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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">yvkzb5TsLf8SsRghWvfDDYR</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021000500756</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20190554</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190554</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre os N&#237;veis S&#233;ricos se Serglicina e o Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio com Supradesnivelamento do Segmento ST</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7331-3281</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ilg&#305;n</surname>
            <given-names>Burcu Ugurlu</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8152-9680</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>K&#305;z&#305;ltun&#231;</surname>
            <given-names>Emrullah</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3118-9064</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>G&#246;k</surname>
            <given-names>Murat</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ornek</surname>
            <given-names>Ender</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Topcuoglu</surname>
            <given-names>Canan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7542-6602</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>&#199;etin</surname>
            <given-names>Mustafa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0033-4353</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Karayi&#287;it</surname>
            <given-names>Orhan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">TC Sagl&#305;k Bakanl&#305;g&#305; Gazi Mustafa Kemal Devlet Hastanesi</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Ankara</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
          <institution content-type="original">TC Sagl&#305;k Bakanl&#305;g&#305; Gazi Mustafa Kemal Devlet Hastanesi &#8211; Cardiology, Ankara - Turquia</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Edirne Provincial Health Directorate Edirne Sultan 1st Murat State Hospital</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Cardiology Department</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Edirne</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Cardiology Department, Edirne Provincial Health Directorate Edirne Sultan 1st Murat State Hospital, Edirne - Turquia</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Numune Education and Research Hospital</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Medical Biochemistry Department</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Ankara</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Medical Biochemistry Department, Numune Education and Research Hospital, Ankara - Turquia</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>4</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Numune Education and Research Hospital</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Cardiology Department</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Ankara</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Cardiology Department, Numune Education and Research Hospital, Ankara &#8211;Turquia</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Burcu Ugurlu Ilg&#305;n</bold> &#8226; TC Sagl&#305;k Bakanl&#305;g&#305; Gazi Mustafa Kemal Devlet Hastanesi &#8211; Cardiology - Cardiology Department, Gazi Mustafa Kemal State Hospital, Ankara, Turkey, <postal-code>06560</postal-code> Ankara <postal-code>06560</postal-code> &#8211; Turquia E-mail:<email>aburcuburcuyum@hotmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos Autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Ilg&#305;n BU, Ornek E; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Ilg&#305;n BU, G&#246;k M, Topcuoglu C, &#199;etin M, Karayi&#287;it O; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Ilg&#305;n BU, K&#305;z&#305;ltun&#231; E; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: K&#305;z&#305;ltun&#231; E; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Ilg&#305;n BU; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Ilg&#305;n BU.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>16</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>116</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>756</fpage>
      <lpage>762</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Sugere-se que a serglicina tenha fun&#231;&#245;es importantes na estabiliza&#231;&#227;o da fibrina e inflama&#231;&#227;o, mas h&#225; informa&#231;&#245;es limitadas sobre seu valor cl&#237;nico para a doen&#231;a card&#237;aca ateroscler&#243;tica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>O objetivo do presente estudo &#233; descobrir os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de serglicina em pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e nos indiv&#237;duos do grupo controle; e investigar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis de serglicina com marcadores de inflama&#231;&#227;o e marcadores de tamanho do infarto.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo consistiu em 75 pacientes com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMCSST) e 57 pacientes com art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias normais (NCA) (grupo controle). As caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes, os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de serglicina, os n&#237;veis de prote&#237;na C-reativa ultrassens&#237;vel (PCR-us), os n&#237;veis m&#225;ximos de troponina T e outros par&#226;metros bioqu&#237;micos foram registrados. O valor de p&lt;0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>O grupo controle consistiu em indiv&#237;duos mais jovens e que fumam menos do que os do grupo IAMCSST. O n&#250;mero de mulheres no grupo controle foi maior do que no grupo IAMCSST. Os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de serglicina foram significativamente maiores no grupo IAMCSST do que no grupo controle (102,81&#177;39,42 vs. 57,13&#177;32,25, p&lt;0,001). As an&#225;lises de correla&#231;&#227;o revelaram uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva significativa entre a serglicina e a troponina (correla&#231;&#227;o de postos de Spearman: 0,419; p&lt;0,001) e entre a serglicina e a prote&#237;na C-reativa ultrassens&#237;vel (correla&#231;&#227;o de postos de Spearman: 0,336; p&lt;0,001). A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada demonstrou que os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de serglicina apresentaram-se independentemente associados com IAMCSST. Usando um n&#237;vel de corte de 80,47 <italic>&#956;</italic>g/L, o n&#237;vel de serglicina foi preditor da presen&#231;a de IAMCSST com uma sensibilidade de 75,7% e especificidade de 68,4%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de serglicina apresentaram-se significativamente maiores no grupo IAMCSST do que no grupo controle. Os n&#237;veis de serglicina s&#233;rica mostraram-se positivamente correlacionados com os n&#237;veis de prote&#237;na C-reativa ultrassens&#237;vel e troponina.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Aterosclerose</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>Inflama&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Biomarcadores</kwd>
        <kwd>Serglicina</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="18"/>
        <page-count count="7"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A doen&#231;a card&#237;aca ateroscler&#243;tica &#233; uma das causas mais importantes de morte e morbidade em todo o mundo. A inflama&#231;&#227;o vascular cr&#244;nica &#233; aceita na forma&#231;&#227;o da placa ateroscler&#243;tica, mas os promotores e impulsionadores da inflama&#231;&#227;o vascular cr&#244;nica ainda est&#227;o sob investiga&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref></p>
