (6,17&#177;2,72 vs. 9,37&#177;2,20%, p=0,005). Observou-se uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre DMF e CC (R=-0,506, p=0,008) e entre DMF e PAS (R=-0,493, p=0,006).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Em adolescentes, a obesidade associou-se &#224; SM e causou disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial. CC e PAS aumentadas poderiam estar envolvidas nessa altera&#231;&#227;o. SAOS foi detectada na maioria dos adolescentes independentemente de obesidade. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021; 116(4):795-803)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Adolescente</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesidade</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Diabetes</kwd>
        <kwd>Circunfer&#234;ncia da Cintura</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome da Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono</kwd>
        <kwd>Endot&#233;lio</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPESP</funding-source>
          <award-id>2015 / 03274-0</award-id>
          <award-id>2016 / 16831-7</award-id>
          <award-id>15/11738-6</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa (CNPq)</funding-source>
          <award-id>302809 / 2018-0</award-id>
          <award-id>313053/2014-6</award-id>
        </award-group>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="36"/>
        <page-count count="9"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A obesidade tem aumentado rapidamente em todo o mundo e &#233; considerada um fator de risco para doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas n&#227;o transmiss&#237;veis. Crian&#231;as e adolescentes t&#234;m sido seriamente impactados por essa tend&#234;ncia, particularmente em pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento, segundo a Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de (OMS).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> Ao avaliar o estado nutricional de escolares com idade entre 13 e 17 anos por meio do &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC), observa-se que 23,7% da popula&#231;&#227;o do sexo masculino encontra-se com sobrepeso, e 8,3% s&#227;o obesos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> A preocupa&#231;&#227;o da elevada preval&#234;ncia de obesidade em crian&#231;as e adolescentes baseia-se no fato dessa condi&#231;&#227;o ser um poss&#237;vel preditor de obesidade na fase adulta, levando a um risco aumentado de doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas, tais como diabetes tipo 2, s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica (SM) e doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref></p>
      <p>De fato, est&#225; claro na literatura que a obesidade est&#225; positivamente associada com a incid&#234;ncia de SM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> Estudos realizados com adolescentes na puberdade mostraram uma preval&#234;ncia de SM variando de 25 a 30%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> Nesse estudo, os autores encontraram que a circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura (CC) foi um preditor de SM, com um aumento de 11% no risco de SM a cada 1 cm de incremento na circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref></p>
      <p>J&#225; est&#225; bem estabelecido que o marcador mais precoce de aterosclerose &#233; disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> a qual pode ser encontrada tanto na hipertens&#227;o como na aterosclerose. A disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial tamb&#233;m est&#225; envolvida em processos fisiol&#243;gicos e patol&#243;gicos, incluindo inflama&#231;&#227;o, resist&#234;ncia insul&#237;nica e obesidade, entre outras doen&#231;as.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref></p>
      <p>A dilata&#231;&#227;o mediada pelo fluxo (DMF) na ultrassonografia &#233; um m&#233;todo amplamente utilizado para avaliar fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, o que pode ser um preditor de eventos cardiovasculares tanto em indiv&#237;duos assintom&#225;ticos como em indiv&#237;duos com DCV. Uma mudan&#231;a na DMF pode ter valor progn&#243;stico em humanos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref></p>
      <p>As doen&#231;as respirat&#243;rias do sono est&#227;o entre as consequ&#234;ncias da obesidade, incluindo a s&#237;ndrome da apneia obstrutiva do sono (SAOS). A SAOS &#233; o dist&#250;rbio respirat&#243;rio do sono mais comum, com uma preval&#234;ncia de 1 a 4% na inf&#226;ncia, com pico na faixa et&#225;ria de 2 a 8 anos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> Em crian&#231;as obesas, essa porcentagem pode atingir 36%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> A SAOS tem sido correlacionada com obesidade, promovendo um ambiente de inflama&#231;&#227;o moderada e cr&#244;nica. Pacientes com SAOS apresentam epis&#243;dios de hip&#243;xia e despertares recorrentes durante o sono devido &#224; atividade aumentada do sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> Trombetta et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> encontraram que pacientes com SM e SAOS apresentavam maiores n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;queles com SM e sem SAOS. Atividade simp&#225;tica aumentada e disfun&#231;&#227;o do barorreflexo foram observadas nesses pacientes com SAOS associada &#224; SM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> A associa&#231;&#227;o entre obesidade e SAOS poderia aumentar o risco de disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref></p>
      <p>No presente estudo, adolescentes obesos foram comparados com adolescentes eutr&#243;ficos quanto &#224; antropometria, composi&#231;&#227;o corporal, par&#226;metros bioqu&#237;micos e reatividade vascular, e apneia do sono. Nosso objetivo foi investigar se a obesidade durante a adolesc&#234;ncia: 1) leva &#224; SM e/ou SAOS; e 2) causa disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial. Al&#233;m disso, estudamos a poss&#237;vel associa&#231;&#227;o da SM ou o &#237;ndice de apneia-hipopneia (IAH) com a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Comit&#234; de &#201;tica</title>
        <p>O estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica em pesquisa da Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE) sob n&#250;mero 973.013, CAAE: 41899215.0.0000.5511. Os pais ou respons&#225;veis dos adolescentes foram informados sobre os procedimentos do estudo e deram consentimento informado por escrito. Os adolescentes tamb&#233;m foram informados sobre todos os procedimentos e deram consentimento por escrito.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Sujeitos</title>
        <p>Este foi um estudo transversal. Adolescentes com idade entre 12 e 17 anos atendidos no ambulat&#243;rio da UNINOVE foram convidados para participarem no estudo de acordo com os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e de exclus&#227;o. Inclu&#237;mos no estudo adolescentes p&#243;s-p&#250;beres segundo classifica&#231;&#227;o de Tanner (M4 para meninas ou menarca, e G4 para meninos),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> eutr&#243;ficos ou obesos, sedent&#225;rios, sem tratamento diet&#233;tico ou medicamentoso para obesidade, com ou sem SM. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram adolescentes que n&#227;o se encontravam no est&#225;gio p&#243;s-p&#250;bere, com sobrepeso, e aqueles com suspeita ou diagn&#243;stico confirmado de alguma s&#237;ndrome gen&#233;tica ou dist&#250;rbio neuroend&#243;crino, tais como hipotiroidismo descontrolado e diabetes tipo 1. Pacientes com dist&#250;rbios alimentares (anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, ou dist&#250;rbio alimentar n&#227;o espec&#237;fico) tamb&#233;m foram exclu&#237;dos. Um total de 20 adolescentes obesos (AO) e 10 adolescentes eutr&#243;ficos (AE) foram estudados.</p>
        <p>O diagn&#243;stico de SM foi estabelecido utilizando os crit&#233;rios da Federa&#231;&#227;o Internacional de Diabetes (IDF,<italic>International Diabetes Federation</italic>). Obesidade central foi definida como CC&#8805;94 cm para homens e &#8805;80 cm para mulheres), combinada com dois destes quatro crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos: (1) lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL) &lt; 40mg/dL (&lt;1,03 mmol/L) em homens e &lt;50 mg/dL (1,29mmol/L) em mulheres; (2) glicemia de jejum &#8805;100mg/dL (&#8805;5,6 mmol/L); (3) triglicer&#237;deos de jejum (TG) &#8805; 150 mg/dL (&gt;1,69 mmol/L); e (4) press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) &#8805;130 e diast&#243;lica (PAD) &#8805;85 mmHg.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Medidas</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Medidas Antropom&#233;tricas e Composi&#231;&#227;o Corporal</title>
          <p>Foram avaliados peso e altura, e em seguida calculado o IMC. O IMC foi expresso em escore padr&#227;o (escore-z); peso normal foi definido como um z-score entre &#8722;2 e +1; sobrepeso como um z-score entre +1 e +2; e obesidade como &gt;+2. A avalia&#231;&#227;o da composi&#231;&#227;o corporal foi realizada por an&#225;lise de bioimped&#226;ncia el&#233;trica (RJL, Quantum II model, Clinton Twp, Mi, EUA). A CC e a circunfer&#234;ncia do pesco&#231;o (CP) foram medidas conforme descrito anteriormente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Press&#227;o Arterial</title>
          <p>PAS e PAD foram medidas utilizando-se manguito de tamanho apropriado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise S&#233;rica</title>
