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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">9WFv4kT6cChqmnHQCdwLxSw</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021000500772</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210203</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210203</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Taxa Atual de Mortalidade por Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares no Estado do Rio de Janeiro: Mais do que Apenas um Sonho no Rio</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3051-1090</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mansur</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio de Padua</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil.</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Antonio de Padua Mansur</bold> &#8226; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - Av. Dr. En&#233;as C. Aguiar, 44. CEP <postal-code>05403-000</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>apmansur@yahoo.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>16</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>116</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>772</fpage>
      <lpage>773</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares/mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Isquemia Mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Dislipidemia</kwd>
        <kwd>Diabetes Mellitus</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores Socioecon&#244;micos</kwd>
        <kwd>Educa&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="10"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV) s&#227;o as principais causas de morte em mulheres e homens no Brasil. Desde 1980, houve uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa da mortalidade por essas doen&#231;as. De 1980 a 2012, a menor redu&#231;&#227;o foi de 31% para doen&#231;as isqu&#234;micas do cora&#231;&#227;o (DIC) em homens, e a maior redu&#231;&#227;o foi de 54% para doen&#231;as cerebrovasculares (DCBV) em mulheres.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> Apesar de uma redu&#231;&#227;o importante da mortalidade por DIC, a redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade por DCBV foi a que mais contribuiu para a redu&#231;&#227;o total da mortalidade por DCV. No entanto, an&#225;lises comparativas dos per&#237;odos de 1980 a 2006 com os de 2007 a 2012 mostraram maior redu&#231;&#227;o percentual da mortalidade por DCV, DIC e DCBV no per&#237;odo de 1980 a 2006. No per&#237;odo de 2007 a 2012, houve redu&#231;&#227;o significativa, por&#233;m menos intensa, da mortalidade por DCV e DCBV quando comparada ao per&#237;odo anterior, enquanto a mortalidade por DIC permaneceu inalterada em mulheres e homens. O mesmo fen&#244;meno foi observado nos EUA e em alguns pa&#237;ses da Europa neste per&#237;odo, e essa tend&#234;ncia desfavor&#225;vel tem sido associada ao aumento da incid&#234;ncia de obesidade e diabetes mellitus e ao controle inadequado dos fatores de risco.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> O controle dos principais fatores de risco para DCV reduz a mortalidade por DCV em pelo menos 50%, e o que se destaca neste processo &#233; a preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria por meio do controle dos principais fatores de risco, a saber, hipertens&#227;o, tabagismo, diabetes e dislipidemia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref></p>
    <p>A hipertens&#227;o &#233; o principal fator de risco na g&#234;nese da DCBV, enquanto os demais fatores de risco tamb&#233;m participam da g&#234;nese da DIC, o que leva a maior dificuldade na preven&#231;&#227;o da DIC, justificando a tend&#234;ncia desfavor&#225;vel da DIC em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; DCBV. Atualmente, o n&#237;vel socioecon&#244;mico (renda familiar, emprego, educa&#231;&#227;o e fatores ambientais) tamb&#233;m &#233; considerado um fator de risco independente para DCV que &#233; equivalente aos fatores de risco tradicionais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> A influ&#234;ncia do n&#237;vel socioecon&#244;mico &#233; um dos principais fatores respons&#225;veis pela maior mortalidade por DCV nas popula&#231;&#245;es menos favorecidas.</p>
