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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">QmmSHGmVWpwWyYZTWQhNvFL</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021000500754</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210104</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210104</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Avan&#231;o do Transplante Card&#237;aco no Brasil: &#201; Hora de se Construir um Banco de Dados Nacional?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3712-1175</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Avila</surname>
            <given-names>M&#244;nica Samuel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0207-3986</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Belfort</surname>
            <given-names>Deborah de S&#225; Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Faculdade de Medicina Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil.</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: M&#244;nica Samuel Avila</bold> &#8226; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Faculdade de Medicina Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas, Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o &#8211; Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. CEP <postal-code>05403-000</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>mo_avila@hotmail.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>16</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>116</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>754</fpage>
      <lpage>755</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca/cirurgia</kwd>
        <kwd>Transplante Card&#237;aco/tend&#234;ncias</kwd>
        <kwd>Imunossupress&#227;o/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Brasil</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="8"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>O transplante card&#237;aco (TC) &#233; o tratamento de escolha para insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca grave.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> A sobrevida melhorou substancialmente desde o primeiro transplante h&#225; 50 anos, principalmente ap&#243;s a introdu&#231;&#227;o de inibidores de calcineurina e melhor manejo das complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas &#224; imunossupress&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> Na Am&#233;rica Latina, o Brasil &#233; reconhecido pelo elevado n&#250;mero de TCs realizados anualmente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> Apesar de sua import&#226;ncia, existem poucos estudos sobre sobrevida, imunossupress&#227;o e complica&#231;&#245;es do TC no Brasil.</p>
    <p>Um estudo retrospectivo de coorte aberta conduzido no Brasil &#233; apresentado nesta edi&#231;&#227;o dos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> O artigo mostra dados importantes sobre a epidemiologia, sobrevida e complica&#231;&#245;es em receptores de TC entre os anos de 2000 e 2015. A sobrevida mediana nessa coorte foi de 8,3 anos, e a taxa de sobrevida de um ano e de cinco anos foi de 70,9% e 59,5%, respectivamente. Esses resultados s&#227;o melhores aos comparados aos dados do per&#237;odo entre 1984 e 1999 no Brasil, quando as taxas de sobrevida de um ano e de seis anos eram de 66% e de 54%, respectivamente,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> sugerindo melhora no cuidado p&#243;s-transplante. No entanto, essa sobrevida &#233; inferior aos 12,2 anos de sobrevida e &#224;s taxas de sobrevida de um ano (81%) e de 5 anos (69%) relatadas pela Sociedade Internacional de Transplante de Cora&#231;&#227;o e Pulm&#227;o (ISHL, International Society of Heart and Lung),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> provavelmente devido a diferen&#231;as sociodemogr&#225;ficas e econ&#244;micas entre o Brasil e pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos.</p>
    <p>A fim de entender os principais fatores associados com as taxas de sobrevida no Brasil, os autores estudaram diferentes vari&#225;veis e regi&#245;es geogr&#225;ficas do Brasil. Os autores encontraram que uma idade mais avan&#231;ada do receptor [HR 1,014 (IC 95%: 1,004-1,025), p=0,006], sul do Brasil como local onde o TC foi realizado [HR: 1,592 (IC 95%: 1,240-2.044), p&lt;0,001], e infec&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-transplante [HR: 1,912 (IC 95%: 1,136-3,243), p=0,015] foram fatores de risco significativos para perda do enxerto. Quanto aos regimes de imunossupress&#227;o, drogas antiproliferativas foram associadas com menor mortalidade, enquanto os inibidores de calcineurina n&#227;o tiveram impacto sobre a sobrevida ap&#243;s o TC.</p>
    <p>Pelo fato de os dados terem sido extra&#237;dos de banco de dados administrativos, algumas informa&#231;&#245;es faltantes afetaram os resultados: a etiologia da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca n&#227;o estava clara em 69.1% dos casos; o uso de corticosteroides n&#227;o estava descrito; as causas de morte tamb&#233;m n&#227;o foram relatadas, e nenhum dado sobre rejei&#231;&#227;o do enxerto ou doen&#231;a vascular do enxerto foi relatado. Todas essas vari&#225;veis s&#227;o diretamente relacionadas a melhorias no tratamento e sobrevida do TC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> Ainda, no registro da ISHLT de 2017, mais de 30% das mortes dos recipientes de TC em todo o mundo, no primeiro ano p&#243;s-transplante, foram causadas por doen&#231;as infecciosas,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> ao passo que nesta coorte, somente 3,7% dos pacientes tinham registro de infec&#231;&#245;es. De fato, a principal causa de morte no primeiro ano p&#243;s-transplante segundo a ISHLT &#233; infec&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref></p>
