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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">Xx7xvsBtYWzTLWGSCr3Pjwq</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021000500744</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200117</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200117</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Dezesseis Anos de Transplante Card&#237;aco em Coorte Aberta no Brasil: An&#225;lise de Sobreviv&#234;ncia de Pacientes em Uso de Imunossupressores</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3827-9153</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Freitas</surname>
            <given-names>Nat&#225;lia Cristina Cardoso</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cherchiglia</surname>
            <given-names>Mariangela Leal</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sim&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Charles</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alvares-Teodoro</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Acurcio</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco de Assis</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guerra</surname>
            <given-names>Augusto Afonso</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Farm&#225;cia</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Farm&#225;cia Social</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - Faculdade de Farm&#225;cia - Departamento de Farm&#225;cia Social, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil.</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Medicina Preventiva e Social</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - Faculdade de Medicina - Departamento de Medicina Preventiva e Social, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil.</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Cirurgia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - Faculdade de Medicina - Departamento de Cirurgia, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil.</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Nat&#225;lia Cristina Cardoso Freitas</bold> &#8226; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - Faculdade De Farm&#225;cia - Dep. Farm&#225;cia Social - Avenida Presidente Ant&#244;nio Carlos, 6627. CEP <postal-code>31270-901</postal-code>, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>nccfreitas@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Freitas NCC, Cherchiglia ML, Sim&#227;o Filho C, Acurcio FA, Guerra Junior AA; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Freitas NCC, Guerra Junior AA; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Freitas NCC; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Freitas NCC, Cherchiglia ML, Sim&#227;o Filho C, Alvares-Teodoro J, Acurcio FA, Guerra Junior AA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>16</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>116</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>744</fpage>
      <lpage>753</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>O transplante card&#237;aco &#233; a principal alternativa terap&#234;utica para pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca avan&#231;ada. Diversos fatores de risco influenciam a sobreviv&#234;ncia desses pacientes, entretanto, poucos estudos acerca do tema est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis no Brasil.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Analisar a sobreviv&#234;ncia de pacientes transplantados card&#237;acos pelo Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de no Brasil entre 2000-2015.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Trata-se de uma coorte n&#227;o concorrente, aberta, de pacientes transplantados card&#237;acos no Brasil. A probabilidade acumulada de sobreviv&#234;ncia foi estimada por Kaplan-Meier e a compara&#231;&#227;o entre as curvas realizada pelo Teste de Log-Rank. O modelo de Cox foi utilizado para calcular o Hazard-Ratio (HR). As an&#225;lises foram realizadas ao n&#237;vel de 95% de confian&#231;a.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A mediana de sobreviv&#234;ncia do transplante card&#237;aco no Brasil no per&#237;odo foi 8,3 anos. Cada ano adicional na idade do receptor, a ocorr&#234;ncia de infec&#231;&#245;es e a realiza&#231;&#227;o do procedimento cir&#250;rgico na regi&#227;o Sul relacionaram-se ao maior risco de perda do enxerto. Maior propor&#231;&#227;o de uso dos imunossupressores micofenolato e azatioprina atuou como fator protetor.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>As an&#225;lises realizadas fornecem a primeira informa&#231;&#227;o quanto ao tempo de sobreviv&#234;ncia mediana do transplante card&#237;aco no Brasil. A diferen&#231;a observada entre as regi&#245;es pode estar relacionada aos diferentes protocolos de tratamento adotados no pa&#237;s, principalmente no in&#237;cio dos anos 2000. A propor&#231;&#227;o de uso de micofenolato e azatioprina como fator protetor sugere que, apesar de n&#227;o haver diferen&#231;a entre as estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas, o uso desses medicamentos pode favorecer a sobrevida de determinados pacientes. O estudo apresenta dados epidemiol&#243;gicos robustos e importantes para a sa&#250;de p&#250;blica.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Transplante Card&#237;aco/tend&#234;ncias</kwd>
        <kwd>Ciclosporina/uso terap&#234;utico</kwd>
        <kwd>Sobreviv&#234;ncia</kwd>
        <kwd>Imunossupressores</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiologia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="10"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="25"/>
        <page-count count="10"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>O transplante card&#237;aco (TC) &#233; a principal alternativa terap&#234;utica para pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) avan&#231;ada, refrat&#225;ria &#224;s interven&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e cir&#250;rgicas otimizadas, tendo como principal objetivo melhorar a sobrevida e qualidade de vida desses indiv&#237;duos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> Uma vez transplantado, o paciente requer a utiliza&#231;&#227;o prolongada de esquemas farmacol&#243;gicos de imunossupress&#227;o para manuten&#231;&#227;o do transplante. E, embora as recomenda&#231;&#245;es atuais permitam a combina&#231;&#227;o e a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de diversos medicamentos, os esquemas tr&#237;plices, contendo corticosteroide, inibidor de calcineurina e agente antiproliferativos, continuam sendo amplamente referenciados pelas diretrizes e utilizados nos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Desde a introdu&#231;&#227;o da ciclosporina na d&#233;cada de 1980, o n&#250;mero de transplantes card&#237;acos e as taxas de sobrevida t&#234;m aumentado progressivamente em todo o mundo. Contudo, diversos fatores de risco permanecem influenciando a sobreviv&#234;ncia no TC, dentre eles: caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas do receptor e do doador, vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas como a causa da IC, estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas de manuten&#231;&#227;o adotadas e a incid&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-transplante.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref></p>
      <p>O Brasil possui um dos maiores sistemas p&#250;blicos de transplantes do mundo, sendo quase a totalidade desses procedimentos realizados pelo Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS). O pa&#237;s &#233; atualmente destaque na Am&#233;rica Latina e considerado uma refer&#234;ncia no transplante de cora&#231;&#227;o na doen&#231;a de Chagas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> O TC e o acompanhamento dos pacientes transplantados, desde o manejo pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio at&#233; a disponibiliza&#231;&#227;o dos imunossupressores p&#243;s transplante, est&#225; entre as trinta terapias mais onerosas dispon&#237;veis &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira por meio do SUS, sendo o sistema respons&#225;vel por cerca de 96% dos TC realizados no pa&#237;s.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Diferentemente de outros pa&#237;ses, contudo, poucos estudos sobre a sobreviv&#234;ncia no TC est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis no Brasil. Os dados s&#227;o escassos e difusos, de modo que n&#227;o existem informa&#231;&#245;es robustas no que se refere &#224; sobrevida do enxerto e seus respectivos fatores de risco na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira. Nesse contexto, o objetivo do presente estudo &#233; analisar a sobreviv&#234;ncia de pacientes transplantados card&#237;acos pelo SUS no Brasil entre os anos de 2000-2015, com registro de uso de esquemas de imunossupress&#227;o.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Trata-se de uma coorte n&#227;o concorrente, aberta, de pacientes submetidos ao TC pelo SUS no Brasil. Essa coorte foi constru&#237;da por meio de um pareamento determin&#237;stico-probabil&#237;stico &#8211; m&#233;todo utilizado para integrar e unificar dados de um mesmo paciente, provenientes de diferentes sistemas de informa&#231;&#227;o em sa&#250;de &#8211; das bases de dados administrativos do SUS: Sistema de Informa&#231;&#245;es Hospitalares do SUS (SIH/SUS), Sistema de Informa&#231;&#245;es Ambulatoriais (SIA/SUS) e Sistema de Informa&#231;&#227;o de Mortalidade (SIM).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> Foram inclu&#237;dos todos os pacientes transplantados card&#237;acos pelo SUS, no per&#237;odo de 01/01/2000 a 31/12/2014. A data de registro do transplante foi definida como a data de entrada na coorte e um per&#237;odo m&#237;nimo de 12 meses de seguimento foi estabelecido, de modo que o t&#233;rmino do acompanhamento se deu em 31/12/2015. Para os pacientes inclu&#237;dos nessa primeira fase foi realizada, inicialmente, a avalia&#231;&#227;o da sobreviv&#234;ncia geral no TC no Brasil.</p>
      <p>Em seguida, foi extra&#237;da uma coorte de pacientes adultos, para a qual foram aplicados os seguintes crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o &#224; coorte anterior: idade inferior a 18 anos; indiv&#237;duos que se submeteram a transplante m&#250;ltiplo; indiv&#237;duos cujo primeiro registro na coorte foi um retransplante; e indiv&#237;duos que n&#227;o tiveram registro de uso de medicamento imunossupressor na base de dados.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Foi realizada a an&#225;lise descritiva das vari&#225;veis utilizadas no estudo e a an&#225;lise de sobreviv&#234;ncia.</p>
        <p>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica descritiva foi realizada para todas as vari&#225;veis, sendo as categ&#243;ricas analisadas por meio de distribui&#231;&#227;o de frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas: sexo, faixa et&#225;ria, regi&#227;o em que o transplante foi realizado, diagn&#243;stico prim&#225;rio da IC, tempo mediano de doen&#231;a cardiovascular (DCV) antes do transplante &#8805; 17 meses, comorbidades/complica&#231;&#245;es desenvolvidas ap&#243;s o transplante e esquema terap&#234;utico de imunossupress&#227;o. A propor&#231;&#227;o de tempo de uso de cada medicamento, at&#233; o evento ou censura para cada paciente na coorte, foi analisada pela mediana e intervalo interquartil, assim como para a idade geral da popula&#231;&#227;o adulta tais medidas tamb&#233;m foram apresentadas.</p>
        <p>Para as an&#225;lises de sobreviv&#234;ncia foram utilizados os seguintes par&#226;metros: o evento, definido como a perda do enxerto e representado, neste estudo, pela ocorr&#234;ncia de &#243;bito ou retransplante; a censura informativa, considerada a data do &#250;ltimo registro referente &#224; imunossupress&#227;o; e a censura &#224; direita, ou seja, a interrup&#231;&#227;o do estudo, representada pela data de t&#233;rmino do acompanhamento (31/12/2015).</p>
        <p>O estimador Kaplan-Meier foi utilizado para determinar a probabilidade acumulada de sobreviv&#234;ncia do enxerto dos pacientes inclu&#237;dos em ambas as coortes. A diferen&#231;a entre as curvas foi comparada por meio do Teste de <italic>Log-Rank</italic>. As vari&#225;veis foram avaliadas individualmente, a fim de se verificar o efeito de cada uma na sobreviv&#234;ncia, aquelas que apresentaram valor de p&lt;0,20 foram inclu&#237;das no modelo final, multivariado. O modelo semiparam&#233;trico de riscos proporcionais, modelo de Cox, foi utilizado para calcular o <italic>Hazard-Ratio</italic> (HR) destas an&#225;lises uni e multivariadas. A an&#225;lise de res&#237;duos de Schoenfeld foi utilizada para verificar o ajuste e a proporcionalidade de riscos do modelo final. Todas as an&#225;lises foram realizadas considerando o intervalo de confian&#231;a a 95%.</p>
        <p>As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas no software &#8220;R&#8221;, vers&#227;o 3.6.0, da R Foundation for Statistical Computing.</p>