      <p>A serglicina &#233; um proteoglicano intracelular expresso principalmente em neutr&#243;filos, linf&#243;citos, mon&#243;citos, macr&#243;fagos, plaquetas, megacari&#243;citos e mast&#243;citos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> mas tamb&#233;m pode ser produzida por certas c&#233;lulas n&#227;o hematopoi&#233;ticas, como as c&#233;lulas endoteliais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> &#201; armazenada em ves&#237;culas celulares e reage com mediadores como citocinas, quimiocinas, fatores de crescimento e proteases<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref>. Existem evid&#234;ncias sobre o papel da serglicina na inflama&#231;&#227;o e nas cascatas aterog&#234;nicas-pr&#243;-tromb&#243;ticas. Demonstrou-se que a s&#237;ntese e secre&#231;&#227;o da serglicina s&#227;o desencadeadas em c&#233;lulas endoteliais e mon&#243;citos humanos por estimulantes pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rios.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> Em outro estudo, verificou-se que a serglicina se liga aos receptores C1q e afeta a polimeriza&#231;&#227;o da fibrina na forma&#231;&#227;o do co&#225;gulo de fibrina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> A serglicina &#233; um dos ingredientes dos gr&#226;nulos de plaquetas alfa. Esses gr&#226;nulos est&#227;o envolvidos na ativa&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria em resposta &#224; inflama&#231;&#227;o, forma&#231;&#227;o de trombos e aterosclerose.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Os referidos efeitos e fun&#231;&#245;es da serglicina levam a grandes suspeitas sobre a poss&#237;vel rela&#231;&#227;o entre a serglicina e a doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica, mas n&#227;o h&#225; boas evid&#234;ncias. Portanto, este estudo teve como objetivo investigar os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de serglicina em pacientes com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMCSST) e avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de serglicina e marcadores progn&#243;sticos de IAMCSST.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
        <p>Inclu&#237;mos pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMCSST) e pacientes com art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias normais neste estudo transversal unic&#234;ntrico entre novembro de 2017 e mar&#231;o de 2018 no Numune Education and Research Hospital, Ancara, Turquia. O protocolo do estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica local e formul&#225;rios de consentimento informado foram obtidos de todos os participantes.</p>
        <p>O diagn&#243;stico de IAMCSST foi feito de acordo com a terceira defini&#231;&#227;o universal do documento sobre infarto do mioc&#225;rdio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> Todos os pacientes com IAMCSST foram submetidos a interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea prim&#225;ria e receberam tratamento m&#233;dico orientado de acordo com os conhecimentos cient&#237;ficos contempor&#226;neos. Os pacientes submetidos &#224; angiografia coron&#225;ria eletiva e que apresentavam art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias normais foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo como grupo controle. Todos os pacientes com IAMCSST e pacientes com art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias normais foram recrutados consecutivamente no estudo. Pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda sem diagn&#243;stico de IAMCSST foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo. Pacientes com algum dist&#250;rbio hematol&#243;gico, doen&#231;a inflamat&#243;ria cr&#244;nica, acidente vascular cerebral pr&#233;vio, doen&#231;a arterial coronariana est&#225;vel, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, doen&#231;a renal, doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica, malignidade, doen&#231;a reumatol&#243;gica, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio ou hist&#243;rico de cirurgia arterial coronariana tamb&#233;m foram exclu&#237;dos. Realizou-se ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica em todos os pacientes. Calculou-se a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda pelo m&#233;todo de Simpson.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Exames laboratoriais</title>
        <p>Todas as amostras de sangue para an&#225;lise de serglicina foram coletadas dos pacientes ap&#243;s a angiografia, em tubos simples, e o soro foi separado por centrifuga&#231;&#227;o a 4000 rpm por 10 min e armazenado a &#8722;80 &#176;C. Contagens sangu&#237;neas diferenciais completas foram determinadas em amostras de sangue venoso perif&#233;rico obtidas no momento da interna&#231;&#227;o. Utilizou-se um analisador autom&#225;tico para medir os n&#237;veis de troponina, prote&#237;na C-reativa ultrassens&#237;vel (PCR-us), colesterol total, triglicer&#237;deos, creatinina e colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa e alta densidade. Os n&#237;veis de serglicina s&#233;rica foram medidos por um kit de ensaio de imunoabsor&#231;&#227;o enzim&#225;tica para serglicina humana (lote no.: E17-109S01, BioVendor Research and Diagnostic Products, 62100 Bmo, Rep&#250;blica Tcheca). Todas as amostras foram processadas simultaneamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> Os coeficientes de varia&#231;&#227;o (CV) do kit foram 3,7% e 2,9% para as concentra&#231;&#245;es de 57,77 ng/mL e 81,57 ng/mL, respectivamente, e a sensibilidade foi de 9,5 ng/mL.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Utilizou-se o software SPSS 22.0 para realizar todas as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas. A distribui&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis foi analisada pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Os dados cont&#237;nuos foram apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou mediana com intervalos interquart&#237;licos, dependendo do padr&#227;o de distribui&#231;&#227;o. O teste t de amostras independentes foi utilizado para comparar vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas param&#233;tricas e o teste U de Mann-Whitney foi utilizado para comparar vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas n&#227;o param&#233;tricas. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram comparadas pelo teste do qui-quadrado e expressas em porcentagem. A correla&#231;&#227;o entre a prote&#237;na C-reativa ultrassens&#237;vel e os n&#237;veis de serglicina foi avaliada pelo teste de Spearman. Para a an&#225;lise multivariada, os poss&#237;veis fatores identificados na an&#225;lise univariada foram posteriormente inseridos na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica para determinar os preditores independentes de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio. A capacidade dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de serglicina em predizer o IAMCSST foi analisada pela curva ROC (<italic>receiver operating characteristic</italic>). Ao avaliar a &#225;rea sob a curva, utilizou-se n&#237;vel de erro tipo I de 5% para aceitar um valor preditivo estatisticamente significativo da vari&#225;vel de teste. Como n&#227;o havia dados sobre os n&#237;veis de serglicina em pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana na literatura em ingl&#234;s, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel calcular o tamanho da amostra antes do estudo.