          <p>As amostras de sangue foram coletadas pela manh&#227; ap&#243;s 12 horas de jejum. Foram determinadas concentra&#231;&#245;es de glicose, TG, colesterol total, HDL-colesterol, lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL-colesterol), raz&#227;o TG/HDL-c e raz&#227;o LDL-c/HDL-c.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Polissonografia Noturna</title>
        <p>Foi realizada polissonografia de noite inteira (monitoramento padr&#227;o &#8211; n&#237;vel 1) utilizando-se um sistema de an&#225;lise ambulatorial do sono (Embla Somnologica Studio - EMBLA A10, vers&#227;o 3.1.2.; Flagahf Medical Devices, Iceland), conforme descrito anteriormente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref> Uma vez que havia adolescentes com idade de 12 anos no estudo, escolhemos os crit&#233;rios de classifica&#231;&#227;o da AASM (<italic>American Academy of Sleep Medicine</italic>) para SAOS em crian&#231;as.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref> SAOS foi definida como um IAH&gt;1 evento/hora; um IAH&#8805;1-4,99 foi considerado SAOS leve; um IAH de 5 a 9,99 foi considerado SAOS moderado, e um IAH &#8805;10 SAOS grave.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Em crian&#231;as, uma apneia &#233; pontuada quando o pico do sinal cai &#8805; 90% da linha de base pr&#233;-evento. A hipoventila&#231;&#227;o &#233; pontuada quando o CO<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> arterial (ou substituto) &#233;&gt; 50 mm Hg por&gt; 25% do tempo total de sono. O IAH &#233; a soma do n&#250;mero total de eventos respirat&#243;rios (apneias mais hipopneias) por hora de sono. O &#237;ndice de despertar foi definido como o n&#250;mero m&#233;dio de despertares por hora de sono. A dessatura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio (nadir de SaO<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref>) foi definida como a menor satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio da hemoglobina registrada por oximetria de pulso.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Teste de Esfor&#231;o Cardiopulmonar (TECP)</title>
        <p>O TECP foi realizado em uma esteira conectada a um sistema composto de um m&#243;dulo de an&#225;lise de g&#225;s, acoplado a um analisador de onda/m&#243;dulo de fluxo, com medida a cada respira&#231;&#227;o (<italic>breath-by-breath mode</italic>) (BreezeCardiO2 System microcomputer; Medical Graphics Corporation-MGC, St. Paul, Mo, EUA), com protocolo de rampa. O TEPC permite medir a capacidade funcional (VO<sup>2</sup> pico) como o VO<sup>2</sup> m&#225;ximo alcan&#231;ado ao final do teste.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Hiperemia Reativa</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Dilata&#231;&#227;o Mediada pelo Fluxo (DMF)</title>
          <p>A DMF foi realizada por ultrassom vascular de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o (Vivid i, GE Medical Systems, Tirat Carmel, Israel), medindo-se a dilata&#231;&#227;o do vaso (dilata&#231;&#227;o dependente do endot&#233;lio) da art&#233;ria braquial, como descrito anteriormente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref> Em resumo, os participantes deitaram-se em repouso por pelo menos 10 minutos, e o primeiro registro em repouso foi realizado. Em seguida, um fluxo aumentado foi induzido utilizando um esfigmoman&#244;metro, com manguito colocado distalmente &#224; art&#233;ria braquial no antebra&#231;o, insuflado at&#233; uma press&#227;o superior &#224; press&#227;o sist&#243;lica (aproximadamente 20-30 mmHg) durante 5 minutos. O manguito foi desinflado, e foram registrados o fluxo e a dilata&#231;&#227;o do vaso, representada pela tens&#227;o de cisalhamento. A diferen&#231;a entre o di&#226;metro basal e o di&#226;metro ap&#243;s a dilata&#231;&#227;o foi avaliada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>&#205;ndice de Hiperemia Reativa (IHR) por Tonometria Arterial Perif&#233;rica</title>
          <p>A fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial foi avaliada pela medida do IHR por tonometria arterial perif&#233;rica (Endo-PAT2000; Itamar Medical, Cesareia, Israel) conforme descrito anteriormente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref> Esse m&#233;todo avalia a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial microvascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref></p>
          <p>Para avalia&#231;&#227;o tanto da DMF como do IHR, os adolescentes foram orientados a fazerem jejum de 4 a 6 horas, e evitarem consumo de cafe&#237;na, chocolate, alimentos gordurosos, e praticarem exerc&#237;cio no dia do exame.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada usando o programa SPSS20 Statistics (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, EUA). O tamanho da amostra foi calculado pelo website <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.openepi.com">http://www.openepi.com</ext-link>. Levamos em considera&#231;&#227;o um poder de 80%, com erro tipo 1 de 0,05 (bicaudal). Usamos vari&#225;veis da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial (IHR e DMF) como desfecho prim&#225;rio. N&#243;s escolhemos o maior n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos, 30 adolescentes para o estudo. A normalidade das amostras foi testada pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. As vari&#225;veis param&#233;tricas foram expressas em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP) e vari&#225;veis n&#227;o param&#233;tricas foram expressas em mediana e intervalo interquartil. Os dados categ&#243;ricos foram descritos em valores absolutos e porcentagem da amostra total. As vari&#225;veis param&#233;tricas dos grupos de AO e AE foram comparadas pelo teste t de Student independente e as vari&#225;veis n&#227;o param&#233;tricas foram comparadas pelo teste de Mann-Whitney. A vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram analisadas pelo teste do qui-quadrado e a correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson usada para analisar a correla&#231;&#227;o entre vari&#225;veis de fatores de risco tais como CC e press&#227;o arterial, bem como porcentagem da DMF. Valores de probabilidade menores que p&lt;0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Inicialmente recrutamos 56 adolescentes, 26 deles foram exclu&#237;dos &#8211; nove eram classificados como escala de Tanner I, II ou III; cinco estavam em sobrepeso; cinco apresentavam dist&#250;rbios end&#243;crinos; um usava medicamento e seis recusaram a participar do estudo. Nossa amostra final foi composta de 30 adolescentes. Assim, estudamos 20 AO (10 do sexo masculino) e 10 AE (5 do sexo masculino) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>). Sete adolescentes do grupo AO apresentavam SM (35%) e nenhum AE apresentava SM (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Fluxograma de inclus&#227;o dos participantes no estudo; AO: adolescentes obesos; AE: adolescentes eutr&#243;ficos.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-04-0795-90541-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figura 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Porcentagem de s&#237;ndrome da apneia obstrutiva do sono (SAOS) e s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica (SM) em adolescentes obesos (AO) e adolescentes eutr&#243;ficos (AE).</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-04-0795-90541-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>, descrevamos as medidas antropom&#233;tricas e de composi&#231;&#227;o corporal dos participantes. Ambos os grupos foram similares na distribui&#231;&#227;o de sexo e de idade. Como esperado, AO apresentavam maior peso corporal, IMC, CP e CC. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; composi&#231;&#227;o corporal, observou-se menor porcentagem de &#225;gua corporal e massa magra e maior massa gorda no grupo de AO.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Dados antropom&#233;tricos e de composi&#231;&#227;o corporal em adolescentes obesos e eutr&#243;ficos</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="25%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">AO (n=20)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">AE (n=10)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Sexo (M/F)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">10/10</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">5/5</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Idade (anos)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">14,2&#177;1,6</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">15,2&#177;1,2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,075</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Peso (kg)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">100,1&#177;20,3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">54,4&#177;5,3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Altura (m)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,67&#177;0,08</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,65&#177;0,6</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,760</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">IMC (kg/m&#178;)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">35,9&#177;6,2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">19,9&#177;1,8</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">CP (cm)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">38,3&#177;3,6</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">31,9&#177;1,8</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">CC (cm)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">107,9 [100-114,5]</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">67,5 [66,4-73,7]</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">&#193;gua corporal (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">45,4&#177;3,8</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">56,5&#177;4,6</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Gordura corporal (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">38&#177;5,2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">22,9&#177;6,3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Massa magra (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">62&#177;5,2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">77,1&#177;6,3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>Dados param&#233;tricos apresentados em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o. Dados n&#227;o param&#233;tricos apresentados em mediana e intervalo interquartil. AO: adolescentes obesos; AE: adolescentes eutr&#243;ficos; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; CP: circunfer&#234;ncia do pesco&#231;o; CC: circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Dados sobre fatores de risco cardiovasculares nos grupos AO e AE s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a nos n&#237;veis de HDL ou de glicemia entre os grupos. Em compara&#231;&#227;o aos AE, os AO apresentaram maior PAS e maior PAD, al&#233;m de n&#237;veis maiores de TG. LDL-c, TG/HDL-c, colesterol n&#227;o HDL, LDL/HDL-c, e colesterol total. No TECP, o grupo de AO apresentou menor VO<sup>2</sup>pico em compara&#231;&#227;o aos AE. Resultados da polissonografia revelaram que um O<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> m&#237;nimo mais baixo AO em compara&#231;&#227;o a AE. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a no &#237;ndice de despertares ou no IAH entre os grupos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>). No entanto, a maioria dos adolescentes do grupo AO (86,6%) e 50% dos AE apresentaram IAH &#8805;1 evento/h (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Tabela 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Fatores de risco cardiovascular em adolescentes obesos e eutr&#243;ficos</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="25%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">OA (n=20)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">EA (n=10)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">PAS (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">120 [110-127,5]</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">110 [100-110]</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">PAD (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">75 [70-80]</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">65 [60-70]</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,005</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Glicemia (mg/mL)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">84,9&#177;5,4</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">89,3 &#177;7,2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,140</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">TG (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">120,5&#177;48,3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">71,1&#177;28,8</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,020</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">HDL-c (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">41,2&#177;7,7</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">48,4 &#177;10,7</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,079</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">TG/HDL-c ratio</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3,1&#177;1,6</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,6&#177;1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,011</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">LDL-c (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">97,5&#177;25,7</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">69,9&#177;22,2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,015</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">nHDL-c (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">121,5&#177;27,5</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">83,2&#177;26,2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,004</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">LDL/HDL-c radio</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,4&#177;0,8</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,6&#177;0,7</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,007</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Colesterol total (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">162,7&#177;28,7</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">132,5&#177;24,1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,016</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="4">
                <bold>Polissonografia de noite inteira</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">IAH (events/h)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">5,6&#177;3,8</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3,1&#177;3,4</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,121</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">O<sup>2</sup> Sat m&#237;nimo (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">90 [81-90]</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">92,5 [88,5-93]</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,026</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">&#205;ndice de despertares</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">50,6&#177;18,1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">50&#177;9,3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,943</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="4">
                <bold>Teste de esfor&#231;o cardiopulmonar</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">VO<sup>2</sup>pico (mL/kg/min)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">30,6&#177;7,7</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">23,4&#177;5,9</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,022</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>Dados param&#233;tricos apresentados em m&#233;dia &#177; DP. Dados n&#227;o param&#233;tricos expressos em mediana e intervalo interquartil. AO: adolescentes obesos; AE: adolescentes eutr&#243;ficos; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; TG: triglicer&#237;deos; HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref>, apresentamos a preval&#234;ncia dos fatores de risco para SM segundo a IDF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> Na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4A</xref>, apresentamos as an&#225;lises da DMF. Em um participante do grupo AO, foi detectada bifurca&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria braquial, e decidimos excluir esse dado das an&#225;lises. As an&#225;lises da DMF mostraram que os AO reatividade vascular mais baixa das grandes art&#233;rias em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo AE (6,17&#177;2,72% vs. 9,37&#177;2,20%, p=0,005). Diante disso, exploramos a associa&#231;&#227;o entre DFM e os fatores de risco para SM, e encontramos uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre CC e DMF (R=-0,506, p=0,008; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4B</xref>), e entre PAS e DMF (R=-0,493, p=0,006; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura C</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f3">
        <label>Figura 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Porcentagem de fatores de risco para s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica (SM) em adolescentes obesos; CC: circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura; TG: triglicer&#237;deos; HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-04-0795-90541-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      <fig id="f4">
        <label>Figura 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Hiperemia reativa por dilata&#231;&#227;o mediada pelo fluxo (DMF) (A); coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o entre DMF e circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura (CC) (B); e coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o entre DMF e press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) em adolescentes obesos (AO) e adolescentes eutr&#243;ficos (AE) (C). * p&lt;0,005.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-04-0795-90541-gf04.tif"/></fig>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O principal achado do presente estudo &#233; o fato de que AO apresentam disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, indicada por uma reatividade vascular reduzida. Al&#233;m disso, com base nas an&#225;lises de correla&#231;&#227;o, podemos sugerir que a CC e os n&#237;veis de PAS podem ser preditores desta disfun&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>A obesidade e a SM aumentam o risco de disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, e a SAOS contribui para esse agravamento. Contudo, apesar da alta preval&#234;ncia de SAOS em AO, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as na presen&#231;a de SAOS e de IAH entre os grupos estudados. Podemos sugerir que, em adolescentes, outros fatores al&#233;m da obesidade, tais como rinite al&#233;rgica, asma e hipertrofia adenotonsilar, possam contribuir com a SAOS. Esses achados foram encontrados em outros estudos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref> Assim, no presente estudo, a DMF deficiente n&#227;o esteve associada &#224; SAOS, e a presen&#231;a de SAOS n&#227;o p&#244;de ser atribu&#237;da &#224; obesidade ou &#224; SM. N&#243;s especulamos que a SM potencializou a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial no grupo de AO, uma vez que 35% dos pacientes obesos na nossa amostra apresentaram SM.</p>
