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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">8ZN8sNgjrFBKYMDyjYjRbqL</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021000500784</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20190813</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190813</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efeitos do Exerc&#237;cio Aer&#243;bico Tardio na Remodela&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca de Ratos com Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio Pequeno</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9726-3901</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Lidiane M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7728-4505</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Okoshi</surname>
            <given-names>Marina P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5613-1585</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana J.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3115-0795</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gatto</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Eder A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6344-5777</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pontes</surname>
            <given-names>Thierres H. D.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Damatto</surname>
            <given-names>Felipe C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3275-3096</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Leiliane R. S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Borim</surname>
            <given-names>Patr&#237;cia Aparecida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3119-5723</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Aline R. R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9831-8820</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Zornoff</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo A. M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8980-8839</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Okoshi</surname>
            <given-names>Katashi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1865-0207</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pagan</surname>
            <given-names>Luana U.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista &#8220;J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho&#8221;</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista &#8220;J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho&#8221; (UNESP), Botucatu, SP &#8211; Brasil.</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Luana U. Pagan</bold> &#8226; Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho C&#226;mpus de Botucatu Faculdade de Medicina - Clinica m&#233;dica - Av. Prof. M&#225;rio Rubens Guimar&#227;es, Montenegro, s/n. CEP <postal-code>18618-687</postal-code>, Botucatu, SP &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>luanapagan@alunos.fmb.unesp.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos Autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Souza LM, Okoshi MP, Gomes MJ, Gatto M, Rodrigues EA, Pontes THD, Damatto FC, Oliveira LRS, Borim PA, Lima ARR, Zornoff LAM, Okoshi K, Pagan LU; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Souza LM, Gomes MJ, Gatto M, Rodrigues EA, Pontes THD, Damatto FC, Oliveira LRS, Borim PA, Lima ARR, Pagan LU; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Souza LM, Gomes MJ, Pagan LU; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Souza LM, Okoshi MP, Gomes MJ, Pagan LU; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Souza LM, Okoshi MP, Gomes MJ, Gatto M, Pagan LU.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>16</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>116</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>784</fpage>
      <lpage>792</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>O exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico tem sido considerado uma importante terapia n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica para a preven&#231;&#227;o e tratamento das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. No entanto, seus efeitos na remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca leve n&#227;o s&#227;o claros.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar a influ&#234;ncia do exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico sobre a capacidade funcional, estrutura card&#237;aca, fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda (VE) e express&#227;o g&#234;nica das subunidades da NADPH oxidase em ratos com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pequeno (IM).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Tr&#234;s meses ap&#243;s a indu&#231;&#227;o do IM, ratos Wistar foram divididos em tr&#234;s grupos: Sham; IM sedent&#225;rio (IM-SED); e IM exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico (IM-EA). Os ratos se exercitaram em uma esteira tr&#234;s vezes por semana durante 12 semanas. Um ecocardiograma foi realizado antes e ap&#243;s o treinamento. O tamanho do infarto foi avaliado por histologia e a express&#227;o g&#234;nica por RT-PCR. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia para an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi estabelecido em 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Ratos com IM menor que 30% da &#225;rea total do VE foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo. A capacidade funcional foi maior no IM-EA do que nos ratos Sham e IM-SED. O tamanho do infarto n&#227;o diferiu entre os grupos. Ratos infartados apresentaram aumento do di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico e sist&#243;lico do VE, di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo e massa do VE, com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica. A espessura relativa da parede foi menor no grupo IM-SED do que nos grupos IM-EA e Sham. A express&#227;o g&#234;nica das subunidades NADPH oxidase NOX2, NOX4, p22<sup>phox</sup> e p47<sup>phox</sup> n&#227;o diferiu entre os grupos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pequeno altera a estrutura card&#237;aca e a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE. O exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico tardio pode melhorar a capacidade funcional e a remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca por meio da preserva&#231;&#227;o da geometria ventricular esquerda. A express&#227;o g&#234;nica das subunidades da NADPH oxidase n&#227;o est&#225; envolvida na remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, nem &#233; modulada pelo exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico em ratos com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pequeno.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>Atividade F&#237;sica</kwd>
        <kwd>Disfun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Ratos</kwd>
        <kwd>Remodela&#231;&#227;o Ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>NADPH Oxidase</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
          <award-id>308557/2018-2</award-id>
          <award-id>310876/2018-4</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPESP</funding-source>
          <award-id>2014/21972-3</award-id>
          <award-id>2014/00747-1</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CAPES</funding-source>
          <award-id>88882.432904/2019-01</award-id>
          <award-id>153424/2018-4</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo CNPq (Proc. n. 308557/2018-2 e 310876/2018-4); FAPESP (Proc. n. 2014/21972-3 e 2014/00747-1); CAPES (Proc. n. 88882.432904/2019-01 e 153424/2018-4) e PROPe, UNESP.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="10"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="37"/>
        <page-count count="9"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Doen&#231;as cardiovasculares est&#227;o entre as principais causas de mortes no mundo, sendo o infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (MI), a principal causa de morbidade e mortalidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref></p>
      <p>O IM agudo leva &#224; remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, definida como anormalidades na express&#227;o do genoma resultando em mudan&#231;as moleculares, celulares e intersticiais que se manifestam clinicamente como altera&#231;&#245;es no tamanho, forma e fun&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> O estresse oxidativo, caracterizado por desequil&#237;brio entre a produ&#231;&#227;o de esp&#233;cies reativas de oxig&#234;nio e sistemas antioxidantes, &#233; frequentemente observado na remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> O complexo nicotinamida adenina dinucleot&#237;deo fosfato (NADPH) oxidase, uma importante fonte de produ&#231;&#227;o de esp&#233;cies reativas celulares de oxig&#234;nio,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> costuma aumentar ap&#243;s o IM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico emergiu como uma importante terapia n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica para prevenir e tratar v&#225;rias doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> O exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico tem sido o foco de muitos estudos sobre a atenua&#231;&#227;o da remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca induzida por IM, melhora da capacidade funcional e qualidade de vida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Modelos animais de IM s&#227;o amplamente usados para estudar a fisiopatologia e o tratamento da remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. A maioria dos estudos que avaliam os efeitos do exerc&#237;cio nas altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas p&#243;s-infarto do mioc&#225;rdio utilizou roedores com grandes &#225;reas de infarto, geralmente mais de 30% da &#225;rea total do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> No entanto, ainda n&#227;o est&#225; claro se o exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico &#233; &#250;til para atenuar as altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas ap&#243;s infarto do VE de tamanho menor. Neste estudo, objetivamos avaliar a influ&#234;ncia do exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico aer&#243;bico na capacidade funcional, estruturas card&#237;acas, fun&#231;&#227;o do VE e express&#227;o do gene da subunidade NADPH oxidase em roedores com IM pequeno.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
      <title>Materiais e M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Animais experimentais</title>
        <p>Ratos Wistar machos pesando 200-250 g foram adquiridos no Biot&#233;rio Central da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, UNESP. Todos os animais foram mantidos em sala com temperatura controlada de 24 &#177; 2 &#176;C e submetidos ao ciclo claro/escuro de 12 horas em gaiolas coletivas (tr&#234;s por gaiola). Comida e &#225;gua foram fornecidas <italic>ad libitum</italic>.</p>
        <p>Todos os experimentos e procedimentos foram aprovados pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Experimenta&#231;&#227;o Animal da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, UNESP, SP, Brasil, que segue as diretrizes estabelecidas pelo Guia para o Cuidado e Uso de Animais de Laborat&#243;rio publicadas pelo US National Institutes of Health e pelo Col&#233;gio Brasileiro de Experimenta&#231;&#227;o Animal (protocolo n&#250;mero 1237/2017).</p>
        <p>O IM foi induzido ligando-se a art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria descendente anterior esquerda por um m&#233;todo previamente descrito.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> Resumidamente, 60 ratos foram anestesiados com cetamina (60 mg/kg) e cloridrato de xilazina (1 mg/kg) e submetidos &#224; toracotomia lateral esquerda. Ap&#243;s exterioriza&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o, o &#225;trio esquerdo (AE) foi retra&#237;do para facilitar a ligadura da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria com fio de monon&#225;ilon 5-0 entre a via de sa&#237;da do pulm&#227;o e o AE. O cora&#231;&#227;o foi ent&#227;o recolocado no t&#243;rax, os pulm&#245;es inflados com press&#227;o positiva e a toracotomia fechada. Quinze animais com opera&#231;&#227;o simulada foram usados como controles.</p>