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Um total de 132 pacientes (75 IAMCSST e 57 ACN) foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo. As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e os par&#226;metros bioqu&#237;micos dos grupos IAMCSST e controle s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>. A propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes do sexo masculino e a taxa de tabagismo foram maiores no grupo IAMCSST. Os pacientes eram mais jovens no grupo controle do que no grupo IAMCSST. Os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de serglicina mostraram-se significativamente maiores no grupo IAMCSST do que no grupo controle (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>). Os n&#237;veis de serglicina s&#233;rica mostraram-se significativamente correlacionados com os n&#237;veis de troponina (r=0,419, p&lt;0,001) e prote&#237;na C-reativa ultrassens&#237;vel (r=0,336, p&lt;0,001; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">2</xref>). As an&#225;lises de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica revelaram que o sexo (masculino), o n&#237;vel de glicemia em jejum, os n&#237;veis de prote&#237;na C-reativa ultrassens&#237;vel e serglicina foram preditores independentes de IAMCSST (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>). Realizou-se a an&#225;lise ROC para determinar a capacidade do n&#237;vel de serglicina para predizer IAMCSST. A &#225;rea sob a curva foi de 0,809 (intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%: 0,737&#8211;0,881; p&lt;0,001). Usando um n&#237;vel de corte de 80,47 &#956;g/L, o n&#237;vel de serglicina previu a presen&#231;a de IAMCSST com uma sensibilidade de 75,7% e especificidade de 68,4% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Correla&#231;&#245;es entre o n&#237;vel de serglicina plasm&#225;tica e o n&#237;vel de troponina em pacientes com IAMCSST. Houve uma correla&#231;&#227;o significativamente positiva entre o n&#237;vel de serglicina plasm&#225;tica e o n&#237;vel de troponina em pacientes com IAMCSST (r=0,419, p&lt;0,001).</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-04-0756-90554-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figura 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Correla&#231;&#245;es entre o n&#237;vel de serglicina plasm&#225;tica e o n&#237;vel de prote&#237;na C-reativa ultrassens&#237;vel em pacientes com IAMCSST. Houve uma correla&#231;&#227;o significativamente positiva entre o n&#237;vel de serglicina plasm&#225;tica e o n&#237;vel de prote&#237;na C-reativa ultrassens&#237;vel em pacientes com IAMCSST (r=0,336, p&lt;0,001).</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-04-0756-90554-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      <fig id="f3">
        <label>Figura 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>An&#225;lise ROC.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-04-0756-90554-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais e par&#226;metros laboratoriais da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="25%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">GRUPO CONTROLE<break/> (n=57)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">GRUPO IAMCSST<break/> (n=75)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Sexo masculino, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">30 (52,6)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">53 (71,6)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,025</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Idade (anos)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">57 (51-64)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">58 (52-70)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,253</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Diabetes, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">13 (22,8)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">25 (33,8)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,170</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Hipertens&#227;o, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">20 (35,1)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">30 (40,5)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,524</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Tabagismo, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">16 (28,1)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">40 (66,7)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Hist&#243;rico familiar</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1 (1,8)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">6 (10)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,115</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">FEVE (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">64,9&#177;0,4</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">45,58&#177;10,3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Glicemia em jejum, mg/dl</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">103 (94-125)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">123 (98-155)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Ureia, mg/dl</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">31,5 (27-36)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">38 (28-49)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,095</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Creatinina, mg/dl</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,83 (0,69-0,98)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,05 (0,9-1,17)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Hemoglobina, g/dl</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">14,2&#177;2,3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">13,2&#177;2,1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,013</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Contagem de gl&#243;bulos brancos, 10/L</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">8 (6,8&#8211;9,6)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">9,5 (8&#8211;12,3)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Contagem de plaquetas, 10/L</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">266&#177;63,7</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">247,5&#177;80,1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,154</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Colesterol total, mg/dl</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">183,9&#177;38,8</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">173,9&#177;44,9</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,197</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Triglicer&#237;deos, mg/dl</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">143 (92&#8211;187)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">127,5 (87,5&#8211;189,5)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,221</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">HDL, mg/dl</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">45,6&#177;13,7</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">43,2&#177;12,8</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,329</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">LDL, mg/dl</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">107,2&#177;36,5</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">101,3&#177;36,3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,371</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">PCR-us, mg/L</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3 (1&#8211;6)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">12 (5&#8211;29)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Serglicina, &#956;g/L</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">57,13&#177;32,2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">102,81&#177;39,42</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Troponina, ng/L</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4175 (1700&#8211;8690)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>Os dados s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia&#177;desvio padr&#227;o, n&#250;mero e porcentagem (entre par&#234;nteses), ou mediana e intervalo interquartil 25&#8211;75, HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade, PCR-us: prote&#237;na C-reativa ultrassens&#237;vel, LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade, IAMCSST: Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Tabela 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>An&#225;lise univariada e multivariada mostrando os preditores de