    <p>Essas disparidades nos dados devem-se provavelmente &#224; natureza retrospectiva da pesquisa. Algumas quest&#245;es continuam sem respostas, e talvez um banco de dados nacional unificado ajudaria a preencher essas lacunas na literatura brasileira. Apesar dessas limita&#231;&#245;es, esta publica&#231;&#227;o certamente amplia o conhecimento sobre o cen&#225;rio do TC no Brasil, uma vez que esse &#233; o &#250;nico estudo coorte recente que correlaciona sobrevida, imunossupress&#227;o, e vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas. O estudo tamb&#233;m destaca pontos importantes tais como diferen&#231;as regionais, problemas do sistema p&#250;blico de sa&#250;de, e melhora na sobrevida do TC nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas no Brasil.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Dezesseis Anos de Transplante Card&#237;aco em Coorte Aberta no Brasil: An&#225;lise de Sobreviv&#234;ncia de Pacientes em Uso de Imunossupressores</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Progress in Heart Transplantation in Brazil: is it Time to Build a National Database?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3712-1175</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Avila</surname>
            <given-names>M&#244;nica Samuel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0207-3986</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Belfort</surname>
            <given-names>Deborah de S&#225; Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Faculdade de Medicina Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil.</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: M&#244;nica Samuel Avila</bold> &#8226; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Faculdade de Medicina Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas, Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o &#8211; Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. Postal Code <postal-code>05403-000</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: <email>mo_avila@hotmail.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Heart Failure/surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Transplantation/trends</kwd>
        <kwd>Survival</kwd>
        <kwd>Immunosupression/complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Brazil</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Heart transplantation (HT) is the therapy of choice for advanced heart failure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> Survival has greatly improved since the first heart transplant 50 years ago, especially after the introduction of calcineurin inhibitors and better management of complications related to immunosuppression.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> In Latin America, Brazil is renowned for the high number of HTs performed annually.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> Despite its importance, reports on survival, immunosuppression and complications of HT are scarce in Brazil.</p>
      <p>A retrospective open cohort of HT in Brazil is presented in this issue of Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> The article shows important data regarding epidemiology, survival and complications of HT recipients between 2000 and 2015. Median survival in this cohort was 8.3 years, and one- and 5-year survival rates were 70.9% and 59.5%, respectively. These results are better than those from 1984 to 1999, when the one- and 6-year survival rates were 66% and 54% respectively,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> suggesting improvement in post-transplant care. However, this median survival is lower than 12.2-year survival and one- and 5-year survival of 81% and 69% reported by the International Society of Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> probably due to sociodemographic and economic differences between Brazil and developed countries.</p>
      <p>In order to understand the main factors associated with survival rates in Brazil, the authors studied different variables and geographic regions of Brazil. They found that the recipient's older age (HR 1.014 [95%CI: 1.004-1.025], p=0.006), South of Brazil as the location where HT was performed (HR: 1.592 [95%CI: 1.240-2.044], p&lt;0.001), and post-transplant infection (HR: 1.912 [IC 95%: 1.136-3.243], p=0.015) as significant risk factors for graft loss (death or retransplant). Regarding immunosuppressive regimens, antiproliferative drugs were associated with lower mortality, while calcineurin inhibitors showed no impact on survival after HT.</p>
      <p>As the data were extracted from three administrative databases, some missing information affected the results: the etiology of heart failure was not clear in 69.1% of cases; the use of corticosteroids was not described; causes of death were also not reported and no data on graft rejection or cardiac allograft vasculopathy were reported. All of these variables are directly related to improvements in HT treatment and survival.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> Also, in the ISHLT 2017 registry, more than 30% of HT recipients deaths worldwide in the first year post-transplant were caused by infectious diseases,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> while in this cohort only 3.7% of all patients had infections registered. Indeed, infection is the main cause of death in the first year pos-transplant according to the ISHLT.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Such disparities in the data are probably due to the retrospective nature of the research. Some questions remain unanswered, and perhaps a unified national database would help to fulfill these gaps in Brazilian literature. Despite these limitations, this publication certainly increases the knowledge about HT scenario in Brazil, since this is the only recent cohort study correlating survival, immunosuppression, and clinical variables. It also highlights important points such as regional differences, public health problems, and improvement in HT survival in the last decades in Brazil.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Sixteen Years of Heart Transplant in an Open Cohort in Brazil: Analysis of Graft Survival of Patients using Immunosuppressants</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