        <p>Tr&#234;s meses depois, os ratos que sobreviveram foram submetidos a um ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico e teste ergom&#233;trico e, ent&#227;o, divididos em tr&#234;s grupos: Sham (n=15); IM sedent&#225;rio (IM-SED, n=22) e IM exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico (IM-EA, n=21) por tr&#234;s meses. Dezessete ratos infartados (28%) morreram durante a cirurgia ou no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Os resultados iniciais do ecocardiograma foram usados para assegurar que os grupos IM sedent&#225;rio e de exerc&#237;cio tivessem o mesmo grau de les&#227;o card&#237;aca. Ao final do per&#237;odo experimental, os animais foram novamente submetidos a ecocardiograma e teste ergom&#233;trico, sendo eutanasiados no dia seguinte. Estudos anteriores demonstraram que a inclus&#227;o de 10 a 15 animais por grupo &#233; suficiente para mostrar diferen&#231;as na remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca ao comparar ratos infartados e Sham.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Teste de esfor&#231;o</title>
        <p>A capacidade funcional foi avaliada antes, 45 dias ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio do exerc&#237;cio e ao final do experimento. Os ratos foram submetidos a 5 min/dia de adapta&#231;&#227;o ao ambiente de teste por uma semana antes da avalia&#231;&#227;o. Cada animal foi testado individualmente. O teste consistiu em um aquecimento inicial de 5 minutos a 5 m/min em uma esteira. Os ratos foram ent&#227;o submetidos a exerc&#237;cios a 8 m/min, seguidos de incrementos de 3 m/min a cada 3 minutos, at&#233; a exaust&#227;o. A exaust&#227;o foi determinada quando o animal se recusou a correr mesmo ap&#243;s a estimula&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica ou foi incapaz de coordenar os passos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> A velocidade m&#225;xima de corrida foi registrada e a dist&#226;ncia total, calculada. Os resultados do teste de exerc&#237;cio de treinamento de 45 dias foram usados para ajustar a intensidade do exerc&#237;cio.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Protocolo de treinamento de exerc&#237;cio</title>
        <p>O exerc&#237;cio foi realizado em esteira, tr&#234;s dias/semana, durante tr&#234;s meses. Houve um per&#237;odo de adapta&#231;&#227;o, com aumento gradativo da velocidade e da dura&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio. A velocidade da 1&#170; &#224; 5&#170; semana foi de 5, 7,5, 10, 12 e 15 m/min. A dura&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio da 1&#170; &#224; 5&#170; semana foi de 10, 15, 25, 30 e 40 minutos. A partir da 6&#170; semana, cada sess&#227;o consistiu em 40 minutos de corrida a 60% da velocidade m&#225;xima alcan&#231;ada no teste de exerc&#237;cio em esteira. O protocolo foi adaptado de Moreira et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref> Ap&#243;s 45 dias de treinamento f&#237;sico aer&#243;bico, os animais tiveram sua performance de corrida reavaliada para ajuste da intensidade do exerc&#237;cio.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ecocardiografia</title>
        <p>As estruturas card&#237;acas e a fun&#231;&#227;o do VE foram avaliadas por ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico e Doppler tecidual usando um ecocardi&#243;grafo dispon&#237;vel comercialmente (General Electric Medical Systems, modelo Vivid S6, Tirat Carmel, Israel) equipado com um transdutor multifrequ&#234;ncia de 5&#8211;11,5 MHz, conforme descrito anteriormente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref> Os animais foram anestesiados com cetamina (50 mg/kg) e cloridrato de xilazina (1 mg/kg <italic>i.p.</italic>) e colocados em dec&#250;bito lateral esquerdo. Todas as estruturas card&#237;acas foram medidas manualmente pelo mesmo observador (KO). Os resultados foram a m&#233;dia de pelo menos cinco ciclos card&#237;acos nos tra&#231;ados do modo-M. As seguintes vari&#225;veis estruturais foram medidas: di&#226;metro do AE, di&#226;metros diast&#243;lico e sist&#243;lico do VE (DDVE e DSVE, respectivamente), espessura diast&#243;lica da parede posterior do VE (EDPP) e di&#226;metro a&#243;rtico (AO). A massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (MVE) foi calculada usando a f&#243;rmula [(DDVE + EDPP + ESPP)<sup>3</sup>&#8722; DDVE<sup>3</sup>] &#215; 1,04. A espessura relativa da parede do VE (ERP) foi calculada com a f&#243;rmula 2 &#215; EDPP/LVDD. A fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica foi avaliada pelos seguintes par&#226;metros: encurtamento fracion&#225;rio endoc&#225;rdico (EFE), velocidade de encurtamento da parede posterior (VEPP), mudan&#231;a de &#225;rea fracionada (MAF), &#237;ndice de desempenho mioc&#225;rdico (&#237;ndice Tei) e velocidade sist&#243;lica do anel mitral (onda S&#8217;) obtida por imagem de Doppler tecidual. A fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica foi analisada pelas velocidades de influxo mitral diast&#243;lica precoce e tardia (ondas E e A), raz&#227;o E/A, tempo de relaxamento isovolum&#233;trico (TRIV), velocidade diast&#243;lica precoce (E&#8217;) e diast&#243;lica tardia (A&#8217;) do anel mitral (velocidades m&#233;dias aritm&#233;ticas de deslocamento das paredes lateral e septal) e raz&#227;o E/E&#8217;.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Coleta de tecidos para an&#225;lise</title>
        <p>Um dia ap&#243;s o ecocardiograma final, os animais foram pesados, anestesiados com tiopental s&#243;dico intraperitoneal (180 mg/kg) e eutanasiados. Seus cora&#231;&#245;es foram removidos por toracotomia. O pulm&#227;o, &#225;trios e ventr&#237;culos foram dissecados e pesados. Fragmentos de VE foram congelados em nitrog&#234;nio l&#237;quido e armazenados a &#8722;80 &#176;C para an&#225;lise posterior.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Estudo morfol&#243;gico</title>
        <p>As amostras de VE foram fixadas em solu&#231;&#227;o tamponada de formalina a 10% por 24 horas, em seguida lavadas em &#225;gua e transferidas para solu&#231;&#227;o com etanol, conforme m&#233;todo previamente descrito.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Para calcular o tamanho do infarto, o VE foi cortado a uma dist&#226;ncia de 5 a 6 mm do &#225;pice.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref> Cortes do cora&#231;&#227;o foram submetidos &#224; colora&#231;&#227;o com picrosirius red (PSR) e examinados em um microsc&#243;pio composto (Leica DM LS; Nussloch, Alemanha) acoplado a um sistema de an&#225;lise de imagem computadorizado (Media Cybernetics, Silver Spring, Maryland, EUA).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref> O tamanho do infarto foi calculado dividindo-se a soma dos comprimentos ventriculares do infarto endoc&#225;rdico e epic&#225;rdico pela soma das circunfer&#234;ncias ventriculares endoc&#225;rdicas e epic&#225;rdicas totais (infarto e mioc&#225;rdio vi&#225;vel).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> Os valores foram expressos em porcentagem da &#225;rea total do VE. Apenas ratos com pequeno IM (&lt;30% da &#225;rea total do VE) pela avalia&#231;&#227;o histol&#243;gica foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        <p>Os di&#226;metros dos cardiomi&#243;citos foram avaliados em cortes transversais do VE corados com hematoxilina-eosina. Foi, ent&#227;o, medido o menor di&#226;metro de pelo menos 50 fibras card&#237;acas com o n&#250;cleo claramente identificado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Express&#227;o g&#234;nica de subunidades NADPH oxidase</title>
        <p>A express&#227;o g&#234;nica das subunidades NADPH oxidase NOX2, NOX4, p22<sup>phox</sup> e p47<sup>phox</sup> e os genes de refer&#234;ncia foram analisados por Rea&#231;&#227;o em Cadeia da Polimerase de Transcri&#231;&#227;o Reversa Quantitativa em Tempo Real (RT-PCR), conforme descrito anteriormente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref> O RNA total foi extra&#237;do de amostras do VE com TRIzol Reagente (Invitrogen Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA, EUA) e tratado com DNase I (Invitrogen Life Technologies). Um micrograma de RNA foi transcrito reversamente usando um kit de transcri&#231;&#227;o reversa de cDNA de alta capacidade, de acordo com m&#233;todos-padr&#227;o (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, EUA). Al&#237;quotas de cDNA foram ent&#227;o submetidas a PCR em tempo real usando um ensaio personalizado contendo primers sense e antisense (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, EUA) e sondas Taqman espec&#237;ficas para cada gene: NOX2 (Rn00576710 m1), NOX4 (Rn00585380 m1), p22<sup>phox</sup> (Rn00577357 m1) e p47<sup>phox</sup> (Rn00586945 m1). A amplifica&#231;&#227;o e an&#225;lise foram realizadas usando o sistema Step One Plus&#8482; Real-Time PCR (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, EUA). Os dados de express&#227;o foram normalizados para express&#245;es g&#234;nicas de refer&#234;ncia: ciclofilina (Rn00690933 m1) e GAPDH (Rn01775763 g1). As rea&#231;&#245;es foram realizadas em triplicata e os n&#237;veis de express&#227;o, calculados com base no m&#233;todo comparativo de TC (2<sup>&#8722;&#916;&#916;CT</sup>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>A normalidade dos dados foi avaliada pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk. Compara&#231;&#245;es entre os grupos foram realizadas por an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) unilateral, seguida do teste de Bonferroni para vari&#225;veis param&#233;tricas, que s&#227;o expressas em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o. As vari&#225;veis n&#227;o param&#233;tricas foram comparadas pelo teste de Kruskal-Wallis seguido do teste de Dunn, sendo expressas em mediana e percentis. O tamanho do infarto foi comparado pelo teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado. Todas as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas no software SigmaStat 12.0, com n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Grupos experimentais e par&#226;metros anat&#244;micos</title>
        <p>No in&#237;cio do protocolo de exerc&#237;cio, o grupo Sham tinha 15 animais, IM-SED tinha 22 e IM-EA tinha 21. Ap&#243;s an&#225;lise histol&#243;gica, os ratos com infarto &#8805; 30% da &#225;rea total do VE (9 no IM-SED e 9 no grupo IM-EA) foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo. Apenas um rato do IM-SED morreu durante o protocolo de exerc&#237;cios. Os par&#226;metros anat&#244;micos s&#227;o mostrados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>. O peso corporal final n&#227;o diferiu entre os grupos. Os pesos dos &#225;trios e do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD) foram maiores no IM-EA do que no grupo Sham. N&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as entre os grupos IM-EA e IM-SED.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Dados anat&#244;micos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">SHAM (n=15)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">IM-SED (n=12)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">IM-EA (n=12)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">PC (g)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">536 &#177; 29,7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">537 &#177; 66,8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">529 &#177; 44,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">VE (g)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,90 (0,87-0,97)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,99 (0,93-1,03)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,99 (0,90-1,11)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">VE/PC (g/kg)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,73 &#177; 0,10</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,90 &#177; 0,19</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,88 &#177; 0,23</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">VD (g)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,23 &#177; 0,03</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,26 &#177; 0,04</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,29 &#177; 0,05<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">VD/PC (g/kg)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,43 &#177; 0,05</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,48 &#177; 0,07</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,54 &#177; 0,08<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Peso atrial (g)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,10 (0,08-0,11)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,13 (0,10-0,13)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,13 (0,11-0,14)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Atrial/PC (g/kg)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,19 (0,15-0,22)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,22 (0,19-0,24)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,27 (0,22-0,28)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Pulm&#227;o/PC (g/kg)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3,60 (3,19-3,70)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3,43 (3,09-3,72)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3,66 (3,58-4,13)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>Dados expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o ou mediana e percentis. IM-SED: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio sedent&#225;rio; IM-EA: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico; n: n&#250;mero de animais; PC: peso corporal; VE: peso do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; VD: peso do ventr&#237;culo direito. ANOVA e teste de Bonferroni ou Kruskal-Wallis e Dunn;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p&lt;0,05 vs. Sham.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>O tamanho do infarto, avaliado pela an&#225;lise histol&#243;gica do VE, n&#227;o diferiu entre os grupos infartados (IM-SED 18,7 &#177; 6,41; IM-EA 23,6 &#177; 6,14% da &#225;rea total do VE; p&gt;0,05; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Fotos histol&#243;gicas representativas de por&#231;&#245;es do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo com colora&#231;&#227;o por picrosirius red dos grupos Sham, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio sedent&#225;rio (IM-SED) e infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico (IM-EA).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-04-0784-90813-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica</title>