        <p>Esse estudo obteve parecer favor&#225;vel do Comit&#233; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (CAAE - 16334413.9.0000.5149).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Um total de 2.197 pacientes transplantados card&#237;acos no Brasil, entre os anos de 2000-2014, foram identificados, em sua maioria do sexo masculino (70,7%), dos quais 88,9% (n=1954) eram adultos e 11,1% (n=243) menores de 17 anos. A an&#225;lise da sobreviv&#234;ncia da coorte demonstrou taxas de 70,9% (69,0 &#8211; 72,9) em um ano, 59,5% (57,1 &#8211; 61,9) em cinco anos, chegando a 45,1% (41,4 &#8211; 49,1) em dez anos e 29,1% (23,6 &#8211; 35,9%) no final do seguimento (13,6 anos). A mediana de sobreviv&#234;ncia do TC no pa&#237;s nesse per&#237;odo foi alcan&#231;ada em 8,3 anos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Sobreviv&#234;ncia do enxerto dos pacientes transplantados card&#237;acos no Brasil entre 2000-2015. Nota: As linhas tracejadas em verde e vermelho no primeiro gr&#225;fico desta figura representam, respectivamente, os limites superior e inferior do intervalo de confian&#231;a (95%).</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-04-0744-00117-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      <p>Ao comparar os grupos et&#225;rios &#8211; adultos e menores de 17 anos &#8211; observou-se uma diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante entre os mesmos (p=0,003), tendo os adultos uma sobreviv&#234;ncia ligeiramente menor. O mesmo pode ser verificado na compara&#231;&#227;o por sexo, em que os indiv&#237;duos do sexo masculino apresentam menor sobrevida ap&#243;s o TC (p=0,01).</p>
      <p>Como objeto principal desse estudo, selecionou-se a coorte de pacientes adultos (maiores de 18 anos), inicialmente com 1.954 pacientes, da qual foram exclu&#237;dos: cinco pacientes cuja entrada na coorte foi proveniente de um retransplante card&#237;aco, seis que realizaram transplante m&#250;ltiplo e 740 pacientes que n&#227;o possu&#237;am registro de uso de medicamentos na base de dados, para os quais verificou-se que 456 tinham registro de &#243;bito e os 284 restantes, acredita-se que tenham obtido os imunossupressores por meio da sa&#250;de suplementar e/ou desembolso pr&#243;prio. Desta forma, 1.203 pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      <p>A mediana de sobreviv&#234;ncia para essa popula&#231;&#227;o &#8211; pacientes adultos em uso de esquemas de imunossupress&#227;o &#8211; foi de 11,1 anos. As taxas de sobrevida em um, cinco e dez anos foram 89,8% (88,1 &#8211; 91,6), 75,9% (73,1 &#8211; 78,8) e 57,0% (52,1 &#8211; 62,3), respectivamente.</p>
      <p>Dos 1.203 pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo, a maioria era do sexo masculino (73,2%), com uma idade mediana de 48 anos (38 &#8211; 56). Para 69,1% desses pacientes (n=831) n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel identificar exatamente qual foi a condi&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria que levou ao desenvolvimento da IC, visto que o primeiro registro na base de dados foi a pr&#243;pria condi&#231;&#227;o. As cardiopatias isqu&#234;micas aparecem como a segunda causa mais relatada, correspondendo a 14,1%, enquanto outras causas e malforma&#231;&#245;es cong&#234;nitas foram as causas menos frequentes, tendo registro para 0,3 e 1,7% dos indiv&#237;duos, respectivamente (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="33%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="2">Caracter&#237;stica</th>
              <th align="center" valign="top" colspan="2">Total (n = 1203)</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" valign="top">n</th>
              <th align="center" valign="top">%</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">
                <bold>Regi&#227;o do Transplante</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="left" valign="top"/>
              <td align="left" valign="top"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Centro Oeste</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">43</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">3,6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Nordeste</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">222</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">18,5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Norte</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">8</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Sudeste</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">672</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">55,9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Sul</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">258</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">21,4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">
                <bold>Sexo</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="left" valign="top"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Feminino</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">323</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">26,8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Masculino</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">880</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">73,2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">
                <bold>Faixa Et&#225;ria (anos)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="left" valign="top"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">18 - 25 anos</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">54</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">4,5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">26 - 35 anos</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">179</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">14,9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">36 - 45 anos</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">271</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">22,5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">46 - 55 anos</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">392</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">32,6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">56 - 65 anos</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">278</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">23,1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">&gt; 65 anos</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">29</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">2,4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">
                <bold>Causa da Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="left" valign="top"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Cardiomiopatias</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">76</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">6,3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Cardiopatias indefinidas</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">831</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">69,1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">170</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">14,1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Malforma&#231;&#245;es cong&#234;nitas</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">20</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1,7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Outras doen&#231;as card&#237;acas</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">4</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">8,5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Outras causas</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">102</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">
                <bold>Tempo mediano de Doen&#231;a Cardiovascular anterior</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="left" valign="top"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Tempo mediano menor ou igual a 17 meses</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">434</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">36,1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Tempo mediano maior que 17 meses</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">427</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">35,5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">
                <bold>Comorbidades/complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s transplante</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="left" valign="top"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Dislipidemia</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">48</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">4,0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Hipertens&#227;o arterial</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">134</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">11,1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Infec&#231;&#245;es</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">45</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">3,7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Neoplasias</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">11</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">
                <bold>Eventos</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="left" valign="top"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Censura</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">891</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">74,1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">&#211;bito</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">307</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">25,5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Retransplante</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">5</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,4</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Poucos registros foram verificados acerca de comorbidades ocorridas ap&#243;s o transplante, dentre elas: hipertens&#227;o arterial (11,1%), infec&#231;&#245;es (3,7%), dislipidemia (4,0%) e neoplasias (0,9%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>). N&#227;o foram encontrados registros de diabetes, doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica e osteoporose.</p>
      <p>A maior parte das cirurgias de transplante foi realizada nas regi&#245;es Sudeste (55,9%), Sul (21,5%) e Nordeste (18,5%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>), tendo sido observada diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas na sobreviv&#234;ncia dos pacientes submetidos ao procedimento nessas regi&#245;es. Nordeste e Sudeste apresentaram uma melhor sobrevida (p= 0,02 e p= 0,01, respectivamente), ao passo que a regi&#227;o Sul apresentou taxas inferiores &#224; m&#233;dia nacional (p&lt;0,0001). As regi&#245;es Centro-Oeste e Norte n&#227;o exibiram diferen&#231;as significativas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figura 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Sobreviv&#234;ncia do enxerto dos pacientes adultos transplantados card&#237;acos no Brasil entre 2000-2015 por regi&#227;o.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-04-0744-00117-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      <p>No que se refere ao uso de esquemas imunossupressores, verificou-se que a ciclosporina associada ao micofenolato foi o esquema terap&#234;utico de primeira escolha utilizado pela maioria destes pacientes (58,4%), seguido por micofenolato em monoterapia (18,4%) e pela associa&#231;&#227;o entre ciclosporina e azatioprina (11,9%). A escolha de tacrolimo como inibidor de calcineurina na primeira linha de tratamento foi incipiente neste per&#237;odo, sendo que somente 3,3% dos indiv&#237;duos iniciaram seu tratamento com o mesmo; ao passo que o micofenolato foi o agente antiproliferativo mais utilizado, estando presente em cerca de 81% dos esquemas terap&#234;uticos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Tabela 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Esquemas imunossupressores de primeira escolha utilizados pela popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="25%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="top">Principais esquemas Imunossupressores In&#237;cio da Coorte</th>
              <th align="center" valign="top">N</th>
              <th align="center" valign="top">%</th>
              <th align="center" valign="top">%acumulado<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref></th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Ciclosporina + Micofenolato</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">702</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">58,4%</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">58,4%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Micofenolato (monoterapia)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">221</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">18,4%</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">76,7%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Ciclosporina + Azatioprina</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">143</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">11,9%</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">88,6%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Ciclosporina (monoterapia)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">52</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">4,3%</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">92,9%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Micofenolato + Tacrolimo</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">34</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">2,8%</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">95,8%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">
                <bold>Subtotal</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">
                <bold>1.152</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">
                <bold>95,8%</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">
                <bold>95,8%</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">
                <bold>Outros esquemas imunossupressores In&#237;cio da Coorte</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="left" valign="top"/>