IAMCSST</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="20%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2">Vari&#225;vel</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">Univariada</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">Multivariada</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">B (IC 95%)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">B (IC 95%)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Sexo masculino</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,27 (1,10&#8211;4,70)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,027</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">21,92 (2,58&#8211;185,76)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,005</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Tabagismo</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">5,12 (2,32&#8211;11,28)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,72 (0,59&#8211;12,59)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,199</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Idade</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,03 (0,98&#8211;1,05)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,063</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,04 (0,98&#8211;1,11)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,173</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Glicemia em jejum</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,01 (1,07&#8211;1,02)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,001</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,02 (1,01&#8211;1,03)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,007</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Ureia</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,03 (1,01&#8211;1,07)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,024w\z</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,03 (0,98&#8211;1,08)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,229</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Creatinina</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,97 (0,89&#8211;1,05)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,468</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Hemoglobina</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,81 (0,68&#8211;0,96)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,016</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,80 (0,60&#8211;1,06)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,129</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Gl&#243;bulos brancos</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,00 (0,99&#8211;1,01)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,625</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Prote&#237;na C-reativa ultrassens&#237;vel</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,14 (1,07&#8211;1,22)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,17 (1,03&#8211;1,33)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,012</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Serglicina</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,04 (1,02&#8211;1,05)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,01 (1,00&#8211;1,01)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,006</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Neste estudo, descobrimos que os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de serglicina encontravam-se significativamente elevados em pacientes com IAMCSST em compara&#231;&#227;o com indiv&#237;duos controle. Mostramos que os n&#237;veis de serglicina estavam positivamente correlacionados com os n&#237;veis de troponina e prote&#237;na C-reativa. At&#233; onde sabemos, este &#233; o primeiro estudo a avaliar os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de serglicina em pacientes com IAMCSST e a demonstrar uma poss&#237;vel associa&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis de serglicina e marcadores progn&#243;sticos em pacientes com IAMCSST.</p>
      <p>Os proteoglicanos t&#234;m algumas fun&#231;&#245;es importantes no leito vascular, incluindo a forma&#231;&#227;o e organiza&#231;&#227;o da matriz extracelular (MEC), a regula&#231;&#227;o da intera&#231;&#227;o c&#233;lula-a-c&#233;lula e c&#233;lula-a-MEC. Assim, os proteoglicanos atuam na ades&#227;o, agrega&#231;&#227;o, migra&#231;&#227;o, regula&#231;&#227;o e ac&#250;mulo de lipoprote&#237;nas na hem&#243;stase.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> A serglicina &#233; um proteoglicano que pode ser sintetizado por c&#233;lulas imunes e c&#233;lulas endoteliais e interage com diversos mediadores como proteases, quimiocinas, citocinas e fatores de crescimento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> Estudos pr&#233;-cl&#237;nicos anteriores mostraram algumas evid&#234;ncias sobre o poss&#237;vel papel da serglicina na inflama&#231;&#227;o, aterog&#234;nese e trombose.</p>
      <p>Demonstrou-se que a serglicina &#233; expressa em todas as c&#233;lulas imunes. A matura&#231;&#227;o das c&#233;lulas imunes precursoras, a deposi&#231;&#227;o e a libera&#231;&#227;o de diversas mol&#233;culas ativas intracelulares importantes precisam de serglicina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> O fator de necrose tumoral, a interleucina 1 beta e lipossacar&#237;deo s&#227;o mediadores inflamat&#243;rios importantes e esses mediadores aumentam a s&#237;ntese de serglicina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> Demonstrou-se que as c&#233;lulas deficientes em serglicina exibem uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa na produ&#231;&#227;o de marcadores inflamat&#243;rios e na ativa&#231;&#227;o do fator nuclear kappa beta, apesar da estimula&#231;&#227;o inflamat&#243;ria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> Isso estabelece que a serglicina participa da extens&#227;o da resposta inflamat&#243;ria. As plaquetas tamb&#233;m s&#227;o uma fonte importante de serglicina. Anteriormente, demonstrou-se que a serglicina &#233; o proteoglicano dominante dos gr&#226;nulos alfa das plaquetas e a defici&#234;ncia de serglicina resulta em defeitos de agrega&#231;&#227;o e deteriora&#231;&#227;o da resposta inflamat&#243;ria derivada das plaquetas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> A serglicina tem papel ativo nas fun&#231;&#245;es endoteliais. A express&#227;o e a secre&#231;&#227;o da serglicina apresentaram-se maiores nas c&#233;lulas endoteliais ativadas do que nas c&#233;lulas endoteliais quiescentes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Os dados derivados de estudos humanos sobre a serglicina s&#227;o escassos e limitados; mas esses estudos fornecem evid&#234;ncias importantes sobre uma poss&#237;vel associa&#231;&#227;o entre a serglicina e a doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica. Em um estudo recente, a serglicina foi encontrada entre as prote&#237;nas mais abundantemente expressas em adip&#243;citos do tecido adiposo epic&#225;rdico em pacientes com DAC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> Tamb&#233;m se demonstrou que o fator de necrose tumoral-alfa (TNF-&#945;) induz a express&#227;o e secre&#231;&#227;o de serglicina no adip&#243;cito. Em outro estudo, a serglicina esteve associada &#224; ectasia da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria, que &#233; aceita como uma variante da doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica coronariana.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref> Al&#233;m disso, verificou-se que os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de serglicina estavam correlacionados com o escore Syntax em pacientes com angina pectoris est&#225;vel.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Nossos resultados revelaram achados confirmat&#243;rios sobre a poss&#237;vel associa&#231;&#227;o da serglicina com inflama&#231;&#227;o e infarto do mioc&#225;rdio. Determinamos que os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de serglicina eram maiores em pacientes com IAMCSST do que em indiv&#237;duos controle. Os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de serglicina estiveram positivamente correlacionados com os n&#237;veis m&#225;ximos de troponina e os n&#237;veis de prote&#237;na C-reativa ultrassens&#237;vel. N&#227;o est&#225; claro a partir de nossos resultados se a eleva&#231;&#227;o da serglicina &#233; uma causa de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio ou um achado secund&#225;rio devido &#224; resposta inflamat&#243;ria ou infarto. Embora nossos resultados n&#227;o deem uma explica&#231;&#227;o clara sobre a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a patog&#234;nese do IAMCSST e a serglicina, o presente estudo fornece dados preciosos sobre a associa&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis de serglicina com a inflama&#231;&#227;o e o tamanho do infarto.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