        <p>Antes do exerc&#237;cio, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as nos par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos entre os grupos IM-EA e IM-SED (dados n&#227;o mostrados). Os dados estruturais ecocardiogr&#225;ficos finais est&#227;o listados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>. Ambos os grupos infartados tinham di&#226;metros sist&#243;lico e diast&#243;lico, di&#226;metro do AE e massa do VE maiores em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo Sham. A espessura diast&#243;lica da parede posterior do VE foi maior no IM-EA do que no Sham, e a espessura relativa da parede foi menor no IM-SED do que nos grupos IM-EA e Sham. A fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE &#233; demonstrada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>. Os grupos infartados apresentaram menor altera&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea fracionada e fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento endoc&#225;rdico, bem como maior &#237;ndice Tei em rela&#231;&#227;o ao Sham. A fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VE &#233; apresentada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>. A onda E&#8217; (m&#233;dia e septal) foi menor em ambos os grupos com infarto em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo Sham. O grupo IM-EA teve menor rela&#231;&#227;o E/A em rela&#231;&#227;o ao Sham. A raz&#227;o E&#8217;/A&#8217; foi menor no IM-SED do que no Sham. N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as entre os grupos de ratos infartados submetidos a exerc&#237;cio e sedent&#225;rios.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Dados estruturais ecocardiogr&#225;ficos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">SHAM (n=15)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">IM-SED (n=10)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">IM-EA (n=12)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">FC (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">267 &#177; 32,9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">278 &#177; 19,7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">290 &#177; 28,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">DDVE (mm)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">8,19 &#177; 0,44</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">9,99 &#177; 0,81<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">9,93 &#177; 0,98<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">DSVE (mm)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4,13 (3,96-4,30)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7,16 (6,60-8,21)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7,25 (6,73-8,16)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">EPPD (mm)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,42 (1,40-1,45)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,53 (1,45-1,61)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,67 (1,58-1,85)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">AO (mm)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4,20 &#177; 0,15</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4,12 &#177; 0,22</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4,13 &#177; 0,25</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">AE(mm)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5,68 &#177; 0,42</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6,71 &#177; 0,75<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6,97 &#177; 1,07<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">AE/AO</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,37 (1,30-1,42)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,64 (1,47-1,79)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,66 (1,47-1,82)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">DSVE/PC (mm/kg)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">15,2 (14,8-16,3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">17,9 (16,9-20,3)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">18,5 (17,8-20,1)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">AE/PC (mm/kg)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">10,7 &#177; 0,95</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">12,4 &#177; 1,42<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">13,5 &#177; 2,46<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">MVE (g)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,84 (0,76-0,91)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,29 (1,17-1,43)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,27 (1,22-1,63)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">IMVE (g/kg)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,57 (1,46-1,70)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2,32 (2,12-2,63)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2,44 (2,31-3,08)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">ERP</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,35 &#177; 0,02</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,31 &#177; 0,02<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,35 &#177; 0,04<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">#</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">% area IM</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Sem infarto</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">26,23 &#177; 5,77</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">27,62 &#177; 7,67</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>Dados expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o ou mediana e percentis. IM-SED: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio sedent&#225;rio; IM-EA: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico; n: n&#250;mero de animais; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; DDVE e DSVE: di&#226;metros diast&#243;lico e sist&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, respectivamente; EPPD: espessura da parede posterior diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; AO: di&#226;metro da aorta; AE: di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo; PC: peso corporal; MVE: massa ventricular esquerda; IMVE: &#237;ndice de massa ventricular esquerda; ERP: espessura relativa da parede. % &#225;rea IM: porcentagem da &#225;rea de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio. ANOVA e teste de Bonferroni ou Kruskal-Wallis e Dunn;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p&lt;0,05 vs Sham;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <label>#</label>
              <p>p&lt;0,05 vs IM-SED.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">SHAM (n=15)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">IM-SED (n=10)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">IM-EA (n=12)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">FEE (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">49,7 &#177; 3,40</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">27,0 &#177; 5,23<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">26,6 &#177; 7,91<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">VEPP (mm/s)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">42,1 &#177; 5,66</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">35,9 &#177; 5,37</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">38,7 &#177; 9,28</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">FVA (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">67,3 &#177; 5,07</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">41,1 &#177; 9,95<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">37,6 &#177; 10,5<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Tei index</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,46 &#177; 0,06</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,58 &#177; 0,12<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,58 &#177; 0,15<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">S&#8217; average (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3,55 &#177; 0,40</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3,15 &#177; 0,34</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3,20 &#177; 0,47</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <p>Dados expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o. IM-SED: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio sedent&#225;rio; IM-EA: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico; n: n&#250;mero de animais; FEE: fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento do endoc&#225;rdio; FVA: fra&#231;&#227;o de varia&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea; VEPP: velocidade de encurtamento da parede posterior; &#205;ndice Tei: &#237;ndice de desempenho mioc&#225;rdico; M&#233;dia S&#8217;: velocidades m&#233;dias m&#225;ximas de deslocamento sist&#243;lico para as paredes lateral e septal do anel mitral avaliadas por Doppler tecidual. ANOVA e Bonferroni;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p &lt;0,05 vs Sham.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">SHAM (n=15)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">IM-SED (n=10)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">IM-EA (n=12)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Mitral E (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">77,0 (71,0-85,0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">72,5 (69,3-79,5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">75,5 (72,8-78,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Mitral A (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">49,1 &#177; 12,2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">54,3 &#177; 11,9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">59,9 &#177; 16,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">E/A</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,71 (1,42-1,79)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,32 (1,26-1,49)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,23 (1,07-1,35)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">TRIV (m/s)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">26,5 &#177; 3,42</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">29,7 &#177; 5,75</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">28,0 &#177; 3,79</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">E&#8217; m&#233;dia (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4,20 &#177; 0,63</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3,52 &#177; 0,62<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3,58 &#177; 0,50<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">E&#8217; lateral (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4,16 &#177; 0,73</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3,20 &#177; 0,56<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3,24 &#177; 0,74<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">E&#8217; septal (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4,24 &#177; 0,61</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3,84 &#177; 0,88</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3,92 &#177; 0,79</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">E/E&#8217; m&#233;dia</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">19,1 &#177; 2,65</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">21,8 &#177; 3,47</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">21,6 &#177; 2,35</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">A&#8217; m&#233;dia (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3,05 (2,65-3,90)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3,77 (2,96-4,85)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3,82 (2,81-4,04)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">A&#8217; lateral (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3,40 (2,80-3,80)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3,95 (3,17-4,85)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4,15 (3,27-4,55)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">A&#8217; septal (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3,25 &#177; 1,12</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3,81 &#177; 1,21</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3,11 &#177; 0,76</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">E&#8217;/A&#8217;</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,34 &#177; 0,39</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,95 &#177; 0,25<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,05 &#177; 0,35</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <p>Dados expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o ou mediana e percentis. IM-SED: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio sedent&#225;rio; IM-EA: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico; n: n&#250;mero de animais; Mitral E: velocidade de pico do influxo mitral diast&#243;lico inicial; Mitral A: velocidade de pico do influxo mitral diast&#243;lico tardio; TRIV: tempo de relaxamento isovolum&#233;trico; E&#8217;: pico da velocidade de deslocamento diast&#243;lico inicial do anel mitral; A&#8217;: pico da velocidade de deslocamento diast&#243;lico tardio do anel mitral. ANOVA e teste de Bonferroni ou Kruskal-Wallis e Dunn;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN9">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p&lt;0,05 vs Sham.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Capacidade funcional</title>
        <p>A capacidade funcional n&#227;o diferiu entre os grupos antes do exerc&#237;cio. Ao final do experimento, a capacidade funcional foi melhor no IM-EA do que nos demais grupos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Capacidade funcional avaliada pelo teste de esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo. Tempo de corrida (A) antes e depois do exerc&#237;cio; dist&#226;ncia percorrida (B) antes e depois do exerc&#237;cio. IM-SED: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio sedent&#225;rio; IM-EA: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico; n: n&#250;mero de animais. Dados expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o; ANOVA e Bonferroni; *p&lt;0,05 vs Sham; #p&lt;0,05 vs IM-SED.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-04-0784-90813-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Estudo morfom&#233;trico</title>
        <p>O di&#226;metro dos cardiomi&#243;citos foi menor nos grupos com infarto do que no Sham (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Di&#226;metros dos cardiomi&#243;citos. IM-SED: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio sedent&#225;rio; IM-EA: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico; n: n&#250;mero de animais. Dados expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o; ANOVA e Bonferroni; *p&lt;0,05 vs SHAM.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-04-0784-90813-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Express&#227;o g&#234;nica</title>
        <p>A express&#227;o g&#234;nica das subunidades NADPH oxidase NOX2, NOX4, p22<sup>phox</sup> e p47<sup>phox</sup> n&#227;o diferiu entre os grupos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 5</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Express&#227;o g&#234;nica de subunidades do complexo NADPH oxidase</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Gene</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">SHAM (n=9)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">IM-SED (n=5)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">IM-EA (n=5)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Nox2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,00 &#177; 0,56</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,83 &#177; 0,34</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,07 &#177; 0,26</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Nox4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,99 (0,62-1,20)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,38 (0,60-1,95)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,36 (0,79-1,40)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">p22<sup>phox</sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,00 &#177; 0,35</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,12 &#177; 0,51</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,16 &#177; 0,18</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">p47<sup>phox</sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,00 &#177; 0,56</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,83 &#177; 0,34</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,07 &#177; 0,26</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <p>Dados expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o ou mediana e percentis. IM-SED: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio sedent&#225;rio; IM-EA: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico; n: n&#250;mero de animais; ANOVA e teste de Bonferroni ou Kruskal-Wallis e Dunn; p&gt;0,05.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Neste estudo, avaliamos os efeitos do exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico aer&#243;bico na capacidade funcional, remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e express&#227;o g&#234;nica das subunidades da NADPH oxidase em cora&#231;&#245;es de ratos com pequeno IM.</p>
      <p>Modelos experimentais de roedores com IM tem sido amplamente utilizados para investigar a fisiopatologia e o tratamento da remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref> No entanto, como a anatomia da circula&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria de um rato n&#227;o &#233; uniforme, a ligadura da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria leva a uma ampla gama de tamanhos de infarto, remodela&#231;&#227;o e disfun&#231;&#227;o do VE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref> Portanto, uma caracter&#237;stica essencial dos estudos que visam estabelecer estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas &#233; avaliar animais com infarto de tamanhos compar&#225;veis. Portanto, a avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica do tamanho do IM e do grau de les&#227;o card&#237;aca antes de iniciar estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas deveria ser obrigat&#243;ria.</p>
      <p>Observamos anteriormente que o tamanho m&#237;nimo do infarto para induzir anormalidades estruturais, funcionais e cl&#237;nicas era de 36%, 38% e 40% da &#225;rea total do VE, respectivamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref> Portanto, n&#227;o esper&#225;vamos encontrar altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas consider&#225;veis na avalia&#231;&#227;o de ratos com IM menor de 30%. No entanto, este estudo mostrou que, ao final do per&#237;odo experimental, os grupos infartados apresentavam aumento do di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico e sist&#243;lico do VE, di&#226;metro do AE e massa do VE, com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica caracterizada por redu&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento endoc&#225;rdico e altera&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea fracionada, bem como aumento do &#237;ndice Tei. Exceto no que diz respeito &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o septal e onda E&#8217; m&#233;dia, a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica n&#227;o diferiu entre os grupos infartados e Sham. Nossos dados, portanto, mostram que a remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca com dilata&#231;&#227;o das c&#226;maras card&#237;acas esquerdas, e a disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE pode ser bem caracterizada em ratos com &#225;rea de infarto pequena.</p>
      <p>O fato do peso corporal n&#227;o diferir entre os grupos refor&#231;a o leve grau de les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. A caquexia card&#237;aca &#233; caracterizada por uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa no peso corporal,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30"><sup>30</sup></xref> e pode ser encontrada em ratos que apresentam grandes &#225;reas de infarto.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Neste estudo, foi utilizado um protocolo de exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico de intensidade moderada adaptado de estudos publicados anteriormente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref> A velocidade m&#225;xima de corrida foi estabelecida para cada rato de acordo com sua capacidade funcional, avaliada por teste de esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo em esteira no in&#237;cio e no meio do protocolo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> Ao final do experimento, notamos que o exerc&#237;cio era seguro e o grupo IM-EA atingiu um tempo de esteira e dist&#226;ncia percorrida maiores do que os grupos IM-SED e Sham. H&#225; muito tempo se sabe que o exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico melhora a capacidade funcional na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca tanto animal quanto humana.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"><sup>31</sup></xref> Os resultados do grupo Sham tamb&#233;m destacaram uma capacidade funcional reduzida causada pelo estilo de vida sedent&#225;rio.</p>
      <p>Apesar de melhorar o desempenho funcional, os efeitos do exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico na remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca n&#227;o foram substanciais em ratos com IM pequeno. Como um achado comum em ratos IM &#233; a diminui&#231;&#227;o na espessura relativa da parede do VE,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref> podemos concluir que o exerc&#237;cio foi &#250;til na preserva&#231;&#227;o da geometria do VE, pois a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a espessura da parede posterior diast&#243;lica e o di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do VE foi reduzida no IM-SED e preservada no IM-EA.</p>
      <p>Entre as v&#225;rias altera&#231;&#245;es induzidas pelo IM, o aumento do estresse oxidativo tem papel importante na progress&#227;o da remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> Neste estudo, a express&#227;o g&#234;nica das subunidades do complexo NADPH oxidase NOX2, NOX4, p22<sup>phox</sup> e p47<sup>phox</sup> n&#227;o diferiu entre os grupos, o que sugere que essa importante fonte de gera&#231;&#227;o de esp&#233;cies reativas de oxig&#234;nio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> n&#227;o esteve envolvida na remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca observada em ratos com infarto pequeno. Foi observado aumento da express&#227;o g&#234;nica de NOX2 e NOX4 em roedores com IM de tamanhos grandes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32"><sup>32</sup></xref> Uma limita&#231;&#227;o deste estudo &#233; que avaliamos o complexo NADPH oxidase por meio da an&#225;lise da express&#227;o g&#234;nica de suas subunidades. Portanto, estudos adicionais s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para avaliar a atividade do complexo NADPH oxidase.</p>