              <td align="left" valign="top"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Azatioprina (monoterapia)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">22</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1,8%</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">97,6%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Micofenolato + Sirolimo</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">15</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1,2%</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">98,8%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Tacrolimo (monoterapia)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,2%</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">99,1%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Azatioprina + Ciclosporina+ Micofenolato</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,2%</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">99,3%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Azatioprina +Tacrolimo</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,2%</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">99,4%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Ciclosporina + Sirolimo</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,2%</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">99,6%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Sirolimo (monoterapia)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,2%</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">99,8%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Azatioprina +Sirolimo</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,1%</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">99,8%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Micofenolato + Ciclosporina+ Sirolimo</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,1%</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">99,9%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Micofenolato + Sirolimo + Tacrolimo</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,1%</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">100,0%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">
                <bold>Subtotal</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">
                <bold>51</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">
                <bold>4,2%</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">
                <bold>100%</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">
                <bold>Total</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">
                <bold>1.203</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">
                <bold>100%</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">
                <bold>100%</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>somat&#243;rio dos percentuais de cada esquema linha a linha.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Ao estratificar o uso dos esquemas imunossupressores de primeira escolha por regi&#227;o, observou-se que o uso da associa&#231;&#227;o ciclosporina e azatioprina foi proporcionalmente maior na regi&#227;o Sul do pa&#237;s (27,9%), representando cerca de 2,3 vezes a m&#233;dia nacional. Por outro lado, a associa&#231;&#227;o ciclosporina e micofenolato foi o esquema terap&#234;utico mais utilizado em todas as regi&#245;es (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Tabela 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Esquemas imunossupressores de primeira escolha utilizados pela popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo estratificado por regi&#227;o</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="12%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="2">Regi&#227;o do Centro Transplantador</th>
              <th align="center" valign="top">Azatio+Ciclos</th>
              <th align="center" valign="top">Ciclos (monoterapia)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="top">Ciclos+Micofe</th>
              <th align="center" valign="top">Micofe (monoterapia)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="top">Micofe+Tacrol</th>
              <th align="center" valign="top">Outros esquemas</th>
              <th align="center" valign="top">Total Geral</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" valign="top" colspan="7">n (%)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Centro Oeste</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">5(11,6)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1(2,3)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">17(39,5)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">8(18,6)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1(2,3)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">11(25,6)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">43(100,0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Nordeste</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">12(5,4)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">7(3,1)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">133(59,9)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">58(26,1)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1(0,4)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">11(4,9)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">222(100,0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Norte</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0(0,0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0(0,0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">8(100,0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0(0,0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0(0,0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0(0,0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">8(100,0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Sudeste</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">54(8,0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">18(2,7)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">410(61,0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">138(20,5)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">28(4,2)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">24(3,6)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">672(100,0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Sul</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">72(27,9)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">26(10,1)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">134(51,9)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">17(6,6)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">4(1,5)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">5(1,9)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">258(100,0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Total Geral</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">143(11,9)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">52(4,3)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">702(58,4)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">221(18,4)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">34(2,8)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">51(4,2)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1203(100,0)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>Azatio: azatioprina; Ciclos: ciclosporina; Micofe: micofenolato; Tacrol: tacrolimo.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Ao avaliar a sobreviv&#234;ncia dos pacientes de acordo com o esquema imunossupressor inicialmente utilizado, n&#227;o se observou diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante (p=0,6) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f3">
        <label>Figura 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Sobreviv&#234;ncia do enxerto dos pacientes adultos transplantados card&#237;acos no Brasil entre 2000-2015 por esquemas de imunossupress&#227;o.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-04-0744-00117-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      <p>A mediana de propor&#231;&#227;o de uso dos imunossupressores no tempo foi de 83,3% para micofenolato (65,7 &#8211; 95,2), 71,1% para ciclosporina (38,5 &#8211; 91,7), 38,2% para azatioprina (11,5 &#8211; 66,8), 26,0% para tacrolimo (8,3 &#8211; 47,2), 15,0% para sirolimo (4,8 &#8211; 34,7) e 7,1% para everolimo (2,4 &#8211; 28,8).</p>
      <p>Na an&#225;lise univariada dos potenciais fatores de risco para a sobreviv&#234;ncia do enxerto, verificou-se maior risco associado ao sexo masculino (HR = 1,342; IC 95% 1,02 &#8211; 1,767), ao ano adicional &#224; idade do receptor (HR = 1,01; IC 95% 1,003 &#8211; 1,023), &#224; realiza&#231;&#227;o da cirurgia regi&#227;o Sul do Brasil (HR = 1,784; IC 95% 1,407 &#8211; 2,262), ao tempo mediano de DCV antes do transplante superior a 17 meses (HR = 1,389; IC 95% 1,067 &#8211; 1,807), ao desenvolvimento de infec&#231;&#245;es ap&#243;s o transplante (HR = 1,702; IC 95% 1,012 &#8211; 2,861) e a uma propor&#231;&#227;o maior de uso de azatioprina ao longo do seguimento (HR = 1,769; IC 95% 1,125 &#8211; 2,783) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Tabela 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Hazard-Ratio para perda do enxerto &#8211; an&#225;lise univariada</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="33%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2">Vari&#225;vel</th>
              <th align="center" valign="top" colspan="2">Total (n = 1203)</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" valign="top">HR (IC 95%)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="top">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">
                <bold>Regi&#227;o do Transplante</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="left" valign="top"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Centro Oeste</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1,128 (0,580 &#8211; 2,194)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Nordeste</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,688 (0,499 &#8211; 0,950)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,02</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Norte</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1,489 (0,555 &#8211; 3,997)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Sudeste</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,758 (0,607 &#8211; 0,945)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Sul</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1,784 (1,407 &#8211; 2,262)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Sexo masculino</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1,342 (1,019 &#8211; 1,767)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,04</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Idade</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1,013 (1,003 &#8211; 1,023)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">
                <bold>Causa da Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="left" valign="top"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Cardiomiopatias</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,962 (0,617 &#8211; 1,498)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Cardiopatias indefinidas</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1,144 (0,899 &#8211; 1,457)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,950 (0,681 &#8211; 1,323)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Malforma&#231;&#245;es cong&#234;nitas</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,349 (0,087 &#8211; 1,404)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Outras doen&#231;as card&#237;acas</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">3,67 (0,912 &#8211; 14,77)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,05</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Outras causas</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,863 (0,593 &#8211; 1,256)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Tempo mediano de DCV antes do transplante</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1,389 (1,067 &#8211; 1,807)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">
                <bold>Ocorr&#234;ncia de comorbidades p&#243;s transplante</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="left" valign="top"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Dislipidemia</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,919 (0,473 &#8211; 1,786)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Hipertens&#227;o arterial</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1,270 (0,896 &#8211; 1,800)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Infec&#231;&#245;es</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1,702 (1,012 &#8211; 2,861)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,04</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Neoplasias</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1,363 (0,339 &#8211; 5,490)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">
                <bold>Esquemas imunossupressores de primeira escolha</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="left" valign="top"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Ciclosporina</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1,057 (0,664 &#8211; 1,683)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Ciclosporina + Azatioprina</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1,295 (0,964 &#8211; 1,741)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,09</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Ciclosporina + Micofenolato</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,843 (0,675 &#8211; 1,054)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Micofenolato</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,998 (0,739 &#8211; 1,347)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1,0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Micofenolato + Tacrolimo</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,956 (0,426 &#8211; 2,149)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Demais esquemas</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1,162 (0,692 &#8211; 1,953)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">