    <p>Um estudo recente mostrou uma redu&#231;&#227;o acentuada da mortalidade por DIC e DCBV nas regi&#245;es mais desenvolvidas do Brasil (Sudeste e Sul), o que n&#227;o foi observado nas demais regi&#245;es do pa&#237;s.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> Apesar disso, mesmo as regi&#245;es Sudeste e Sul apresentam microrregi&#245;es bastante heterog&#234;neas do ponto de vista socioecon&#244;mico e dados bastante heterog&#234;neos de mortalidade por DCV. Um estudo de Rosa et al. mostrou essa heterogeneidade na mortalidade por DCV em regi&#245;es de sa&#250;de do estado do Rio de Janeiro, incluindo a capital.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> As regi&#245;es de sa&#250;de foram definidas como &#8220;espa&#231;o geogr&#225;fico cont&#237;nuo constitu&#237;do por grupos de munic&#237;pios lim&#237;trofes, delimitados com base em identidades culturais; redes econ&#244;micas, sociais e de comunica&#231;&#227;o; e infraestrutura de transporte compartilhada&#8221;. Relataram, em pelo menos 50% das regi&#245;es, tend&#234;ncias desfavor&#225;veis na mortalidade prematura (30 a 69 anos) e tardia (&#8805; 70 anos) por DCV em per&#237;odos espec&#237;ficos de 1996 a 2016. Em geral, os coeficientes de mortalidade ajustados para DCV, DIC e DCBV tiveram redu&#231;&#227;o significativa, para todas as regi&#245;es, em mulheres e em homens, quando foram usados zero pontos de jun&#231;&#227;o no Programa de Regress&#227;o Joinpoint<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> (Tabela 1). Por&#233;m, quando utilizaram um ou mais pontos de jun&#231;&#227;o, ou seja, dividiram a reta de regress&#227;o total que correspondia a todo o per&#237;odo de 1996 a 2016 em dois ou mais per&#237;odos, encontraram per&#237;odos espec&#237;ficos onde mortalidade prematura e tardia por DIC e DCBV aumentaram ou permaneceram est&#225;veis. Quase todos esses per&#237;odos espec&#237;ficos foram dos &#250;ltimos anos analisados, do per&#237;odo de 1996 a 2016. A an&#225;lise desses per&#237;odos espec&#237;ficos mostrou que praticamente todas as regi&#245;es de sa&#250;de tiveram resultados desfavor&#225;veis na mortalidade por DCV, DIC e DCBV, com as seguintes exce&#231;&#245;es: mortalidade prematura por DCV em mulheres na cidade de Rio de Janeiro, todas as mortes por DCV em homens na Baixada Litor&#226;nea, DIC em mulheres na cidade de Rio de Janeiro e na Baixada Litor&#226;nea e mortalidade tardia por DIC nas regi&#245;es Metropolitana 2 e Noroeste. Nas demais regi&#245;es, de acordo com os dados dispon&#237;veis na Tabela 2, foram observadas tend&#234;ncias desfavor&#225;veis na mortalidade por DCV em praticamente todo o estado de Rio de Janeiro. Os autores n&#227;o avaliaram as causas destes resultados desfavor&#225;veis; sugeriram a influ&#234;ncia de aspectos socioecon&#244;micos e o controle inadequado dos fatores de risco, o que provavelmente deve ter ocorrido. No entanto, faltaram alguns dados sobre a mortalidade por DCV em algumas regi&#245;es de sa&#250;de, particularmente em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; DCBV em mulheres.</p>
    <p>Em suma, as melhorias das condi&#231;&#245;es socioecon&#244;micas e a intensifica&#231;&#227;o dos programas de preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria para as DCV s&#227;o essenciais para reverter essas tend&#234;ncias tardias da mortalidade por DCV no estado do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Tend&#234;ncias Recentes de Mortalidade Cardiovascular nas Regi&#245;es de Sa&#250;de do Estado do Rio de Janeiro e Capital</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Current Cardiovascular Disease Death Rate in Rio De Janeiro State: More than Only a Dream in Rio</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3051-1090</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mansur</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio de Padua</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil.</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Antonio de Padua Mansur</bold> &#8226; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - Av. Dr. En&#233;as C. Aguiar, 44. Postal Code <postal-code>05403-000</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: <email>apmansur@yahoo.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases/mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Ischemia</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Dyslipidemia</kwd>
        <kwd>Diabetes Mellitus</kwd>