      <p>Uma vez que a transi&#231;&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o VE compensada para a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#233; encontrada principalmente em cora&#231;&#245;es com infarto transmural grande,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref> a maioria dos autores avaliou os efeitos do exerc&#237;cio em cora&#231;&#245;es com grandes infartos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33"><sup>33</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34"><sup>34</sup></xref> e a maioria desses estudos mostrou efeitos favor&#225;veis do exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico na remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca induzida pelo IM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33"><sup>33</sup></xref> Apenas alguns pesquisadores analisaram os efeitos do exerc&#237;cio no cora&#231;&#227;o de ratos com IM pequeno.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35"><sup>35</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36"><sup>36</sup></xref> Ao iniciarem o exerc&#237;cio dentro de quatro semanas ap&#243;s a indu&#231;&#227;o do IM, esses autores observaram efeitos ben&#233;ficos do exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35"><sup>35</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36"><sup>36</sup></xref> Neste estudo, mostramos pela primeira vez que o exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico tardio, iniciado tr&#234;s meses ap&#243;s o IM, quando a remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca est&#225; est&#225;vel, atenua as altera&#231;&#245;es da geometria card&#237;aca em ratos com pequeno infarto. Nosso estudo, portanto, refor&#231;a o conceito de benef&#237;cio potencial da reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca ap&#243;s s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas, independentemente do grau de les&#227;o card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37"><sup>37</sup></xref></p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Em conclus&#227;o, o IM pequeno altera as estruturas card&#237;acas e a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE. Exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico aer&#243;bico tardio melhora a capacidade funcional e atenua a altera&#231;&#227;o da geometria do VE. A express&#227;o g&#234;nica das subunidades da NADPH oxidase n&#227;o est&#225; envolvida na remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e n&#227;o &#233; modulada pelo exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico em ratos com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pequeno.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo CNPq (Proc. n. 308557/2018-2 e 310876/2018-4); FAPESP (Proc. n. 2014/21972-3 e 2014/00747-1); CAPES (Proc. n. 88882.432904/2019-01 e 153424/2018-4) e PROPe, UNESP.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Lidiane Moreira de Souza pela Programa de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Fisiopatologia em Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica na Faculdade Medicina de Botucatu - UNESP.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Gostar&#237;amos de agradecer a Colin Edward Knaggs pela edi&#231;&#227;o em ingl&#234;s. Apoio financeiro foi concedido pelo Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq) (protocolos 308557/2018-2 e 310876/2018-4); Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo (FAPESP) (protocolos 2014/21972-3 e 2014/00747-1); a Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior (CAPES) (protocolos 88882.432904/2019-01 e 153424/2018-4); e Pr&#243;-Reitoria de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o e Pesquisa (PROPe) da UNESP.</p>
    </ack>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Effects of Late Aerobic Exercise on Cardiac Remodeling of Rats with Small-Sized Myocardial Infarction</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9726-3901</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Lidiane M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7728-4505</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Okoshi</surname>
            <given-names>Marina P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5613-1585</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana J.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3115-0795</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gatto</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Eder A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6344-5777</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pontes</surname>
            <given-names>Thierres H. D.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Damatto</surname>
            <given-names>Felipe C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3275-3096</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Leiliane R. S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Borim</surname>
            <given-names>Patr&#237;cia Aparecida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3119-5723</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Aline R. R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9831-8820</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Zornoff</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo A. M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8980-8839</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Okoshi</surname>
            <given-names>Katashi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1865-0207</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pagan</surname>
            <given-names>Luana U.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista &#8220;J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho&#8221; (UNESP), Botucatu, SP &#8211; Brazil.</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Luana U. Pagan</bold> &#8226; Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho C&#226;mpus de Botucatu Faculdade de Medicina - Clinica m&#233;dica - Av. Prof. M&#225;rio Rubens Guimar&#227;es, Montenegro, s/n. Postal Code <postal-code>18618-687</postal-code>, Botucatu, SP &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: <email>luanapagan@alunos.fmb.unesp.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author Contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Souza LM, Okoshi MP, Gomes MJ, Gatto M, Rodrigues EA, Pontes THD, Damatto FC, Oliveira LRS, Borim PA, Lima ARR, Zornoff LAM, Okoshi K, Pagan LU; Data acquisition: Souza LM, Gomes MJ, Gatto M, Rodrigues EA, Pontes THD, Damatto FC, Oliveira LRS, Borim PA, Lima ARR, Pagan LU; Analysis and interpretation of the data and Statistical analysis: Souza LM, Gomes MJ, Pagan LU; Obtaining financing and Writing of the manuscript: Souza LM, Okoshi MP, Gomes MJ, Pagan LU; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Souza LM, Okoshi MP, Gomes MJ, Gatto M, Pagan LU.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Physical exercise has been considered an important non-pharmacological therapy for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. However, its effects on minor cardiac remodeling are not clear.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To evaluate the influence of aerobic exercise on the functional capacity, cardiac structure, left ventricular (LV) function, and gene expression of NADPH oxidase subunits in rats with small-sized myocardial infarction (MI).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Three months after MI induction, Wistar rats were divided into three groups: Sham; sedentary MI (MI-SED); and aerobic exercised MI (MI-AE). The rats exercised on a treadmill three times a week for 12 weeks. An echocardiogram was performed before and after training. The infarction size was evaluated by histology, and gene expression was assessed by RT-PCR. The significance level for statistical analysis was set at 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Rats with MI lower than 30% of the LV total area were included in the study. Functional capacity was higher in MI-AE than in Sham and MI-SED rats. The infarction size did not differ between groups. Infarcted rats had increased LV diastolic and systolic diameter, left atrial diameter, and LV mass, with systolic dysfunction. Relative wall thickness was lower in MI-SED than in the MI-AE and Sham groups. Gene expression of the NADPH oxidase subunits NOX2, NOX4, p22<sup>phox</sup>, and p47<sup>phox</sup> did not differ between groups.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Small-sized MI changes cardiac structure and LV systolic function. Late aerobic exercise is able to improve functional capacity and cardiac remodeling by preserving the left ventricular geometry. NADPH oxidase subunits gene expression is not involved in cardiac remodeling or modulated by aerobic exercise in rats with small-sized MI.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Exercise, Physical Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventricular Dysfunction</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Rats</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventricular Remodeling</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>NADPH Oxidase</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
          <award-id>308557/2018-2</award-id>
          <award-id>310876/2018-4</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPESP</funding-source>
          <award-id>2014/21972-3</award-id>
          <award-id>2014/00747-1</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CAPES</funding-source>
          <award-id>88882.432904/2019-01</award-id>
          <award-id>153424/2018-4</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>This study was funded by CNPq (Process number 308557/2018-2 and 310876/2018-4); FAPESP (Process number 2014/21972-3 and 2014/00747-1); CAPES (Process number 88882.432904/2019-01 and 153424/2018-4), and PROPe, UNESP.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Cardiovascular diseases are a leading cause of death worldwide; in this class of diseases, myocardial infarction (MI) is the main cause of morbidity and mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Acute MI leads to cardiac remodeling, which is defined as abnormalities in genome expression resulting in molecular, cellular and interstitial changes that manifest clinically as alterations in heart size, shape and function.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> Oxidative stress, characterized by an imbalance between reactive oxygen species production and antioxidant systems, is often observed during cardiac remodeling.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> The nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase complex, an important source of cellular reactive oxygen species production,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> is usually increased after MI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref></p>
        <p>In recent decades, physical exercise has emerged as an important non-pharmacological therapy for preventing and treating several cardiovascular diseases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> Aerobic exercise has been the focus of many studies for attenuating MI-induced cardiac remodeling and improving functional capacity and quality of life.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Animal MI models are widely used for studying the pathophysiology and treatment of cardiac remodeling. Most studies evaluating the effects of exercise on post-MI cardiac changes have used rodents with large infarcted areas, usually more than 30% of the total left ventricle (LV) area.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> However, it is not clear yet whether aerobic exercise is useful to attenuate cardiac changes following smaller-size LV infarction. In this study we aimed to evaluate the influence of aerobic physical exercise on functional capacity, cardiac structures, LV function, and NADPH oxidase subunit gene expression in rodents with small-sized MI.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
        <title>Materials and methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Experimental animals</title>
          <p>Male Wistar rats weighing 200-250 g were purchased from the Central Animal House, Botucatu Medical School, UNESP. All animals were kept in a temperature-controlled room at 24 &#177; 2&#186; C and put on a 12-hour light/dark cycle in collective cages (three per cage). Food and water were supplied <italic>ad libitum</italic>.</p>
          <p>All experiments and procedures were approved by the Animal Experimentation Ethics Committee of the Botucatu Medical School, UNESP, SP, Brazil, which follows the guidelines established by the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals published by the U.S. National Institutes of Health, and Brazilian College for Animal Experimentation (protocol number 1237/2017).</p>