                <bold>Propor&#231;&#227;o de uso dos imunossupressores no seguimento</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="left" valign="top"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Azatioprina</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1,769 (1,125 &#8211; 2,783)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Ciclosporina</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1,244 (0,904 &#8211; 1,711)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Everolimo</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,051 (0,000 &#8211; 13,99)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Micofenolato</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,431 (0,311 &#8211; 0,598)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Sirolimo</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,699 (0,199 &#8211; 2,462)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Tacrolimo</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,273 (0,092 &#8211; 0,812)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,02</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Por outro lado, atuaram como fatores protetores da sobreviv&#234;ncia a realiza&#231;&#227;o da cirurgia nas regi&#245;es Nordeste (HR = 0,688; IC 95% 0,499 &#8211; 0,950) e Sudeste (HR = 0,758; IC 95% 0,607 &#8211; 0,945); e ter maior propor&#231;&#227;o de uso dos imunossupressores micofenolato (HR = 0,431; IC 95% 0,311 &#8211; 0,598) e tacrolimo (HR = 0,273; IC 95% 0,092 &#8211; 0,812) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
      <p>As causas prim&#225;rias da IC e os esquemas imunossupressores de primeira escolha n&#227;o apresentaram resultados significativos.</p>
      <p>A an&#225;lise multivariada demonstrou que cada ano adicional na idade do receptor, a ocorr&#234;ncia de infec&#231;&#245;es ap&#243;s o transplante e a realiza&#231;&#227;o do procedimento cir&#250;rgico na regi&#227;o Sul estiveram relacionados ao maior risco de perda do enxerto na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada. Ao passo que uma maior propor&#231;&#227;o de uso dos imunossupressores micofenolato e azatioprina atuou como um fator protetor (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 5</xref>). O modelo foi verificado pelo m&#233;todo de res&#237;duos de Schoenfeld e demonstrou proporcionalidade de risco para todas as vari&#225;veis e correla&#231;&#227;o linear com o tempo.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t5">
        <label>Tabela 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Hazard ratio para perda do enxerto: an&#225;lise multivariada</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="33%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="top">Vari&#225;vel</th>
              <th align="center" valign="top">HR (IC 95%)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="top">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Idade (ano adicional)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1,014 (1,004 &#8211; 1,025)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,006</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Ocorr&#234;ncia de infec&#231;&#245;es ap&#243;s o transplante</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1,912 (1,136 &#8211; 3,243)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,015</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Regi&#227;o Sul</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1,592 (1,240 &#8211; 2,044)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Propor&#231;&#227;o de uso de micofenolato</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,353 (0,224 &#8211; 0,557)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Propor&#231;&#227;o de uso de azatioprina</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,518 (0,272 &#8211; 0,988)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,046</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O estudo se prop&#244;s a avaliar dados pouco explorados e disseminados acerca do TC no Brasil. As an&#225;lises realizadas permitem fornecer a primeira informa&#231;&#227;o quanto ao tempo da sobreviv&#234;ncia mediana desse tipo de transplante no pa&#237;s, estimado em 8,3 anos entre 2000-2015.</p>
      <p>As probabilidades de sobreviv&#234;ncia descritas para o primeiro (70,9%) e quinto (59,5%) anos de acompanhamento, encontram-se ligeiramente inferiores &#224;quelas descritas pela Associa&#231;&#227;o Brasileira de Transplante de &#211;rg&#227;os (ABTO), &#250;nico &#243;rg&#227;o a publicitar tais dados no pa&#237;s atualmente, que informa, comparativamente, taxas de 74% e 64% para os mesmos tempos de acompanhamento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> Os dados fornecidos pela ABTO, contudo, s&#227;o de uma s&#233;rie hist&#243;rica iniciada em 2010, era mais recente que a deste estudo, para a qual espera-se um aumento importante nas estimativas de sobreviv&#234;ncia em todo o mundo, dado o aprimoramento das equipes transplantadoras e a entrada de novos medicamentos no mercado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Dados da <italic>International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation</italic> (ISHLT), demonstram que a sobreviv&#234;ncia mediana do TC no mundo foi de 8,6 anos no per&#237;odo entre 1982-1991, enquanto no per&#237;odo de 2002-2008 esse n&#250;mero alcan&#231;ou 12,2 anos. As sobreviv&#234;ncias em um e cinco anos tamb&#233;m se apresentam maiores que a brasileira: 81 e 69%, respectivamente. Os dados da ISHLT, entretanto, s&#227;o provenientes majoritariamente de pa&#237;ses da Europa e Am&#233;rica do Norte, com caracter&#237;sticas sociodemogr&#225;ficas, cl&#237;nicas e sistemas de sa&#250;de bastante d&#237;spares do Brasil.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Embora n&#227;o tenha sido poss&#237;vel definir claramente as principais causas de IC, a ocorr&#234;ncia de cardiopatias isqu&#234;micas como segunda causa mais relatada est&#225; em conson&#226;ncia com diversos estudo realizados que apontam essa como uma das principais causas da IC em todo o mundo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> Esperava-se, no entanto, um n&#250;mero expressivo de registros de pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas, dado que se trata de uma doen&#231;a end&#234;mica no pa&#237;s e sabidamente relacionada &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de IC, assim como de outras condi&#231;&#245;es como a doen&#231;a hipertensiva.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> Acredita-se que tal incongru&#234;ncia esteja associada ao fato de que o atendimento inicial desses indiv&#237;duos ocorre na aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria &#8211; cujos registros s&#227;o escassos e n&#227;o alcan&#231;ados pela base de dados deste estudo &#8211; de modo que, ao chegar aos n&#237;veis de m&#233;dia e alta complexidade da assist&#234;ncia os mesmos j&#225; se encontram com um quadro de IC avan&#231;ado, sendo esse seu primeiro registro.</p>
      <p>O mesmo pode ser observado nos registros de comorbidades que n&#227;o puderam ser verificados em sua totalidade. Os registros de hipertens&#227;o e dislipidemia, entretanto, fornecem um dado importante, tendo em vista que tais condi&#231;&#245;es est&#227;o associadas mais comumente ao uso de ciclosporina, quando comparada com tacrolimo, mais associado ao diabetes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref> Ademais, conforme apresentado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabela 1</xref>, o uso de ciclosporina foi significativamente maior que o de tacrolimo na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada. Cabe informar, contudo, que o uso de tacrolimo para o TC no Brasil ainda &#233; <italic>off-label</italic>, o que impediu que o mesmo fosse disponibilizado amplamente a n&#237;vel nacional at&#233; 2015, quando foi, ent&#227;o, incorporado pela Comiss&#227;o Nacional de Incorpora&#231;&#227;o de Tecnologias (CONITEC) ao <italic>rool</italic> de medicamentos dispon&#237;veis no SUS, juntamente com everolimo e sirolimo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Em contrapartida, as an&#225;lises realizadas demonstraram que n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a na efetividade dos esquemas terap&#234;uticos utilizados. Diversos estudos corroboram tal dado, sobretudo quando se trata da compara&#231;&#227;o ciclosporina <italic>versus</italic> tacrolimo; ainda que alguns estudos apontem para uma menor incid&#234;ncia de rejei&#231;&#227;o com o tacrolimo, n&#227;o h&#225; evid&#234;ncia de superioridade no que se refere a sobrevida dos pacientes. Na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, no entanto, observa-se um aumento expressivo no uso do tacrolimo nos &#250;ltimos anos, o que poder&#225; ocorrer tamb&#233;m no Brasil ap&#243;s sua incorpora&#231;&#227;o no SUS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref></p>
      <p>A elevada propor&#231;&#227;o de uso de micofenolato, observado no estudo, tamb&#233;m segue uma tend&#234;ncia mundial e, apesar de n&#227;o ter sido verificada diferen&#231;a entre as combina&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas, alguns estudos sugerem efic&#225;cia ligeiramente superior do micofenolato frente &#224; azatioprina, assim como foi observado nas curvas de Kaplan-Meier deste estudo, embora os resultados n&#227;o tenham apresentado signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref> No contexto brasileiro, &#233; importante destacar que estudos nacionais indicam resultados desfavor&#225;veis com o uso micofenolato em pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas, devido a elevada incid&#234;ncia de reativa&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a ap&#243;s o transplante.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Por outro lado, a propor&#231;&#227;o de uso de micofenolato e azatioprina mostrou-se como fator protetor da sobreviv&#234;ncia no modelo multivariado, sugerindo que, ainda que n&#227;o haja diferen&#231;a entre as estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas inicialmente adotadas, o uso desses medicamentos por um per&#237;odo de tempo maior parece contribuir para a maior sobrevida de determinados pacientes.</p>
      <p>Embora a propor&#231;&#227;o de uso da azatioprina tenha aparecido como fator de risco na an&#225;lise univariada (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>), no modelo final a mesma surge como fator protetor, no limite da signific&#226;ncia e muito pr&#243;xima da faixa de n&#227;o efeito (a saber: HR= 1,00 e p&gt;0,05). Tal fato pode ser justificado, tendo em vista que na an&#225;lise univariada s&#227;o comparados os per&#237;odos de tempo de utiliza&#231;&#227;o dos medicamentos individualmente, logo de pacientes que utilizaram ou n&#227;o apenas o medicamento em quest&#227;o; j&#225; na an&#225;lise multivariada, n&#227;o apenas o uso da azatioprina individualmente &#233; considerado, mas de todos os medicamentos em diferentes combina&#231;&#245;es e em conjunto com outras vari&#225;veis. Portanto, &#233; razo&#225;vel considerar que nessa condi&#231;&#227;o a azatioprina n&#227;o represente necessariamente um risco &#224; sobreviv&#234;ncia dos pacientes, visto que os outros fatores podem oferecer maior probabilidade de &#243;bito do que o uso do medicamento. Deve-se considerar, ainda, que grupos com caracter&#237;sticas e necessidades distintas ir&#227;o se beneficiar de esquemas distintos, como parece ser o caso dos pacientes chag&#225;sicos que se beneficiam do uso da azatioprina.</p>
      <p>Ao avaliar, ainda, o uso dos esquemas terap&#234;uticos por regi&#227;o, nota-se que o Sul tem maior percentual de uso da azatioprina quando comparado a todas as demais regi&#245;es, e a realiza&#231;&#227;o do transplante nesta regi&#227;o parece tamb&#233;m influenciar a sobreviv&#234;ncia, de modo que a mesma figura como um fator de risco no modelo multivariado. Verificou-se ainda que o maior percentual de uso da azatioprina se d&#225; principalmente nos anos iniciais do seguimento, entre 2000-2004; e a partir de ent&#227;o a propor&#231;&#227;o de uso deste medicamento no Sul aproxima-se da observada nas demais regi&#245;es. Tal dado sugere que essa diferen&#231;a observada na sobreviv&#234;ncia entre as regi&#245;es pode estar relacionada aos protocolos de tratamento adotados nos estados do Sul do pa&#237;s, visto que o Brasil n&#227;o disp&#245;e de um protocolo cl&#237;nico &#250;nico para o TC, sobretudo no in&#237;cio dos anos 2000, quando o estudo e, consequentemente, as evid&#234;ncias de compara&#231;&#227;o entre azatioprina e micofenolato eram recentes.</p>
      <p>Deve-se destacar, contudo, que o Brasil &#233; um pa&#237;s de dimens&#245;es continentais e com grandes diferen&#231;as entre as cinco regi&#245;es, de modo que tais disparidades podem estar relacionadas ainda a outros fatores como: gravidade dos pacientes submetidos ao transplante, agilidade no transporte do &#243;rg&#227;o, estrutura f&#237;sica e de recursos humanos dos centros transplantadores, capacita&#231;&#227;o das equipes de transplante, al&#233;m dos protocolos e diretrizes cl&#237;nicas adotadas para o manejo do doador e receptor, dentre outras condi&#231;&#245;es. Outros dados, portanto, s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para melhor elucidar todas essas condi&#231;&#245;es e como elas influenciam na sobreviv&#234;ncia dos pacientes.</p>