      <p>A aterosclerose e as manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas da DCV originam-se na inf&#226;ncia,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30"><sup>30</sup></xref> e sua detec&#231;&#227;o precoce &#233; muito importante para sua preven&#231;&#227;o. A disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial &#233; considerada um sinal precoce de aterosclerose em crian&#231;as com fatores de risco para DCV, e pode ser revertida por interven&#231;&#245;es que visam diminuir o risco cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30"><sup>30</sup></xref></p>
      <p>A DMF com hiperemia reativa &#233; um m&#233;todo n&#227;o invasivo que avalia a vasodilata&#231;&#227;o dependente de endot&#233;lio, mediada por &#243;xido n&#237;trico (NO), e &#233; um m&#233;todo diagn&#243;stico adequado para o grupo et&#225;rio estudado. Uma meta-an&#225;lise identificou que um aumento em 1% na DMF aumenta o risco futuro de eventos cardiovasculares em 13%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> H&#225; evid&#234;ncia de que crian&#231;as e adolescentes obesos apresentam menor complac&#234;ncia e distensibilidade vascular em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;queles com peso normal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> Tal fato poderia explicar os n&#237;veis mais elevados de press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea nos AO.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"><sup>31</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Um estudo conduzido com adultos relatou uma DMF de 9,4% &#177; 4,7%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32"><sup>32</sup></xref> Uma meta-an&#225;lise de Dias et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> identificou uma DMF de 6,0% &#177; 0,69% em adolescentes obesos, em compara&#231;&#227;o a 12,32% &#177; 3,14% em adolescentes eutr&#243;ficos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> Esse dado corrobora nossos achados, que mostraram uma reatividade vascular reduzida em AO em compara&#231;&#227;o a AE (6,17 &#177; 2,72% e 9,37 &#177; 2,20%, respectivamente).</p>
      <p>A DMF &#233; uma medida indireta da biodisponibilidade do NO,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32"><sup>32</sup></xref> uma vez que ela estimula um meio isqu&#234;mico e, em seguida, vasodilata&#231;&#227;o. A oclus&#227;o dos vasos leva &#224; libera&#231;&#227;o de adenosina, fator hiperpolarizante derivado do endot&#233;lio, &#237;ons de hidrog&#234;nio, entre outras subst&#226;ncias, com o objetivo de restaurar a perfus&#227;o sangu&#237;nea via dilata&#231;&#227;o da microcircula&#231;&#227;o. Neste m&#233;todo, quando o manguito &#233; esvaziado, a circula&#231;&#227;o &#233; restaurada com aumento do aporte sangu&#237;neo para a regi&#227;o isqu&#234;mica, causando &#8220;hiperemia reativa&#8221;. A tens&#227;o de cisalhamento, causada pelo aumento do fluxo sangu&#237;neo, e sua velocidade, leva &#224; libera&#231;&#227;o de subst&#226;ncias vasodilatadoras pelo endot&#233;lio, tais como o NO, via ativa&#231;&#227;o da enzima &#243;xido n&#237;trico sintase endotelial (eNOS), e consequente relaxamento da musculatura lisa vascular e aumento no di&#226;metro arterial. Uma capacidade de relaxamento mais baixa leva &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32"><sup>32</sup></xref> Uma menor vasodilata&#231;&#227;o pode ocorrer nos meninos em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;s meninas, al&#233;m de existir uma varia&#231;&#227;o de fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial durante o ciclo menstrual.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref> Portanto, n&#243;s realizamos os exames na primeira fase do per&#237;odo menstrual. O EndoPAT&#174; foi avaliado por Radke et al. em rela&#231;&#227;o aos est&#225;gios da puberdade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33"><sup>33</sup></xref> Um IHR mais baixo foi observado na puberdade em compara&#231;&#227;o aos est&#225;gios de Tanner 4 e 5, com varia&#231;&#227;o entre 1,11 e 1,70. O ponto de corte para adultos &#233; 1,35, o que poderia ser usado para identificar os indiv&#237;duos com disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial na microcircula&#231;&#227;o. Essa t&#233;cnica foi desenvolvida para ser independente de examinador. Sabe-se que, devido &#224; localiza&#231;&#227;o do manguito a ser inflado, a vasodilata&#231;&#227;o da microcircula&#231;&#227;o obtida n&#227;o &#233; totalmente dependente de NO. Assim, enquanto o EndoPAT&#174; mede a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial da microcircula&#231;&#227;o, e DMF avalia a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial das art&#233;rias condutoras. &#201; poss&#237;vel que os resultados sejam comparativamente discrepantes, por&#233;m complementares, uma vez que os m&#233;todos avaliam sistemas diferentes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref> Nos adolescentes avaliados neste estudo, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a nesta medida entre AO e AE e, assim, n&#227;o conseguimos identificar complementariedade entre EndoPAT&#174; e DMF.</p>
      <p>Outro fator relevante no estudo foi a correla&#231;&#227;o entre CC e reatividade vascular. Uma CC aumentada &#233; um preditor de risco para DCV,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34"><sup>34</sup></xref> conhecido como &#8220;s&#237;ndrome da adiposidade visceral&#8221;.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34"><sup>34</sup></xref> Com o aumento da adiposidade visceral, ocorre um aumento nos dep&#243;sitos de gordura patog&#234;nica e piora na reatividade vascular. A distribui&#231;&#227;o da gordura visceral &#233; um fator preditivo de hipertens&#227;o, maior que o aumento generalizado em gordura. O sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico parece estar relacionado a diferentes componentes da s&#237;ndrome da adiposidade a visceral, gerando um aumento real na atividade simp&#225;tica,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34"><sup>34</sup></xref> e um risco aumentado de hipertens&#227;o nesses pacientes.</p>
      <p>Apesar de o IAH n&#227;o ter sido diferente entre os dois grupos estudados, houve uma preval&#234;ncia de 86,6% e 50% de SAOS e de 35% e 0% de SM nos grupos AO e AE, respectivamente. A maior presen&#231;a de SAOS e SM pode ter contribu&#237;do para o aumento de PAS nesse grupo, o que pode ter sido modulado por um t&#244;nus simp&#225;tico aumentado. Esse fato j&#225; foi observado por Trombetta et al., que relataram maior atividade e barorreflexo reduzido em pacientes adultos com SM associada &#224; SAOS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref></p>
      <p>No presente estudo, observamos que AO exibiram VO<sup>2</sup>pico reduzido, sugerindo um risco cardiovascular aumentado. De fato, existe forte evid&#234;ncia de que a obesidade associa-se com um pior progn&#243;stico em adolescentes com capacidade funcional reduzida e presen&#231;a de comorbidades cardiometab&#243;licas. Medidas preventivas s&#227;o necess&#225;rias nesses indiv&#237;duos com disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, estimulando a pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica e dieta saud&#225;vel visando a redu&#231;&#227;o da CC e da press&#227;o arterial.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>Nosso estudo tem v&#225;rias limita&#231;&#245;es. Primeiro, considerando que, nas meninas, existe varia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial durante o ciclo menstrual<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref> e, apesar de termos realizado o teste na primeira fase do ciclo menstrual, algumas tiveram apenas a menarca e, portanto, n&#227;o apresentavam regularidade ou conhecimento do ciclo. Segundo, uma vez que n&#227;o existe consenso sobre os crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos para SAOS em indiv&#237;duos com idade entre 13 e 18 anos, no presente estudo, similar a outros,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35"><sup>35</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36"><sup>36</sup></xref> utilizamos valores pedi&#225;tricos. Os crit&#233;rios usados para a idade de at&#233; 13 anos foram estendidos para at&#233; 18 anos, com base no manual da AASM para pontua&#231;&#227;o de sono e eventos associados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref></p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Na amostra estudada, a obesidade foi um importante fator de risco para o desenvolvimento de SM, e levou &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, a qual &#233; o ponto inicial da forma&#231;&#227;o da placa de ateroma. Al&#233;m disso, CC e PAS aumentadas s&#227;o preditoras de disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial em adolescentes. A SAOS estava presente na maioria dos adolescentes, independentemente da obesidade.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Maria Fernanda Hussid pela Universidade Nove de Julho - UNINOVE.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Os autores desejam agradecer a todos os participantes do estudo. Agradecimento especial &#224; equipe do Departamento de Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Cardiopulmonar da Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), particularmente &#224; Profa Dra. Simone Dal Corso pelo apoio log&#237;stico e aux&#237;lio com o Teste de Esfor&#231;o Cardiopulmonar (TECP)</p>