        <p>Os achados do nosso estudo devem ser interpretados com algum cuidado devido &#224;s limita&#231;&#245;es descritas a seguir. Trata-se de um estudo transversal, de pequena escala e unic&#234;ntrico. N&#227;o coletamos dados sobre desfechos concretos como morte ou insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sintom&#225;tica, portanto, n&#227;o podemos comentar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis de serglicina e eventos cardiovasculares adversos em pacientes com IAMCSST. Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o coletamos dados que reflitam o progn&#243;stico de IAMCSST como escore TIMI, escore GRACE, classe Killip ou n&#237;veis de pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico do tipo-B (BNP). Mas acreditamos que este estudo forne&#231;a informa&#231;&#245;es significativas, demonstrando a associa&#231;&#227;o da serglicina com a prote&#237;na C-reativa ultrassens&#237;vel e os n&#237;veis m&#225;ximos de troponina. N&#227;o fizemos medi&#231;&#245;es seriadas de serglicina s&#233;rica em pacientes com IAMCSST. Sendo assim, neste estudo, &#233; imposs&#237;vel tecer quaisquer coment&#225;rios sobre como os n&#237;veis de serglicina mudam no decorrer do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>O presente estudo apresenta dois achados principais. Um deles &#233; a associa&#231;&#227;o entre a serglicina e a resposta inflamat&#243;ria demonstrada pela prote&#237;na C-reativa ultrassens&#237;vel. O outro &#233; a associa&#231;&#227;o entre serglicina e o tamanho do infarto, demonstrada pelos n&#237;veis m&#225;ximos de troponina. Nossos resultados podem ser uma fonte de inspira&#231;&#227;o para estudos que avaliem o papel da serglicina na patog&#234;nese da s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda. Somos da opini&#227;o de que estudos adicionais e mais exaustivos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para esclarecer melhor a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a serglicina e IAMCSST.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo Ankara Numune Education and Research Hospital.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Burcu Ugurlu Ilg&#305;n pela Ankara Numune Education and Research Hospital.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p>
          <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e Consentimento Informado</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Ankara Numune Education and Research Hospital sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo E-17-1225. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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              <surname>Pappa</surname>
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            <given-names>Burcu Ugurlu</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8152-9680</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>K&#305;z&#305;ltun&#231;</surname>
            <given-names>Emrullah</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3118-9064</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>G&#246;k</surname>
            <given-names>Murat</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ornek</surname>
            <given-names>Ender</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Topcuoglu</surname>
            <given-names>Canan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7542-6602</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>&#199;etin</surname>
            <given-names>Mustafa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0033-4353</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Karayi&#287;it</surname>
            <given-names>Orhan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Ankara</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
          <institution content-type="original">TC Sagl&#305;k Bakanl&#305;g&#305; Gazi Mustafa Kemal Devlet Hastanesi &#8211; Cardiology, Ankara - Turkey</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Edirne</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Cardiology Department, Edirne Provincial Health Directorate Edirne Sultan 1st Murat State Hospital, Edirne - Turkey</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff7">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Ankara</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Medical Biochemistry Department, Numune Education and Research Hospital, Ankara - Turkey</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff8">
          <label>4</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Ankara</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Cardiology Department, Numune Education and Research Hospital, Ankara - Turkey</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Burcu Ugurlu Ilg&#305;n</bold> &#8226; TC Sagl&#305;k Bakanl&#305;g&#305; Gazi Mustafa Kemal Devlet Hastanesi &#8211; Cardiology - Cardiology Department, Gazi Mustafa Kemal State Hospital, Ankara, Turkey, <postal-code>06560</postal-code> Ankara <postal-code>06560</postal-code> &#8211; Turkey E-mail:<email>aburcuburcuyum@hotmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author Contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Ilg&#305;n BU, Ornek E; Data acquisition: Ilg&#305;n BU, G&#246;k M, Topcuoglu C, &#199;etin M, Karayi&#287;it O; Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript: Ilg&#305;n BU, K&#305;z&#305;ltun&#231; E; Statistical analysis: K&#305;z&#305;ltun&#231; E; Obtaining financing: Ilg&#305;n BU; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Ilg&#305;n BU.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>It is suggested that serglycin has important functions in fibrin stabilization and inflammation but there is limited information on its clinical value for atherosclerotic heart disease.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>The purpose of this study is to find out serum serglycin levels in acute myocardial infarction patients and in the control group individuals; and to investigate the association between serglycin levels with inflammation markers and infarct size markers.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>The study population consisted of 75 patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and 57 patients with normal coronary arteries (NCA) (control group). Patient characteristics, serum serglycin levels, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels, peak troponin T levels and other biochemical parameters were recorded. A p value &lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The control group consisted of individuals who are younger and smoke less than those of the STEMI group. The number of females in the control group was higher than in the STEMI group. Serum serglycin levels were significantly higher in the STEMI group than in control group (102.81&#177;39.42 vs. 57.13&#177;32.25, p&lt;0.001). Correlation analyses revealed a significant positive correlation between serglycin and troponin (Spearman's Rho: 0.419; p&lt;0.001) and between serglycin and hs CRP (Spearman's Rho: 0.336; p&lt;0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that serum serglycin levels were independently associated with STEMI. Using a cutoff level of 80,47 &#956;g/L, the serglycin level predicted the presence of STEMI with a sensitivity of 75.7% and specificity of 68.4%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Serum serglycin levels were significantly higher in the STEMI group than in the control group. Serum serglycin levels were positively correlated with both hs CRP levels and troponin levels.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Atherosclerosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Inflammation</kwd>