      <p>O modelo multivariado exp&#245;e, ainda, que as infec&#231;&#245;es ocorridas ap&#243;s o transplante e o ano de vida adicional, foram fatores de risco &#224; sobreviv&#234;ncia dos indiv&#237;duos. Sabe-se que as infec&#231;&#245;es, de fato, est&#227;o entre as principais causas de morte ap&#243;s o TC, sobretudo no primeiro ano. Do mesmo modo, a idade do receptor est&#225; relacionada &#224; sobreviv&#234;ncia, sendo observado um aumento diretamente proporcional das taxas de mortalidade, a curto e longo prazo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref></p>
      <p>A vari&#225;vel demogr&#225;fica sexo, reconhecidamente associada a um maior risco para a sobreviv&#234;ncia no TC, n&#227;o se apresentou significativa no modelo final para a popula&#231;&#227;o estudada. No entanto, acredita-se que tal fato esteja relacionado ao tamanho significativamente distinto entre os grupos, sendo que o n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos do sexo masculino foi cerca de 2,5 vezes maior que do sexo feminino, uma vez que outros estudos sugerem sobrevida significativamente maior nas mulheres.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref></p>
      <p>A dificuldade em observar resultados expressivos para as vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas, como tempo mediano de DCV antes do transplante, causa da IC e comorbidades p&#243;s transplante, relaciona-se &#224; principal limita&#231;&#227;o deste estudo que &#233; o uso de dados provenientes de bases administrativas. De uma maneira geral, tais bases de dados n&#227;o apresentam registros de informa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas de forma clara e facilmente identific&#225;veis, visto que n&#227;o foram constru&#237;das com tal objetivo. Assim a avalia&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis importantes relacionadas aos doadores ou &#224; situa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica dos pacientes antes e ap&#243;s o transplante e que podem influenciar diretamente na sobreviv&#234;ncia dos mesmos e at&#233; nas diferen&#231;as regionais observadas, n&#227;o puderam ser analisadas. Al&#233;m disso, as informa&#231;&#245;es dispon&#237;veis podem apresentar inconsist&#234;ncias e omiss&#245;es, decorrentes tamb&#233;m da natureza retrospectiva do estudo.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Este estudo, de &#226;mbito nacional, apresenta dados robustos e de suma import&#226;ncia para a sa&#250;de p&#250;blica acerca da sobreviv&#234;ncia de pacientes transplantados card&#237;acos acompanhados no SUS, potencialmente &#250;teis na constru&#231;&#227;o de diretrizes e protocolos.</p>
      <p>A mediana de sobreviv&#234;ncia geral do TC no Brasil no per&#237;odo de 2000 a 2015 foi de 8,3 anos, ao passo que para a popula&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos adultos com registro de uso de imunossupressores obtidos no SUS a estimativa foi de 11,1 anos. Para esta popula&#231;&#227;o, o estudo demonstrou que a idade, a ocorr&#234;ncia de infec&#231;&#245;es ap&#243;s o transplante e ter realizado a cirurgia na regi&#227;o Sul atuaram como fatores de risco &#224; sobrevida no per&#237;odo avaliado.</p>
      <p>Tais resultados fornecem dados farmacoepidemiol&#243;gicos ainda n&#227;o publicados sobre o TC no Brasil, que podem ser disseminados com intuito de contribuir para a sa&#250;de p&#250;blica, bem como para melhorias nas condutas adotadas e no cuidado desses pacientes.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Nat&#225;lia Cristina Cardoso Freitas pela Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - Faculdade de Farm&#225;cia - Dep. Farm&#225;cia Social.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Sixteen Years of Heart Transplant in an Open Cohort in Brazil: Analysis of Graft Survival of Patients using Immunosuppressants</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3827-9153</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Freitas</surname>
            <given-names>Nat&#225;lia Cristina Cardoso</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cherchiglia</surname>
            <given-names>Mariangela Leal</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sim&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Charles</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alvares-Teodoro</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Acurcio</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco de Assis</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guerra</surname>
            <given-names>Augusto Afonso</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - Faculdade de Farm&#225;cia - Departamento de Farm&#225;cia Social, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil.</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - Faculdade de Medicina - Departamento de Medicina Preventiva e Social, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil.</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - Faculdade de Medicina - Departamento de Cirurgia, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil.</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Nat&#225;lia Cristina Cardoso Freitas</bold> &#8226; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - Faculdade De Farm&#225;cia - Dep. Farm&#225;cia Social - Avenida Presidente Ant&#244;nio Carlos, 6627. Postal Code <postal-code>31270-901</postal-code>, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: <email>nccfreitas@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Freitas NCC, Cherchiglia ML, Sim&#227;o Filho C, Acurcio FA, Guerra Junior AA; Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data and Statistical analysis: Freitas NCC, Guerra Junior AA; Writing of the manuscript: Freitas NCC; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Freitas NCC, Cherchiglia ML, Sim&#227;o Filho C, Alvares-Teodoro J, Acurcio FA, Guerra Junior AA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Heart transplant is the main therapeutic alternative for advanced heart failure patients. Several risk factors affect these patients' survival; however, few studies about the topic are available in Brazil.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>To review the survival rates of heart transplant patients in the Brazilian Public Health System (Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de - SUS) between 2000 and 2015.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>This is a non-concurrent, open cohort study, involving cardiac transplant patients in Brazil. The cumulative survival probability was estimated by the Kaplan-Meier curve, and the curve comparison was done using the Log-Rank test. The Cox model was used to calculate the Hazard-Ratio (HR). Analyses were conducted at the 95% confidence level.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The heart transplant survival rate median in Brazil, during the period, was 8.3 years. Each additional year in the recipient's age, the occurrence of infections, and the performance of the surgical procedure in the South Region were associated with a higher risk of graft loss. A higher use ratio of immunosuppressants mycophenolate and azathioprine acted as a protection factor.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>The analyses conducted provide the first information about the median survival time in heart transplant patients in Brazil. The difference noticed among the geographical regions may be related to the different treatment protocols adopted in the country, especially in the early 2000s. The rate of mycophenolate and azathioprine use as a protection factor suggests that, despite the absence of differences among therapeutic strategies, use of these drugs may favor survival of certain patients. The study provides robust epidemiological data, which are relevant for public health.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Heart Transplantation/trends</kwd>
        <kwd>Cyclosporine/therapeutic use</kwd>
        <kwd>Survival</kwd>
        <kwd>Immunosuppresive Agents</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiology</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Heart transplant (HT) is the main therapeutic alternative for patients diagnosed with advanced heart failure (HF) that is refractory to optimized clinical and surgical treatment, and its main purpose is to improve these individuals' survival and quality of life.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> After transplantation, the extended use of immunosuppressive therapy schemes for transplant maintenance. Although current recommendations allow for the combination and use of several drugs, triple schemes, including corticosteroids, calcineurin inhibitors and antiproliferative agents, remain widely recommended by guidelines and adopted in healthcare services.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref></p>
        <p>After the introduction of cyclosporine in the 1980s, the number of heart transplants and survival rates have progressively increased globally. Several risk factors, however, still affect HT survival, among which, recipient and donor demographics, clinical variables, such as HF cause, maintenance therapy strategies adopted, and the incidence of post-transplant complications.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Brazil has one of the largest public health systems for transplant in the world, and nearly all procedures are performed by the Unified Health System (SUS). Currently, the country stands out in Latin America and it is considered to be a reference in HT in Chagas disease cases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> HT and monitoring of transplanted patients, from the pre-operation procedures to the supply of post-transplant immunosuppressants, are among the thirty most expensive therapies provided to the Brazilian population by the SUS, which is responsible for approximately 96% of the HT procedures performed in the country.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Unlike other countries, however, few studies on HT survival are available in Brazil. Data are scarce and diffuse and, as a result, there is no robust information regarding graft survival and its respective risk factors for the Brazilian population. In this context, the purpose of the present study is to analyze the survival of patients who underwent HT in the Brazilian SUS, between the years 2000 and 2015, with the records of immunosuppressive scheme use.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>This is a non-concurrent, open cohort study, involving patients who underwent HT in the Brazilian SUS. This cohort study was developed by means of deterministic and probabilistic record linkage &#8211; a method used to integrate and unify data from a single patient, originating from different health information systems &#8211; of the different SUS administrative data bases: SUS Hospital Information System (SIH/SUS), Outpatient Information System (SIA/SUS) and Mortality Information System (SIM).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> The study included patients who had undergone HT in SUS, between 01/01/2000 and 12/31/2014. The transplant record date was defined as the date the patient was added to the cohort, and a minimum 12-month monitoring period was defined, so that monitoring ended on 12/31/2015. Patients added during this first phase underwent, initially, the general survival assessment for HT in Brazil.</p>
        <p>After that, a cohort was extracted for adult patients, to whom the following previous cohort exclusion criteria were applied: age under 18 years; individuals who underwent multiple transplantation; individuals whose first record in the cohort was that of a retransplant; and individuals for whom the database did not exhibit any records of immunosuppressant use.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Descriptive analysis of the variables used in the study and survival analysis were conducted.</p>
          <p>Descriptive statistical analysis was conducted for all variables. Categorical variables were analyzed by means of absolute and relative frequency distribution: gender, age group, geographical region where the transplant was conducted, primary HF diagnosis, median cardiovascular disease period prior to the transplant &#8805; 17 months, comorbidities/complications developed after the transplant, and immunosuppressive therapy. Each drug use time ratio, up to the event or censoring, for each patient in the cohort, was analyzed by median and interquartile range. These measures were also presented for general age of the adult population.</p>
          <p>Survival analyses used the following parameters: the event, defined as graft loss and represented, in this study, by the occurrence of death or retransplant; informative censoring, considered to be the date of the last record regarding immunosuppression; and right censoring, that is, study interruption represented by the monitoring end date (12/31/2015).</p>
          <p>The Kaplan&#8211;Meier estimator was used to determine the cumulative survival probability of graft survival in patients included in both cohorts. Differences among the curves were compared by the Log-Rank test. Variables were assessed individually, to determine the effect each one of them on survival, and those that exhibited a p-value&lt;0.20 were added to the final multivariate model. Cox's proportional hazards semi-parametric model was used to calculate the Hazard-Ratio (HR) for these univariate and multivariate analyses. Schoenfeld residuals test was used to determine the adjustment and hazard ratio in the final model. All analyses were conducted considering a 95% confidence interval.</p>