      <p>Este trabalho foi financiado pela Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil. MFH foi apoiada pela Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), FXC foi apoiado pela FAPESP (# 2015 / 03274-0 e # 2016 / 16831-7) e Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aconselhamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior (CAPES). RRPL-V, LV e KYK foram apoiadas pela Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aconselhamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior (CAPES). EFO e FMCC foram apoiados pela FAPESP (#15/11738-6 para EFO). ICT e LVFO foram apoiados pelo Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa (CNPq # 302809 / 2018-0 para ICT, CNPq #313053/2014-6 para LVFO, respectivamente). As ag&#234;ncias financiadoras n&#227;o tiveram nenhum papel no desenho do estudo, coleta e an&#225;lise de dados, decis&#227;o de publicar ou prepara&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito.</p>
    </ack>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Visceral Obesity and High Systolic Blood Pressure as the Substrate of Endothelial Dysfunction in Obese Adolescents</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6900-5959</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Hussid</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Fernanda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1544-3499</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cepeda</surname>
            <given-names>Felipe Xerez</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jord&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Camila P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes-Vicente</surname>
            <given-names>Rafaela R. P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Virmondes</surname>
            <given-names>Leslie</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Katayama</surname>
            <given-names>Keyla Y.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Ezequiel F. de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3852-9415</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Luis V. F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Consolim-Colombo</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda Marciano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9651-5372</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Trombetta</surname>
            <given-names>Ivani Credidio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil.</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor), Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil.</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">An&#225;polis</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Centro Universit&#225;rio de An&#225;polis (UniEvang&#233;lica), An&#225;polis, GO - Brazil.</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Ivani Credidio Trombetta</bold> &#8226; Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE) - Rua Vergueiro, 235/249. Postal Code <postal-code>01504-001</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: <email>ivani.trombetta@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author Contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Hussid MF, Cepeda FX, Consolim-Colombo FM, Trombetta IC; Data acquisition: Jord&#227;o CP, Lopes-Vicente RRP, Katayama KY, Oliveira EF, Oliveira LVF; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Hussid MF, Cepeda FX, Oliveira LVF, Trombetta IC; Statistical analysis, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Hussid MF, Cepeda FX, Trombetta IC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Obesity affects adolescence and may lead to metabolic syndrome (MetS) and endothelial dysfunction, an early marker of cardiovascular risk. Albeit obesity is strongly associated with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), it is not clear the role of OSA in endothelial function in adolescents with obesity.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To investigate whether obesity during adolescence leads to MetS and/or OSA; and causes endothelial dysfunction. In addition, we studied the possible association of MetS risk factors and apnea hypopnea index (AHI) with endothelial dysfunction.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>We studied 20 sedentary obese adolescents (OA; 14.2&#177;1.6 years, 100.9&#177;20.3kg), and 10 normal-weight adolescents (NWA, 15.2&#177;1.2 years, 54.4&#177;5.3kg) paired for sex. We assessed MetS risk factors (International Diabetes Federation criteria), vascular function (Flow-Mediated Dilation, FMD), functional capacity (VO<sup>2</sup>peak) and the presence of OSA (AHI&gt;1event/h, by polysomnography). We considered statistically significant a P&lt;0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>OA presented <italic>higher waist</italic> (WC), body fat, triglycerides, systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), LDL-c and lower HDL-c and VO<sup>2</sup>peak than NWA. MetS was presented in the 35% of OA, whereas OSA was present in 86.6% of OA and 50% of EA. There was no difference between groups in the AHI. The OA had lower FMD than NWA (6.17&#177;2.72 vs. 9.37&#177;2.20%, p=0.005). There was an association between FMD and WC (R=-0.506, p=0.008) and FMD and SBP (R=-0.493, p=0.006).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>In adolescents, obesity was associates with MetS and caused endothelial dysfunction. Increased WC and SBP could be involved in this alteration. OSA was observed in most adolescents, regardless of obesity. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021; 116(4):795-803)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Adolescent</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesity</kwd>
        <kwd>Metabolic Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Diabetes</kwd>
        <kwd>Waist Circumference</kwd>
        <kwd>Sleep Apnea Obstructive</kwd>
        <kwd>Endothelium</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPESP</funding-source>
          <award-id>2015/ 03274-0</award-id>
          <award-id>2016/16831-7</award-id>
          <award-id>15/11738-6</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
          <award-id>302809/2018-0</award-id>
          <award-id>313053/2014-6</award-id>
        </award-group>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Obesity has been increasing rapidly worldwide and is considered a risk factor for chronic noncommunicable diseases. Children and adolescents have been seriously impacted by this trend, particularly in developing countries, according to the World Health Organization (WHO).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> When assessing the nutritional status of school children aged 13 to 17 years, using the body mass index (BMI) for age, it was found that 23.7% of the male population is overweight, and 8.3% are obese.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> The concern about the increased prevalence of obesity in the children and adolescents lies in the fact that it may be a predictor of adult obesity, leading to increased risk of chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome (MetS) and cardiovascular diseases (CVD).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Indeed, it is clear in the literature that obesity is positively associated with incident MetS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> Studies carried in pubertal adolescents have demonstrated a prevalence of MetS ranging from 25 to 30%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> In this study they found that waist circumference (WC) was a predictor of MetS, and an 11% increase in the risk of MetS was detected for each 1 cm added to abdominal circumference.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref></p>
        <p>It is well established that the earliest marker of atherosclerosis is endothelial dysfunction,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> which may be found in both hypertension and atherosclerosis. Endothelial dysfunction is also involved in physiological and pathological processes, including inflammation, insulin resistance and obesity, among other disorders.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Flow-mediated dilation (FMD) by ultrasonography is a widely used noninvasive method to assess endothelium function, which may be a predictor of cardiovascular events in both asymptomatic and established cardiovascular disease (CVD) subjects. A change in FMD may be of prognostic value in humans.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Respiratory sleep disorders are among the many consequences of obesity, including obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSA). OSA is the most common sleep-disordered breathing syndrome, with a prevalence of 1 to 4% in childhood, which peaks at the 2 - 8year-old age group.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> In children with obesity this percentage may reach 36%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> OSA has been correlated with obesity, providing a mild and chronic inflammatory environment. Patients with OSA experience hypoxic episodes and recurrent arousals during sleep due to increased sympathetic nervous system activity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> Trombetta et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> have found that MetS and OSA patients had higher blood pressure (BP) levels than those with MetS without OSA. Increased sympathetic activity and impairment of baroreflex control were observed in these patients with OSA associated with MetS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> The association of obesity with OSA could increase the risk of endothelial dysfunction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref></p>
        <p>In the present study, obese adolescents were compared with normal-weight adolescents regarding anthropometry, body composition, biochemical parameters, vascular reactivity, and sleep apnea. Our purpose was to investigate whether obesity during adolescence: 1) leads to MetS and/or OSA; and 2) causes endothelial dysfunction. In addition, we studied the possible association of MetS risk factors or apnea hypopnea index (AHI) with endothelial dysfunction.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Ethics Committee</title>