        <kwd>Biomarkers</kwd>
        <kwd>Serglycin</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Atherosclerotic heart disease is one of the most important causes of death and morbidity all around the world. Chronic vascular inflammation is accepted atherosclerotic plaque formation, but the promoters and drivers of chronic vascular inflammation are still under investigation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Serglycin is an intracellular proteoglycan expressed mostly in neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages, platelets, megakaryocytes and mast cells,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> but it can also be produced by certain non-hematopoietic cells like endothelial cells.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> It is stored in cell vesicles and reacts with mediators such as cytokines, chemokines, growth factors and proteases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> There is evidence about the role of serglycin in inflammation and atherogenic-prothrombotic cascades. It was demonstrated that serglycin synthesis and secretion are triggered in human endothelial cells and monocytes by proinflammatory stimulants.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> In another study, it was found that serglycin binds to C1q receptors, and affects fibrin polymerization in fibrin clot formation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> Serglycin is one of the ingredients of platelet alfa granules. These granules are involved in platelet activation in response to inflammation, thrombus formation and atherosclerosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref></p>
        <p>The aforementioned effects and functions of serglycin lead to high suspicions about the potential relationship between serglycin and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, but there is not good evidence. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate serum serglycin levels in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients and to evaluate an association between serum serglycin levels and prognostic markers of STEMI.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study population</title>
          <p>We enrolled patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and patients with normal coronary arteries in this single center cross-sectional study between November 2017 and March 2018 at Numune Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey. The study protocol was approved by the local ethical committee and informed consent forms were obtained from all participants.</p>
          <p>STEMI diagnosis were made according to the third universal definition of myocardial infarction document.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> All STEMI patients underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention and received guided medical treatment according to contemporary scientific knowledge. Patients who underwent elective coronary angiography and were found to have normal coronary arteries were included in the study as the control group. All STEMI patients and patients with normal coronary arteries were consecutively recruited in the study. Acute coronary syndrome patients without a STEMI diagnosis were excluded from the study. Patients with any hematological disorder, chronic inflammatory disease, previous stroke, stable coronary artery disease, heart failure, renal disease, liver disease, malignancy, rheumatological disease, previous myocardial infarction or history of coronary artery surgery were also excluded. Transthoracic echocardiography was performed on all participants. Left ventricular ejection fraction was calculated using the Simpson's method.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Laboratory tests</title>
          <p>All blood samples for serglycin analysis were collected from the patients after angiography, into plain tubes, and the serum was separated by centrifugation at 4000 rpm for 10 min and stored at &#8722;80 &#176;C. Complete differential blood counts were determined in peripheral venous blood samples obtained upon admission. An automated analyzer was used to measure troponin, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), total cholesterol, triglyceride, creatinine and low- and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Serum serglycin levels were measured by a human serglycin enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit (Lot No.: E17-109S01, BioVendor Research and Diagnostic Products, 62100 Bmo, Czech Republic). All samples were processed simultaneously.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> The coefficients of variation (CV) of the kit were 3.7% and 2.9% for 57.77 ng/mL and 81.57 ng/mL concentrations, respectively, and the sensitivity was 9.5 ng/mL.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>The software package SPSS 22.0 was used to perform all statistical analyses. Distribution of the variables was analyzed using the Kolmogorov&#8211;Smirnov test. Continuous data were presented as means &#177; standard deviation or as medians with interquartile ranges, depending on the distribution pattern. Independent-samples t-test was used to compare parametric continuous variables and the Mann&#8211;Whitney U-test was used to compare nonparametric continuous variables. Categorical variables were compared using the chi-square test and expressed as percentages. The correlation between hs-CRP and serglycin levels was assessed by Spearman's rank test. For the multivariate analysis, the possible factors identified in univariate analysis were further entered into the logistic regression analysis to determine the independent predictors of myocardial infarction. The capacity of serum serglycin levels in predicting STEMI were analyzed using the ROC (receiver operating characteristic) curve analysis. While evaluating the area under curve, a 5% type-I error level was used to accept a statistically significant predictive value of the test variable. As there was no data about serglycin levels in coronary artery disease patients in the literature written in English, we were not able to calculate sample size before the study.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>A total of 132 patients (75 STEMI and 57 NCA) were included in the study. The clinical characteristics and biochemical parameters of the STEMI and control groups are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 1</xref>. Male patient ratio and smoking rate were higher in the STEMI group. Patients were younger in the control group than in the STEMI group. Serum serglycin levels were significantly higher in the STEMI group than in the control group (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 1</xref>). Serum serglycin levels were significantly correlated with troponin (r=0.419, p&lt;0.001) and hs-CRP (r=0.336, p&lt;0.001; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">2</xref>) levels. Logistic regression analyses revealed that gender (male), fasting blood glucose level, hs CRP and serglycin levels were independent predictors of STEMI (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 2</xref>). ROC analysis was performed to determine the serglycin level capability to predict STEMI. The area under the curve was 0.809 (95% confidence interval: 0.737&#8211;0.881; p&lt;0.001). Using a cutoff level of 80.47 <italic>&#956;</italic>g/L, the serglycin level predicted the presence of STEMI with a sensitivity of 75.7% and specificity of 68.4% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Correlations between plasma serglycin level and troponine level in STEMI patients. There was a significantly positive correlation between plasma serglycin level and troponine level in STEMI patients (r=0.419, p&lt;0.001).