        <kwd>Socioeconomics Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Education</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the main causes of death in women and men in Brazil. Since 1980, there has been a significant reduction in mortality from these diseases. From 1980 to 2012, the smallest reduction was 31% for ischemic heart diseases (IHD) in men, and the largest reduction was 54% for cerebrovascular diseases (CBVD) in women.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> Despite an important reduction in mortality due to IHD, the reduction in mortality due to CBVD was the one that most contributed to the total reduction in mortality due to CVD. However, comparative analyses of the periods from 1980 to 2006 with those from 2007 to 2012 showed a greater percentage reduction in mortality from CVD, IHD, and CBVD in the period from 1980 to 2006. In the period from 2007 to 2012, there was a significant, but less intense, reduction in mortality from CVD and CBVD when compared to the previous period, while mortality from IHD remained unchanged in women and men. The same phenomenon was observed in the USA and in some European countries for this period, and this unfavorable trend has been associated with the increase in the incidence of obesity and diabetes mellitus and with the inadequate control of risk factors.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> The control of the main risk factors for CVD reduces CVD mortality by at least 50%, and the highlight in this process is primary prevention by controlling the main risk factors, namely hypertension, smoking, diabetes, and dyslipidemia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Hypertension is the main risk factor in the genesis of CBVD, while the other risk factors also participate in the genesis of IHD, which leads to greater difficulty in preventing IHD, justifying the unfavorable tendency of IHD compared to CBVD. Currently, socioeconomic status (family income, employment, education, and environmental factors) is also considered an independent risk factor for CVD that is equivalent to traditional risk factors.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> The influence of socioeconomic status is one of the main factors responsible for the highest mortality from CVD in the least favored populations.</p>
      <p>A recent study showed a marked reduction in mortality from IHD and CBVD in the most developed regions of Brazil (Southeast and South), which was not observed in other regions of the country.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> Nevertheless, even the Southeast and South regions have very heterogeneous microregions from the socioeconomic point of view and rather heterogeneous death rate data from CVD. A study by Rosa et al. showed this heterogeneity in CVD mortality in health regions of the state of Rio de Janeiro, including the capital city.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> Health regions were defined as &#8220;continuous geographic space consisting of groups of bordering municipalities, delimited based on cultural identities, economic and social and communication networks and shared transport infrastructure.&#8221; They reported, in at least 50% of regions, unfavorable trends in premature (30 to 69 years) and late (&#8805; 70 years) mortality from CVD in specific periods from 1996 to 2016. In general, the adjusted mortality coefficients for CVD, IHD, and CBVD had a significant reduction for all regions in women and in men, when zero junction points were used in the Joinpoint Regression Program<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> (Table 1). However, when the authors used one or more junction points, that is, they divided the total regression line corresponding to the entire period from 1996 to 2016 in two or more periods, they found specific periods where premature and late mortality from IHD and CBVD increased or remained stable. Almost all of these specific periods were from the last years analyzed, from the period from 1996 to 2016. The analysis of these specific periods showed that practically all health regions had unfavorable results in mortality from CVD, IHD, and CBVD, with the following exceptions: premature CVD mortality in women in the city of Rio de Janeiro, all CVD death in men in the Baixada Litor&#226;nea region, IHD in women in the city of Rio de Janeiro and the Baixada Litor&#226;nea region, and late mortality due to IHD in the Metropolitan 2 and Northwest regions. In the other regions, according to the data available in Table 2, unfavorable trends in CVD mortality were observed in practically the entire state of Rio de Janeiro. The authors did not evaluate the causes of these unfavorable results; they suggested the influence of socioeconomic aspects and the inadequate control of risk factors, which probably must have occurred. Nevertheless, some data on CVD mortality were missing for some health regions, particularly in relation to CBVD in women.</p>
      <p>In summary, improvements in socioeconomic conditions and the intensification of primary prevention programs for CVD are essential to reverse these late trends of CVD mortality in the state of Rio de Janeiro.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>Short editorial related to the article: Recent Trends in Cardiovascular Mortality in Rio de Janeiro State Health Regions and Capital</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