          <p>The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Nove de Julho University (UNINOVE) under number 973.013, CAAE: 41899215.0.0000.5511. The adolescents&#8217; parents or guardians were informed about the study procedures performed and gave written informed consent. The adolescents were also informed about all the procedures performed and provided written assent.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Subjects</title>
          <p>This was a cross-sectional study. Adolescents aged between 12 to 17 years, attending the Adolescent Outpatient Clinic of Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), were invited to participate in the study according to inclusion/exclusion criteria. Were included in the study post-pubertal adolescents according to Tanner staging (M4 girls or menarche and G4 boys),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> normal-weight or obese according to WHO BMI classification (over two standard deviations for obesity) for boys and girls, physically inactive, and not under dietary or drug treatment for obesity, with or without MetS. Exclusion criteria were adolescents who were not at the post-pubertal stage, overweight, and those overweight and with suspected or confirmed genetic syndromes or neuroendocrinological disorders such as uncontrolled hypothyroidism and type 1 diabetes. Patients with eating disorder (anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, or unspecified eating disorder) were also excluded. A total of 20 obese adolescents (OA) and 10 normal-weight adolescents (NWA) were studied.</p>
          <p>The International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria were used for diagnosis of MetS. Central obesity was defined as WC &#8805;94cm for men and &#8805;80 cm for women, plus two of these four diagnostic criteria: (1) high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) &lt;40 mg/dL (&lt;1.03 mmol/L) in men and &lt;50 mg/dL (&lt;1.29 mmol/L) in women; (2) fasting glucose level &#8805;l00 mg/dL (&#8805;5.6 mmol/L); (3) fasting triglyceride level (TG) &#8805;150 mg/dL (&gt;1.69 mmol/L); and (4) systolic blood pressure (SBP) &#8805;130 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) &#8805; 85 mmHg.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Measures</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Anthropometric Measurements and Body Composition</title>
            <p>Weight and height were assessed, and body mass index (BMI) was calculated. BMI was expressed as standard deviation scores (Z-score); normal weight was defined as a z-score between &#8722;2 and +1; overweight was defined as a z-score between +1 and +2; and obesity &gt;+2. Assessment of body composition was performed by bioelectrical impedance analysis (RJL, Quantum II model, Clinton Twp, Mi, USA). WC and neck circumference (NC) were measured as previously described.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref></p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Blood Pressure</title>
            <p>SBP and DBP were measured with appropriate cuff size.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref></p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Serum Analysis</title>
            <p>Blood samples were collected after a 12-hour overnight fast. Concentrations of glucose, TG, total cholesterol, HDL-c, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-c), TG/HDL-c ratio and LDL-c/HDL-c ratio were determined.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Nocturnal Polysomnography</title>
          <p>A whole-night polysomnography (standard monitoring - level 1) was performed using an ambulatory sleep analysis system (Embla Somnologica Studio - EMBLA A10, version 3.1.2.; Flagahf Medical Devices, Iceland), as previously described.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref> As there were 12-year-old adolescents in the study, we used the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) criteria for OSA classification for children.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref> The OSA was defined as an AHI &gt;1 event/hour; an AHI &#8805;1-4.99 was considered mild OSA; an AHI of 5-9.99 was considered moderate OSA; and AHI &#8805;10 severe OSA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref></p>
          <p>In children an apnea is scored when peak signal excursions drop by &#8805; 90% of pre-event baseline. Hypoventilation is scored when the arterial CO<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> (or surrogate) is &gt; 50 mm Hg for &gt; 25% of total sleep time. The AHI was calculated as the total number of respiratory events (apneas plus hypopneas) per hour of sleep. The arousal index was defined as the average number of arousals per hour of sleep. Oxygen desaturation (SaO<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> nadir) was defined as the lowest hemoglobin oxygen saturation recorded by pulse oximetry.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing (CPET)</title>
          <p>CPET was performed on a treadmill, connected to a system composed of a gas analysis module, coupled to a flow module / wave analyzer in a breath-by-breath mode (BreezeCardiO2 System microcomputer; Medical Graphics Corporation-MGC, St. Paul, Mo, USA) and using a ramp protocol. The CPET allow to measure the functional capacity (VO<sup>2</sup>peak) as maximum VO<sup>2</sup> attained at the end of the test.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Reactive Hyperemia</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Flow-Mediated Dilation (FMD)</title>
            <p>FMD was performed with high-resolution vascular ultrasound (Vivid i, GE Medical Systems, Tirat Carmel, Israel), by measuring the vessel dilation (endothelium-dependent dilation) of the brachial artery, as previously described.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref> Briefly, subjects lay at rest for at least 10 minutes and a first resting scan was recorded. Then, an increased flow was induced by inflation of a sphygmomanometer cuff, located distally to the brachial artery in the forearm, to supra-systolic pressure (about 20 to 30 mmHg) for 5 minutes. The cuff was emptied and the flow and dilatation of the vessel, provided by the shear stress, was recorded. The difference between the basal diameter and the diameter after dilation was evaluated.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Reactive Hyperemia Index (RHI) by Peripheral Arterial Tonometry</title>
            <p>Endothelial function was assessed by measuring the RHI by peripheral arterial tonometry (Endo-PAT2000; Itamar Medical, Caesarea, Israel) as previously described.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref> This method evaluates microvascular endothelial function.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref></p>
            <p>For assessment of both FMD and RHI, adolescents were instructed to fast for 4 to 6 hours, and to refrain from caffeine, chocolate, fatty foods, and exercise on the day of the examination.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
          <p>Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS 20 Statistics program (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). The sample size was calculated using the website <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.openepi.com">http://www.openepi.com</ext-link>. We took into account an 80% power, with a type 1 two-tailed error of 0.05. We used endothelial function variables (RHI and FMD) as the primary outcome. We chose the largest number of subjects, 30 adolescents for the study. Normality of the samples was tested by the Kolmogorov - Smirnov test. The parametric variables were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD) and nonparametric variables were expressed in median and interquartile range. The categorical data were described in absolute value and percentage of the total sample. The parametric variables of the OA and NWA groups were compared by independent Student's t-test while the non-parametric variables were compared by the Mann-Whitney test. Categorical variables were analyzed using the chi-square test and Pearson's correlation was used to analyze the correlation between variables of risk factors such as WC and BP and percentage of FMD. Probability values of <italic>P</italic>&lt;0.05 were considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>We initially recruited 56 adolescents; 26 of them were excluded &#8211; nine of them were Tanner scale I, II or III; five were overweight; five had endocrine disorders; one used medication and six declined to participate in the study. Our final sample was composed by 30 adolescents. Thus, we studied 20 OA (10 male) and 10 NWA (5 male) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 1</xref>). Seven adolescents of the OA group had MetS (35%) and no NWA had MetS (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f5">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Flowchart of patient recruitment; OA: obese adolescents; NWA normal-weight adolescents.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-04-0795-90541-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        <fig id="f6">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>The percentage of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) in adolescents with obesity (OA) and normal-weight (NWA).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-04-0795-90541-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>In <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 1</xref>, we describe the anthropometric and body composition measurements. Both groups were similar in sex distribution and height. As expected, OA had higher weight, BMI, NC and WC. Regarding body composition, there was a lower percentage of body water and lean body mass and higher fat body mass in OA.