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-04-0756-90554-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        <fig id="f5">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Correlations between plasma serglycin level and hs-CRP level in STEMI patients. There was a significantly positive correlation between plasma serglycin level and hs-CRP level in STEMI patients (r=0.336, p&lt;0.001).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-04-0756-90554-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        <fig id="f6">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>ROC analysis.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-04-0756-90554-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Baseline characteristics and laboratory parameters of the study population</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">CONTROL GROUP<break/>(<italic>n</italic>=57)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">STEMI GROUP<break/>(<italic>n</italic>=75)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Male, <italic>n (%)</italic></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">30 (52.6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">53 (71.6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.025</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Age (years)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">57 (51-64)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">58 (52-70)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.253</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Diabetes, <italic>n (%)</italic></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">13 (22.8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">25 (33.8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.170</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Hypertension, <italic>n (%)</italic></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">20 (35.1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">30 (40.5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.524</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Smoking, <italic>n (%)</italic></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">16 (28.1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">40 (66.7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Family history</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1 (1.8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6 (10)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.115</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">LVEF (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">64.9&#177;0.4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">45.58&#177;10.3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Fasting blood glucose, mg/dl</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">103 (94-125)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">123 (98-155)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Urea, mg/dl</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">31.5 (27-36)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">38 (28-49)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.095</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Creatinine, mg/dl</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.83 (0.69-0.98)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.05 (0.9-1.17)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Hemoglobin, g/dl</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">14.2&#177;2.3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">13.2&#177;2.1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.013</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">White blood cell count, 10/L</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">8 (6.8&#8211;9.6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">9.5 (8&#8211;12.3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Platelet count, 10/L</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">266&#177;63.7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">247.5&#177;80.1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.154</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Total cholesterol, mg/dl</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">183.9&#177;38.8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">173.9&#177;44.9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.197</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Triglycerides, mg/dl</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">143 (92&#8211;187)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">127.5 (87.5&#8211;189.5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.221</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">HDL, mg/dl</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">45.6&#177;13.7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">43.2&#177;12.8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.329</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">LDL, mg/dl</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">107.2&#177;36.5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">101.3&#177;36.3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.371</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">hs-CRP, mg/L</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3 (1&#8211;6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">12 (5&#8211;29)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Serglycin, &#956;g/L</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">57.13&#177;32.2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">102.81&#177;39.42</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Troponin, ng/L</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4175 (1700&#8211;8690)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>Data are presented as mean &#177; standard deviation, number and percentage (in brackets), or median and interquartile range 25&#8211;75. HDL: high density lipoprotein, hs-CRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, LDL: low density lipoprotein, STEMI: ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Univariate and multivariate analysis showing the predictors of STEMI</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2">Variable</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Univariate</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Multivariate</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">B (95% CI)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">B (95% CI)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Male gender</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.27 (1.10&#8211;4.70)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.027</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">21.92 (2.58&#8211;185.76)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.005</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Smoking</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5,12 (2.32&#8211;11.28)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.72 (0.59&#8211;12.59)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.199</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Age</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.03 (0.98&#8211;1.05)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.063</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.04 (0.98&#8211;1.11)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.173</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Fasting blood Glucose</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.01 (1.07&#8211;1.02)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.001</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.02 (1,01&#8211;1,03)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.007</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Urea</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.03 (1.01&#8211;1.07)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.024</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.03 (0.98&#8211;1.08)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.229</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Creatinine</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.97 (0.89&#8211;1.05)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.468</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Hemoglobin</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.81 (0.68&#8211;0.96)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.016</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.80 (0.60&#8211;1.06)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.129</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">White blood cell</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.00 (0.99&#8211;1.01)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.625</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">hs CRP</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.14 (1.07&#8211;1.22)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.17 (1.03&#8211;1.33)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.012</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Serglycin</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.04 (1.02&#8211;1.05)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,01 (1,00&#8211;1,01)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.006</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In this study, we found that serum serglycin levels were significantly increased in STEMI patients compared to control individuals. We showed that serglycin levels were positively correlated with troponin levels and CRP levels. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study evaluating serum serglycin levels in STEMI patients and demonstrating a potential association between serglycin levels and prognostic markers in patients with STEMI.</p>
        <p>Proteoglycans have some important functions in vascular bed, including extracellular matrix (ECM) formation and organization, regulation of cell-to-cell and cell-to-ECM interaction. Thus, proteoglycans functions in hemostasis adhesion, aggregation, migration, regulation and lipoprotein accumulation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> Serglycin is a proteoglycan which can be synthesized by immune cells and endothelial cells and it interacts with numerous mediators such as proteases, chemokines, cytokines and growth factors.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> Previous preclinical studies showed some evidence about the potential role of serglycin in inflammation, atherogenesis and thrombosis.</p>
        <p>It was demonstrated that serglycin is expressed in all immune cells. Maturation of precursor immune cells, deposition and release of many important intracellular active molecules need serglycin.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> Tumor necrosis factor, interleukin 1 beta and liposaccharide are important inflammatory mediators and these mediators upregulate serglycin synthesis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> It was demonstrated that serglycin deficient cells exhibit significantly decreased inflammatory marker production and nuclear factor kappa beta activation despite inflammatory stimulation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> This establishes that serglycin participates in the extension of inflammatory response. Platelets are also an important source of serglycin. It was previously demonstrated that serglycin is the dominant proteoglycan of the platelet alfa granules and serglycin deficiency results in aggregation defects and deteriorated platelet-derived inflammatory response.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> Serglycin has an active role in endothelial functions. Serglycin expression and secretion was found to be higher in activated endothelial cells than in quiescent endothelial cells.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Data derived from human studies about serglycin are meagre and limited; but these studies provide important evidence about a potential association between serglycin and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. In a recent study, serglycin was found to be among the most abundantly expressed proteins in adipocytes of epicardial adipose tissue in patients with CAD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> It was also demonstrated that the tumor necrosis factor-&#945; (TNF-&#945;) induces the expression and secretion of serglycin in adipocyte. In another study, serglycin was found to be associated with coronary artery ectasia, which is accepted as a variant of coronary atherosclerotic disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref> In addition, it was found that serum serglycin levels were correlated with Syntax score in patients with stable angina pectoris.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Our results revealed confirmatory findings about the potential association of serglycin with inflammation and myocardial infarction. We determined that serum serglycin levels were higher in STEMI patients than in control individuals. Serum serglycin levels were positively correlated with peak troponin levels and hs CRP levels. It is not clear from our results whether serglycin elevation is a cause of myocardial infarction or it is a secondary finding due to inflammatory response or infarction. Although our results fail to give a clear explanation of the relationship between STEMI pathogenesis and serglycin, this study provides precious data about the association between serglycin levels with inflammation and infarction size.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations of the study</title>
          <p>The findings of our study should be interpreted with some caution due to the following limitations. This was a single-center, small-scale, cross sectional study. We did not collect any data about hard outcomes like death or symptomatic heart failure so we cannot make any comments about the association between serglycin levels and adverse cardiovascular events in STEMI patients. Besides, we did not gather any data reflecting the prognosis of STEMI like TIMI score, GRACE score, Killip class or BNP levels. But we believe that this study provides significant information by demonstrating the association of serglycin with hs CRP and peak troponin levels. We did not make serial serum serglycin measurements in STEMI patients. So, it is impossible to make any comments about how serglycin levels change in the course ofmyocardial infarction with this study.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>This study has two major findings. One is the association between serglycin and inflammatory response demonstrated by hs CRP. The other is the association between serglycin and infarct size demonstrated by peak troponin levels. Our results may be a source of inspiration for studies evaluating the role of serglycin in acute coronary syndrome pathogenesis. We are of the opinion that further, more extensive studies are needed to further clarify the relationship between serglycin and STEMI.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study was funded by Ankara Numune Education and Research Hospital.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Burcu Ugurlu Ilg&#305;n, from Ankara Numune Education and Research Hospital.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <p>
            <bold>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Ankara Numune Education and Research Hospital under the protocol number E-17-1225 . All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