          <p>Statistical analyses were performed using the Foundation for Statistical Computing' software &#8220;R&#8221;, version 3.6.0.</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Minas Gerais Federal University Committee on Research Ethics (CAAE - 16334413.9.0000.5149).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>A total of 2,197 HT patients in Brazil, between 2000 and 2014, were identified, mostly males (70.7%), among which 88.9% (n=1,954) were adults, and 11.1% (n=243) were under 17 years of age. The cohort survival analysis showed rates of 70.9% (69.0 &#8211; 72.9) at one year, 59.5% (57.1 &#8211; 61.9) at five years, and reaching 45.1% (41.4 &#8211; 49.1) at ten years, and 29.1% (23.6 &#8211; 35.9%) at the end of the range (13.6 years). The HT survival rate median in the country, during the period, reached 8.3 years (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Graft survival of heart transplant patients in Brazil between 2000 and 2015. Note: the green and red broken lines in this figure's first chart represent, respectively, the upper and lower limits for the confidence interval (95%)</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-04-0744-00117-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>By comparing the two age groups &#8211; adults and teenagers under 17 years of age &#8211; a statistically significant difference between them is observed (p=0.003), revealing adults have a slightly lower survival rate. The same difference is observed in the comparison by gender, in which male patients exhibit a lower survival rate after HT (p=0.01).</p>
        <p>As the main object of this study, a cohort of adult patients (over 18 years of age) was selected, initially including 1,954 patients. Among these patients, five were excluded, as they had been added to the cohort due to heart retransplant, six were excluded, as they had had multiple transplants, and 740 patients were excluded, as there were no records of medication use in the database. Among the latter, death records were identified for 456, and the remaining 284 are believed to have obtained the immunosuppressants from the supplementary healthcare system and/or at their own expenses. Therefore, 1,203 patients were included in the study.</p>
        <p>Median survival rate for this population &#8211; adult patients using immunosuppressive schemes &#8211; was 11.1 years. Survival rates at one, five and ten years were 89.8% (88.1 &#8211; 91.6), 75.9% (73.1 &#8211; 78.8) and 57.0% (52.1 &#8211; 62.3), respectively.</p>
        <p>Among the 1,203 patients included in the study, the majority was male (73.2%), with an average age of 48 years (38 &#8211; 56). For 69.1% of these patients (n=831), it was not possible to identify exactly the primary condition that led to the onset of HF, as the first record in the database was the condition itself. Ischemic cardiopathies appear as the second most frequently reported cause, corresponding to 14.1%, while other causes and congenital malformations were the least frequent causes, corresponding to 0.3 and 1.7 of the records, respectively (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Demographics of the study population</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="33%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="2">Characteristics</th>
                <th align="center" valign="top" colspan="2">Total (n = 1203)</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" valign="top">n</th>
                <th align="center" valign="top">%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">
                  <bold>Geographical region where transplant was performed</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Central-West</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">43</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">3.6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Northeast</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">222</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">18.5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">North</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Southeast</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">672</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">55.9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">South</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">258</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">21.4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">
                  <bold>Gender</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Female</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">323</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">26.8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Male</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">880</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">73.2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">
                  <bold>Age group (years of age)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">18 - 25 years of age</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">54</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">4.5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">26 - 35 years of age</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">179</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">14.9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">36 - 45 years of age</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">271</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">22.5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">46 - 55 years of age</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">392</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">32.6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">56 - 65 years of age</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">278</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">23.1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">&gt; 65 years of age</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">29</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">2.4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">
                  <bold>Causes of heart failure</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Cardiomyopathies</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">76</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">6.3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Undefined cardiomyopathies</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">831</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">69.1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Ischemic cardiomyopathies</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">170</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">14.1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Congenital malformations</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">20</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1.7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Other cardiac conditions</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">8.5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Other causes</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">102</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">
                  <bold>Median period with previous cardiovascular disease</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Median time lower than or equal to 17 months</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">434</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">36.1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Median time greater than 17 months</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">427</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">35.5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">
                  <bold>Comorbidities/post-transplant complications</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Dyslipidemia</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">48</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">4.0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Arterial hypertension</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">134</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">11.1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Infections</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">45</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">3.7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Neoplasia</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">11</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">
                  <bold>Events</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Censoring</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">891</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">74.1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Death</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">307</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">25.5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Retransplant</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.4</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Few records were checked for the comorbidities that took place after transplant, among which: arterial hypertension (11.1%), infections (3.7%), dyslipidemia (4.0%), and neoplasia (0.9%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 1</xref>). No records were found for diabetes, chronic renal failure, or osteoporosis.</p>
        <p>Most of the transplant surgeries were performed in the Southeast region (55.9%), South (21.5%) and Northeast (18.5%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 1</xref>), and statistically significant differences were observed in the survival rates of patients subjected to the procedure in these regions. The Northeast and Southeast regions exhibited higher survival rates (p= 0.02 and p= 0.01, respectively), while the South region exhibited rates lower than the national average (p&lt;0.0001). The Central-West and North regions have not exhibited significant differences (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f5">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Graft survival of adult heart transplant patients in Brazil between 2000 and 2015 by region.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-04-0744-00117-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Among the different immunosuppressive schemes, the use of cyclosporine associated with mycophenolate was the most frequently first-choice therapy scheme used (58.4%), followed using mycophenolate in monotherapy (18.4%), and by the association between cyclosporine and azathioprine (11.9%). The use of tacrolimus as a calcineurin inhibitor as first line treatment was incipient during this period, as only 3.3% of the individuals started their treatment with it, whereas mycophenolate was the most frequently used antiproliferative agents, being present in approximately 81% of the therapy schemes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>First choice immunosuppressant schemes used by the study population</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="top">Main immunosuppressant schemes Start of cohort</th>
                <th align="center" valign="top">N</th>
                <th align="center" valign="top">%</th>
                <th align="center" valign="top">%accumulated<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref></th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Cyclosporine + Mycophenolate</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">702</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">58.4%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">58.4%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Mycophenolate (monotherapy)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">221</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">18.4%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">76.7%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Cyclosporine + Azathioprine</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">143</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">11.9%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">88.6%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Cyclosporine (monotherapy)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">52</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">4.3%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">92.9%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Mycophenolate + Tacrolimus</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">34</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">2.8%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">95.8%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">
                  <bold>Subtotal</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">
                  <bold>1152</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">
                  <bold>95.8%</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">
                  <bold>95.8%</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">