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Anthropometric and body composition measurements of obese and normal-weight adolescents</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">OA (n=20)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">NWA (n=10)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Sex (M/F)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">10/10</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5/5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Age (yrs)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">14.2&#177;1.6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">15.2&#177;1.2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.075</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Weight (kg)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">100.1&#177;20.3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">54.4&#177;5.3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Height (m)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.67&#177;0.08</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.65&#177;0.6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.760</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">BMI (kg/m&#178;)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">35.9&#177;6.2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">19.9&#177;1.8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">NC (cm)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">38.3&#177;3.6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">31.9&#177;1.8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">WC (cm)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">107.9 [100-114.5]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">67.5 [66.4-73.7]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Body water (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">45.4&#177;3.8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">56.5&#177;4.6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Fat body mass (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">38&#177;5.2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">22.9&#177;6.3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Lean body mass (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">62&#177;5.2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">77.1&#177;6.3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>Parametric data presented as mean &#177; standard deviation. Non-parametric data presented as median and interquartile range. OA: obese adolescents; NWA: normal-weight adolescents; BMI: body mass index; NC: neck circumference; WC: waist circumference.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Data on cardiovascular risk factors in the OA and NWA groups are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 2</xref>. There were no differences in HDL-c or glycaemia between the groups. Compared with NWA, OA had higher SBP and DBP levels, as well as higher levels of TG, LDL-c, TG/HDL-c ratio, non-HDL, LDL/HDL-c ratio, and total cholesterol. In CPET, the OA group showed lower VO<sup>2</sup>peak compared to NWA. Results of polysomnography revealed that lower minimum O<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> in OA compared with NWA. No differences in arousal index and AHI were found between groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 2</xref>). However, most OA (86.6%) and 50% of NWA had AHI &#8805; 1 event/h (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Cardiovascular risk factors in obese and normal-weight adolescents</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">OA (n=20)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">NWA (n=10)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">SBP (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">120 [110-127.5]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">110 [100-110]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">DBP (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">75 [70-80]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">65 [60-70]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.005</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Glycaemia (mg/mL)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">84.9&#177;5.4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">89.3 &#177;7.2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.140</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">TG (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">120.5&#177;48.3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">71.1&#177;28.8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.020</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">HDL-c (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">41.2&#177;7.7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">48.4 &#177;10.7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.079</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">TG/HDL-c ratio</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3.1&#177;1.6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.6&#177;1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.011</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">LDL-c (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">97.5&#177;25.7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">69.9&#177;22.2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.015</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">nHDL-c (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">121.5&#177;27.5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">83.2&#177;26.2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">LDL/HDL-c radio</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.4&#177;0.8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.6&#177;0.7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.007</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Total cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">162.7&#177;28.7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">132.5&#177;24.1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.016</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="4">
                  <bold>Nocturnal polysomnography</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">AHI (events/h)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5.6&#177;3.8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3.1&#177;3.4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.121</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Minimum O<sup>2</sup> Sat (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">90 [81-90]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">92.5 [88.5-93]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.026</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Arousal index</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">50.6&#177;18.1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">50&#177;9.3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.943</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="4">
                  <bold>Cardiopulmonary exercise testing</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">VO<sup>2</sup>peak (mL/kg/min)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">30.6&#177;7.7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">23.4&#177;5.9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.022</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>Parametric data expressed as mean &#177; SD. Non-parametric data expressed as median and interquartile range. OA: obese adolescents; NWA: normal-weight adolescents; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; TG: triglycerides; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>In <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 3</xref>, we present the prevalence of MetS risk factors according to the IDF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> In <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 4</xref> - panel A, we showed the FMD analyses. In one participant of the OA group, bifurcation of the brachial artery was detected, and we decided to exclude this record from the analysis. The analyses of the FMD showed that OA had lower vascular reactivity of large arteries compared to NWA (6.17&#177;2.72% vs. 9.37&#177;2.20%, p=0.005). Given this, we further explored the association between FMD with the risk factors for MetS, and found an associated between WC and FMD (R=-0.506, p=0.008; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 4</xref> - panel B), and between SBP and FMD (R=-0.493, p=0.006; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 4</xref> - panel C).</p>
        <fig id="f7">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Percentage of risk factors for metabolic syndrome (MetS) in adolescent with obesity; WC: waist circumference; TG: triglycerides; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-04-0795-90541-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        <fig id="f8">
          <label>Figure 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Reactive hyperemia by flow-mediated dilation (FMD) (Panel A); correlation coefficient between FMD and waist circumference (WC) (Panel B); correlation coefficient between FMD and systolic blood pressure (SBP) in obese adolescents (OA) and normal-weight adolescents (NWA) (Panel C). * p&lt;0.005.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-04-0795-90541-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The main finding of the present study is that OA have endothelial dysfunction, indicated by a decreased vascular reactivity. Moreover, based on correlation analyses, we can suggest that the WC and the SBP levels can be predictors of this dysfunction.</p>