          <p>MI was induced by ligating the left anterior descending coronary artery according to a previously described method.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> Briefly, 60 rats were anesthetized with ketamine (60 mg/kg) and xylazine hydrochloride (1 mg/kg) and subjected to left lateral thoracotomy. After exteriorization of the heart, the left atrium was retracted to facilitate ligation of the coronary artery with a 5-0 monofilament nylon suture between the pulmonary outflow tract and the left atrium. The heart was then placed back in the thorax, the lungs inflated with positive pressure, and the thoracotomy was closed. Fifteen sham-operated animals were used as controls.</p>
          <p>Three months later, the rats that survived were subjected to transthoracic echocardiogram and exercise testing and then assigned to three groups: Sham (n=15); sedentary MI (MI-SED, n=22) and aerobic exercised MI (MI-AE, n=21) for three months. Seventeen infarcted rats (28%) died during surgery or in the post-operative period. Initial echocardiogram results were used to assure that sedentary and exercise MI groups had the same degree of cardiac injury. At the end of the experimental period, the animals were again subjected to echocardiogram and exercise testing, and euthanized the next day. Previous studies have shown that the inclusion of 10 to 15 animals per group is sufficient to show differences in cardiac remodeling when comparing infarcted and Sham rats.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Exercise testing</title>
          <p>Functional capacity was evaluated before, 45 days after initiating exercise, and at the end of the experiment. Rats underwent 5 min/day an adaption to test environment for one week before evaluation. Each animal was tested individually. The test consisted of an initial 5-minute warm-up at 5 m/min on a treadmill. The rats were then subjected to exercise at 8 m/min followed by increments of 3 m/min every 3 minutes until exhaustion. Exhaustion was determined when the animal refused to run even after electric stimulation or was unable to coordinate steps.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> The maximum running speed was recorded and total distance was calculated. Exercise test results from 45-day training were used to adjust exercise intensity.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Exercise training protocol</title>
          <p>Exercise was performed on a treadmill three days/week for three months. There was an adaptation period, with a gradual increase in speed and exercise duration. Speed from the 1<sup>st</sup> to the 5<sup>th</sup> week was 5, 7.5, 10, 12 and 15 m/min. Exercise duration from the 1<sup>st</sup> to the 5<sup>th</sup> week was 10, 15, 25, 30 and 40 minutes. From the 6<sup>th</sup> week on, each session consisted of 40 minutes of running at 60% of maximum velocity reached in the treadmill exercise test. The protocol was adapted from Moreira et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref> After 45 days of aerobic exercise training, animals had their running performance reevaluated as to adjust exercise intensity.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Echocardiography</title>
          <p>Cardiac structures and LV function were evaluated by transthoracic echocardiogram and tissue Doppler imaging using a commercially available echocardiograph (General Electric Medical Systems, Vivid S6 model, Tirat Carmel, Israel) equipped with a 5&#8211;11.5 MHz multifrequency transducer, as previously described.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref> The animals were anesthetized with ketamine (50 mg/kg) and xylazine hydrochloride (1 mg/kg <italic>i.p.</italic>), and placed in left lateral decubitus. All cardiac structures were manually measured by the same observer (KO). Results were the mean of at least five cardiac cycles on M-mode tracings. The following structural variables were measured: left atrium diameter (LA), LV diastolic and systolic diameters (LVDD and LVSD, respectively), LV diastolic posterior wall thickness (DPWT) and aortic diameter (AO). Left ventricular mass (LVM) was calculated using the formula [(LVDD + DPWT + DSWT)<sup>3</sup>&#8722; LVDD<sup>3</sup>] &#215; 1.04. LV relative wall thickness (RWT) was calculated with the formula 2 &#215; DPWT/LVDD. Systolic function was assessed by the following parameters: endocardial fractional shortening (EFS), posterior wall shortening velocity (PWSV), fractional area change (FAC), myocardial performance index (Tei index), and systolic velocity of the mitral annulus (S&#8217; wave) obtained by tissue Doppler imaging. The diastolic function was analyzed by early and late diastolic mitral inflow velocities (E and A waves), E/A ratio, isovolumetric relaxation time (IVRT), early diastolic (E&#8217;) and late diastolic (A&#8217;) velocity of the mitral annulus (arithmetic average travel speeds of the lateral and septal walls), and E/E&#8217; ratio.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Collection of tissues for analysis</title>
          <p>One day after final echocardiogram, the animals were weighed, anesthetized with intraperitoneal sodium thiopental (180 mg/kg) and euthanized. Their hearts were removed by thoracotomy. The lung, atria and ventricles were dissected and weighed. Fragments of LV were frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at &#8722;80 &#176;C for posterior analysis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Morphologic study</title>
          <p>LV samples were fixed in a 10% buffered formalin solution for 24 hours, then washed in water and transferred to a solution with ethanol, according to a previously described method.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref></p>
          <p>To calculate infarction size, the LV was cut at a distance of 5 to 6 mm from the apex.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref> Heart slices were stained with picrosirius red (PSR) and examined under a compound microscope (Leica DM LS; Nussloch, Germany) coupled to a computerized imaging analysis system (Media Cybernetics, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref> The infarction size was calculated by dividing the sum of endocardial and epicardial infarcted ventricular lengths by the sum of the total (infarcted and viable myocardium) endocardial and epicardial ventricular circumferences.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> Values were expressed as percentage of the total LV area. Only rats with small-sized MI (&lt;30% of total LV area) at histological evaluation were included in the study.</p>
          <p>Cardiomyocyte diameters were assessed in LV transverse sections stained with hematoxylin-eosin. The smallest diameter of at least 50 cardiac fibers with the nucleus clearly identified was measured.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Gene expression of NADPH oxidase subunits</title>
          <p>Gene expression of NADPH oxidase subunits NOX2, NOX4, p22<sup>phox</sup>, and p47<sup>phox</sup> and reference genes was analyzed by Real-Time Quantitative Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR), as previously described.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref> Total RNA was extracted from LV samples with TRIzol Reagent (Invitrogen Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA, USA) and treated with DNase I (Invitrogen Life Technologies). One microgram of RNA was reverse-transcribed using a High-Capacity cDNA Reverse Transcription kit, according to standard methods (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). Aliquots of cDNA were then submitted to real-time PCR using a customized assay containing sense and antisense primers and Taqman (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA) probes specific to each gene: NOX2 (Rn00576710 m1), NOX4 (Rn00585380 m1), p22<sup>phox</sup> (Rn00577357 m1), and p47<sup>phox</sup> (Rn00586945 m1). Amplification and analysis were performed using the Step One Plus&#8482; Real-Time PCR System (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). Expression data were normalized to reference gene expressions: cyclophilin (Rn00690933 m1) and GAPDH (Rn01775763 g1). Reactions were performed in triplicate and expression levels calculated based on the CT comparative method (2<sup>&#8722;&#916;&#916;CT</sup>).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analyzes</title>
          <p>Data normality was evaluated by the Shapiro-Wilk test. Comparisons between groups were performed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by the Bonferroni test for parametric variables, which are expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation. Non-parametric variables were compared using the Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunn's test, being expressed as median and percentiles. Infarction size was compared by the unpaired <italic>Student t</italic> test. Statistical analyzes were performed on the SigmaStat 12.0 software. The significance level was set at 5%.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Experimental groups and anatomical parameters</title>
          <p>At the beginning of the exercise protocol, the Sham group had 15 animals, MI-SED had 22, and MI-AE had 21. After histologic analysis, the rats with infarction size &#8805; 30% of total LV area (9 in MI-SED and 9 in MI-AE group) were excluded from the study. Only one rat from MI-SED died during the exercise protocol. Anatomical parameters are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 1</xref>. Final body weight did not differ between groups. Atria and right ventricle (RV) weights were higher in MI-AE than in Sham group. No differences between MI-AE and MI-SED groups were found.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Anatomical data</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">SHAM (n=15)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">MI-SED (n=12)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">MI-AE (n=12)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">BW (g)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">536 &#177; 29.7</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">537 &#177; 66.8</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">529 &#177; 44.7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">LV (g)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.90 (0.87-0.97)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.99 (0.93-1.03)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.99 (0.90-1.11)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">LV/BW (g/kg)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.73 &#177; 0.10</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.90 &#177; 0.19</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.88 &#177; 0.23</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">RV (g)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.23 &#177; 0.03</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.26 &#177; 0.04</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.29 &#177; 0.05<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">RV/BW (g/kg)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.43 &#177; 0.05</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.48 &#177; 0.07</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.54 &#177; 0.08<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Atrial weight (g)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.10 (0.08-0.11)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.13 (0.10-0.13)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.13 (0.11-0.14)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Atrial/BW (g/kg)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.19 (0.15-0.22)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.22 (0.19-0.24)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.27 (0.22-0.28)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Lung/BW (g/kg)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">3.60 (3.19-3.70)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">3.43 (3.09-3.72)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">3.66 (3.58-4.13)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN11">
                <p>Data are expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation or median and percentiles. MI-SED: sedentary myocardial infarction; MI-AE: aerobic exercise myocardial infarction; n: number of animals; BW: body weight; LV: left ventricle weight; RV: right ventricle weight. ANOVA and Bonferroni or Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's test;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN12">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>p&lt;0.05 vs. Sham.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Infarction size, assessed by LV histological analysis, did not differ between infarcted groups (MI-SED 18.7 &#177; 6.41; MI-AE 23.6 &#177; 6.14% of total LV area; p&gt;0.05; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Representative histological photos of picrosirius red-stained portions of left ventricles from the groups SHAM, sedentary myocardial infarction (MI-SED), and aerobic exercise myocardial infarction (MI-AE).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-04-0784-90813-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Echocardiographic evaluation</title>