                  <bold>Other immunosuppressant schemes Start of cohort</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Azathioprine (monotherapy)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">22</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1.8%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">97.6%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Mycophenolate + Sirolimus</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">15</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1.2%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">98.8%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Tacrolimus (monotherapy)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.2%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">99.1%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Azathioprine + Cyclosporine + Mycophenolate</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.2%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">99.3%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Azathioprine + Tacrolimus</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.2%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">99.4%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Cyclosporine + Sirolimus</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.2%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">99.6%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Sirolimus (monotherapy)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.2%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">99.8%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Azathioprine + Sirolimus</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.1%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">99.8%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Mycophenolate + Cyclosporine + Sirolimus</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.1%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">99.9%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Mycophenolate + Sirolimus + Tacrolimus</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.1%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">100.0%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">
                  <bold>Subtotal</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">
                  <bold>51</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">
                  <bold>4.2%</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">
                  <bold>100%</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">
                  <bold>Total</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">
                  <bold>1203</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">
                  <bold>100%</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">
                  <bold>100%</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>sum of each scheme percentage line by line.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Stratification of the use of first choice immunosuppressive schemes by region allowed for observing that the use of cyclosporine and azathioprine was proportionally higher in the country's South region (27.9%), corresponding to approximately 2.3 times the national average. Nevertheless, the association of cyclosporine and mycophenolate was the most frequently used therapy scheme in all regions (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Table 3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>First choice immunosuppressant schemes used by the study population stratified by geographical region</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="12%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="2">Transplant Center Region</th>
                <th align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Azathio + Cyclos</th>
                <th align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Cyclos (monotherapy)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Cyclos + Mycophe</th>
                <th align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Mycophe (monotherapy)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Mycophe + Tacrol</th>
                <th align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Other schemes</th>
                <th align="center" valign="top">Overall total</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" valign="top" colspan="7">n (%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Central-West</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">5(11.6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1(2.3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">17(39.5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">8(18.6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1(2.3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">11(25.6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">43(100.0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Northeast</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">12(5.4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">7(3.1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">133(59.9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">58(26.1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1(0.4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">11(4.9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">222(100.0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">North</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0(0.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0(0.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">8(100.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0(0.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0(0.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0(0.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">8(100.0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Southeast</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">54(8.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">18(2.7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">410(61.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">138(20.5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">28(4.2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">24(3.6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">672(100.0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">South</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">72(27.9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">26(10.1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">134(51.9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">17(6.6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">4(1.5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">5(1.9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">258(100.0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Overall total</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">143(11.9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">52(4.3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">702(58.4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">221(18.4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">34(2.8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">51(4.2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1203(100.0)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>Azathio: azathioprine; Cyclos: cyclosporine; Mycophe: mycophenolate; Tacrol: tacrolimus.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>No statistically significant differences (p=0.6) were observed upon evaluating patient survival based on the immunosuppressive scheme initially used (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f6">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Graft survival of adult heart transplant patients in Brazil between 2000 and 2015 by immunosuppressive scheme.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-04-0744-00117-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>The median of immunosuppressant use over the period was 83.3% for mycophenolate (65.7 &#8211; 95.2), 71.1% for cyclosporine (38.5 &#8211; 91.7), 38.2% for azathioprine (11.5 &#8211; 66.8), 26.0% for tacrolimus (8.3 &#8211; 47.2), 15.0% for sirolimus (4.8 &#8211; 34.7) and 7.1% for everolimus (2.4 &#8211; 28.8).</p>
        <p>Univariate analysis of potential risk factors for graft survival revealed a higher risk associated with male patients (HR = 1.342; CI 95% 1.02 &#8211; 1.767), with an additional year in the recipient's age (HR = 1.01; CI 95% 1.003 &#8211; 1.023), with the surgery being performed in the South region of Brazil (HR = 1.784; CI 95% 1.407 &#8211; 2.262), with the median cardiovascular (CVD) time prior to the transplant being higher than 17 months (HR = 1.389; CI 95% 1.067 &#8211; 1.807), with the development of post-transplant infections (HR = 1.702; CI 95% 1.012 &#8211; 2.861), and with a higher ratio of azathioprine use during the monitoring period (HR = 1.769; CI 95% 1.125 &#8211; 2.783) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Table 4</xref>).</p>
        <p>Conversely, the following acted as survival protection factors, surgeries being performed in the Northeast (HR = 0.688; CI 95% 0.499 &#8211; 0.950) and Southeast (HR = 0.758; CI 95% 0.607 &#8211; 0.945) regions; and having a higher ratio of mycophenolate (HR = 0.431; CI 95% 0.311 &#8211; 0.598) and tacrolimus (HR = 0.273; CI 95% 0.092 &#8211; 0.812) use (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Table 4</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t9">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Graft loss hazard ratio - univariate analysis</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="33%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="2">Variable</th>
                <th align="center" valign="top" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Total (n = 1203)</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" valign="top">HR (CI 95%)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="top">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">
                  <bold>Geographical region where transplant was performed</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Central-West</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1.128 [0.580 - 2.194]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Northeast</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.688 [0.499 - 0.950]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">North</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1.489 [0.555 - 3.997]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Southeast</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.758 [0.607 - 0.945]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">South</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1.784 [1.407 - 2.262]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Gender, Male</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1.342 [1.019 - 1.767]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.04</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Age</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1.013 [1.003 - 1.023]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">
                  <bold>Causes of heart failure</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Cardiomyopathies</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.962 [0.617 - 1.498]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Undefined cardiomyopathies</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1.144 [0.899 - 1.457]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Ischemic cardiomyopathies</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.950 [0.681 - 1.323]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Congenital malformations</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.349 [0.087 - 1.404]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Other cardiac conditions</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">3.67 [0.912 - 14.77]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Other causes</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.863 [0.593 - 1.256]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Median CVD time prior to transplant</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1.389 [1.067 - 1.807]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">
                  <bold>Onset of post-transplant comorbidities</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Dyslipidemia</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.919 [0.473 - 1.786]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Arterial hypertension</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1.270 [0.896 - 1.800]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Infections</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1.702 [1.012 - 2.861]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.04</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Neoplasia</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1.363 [0.339 - 5.490]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">
                  <bold>First choice immunosuppressant schemes</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Cyclosporine</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1.057 [0.664 - 1.683]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Cyclosporine + Azathioprine</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1.295 [0.964 - 1.741]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.09</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Cyclosporine + Mycophenolate</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.843 [0.675 - 1.054]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Mycophenolate</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.998 [0.739 - 1.347]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1.0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Mycophenolate + Tacrolimus</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.956 [0.426 - 2.149]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Other schemes</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1.162 [0.692 - 1.953]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">