        <p>Obesity and MetS increase the risk of endothelial dysfunction, and OSA contributes to this worsening. However, despite the high prevalence of OSA in OA, there were no differences in the presence of OSA and the AHI between the groups studied. We can suggest that in adolescents other factors besides obesity, such as allergic rhinitis, asthma, and adenotonsillar hypertrophy, may contribute to the OSA. These findings have been found in other studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref> Therefore, in our study, impaired FMD was not associated with OSA, and the presence of OSA could not be attributed to obesity or MetS. We speculate that MetS potentiated endothelial dysfunction in the obese group, since 35% of obese patients in our sample had MetS.</p>
        <p>Atherosclerosis and clinical manifestations of CVD have their origin in childhood,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30"><sup>30</sup></xref> and their early detection is very important for its prevention. Endothelial dysfunction is considered an early sign of atherosclerosis in children with CVD risk factors, and can be reversed by interventions to decrease cardiovascular risk.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30"><sup>30</sup></xref></p>
        <p>FMD with reactive hyperemia is a non-invasive method that evaluates nitric oxide (NO)-mediated endothelium-dependent vasodilation and is a suitable diagnostic method for the age group studied.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"><sup>31</sup></xref> A meta-analysis identified that a 1% increase in FMD increases the future risk of cardiovascular events by 13%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> There is evidence that obese children and adolescents have lower vascular compliance and distensibility than normal-weight counterparts.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> This could explain the higher blood pressure levels found in OA.</p>
        <p>A study in adults reported a FMD of 9.4% &#177; 4.7%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32"><sup>32</sup></xref> A meta-analysis by Dias et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> identified a FMD of 6.0% &#177; 0.69% in adolescents with obesity, compared to 12.32% &#177; 3.14% in NWA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> This data corroborates our findings, showing an impaired vascular reactivity in OA compared with NWA (6.17 &#177; 2.72% and 9.37 &#177; 2.20%, respectively).</p>
        <p>FMD is an indirect measure of NO bioavailability,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32"><sup>32</sup></xref> since it simulates an ischemic environment, and later, vasodilation. Vessel occlusion leads to the release of adenosine, endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor, hydrogen ions, among other substances, with the aim of restoring blood perfusion through microcirculation dilation. In this method, when the cuff is deflated, circulation is restored with increased blood supply to the ischemic region, causing &#8220;reactive hyperemia&#8221;. The shear stress caused by the increase in blood flow and its velocity leads to the release of vasodilatory substances by the endothelium, such as NO, via activation of the endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) enzyme, leading to vascular smooth muscle relaxation and consequent increase in arterial diameter. A lower relaxation capacity leads to endothelial dysfunction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32"><sup>32</sup></xref> A lower vasodilation may occur in boys than in girls and there is variation of endothelial function during the menstrual cycle.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref> Thus, we performed the tests in the first stage of the menstrual period. EndoPAT &#174; was evaluated by Radke et al. in relation to pubertal staging.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33"><sup>33</sup></xref> A lower RHI was observed in the prepuberty in comparison with those at Tanner IV-V puberty stages, with an index ranging from 1.11 to 1.70. The cut off for adults is 1.35, which could be used to identify those individuals with endothelial dysfunction in the microcirculation. This technique was developed to be examiner-independent. It is known that, due to location of the cuff to be inflated, the vasodilation of microcirculation obtained is not totally dependent on NO. Therefore, while EndoPAT&#174; measures the endothelial function of the microcirculation, the FMD evaluates the endothelial function of the conductance arteries. It is possible that the results are comparatively discrepant, but complementary, since these methods evaluate different systems.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref> In the adolescents evaluated in this study, there was no difference in this measure between OA and NWA, so we could not identify complementarity between EndoPAT&#174; and FMD.</p>
        <p>Another relevant factor in the study was the correlation between WC and vascular reactivity. An increased WC is a risk predictor for CVD,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34"><sup>34</sup></xref> and this is named as &#8220;visceral adiposity syndrome&#8221;.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34"><sup>34</sup></xref> With the increase of the visceral adiposity, there is an increase in pathogenic fat depots and worsening of the vascular reactivity. Visceral fat distribution is a predictive factor for hypertension, greater than the generalized fat increase itself. Sympathetic nervous system seems to be related to different components of visceral adiposity syndrome, generating a real increase in sympathetic activity<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34"><sup>34</sup></xref> and an increased risk of hypertension in these patients.</p>
        <p>Although there was no difference in AHI between the two groups studied, there was a prevalence of 86.6% and 50% of OSA, and of 35% and 0% of MetS in OA and NWA, respectively. The greater presence of OSA and MetS may have contributed to the increase of SBP in this group, which may be modulated by increased sympathetic tonus. This has already been observed by Trombetta et al., who reported higher sympathetic activity and reduced baroreflex control in adult patients with MetS associated with OSA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref></p>
        <p>In the current study, we observed that OA exhibited decreased VO<sup>2</sup>peak suggesting increased cardiovascular risk. Indeed, there is strong evidence that obesity is associated with a worse prognosis in adolescents with reduced functional capacity and presence of cardiometabolic comorbidities. Preventive measures are necessary in these individuals with endothelial dysfunction, stimulating physical activity and a healthy diet aiming to reduce WC and BP.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>Our study has several limitations. First, considering that in girls there is variation of endothelial function during the menstrual cycle,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref> and although we performed the test in the first stage of the menstrual cycle, some girls had just had menarche and, therefore, did not have menstrual regularity or knowledge of their cycle. Second, since there is no consensus on the criteria for diagnosing OSA at the age from 13 to 18 years, in the present study, like others,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35"><sup>35</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36"><sup>36</sup></xref> we assumed pediatric values. The criteria used up to 13 years were extended up to the age of 18, based on the AASM manual for Scoring of Sleep and Associated Events.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref></p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>In the sample studied, obesity was an important risk factor for development of MetS and lead to endothelial dysfunction, which is the onset of atheroma plaque. In addition, increased WC and SBP are predictors of endothelial dysfunction in adolescents. OSA was detected in most adolescents, regardless of obesity.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn3">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Maria Fernanda Hussid, from Universidade Nove de Julho - UNINOVE.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgements</title>
        <p>The authors wish to thank to all participants of the study. Special thanks to the staff from the Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation Department of Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), especially Simone Dal Corso, PhD, for the logistical support and assistance with Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing (CPET).</p>
        <p>This work was supported by Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil. MFH was supported by Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), FXC was supported by FAPESP (#2015/ 03274-0 and #2016/16831-7) and Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aconselhamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior (CAPES). RRPL-V, LV and KYK were supported by Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aconselhamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior (CAPES). EFO and FMCC were supported by FAPESP (#15/11738-6 to EFO). ICT and LVFO were supported by Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa (CNPq #302809/2018-0 to ICT, CNPq #313053/2014-6 to LVFO, respectively). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