          <p>Before exercise, there were no differences in echocardiographic parameters between MI-AE and MI-SED groups (data not shown). Final echocardiographic structural data are listed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table 2</xref>. Both infarcted groups had higher LV systolic and diastolic diameters, left atrial diameter, and LV mass compared to the Sham group. LV diastolic posterior wall thickness was higher in MI-AE than in Sham, and relative wall thickness was lower in MI-SED than in MI-AE and Sham groups. LV systolic function is shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Table 3</xref>. Infarcted groups had lower fractional area change and endocardial fractional shortening, as well as higher Tei index when compared to Sham. LV diastolic function is presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Table 4</xref>. E&#8217; (average and septal) wave was lower in both infarcted groups as related to the Sham group. MI-AE had lower E/A ratio than Sham. E&#8217;/A&#8217; ratio was lower in MI-SED than in Sham. No differences were observed between exercised and sedentary infarcted groups.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t7">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Echocardiographic structural data</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">SHAM (n=15)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">MI-SED (n=10)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">MI-AE (n=12)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">HR (bpm)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">267 &#177; 32.9</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">278 &#177; 19.7</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">290 &#177; 28.7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">LVDD (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">8.19 &#177; 0.44</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">9.99 &#177; 0.81<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">9.93 &#177; 0.98<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">LVSD (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">4.13 (3.96-4.30)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">7.16 (6.60-8.21)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">7.25 (6.73-8.16)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">DPWT (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.42 (1.40-1.45)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.53 (1.45-1.61)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.67 (1.58-1.85)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">AO (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">4.20 &#177; 0.15</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">4.12 &#177; 0.22</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">4.13 &#177; 0.25</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">LA (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">5.68 &#177; 0.42</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">6.71 &#177; 0.75<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">6.97 &#177; 1.07<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">LA/AO</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.37 (1.30-1.42)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.64 (1.47-1.79)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.66 (1.47-1.82)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">LVDD/BW (mm/kg)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">15.2 (14.8-16.3)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">17.9 (16.9-20.3)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">18.5 (17.8-20.1)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">LA/BW (mm/kg)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">10.7 &#177; 0.95</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">12.4 &#177; 1.42<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">13.5 &#177; 2.46<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">LVM (g)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.84 (0.76-0.91)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.29 (1.17-1.43)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.27 (1.22-1.63)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">LVMI (g/kg)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.57 (1.46-1.70)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2.32 (2.12-2.63)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2.44 (2.31-3.08)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">RWT</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.35 &#177; 0.02</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.31 &#177; 0.02<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.35 &#177; 0.04<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">#</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">% area MI</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">No infarction</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">26.23 &#177; 5.77</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">27.62 &#177; 7.67</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN13">
                <p>Data are expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation or median and percentiles. MI-SED: sedentary myocardial infarction; MI-AE: aerobic exercise myocardial infarction; n: number of animals; HR: heart rate; LVDD and LVSD: left ventricular diastolic and systolic diameters respectively; DPWT: left ventricular diastolic posterior wall thickness; AO: aorta diameter; LA: left atrial diameter; BW: body weight; LVM: left ventricular mass; LVMI: left ventricular mass index; RWT: relative wall thickness. % area MI: percentage of myocardial infarcted area. ANOVA and Bonferroni or Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's test;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN14">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>p&lt;0.05 vs Sham;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN15">
                <label>#</label>
                <p>p&lt;0.05 vs MI-SED.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t8">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Echocardiographic parameters of left ventricular systolic function</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">SHAM (n=15)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">MI-SED (n=10)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">MI-AE (n=12)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">EFS (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">49.7 &#177; 3.40</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">27.0 &#177; 5.23<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">*</xref></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">26.6 &#177; 7.91<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">*</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">PWSV (mm/s)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">42.1 &#177; 5.66</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">35.9 &#177; 5.37</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">38.7 &#177; 9.28</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">FAC (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">67.3 &#177; 5.07</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">41.1 &#177; 9.95<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">*</xref></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">37.6 &#177; 10.5<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">*</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Tei index</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.46 &#177; 0.06</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.58 &#177; 0.12<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">*</xref></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.58 &#177; 0.15<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">*</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">S&#8217; average (cm/s)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">3.55 &#177; 0.40</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">3.15 &#177; 0.34</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">3.20 &#177; 0.47</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN16">
                <p>Data are expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation. MI-SED: sedentary myocardial infarction; MI-AE: aerobic exercise myocardial infarction; n: number of animals; EFS: endocardial fractional shortening; PWSV: posterior wall shortening velocity; Tei index: myocardial performance index; S&#8217; average: mean maximum systolic displacement velocities for lateral and septal walls of the mitral annulus assessed by tissue Doppler imaging. ANOVA and Bonferroni;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN17">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>p&lt;0.05 vs Sham.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t9">
            <label>Table 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Echocardiographic parameters of left ventricular diastolic function</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">SHAM (n=15)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">MI-SED (n=10)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">MI-AE (n=12)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Mitral E (cm/s)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">77.0 (71.0-85.0)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">72.5 (69.3-79.5)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">75.5 (72.8-78.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Mitral A (cm/s)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">49.1 &#177; 12.2</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">54.3 &#177; 11.9</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">59.9 &#177; 16.8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">E/A</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.71 (1.42-1.79)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.32 (1.26-1.49)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.23 (1.07-1.35)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">*</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">IVRT (m/s)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">26.5 &#177; 3.42</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">29.7 &#177; 5.75</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">28.0 &#177; 3.79</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">E&#8217; average (cm/s)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">4.20 &#177; 0.63</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">3.52 &#177; 0.62<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">*</xref></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">3.58 &#177; 0.50<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">*</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">E&#8217; lateral (cm/s)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">4.16 &#177; 0.73</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">3.20 &#177; 0.56<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">*</xref></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">3.24 &#177; 0.74<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">*</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">E&#8217; septal (cm/s)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">4.24 &#177; 0.61</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">3.84 &#177; 0.88</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">3.92 &#177; 0.79</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">E/E&#8217; average</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">19.1 &#177; 2.65</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">21.8 &#177; 3.47</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">21.6 &#177; 2.35</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">A&#8217; average (cm/s)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">3.05 (2.65-3.90)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">3.77 (2.96-4.85)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">3.82 (2.81-4.04)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">A&#8217; lateral (cm/s)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">3.40 (2.80-3.80)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">3.95 (3.17-4.85)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">4.15 (3.27-4.55)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">A&#8217; septal (cm/s)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">3.25 &#177; 1.12</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">3.81 &#177; 1.21</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">3.11 &#177; 0.76</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">E&#8217;/A&#8217;</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.34 &#177; 0.39</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.95 &#177; 0.25<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">*</xref></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.05 &#177; 0.35</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN18">