                  <bold>Ratio of immunosuppressant use in the segment</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Azathioprine</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1.769 [1.125 - 2.783]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Cyclosporine</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1.244 [0.904 - 1.711]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Everolimus</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.051 [0.000 - 13.99]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Mycophenolate</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.431 [0.311 - 0.598]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Sirolimus</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.699 [0.199 - 2.462]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Tacrolimus</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.273 [0.092 - 0.812]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.02</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Primary HF causes and the first-choice immunosuppressant schemes exhibited significant results.</p>
        <p>Multivariate analysis showed that each additional year in the recipient's age, the occurrence of infections after the transplant, and the performance of the surgical procedure in the South region were associated with a higher risk of graft loss. However, a higher use ratio of immunosuppressants mycophenolate and azathioprine acted as a protection factor (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Table 5</xref>). The model was verified by the Schoenfeld residuals method, and it demonstrated a risk proportionality for all variables, as well as linear correlation to time.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t10">
          <label>Table 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Graft loss hazard ratio: multivariate analysis</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="33%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="top">Variable</th>
                <th align="center" valign="top">HR (CI 95%)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="top">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Age (additional year)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1.014 [1.004 - 1.025]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.006</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Post-transplant infections</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1.912 [1.136 - 3.243]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.015</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">South Region</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1.592 [1.240 - 2.044]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Mycophenolate use ratio</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.353 [0.224 - 0.557]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Azathioprine use ratio</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.518 [0.272 - 0.988]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.046</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The study is designed to evaluate underexplored and disseminated data about HT in Brazil. Analyzes performed allow for providing initial information about the median survival time for this type of transplant in the country, estimated at 8.3 years, between 2000 and 2015.</p>
        <p>Survival probabilities described for the first (70.9%) and the fifth (59,5%) years of monitoring, are slightly lower than those described by the Brazilian Association of Organ Transplantation (ABTO), the only agency that currently publicizes such data in the country, which provides, comparatively, the rates of 74% and 64% for the same monitoring times.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> Data provided by ABTO, however, come from a historical series started in 2010; therefore, more recent than the one used in this study, for which an important increase is expected for survival estimates worldwide, considering the improvement of transplantation teams and the arrival of new drugs in the market.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Data from the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT) show that median HT survival worldwide was 8.6 years in the period between 1982 and 1991, whereas in the period between 2002 and 2008 this number reached 12.2 years. Survival rates at one and five years are also higher than the Brazilian rates: 81 and 69%, respectively. ISHLT data, however, originate primarily from European and North American countries, which have quite different sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, as well as the health systems, from those in Brazil.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Although it was impossible to clearly define the main HF causes, the occurrence of ischemic cardiomyopathies as the second most frequent cause is in agreement with several studies performed that indicate this as one of the main HF causes worldwide.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> A significant number of Chagas disease patient records was expected, given this is an endemic disease in the country and it is known to be related to the occurrence of HF. Other conditions, such as hypertensive disease, were also expected.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> Such inconsistency is believed to be associated with the fact that early treatment of these patients takes place at primary health care centers - whose records are scarce and are not reached by this study's database - so that, when medium and high complexity assistance levels are reached, patients face advanced HF, and this is their first record.</p>
        <p>The same applies to comorbidity records that could not have been checked in full. Hypertension and dyslipidemia records, however, provide important data, as such conditions are commonly associated with the use of cyclosporine, when compared to tacrolimus, more frequently associated with diabetes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref> In addition, as provided in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">table 1</xref>, the use of cyclosporine was significantly greater than the use of tacrolimus in the studied population. The use of tacrolimus for HT in Brazil, it should be noted, however, is still done off-label, and this prevented this drug from being widely available at the national level until 2015, when it was added, by the National Committee for Health Technology Incorporation (CONITEC) to the list of drugs provided by the SUS, along with everolimus and sirolimus.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Conversely, the analyses conducted demonstrated that no differences in effectiveness have been detected among the therapy schemes used. Several studies corroborate these data, especially in relation to the comparison between cyclosporine and tacrolimus; although some studies indicate a lower occurrence of rejection when tacrolimus is used, there is no evidence of its superiority for patient survival purposes. In clinical practice, however, there has been a significant increase in the use of tacrolimus for the past years, which may also take place in Brazil after its addition to the list of drugs provided by the SUS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref></p>
        <p>The high rates of mycophenolate use observed in the study also follow a global trend and, although no differences were detected among the therapeutic combinations, some studies suggest mycophenolate has a slightly superior effectiveness in relation to azathioprine, as observed in the Kaplan-Meier curves presented in this study, despite the absence of statistically significant results.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref> In the Brazilian context, it is noteworthy that national studies indicate unfavorable results with the use of mycophenolate in Chagas disease patients, due to the high rates of disease reactivation after transplantation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Nevertheless, the rate of mycophenolate and azathioprine use has proved to be a survival protection factor in the multivariate model, suggesting that, despite the absence of differences among therapeutic strategies used initially, the use of these drugs for a longer period, appears to contribute to the survival of certain patients.</p>
        <p>Although the rate of azathioprine use appeared as a risk factor in the univariate analysis (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Table 4</xref>), it appears as a protection factor in the final model, within the significance limit and close to the ineffective range (namely: HR= 1.00 and p&gt;0.05). This fact may be justifiable, considering that, in univariate analysis, medication use periods are compared individually, that is, whether patients have used the medication in question or not. In multivariate analysis, however, the use of azathioprine is considered individually, as well as the use of all drugs in different combinations and along with other variables. Therefore, it is reasonable to consider that, under these conditions, azathioprine does not necessarily represent a risk to patient survival, considering that other factors may pose higher death risks than the medication use. The fact that groups with different characteristics and needs will benefit from different schemes must be also taken into account, as this appears to be the case of Chagas disease patients, who benefit from azathioprine use.</p>
        <p>Furthermore, upon assessing the use of therapy schemes by geographical region, the South region exhibits a higher azathioprine use percentage when compared to all other regions. In addition, transplantation procedures being performed in this region also appear to affect survival, resulting in its characterization as a risk factor in the multivariate model, Higher azathioprine use percentage was also observed mainly in the first years of the monitoring period, between 2000 and 2004. From then on, this drug use rate in the South region is close to the rate observed in other geographical regions. These data suggest that the difference observed in survival rates among the geographical regions may be related to treatment protocols adopted in the South region, considering that Brazil does not have a unified clinical protocol for HT, mainly during the early 2000s, when the study and, consequently, evidence of comparison between azathioprine and mycophenolate were recent.</p>
        <p>Brazil is notably a country of continental proportions with significant differences among its five geographical regions; therefore, these discrepancies may also be related to other factors, such as, illness severity of patients subject to transplantation, agility in organ transportation, physical and human resource structure in the transplantation centers, transplantation team qualification, in addition to clinical guidelines and protocols adopted for handling donor and recipient, among other conditions. Other data, therefore, are required to clarify all of these conditions, as well as how they affect patient survival.</p>
        <p>The multivariate model also showed that infections occurred after transplantation and the additional year of age were risk factors to patient survival. Infections are known to be one of the main causes of death after HT, especially during the first year. Similarly, recipient age is related to survival, and a directly proportional increase in mortality rates is observed in short and long terms.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref></p>
        <p>The &#8216;gender&#8217; demographic variable, admittedly associated with higher risk for survival in HT, was not significant in the final model for the studied population. Nevertheless, this fact is believed to be associated with a significant difference in size among the groups, as the number of male patients was approximately 2.5 times the number of female patients, considering that other studies suggest significantly higher survival rates in women.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Difficulties in observing relevant results for clinical variables, such as median CVD time prior to the transplant, HF cause and post-transplantation comorbidities, are related to the main limitation in this study, which is the use of data originating from administrative databases. In general, such databases provide no clear and easily identifiable records of clinical information, as they were not built for these purposes. Therefore, the assessment of important variables related to donors or to the patients' clinical condition before and after transplantation, and which may directly affect their survival rates or the regional differences observed, could not be reviewed. In addition, information available may exhibit inconsistencies and omissions, also due to the retrospective nature of the study.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>This study, with a nationwide reach, presents robust data, which have great relevance for the public health system, about the survival of HT patients monitored by the SUS, potentially useful for the development of guidelines and protocols.</p>
        <p>The general survival rate median for HT patients in Brazil, between 2000 and 2015, was 8.3 years, whereas for adult individuals with records of using immunosuppressant provided by the SUS, the estimated survival period was 11.1 years. For this population, the study demonstrated that age, the occurrence of infection after transplantation, and having had surgery in the South region acted as risk factors to survival in the period studied.</p>
        <p>These results provide unpublished epidemiological data on HT in Brazil, which may be publicized to contribute with the public health system, as well as with the conduct adopted and for these patients' care.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn3">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Nat&#225;lia Cristina Cardoso Freitas, from Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - Faculdade de Farm&#225;cia - Dep. Farm&#225;cia Social.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