                <p>Data are expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation or median and percentiles. MI-SED: sedentary myocardial infarction; MI-AE: aerobic exercise myocardial infarction; n: number of animals; Mitral E: peak velocity of early-diastolic mitral inflow; Mitral A: peak velocity of late-diastolic mitral inflow; IVRT: isovolumetric relaxation time; E&#8217;: peak initial diastolic displacement velocity of the mitral annulus; A&#8217;: peak late diastolic displacement velocity of the mitral annulus. ANOVA and Bonferroni or Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's test;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN19">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>p&lt;0.05 vs Sham.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Functional capacity</title>
          <p>Functional capacity did not differ between groups before exercise. At the end of the experiment, functional capacity was better in MI-AE than in the other groups (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Functional capacity evaluated by maximal exercise test. Running time (A) before and after exercise; running distance (B) before and after exercise. MI-SED: sedentary myocardial infarction; MI-AE: aerobic exercise myocardial infarction; n: number of animals. Data are expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation; ANOVA and Bonferroni; *p&lt;0.05 vs SHAM; #p&lt;0.05 vs MI-SED.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-04-0784-90813-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Morphometric study</title>
          <p>Cardiomyocyte diameter was smaller in infarcted groups than in Sham (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f6">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Cardiomyocyte diameters. MI-SED: sedentary myocardial infarction; MI-AE: aerobic exercise myocardial infarction; n: number of animals. Data are expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation; ANOVA and Bonferroni; *p&lt;0.05 vs SHAM.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-04-0784-90813-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Gene expression</title>
          <p>Gene expression of NADPH oxidase subunits NOX2, NOX4, p22<sup>phox</sup>, and p47<sup>phox</sup> did not differ between groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Table 5</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t10">
            <label>Table 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Gene expression of NADPH oxidase complex subunits</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">Gene</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">SHAM (n=9)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">MI-SED (n=5)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">MI-AE (n=5)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Nox2</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.00 &#177; 0.56</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.83 &#177; 0.34</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.07 &#177; 0.26</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Nox4</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.99 (0.62-1.20)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.38 (0.60-1.95)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.36 (0.79-1.40)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">p22phox</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.00 &#177; 0.35</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.12 &#177; 0.51</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.16 &#177; 0.18</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">p47phox</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.00 &#177; 0.56</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.83 &#177; 0.34</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.07 &#177; 0.26</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN20">
                <p>Data are expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation or median and percentiles. MI-SED: sedentary myocardial infarction; MI-AE: aerobic exercise myocardial infarction; n: number of animals; ANOVA and Bonferroni or Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's test; p&gt;0.05.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In this study, we evaluated the effects of aerobic physical exercise on functional capacity, cardiac remodeling and gene expression of NADPH oxidase subunits in small-sized MI rat hearts.</p>
        <p>The rodent experimental MI model has been widely used to investigate the pathophysiology and treatment of cardiac remodeling and heart failure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref> However, as a rat's coronary circulation anatomy is not uniform, coronary artery ligation leads to a wide range of infarct sizes, cardiac remodeling, and LV dysfunction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref> Therefore, an essential feature of studies aimed to establish therapeutic strategies is to evaluate animals with comparable infarction sizes. Thus, echocardiographic assessment of MI size and cardiac injury degree before initiating therapeutic strategies should be mandatory.</p>
        <p>We have previously observed that the minimum infarct size for inducing structural, functional, and clinical abnormalities was 36%, 38%, and 40% of the total LV area, respectively.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref> We therefore did not expect to find considerable cardiac changes by evaluating rats with MI sizes below 30%. However, this study showed that, at the end of the experimental period, infarcted groups presented increased LV diastolic and systolic diameter, left atrial diameter, and LV mass, with systolic dysfunction characterized by reduced endocardial fractional shortening and fractional area change, as well as increased Tei index. Except for reduced septal and average E&#8217; wave, the diastolic function did not differ between infarcted and Sham groups. Our data therefore showed that cardiac remodeling with left cardiac chambers dilation and LV systolic dysfunction can be well characterized in rats with small-sized infarction area.</p>
        <p>The fact that body weight did not differ between groups reinforces the slight degree of myocardial injury. Cardiac cachexia is characterized by a significant reduction in body weight,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30"><sup>30</sup></xref> and can be found in post-infarction rats with large infarction areas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref></p>
        <p>In this study, we used a moderate intensity aerobic exercise protocol adapted from previously published studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref> Maximum running velocity was established for each rat according to its functional capacity, evaluated by maximum effort test performed on a treadmill at the beginning and middle of the exercise protocol.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> At the end of the experiment, we noted that exercise was safe and the MI-AE group attained a higher treadmill time and distance run than MI-SED and Sham groups. Aerobic exercise has long been shown to improve functional capacity in both animal and human heart failure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"><sup>31</sup></xref> The Sham rat results also underlined a reduced functional capacity caused by sedentary lifestyle.</p>
        <p>Despite improving functional performance, the effects of aerobic exercise on cardiac remodeling were not substantial in small-sized MI rats. As a common finding in MI rats is a decrease in LV relative wall thickness,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref> we may conclude that exercise was helpful in preserving LV geometry, as the relationship between LV diastolic posterior wall thickness and LV diastolic diameter was reduced in MI-SED and preserved in the MI-AE group.</p>
        <p>Among various MI-induced alterations, increased oxidative stress plays an important role in cardiac remodeling progression.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> In this study, gene expression of NADPH oxidase complex subunits NOX2, NOX4, p22<sup>phox</sup>, and p47<sup>phox</sup> did not differ between groups, which suggests that this important source of reactive oxygen species generation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> was not involved in the cardiac remodeling observed in rats with small-sized infarction. Increased gene expression of NOX2 and NOX4 has been observed in large-sizes MI rodents.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32"><sup>32</sup></xref> One limitation of this study is that we have evaluated NADPH oxidase complex by analyzing the gene expression of its subunits. Therefore, additional studies are needed to assess the activity of the NADPH oxidase complex.</p>
        <p>Since transition from compensated LV dysfunction to heart failure is mainly found in hearts with large transmural infarction,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref> most authors have evaluated the effects of exercise on hearts with large infarct sizes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33"><sup>33</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34"><sup>34</sup></xref> and most studies have shown favorable effects of aerobic exercise on MI-induced cardiac remodeling.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33"><sup>33</sup></xref> Only a few researchers have analyzed the cardiac effects of exercise in rats with small-sized MI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35"><sup>35</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36"><sup>36</sup></xref> By initiating exercise within four weeks post MI induction, these authors have observed beneficial cardiac effects of physical exercise.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35"><sup>35</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36"><sup>36</sup></xref> In this study we showed for the first time that late aerobic exercise, initiated three months after MI, when cardiac remodeling is stable, attenuates cardiac geometry changes in rats with small-sized infarction. Our study therefore reinforces the concept of potential benefit from cardiac rehabilitation after acute coronary syndromes, regardless of cardiac injury degree.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37"><sup>37</sup></xref></p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>In conclusion, small-sized MI changes cardiac structures and the left ventricular systolic function. Late aerobic physical exercise improves functional capacity and attenuates left ventricular geometry change. NADPH oxidase subunits gene expression is not involved in cardiac remodeling nor is modulated by aerobic exercise in rats with small-sized MI.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn3">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study was funded by CNPq (Process number 308557/2018-2 and 310876/2018-4); FAPESP (Process number 2014/21972-3 and 2014/00747-1); CAPES (Process number 88882.432904/2019-01 and 153424/2018-4), and PROPe, UNESP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Lidiane Moreira de Souza, from Programa de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Fisiopatologia em Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica na Faculdade Medicina de Botucatu - UNESP.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgements</title>
        <p>We would like to thank Colin Edward Knaggs for the English editing. Financial support was provided by the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) (protocols 308557/2018-2 and 310876/2018-4); the S&#227;o Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) (protocols 2014/21972 - 3 and 2014/00747-1); the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES) (protocols 88882.432904/2019-01 and 153424/2018-4); and the Pro-Rectory of Post-Graduate Studies and Research (PROPe) at UNESP.</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
