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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">fYwnRZFjCXCQSFJBBWbJVrF</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021000500742</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210089</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210089</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Uso de Estatinas e Hipercolesterolemia: Est&#227;o sendo Seguidas as Recomenda&#231;&#245;es das Diretrizes Atuais?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2527-8717</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Renato Jorge</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Departamento de Cardiologia na Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia na Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil.</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Santa Casa de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas, Santa Casa de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil.</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Renato Jorge Alves</bold> &#8226; Irmandade da Santa Casa de, Miseric&#243;rdia de S&#227;o Paulo - Departamento de Medicina - Rua Ces&#225;rio Motta Jr., 112. CEP <postal-code>04126-000</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>renatoalves178@gmail.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>16</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>116</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>742</fpage>
      <lpage>743</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Acidente Vascular Cerebral</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Aterosclerose</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Inibidores de Hidroximetilglutaril-CoA Redutases</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospitais P&#250;blicos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="16"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Apesar dos avan&#231;os no tratamento das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e o acidente vascular cerebral ainda s&#227;o as principais causas de morte em todo o mundo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref></p>
    <p>A preven&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica coronariana (DAC), representada pelo tratamento do colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL-c), &#233; uma das principais alternativas para aumentar a sobrevida de pacientes com fatores de risco cardiovascular. Estudos de caso-controle, observacionais e gen&#233;ticos confirmam a import&#226;ncia do n&#237;vel elevado de colesterol como um dos principais fatores de risco modific&#225;veis para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, especialmente para DAC e acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico. A redu&#231;&#227;o do LDL-c ao longo da vida tem sido associada a um menor risco de desenvolver DAC. Parece haver uma rela&#231;&#227;o causal entre o LDL-c e a DAC, que &#233; cont&#237;nua e depende da magnitude da redu&#231;&#227;o do LDL-c.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref></p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s a descoberta das estatinas em 1976 pelo bioqu&#237;mico japon&#234;s Akira Endo, estudos de interven&#231;&#227;o com essa classe de drogas mudaram a preocupa&#231;&#227;o com a preven&#231;&#227;o DAC. Atualmente, as estatinas (inibidores da 3-hidroxi-3-metil-glutaril-CoA redutase) s&#227;o recomendadas por todas as diretrizes como drogas de primeira linha no tratamento farmacol&#243;gico da hipercolesterolemia para preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria e secund&#225;ria da DAC. Esta classe de drogas atua inibindo a s&#237;ntese do colesterol, aumentando assim a express&#227;o dos receptores, resultando em maior remo&#231;&#227;o do LDL-c plasm&#225;tico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref></p>
    <p>A meta-an&#225;lise mais robusta sobre estatinas avaliou dados de 170.000 pacientes em 26 estudos cl&#237;nicos. Esta publica&#231;&#227;o destacou a compara&#231;&#227;o entre estatina e placebo e entre estatinas mais potentes e menos potentes. Foi observado que, com redu&#231;&#227;o do LDL-c de 1 mmol/L ou 40 mg/dL, houve redu&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de 22% nos desfechos cardiovasculares principais. A an&#225;lise tamb&#233;m mostrou que quanto maior a redu&#231;&#227;o do LDL-c, maior o benef&#237;cio obtido com o tratamento. Grandes ensaios cl&#237;nicos com estatinas demonstraram que quanto maior a redu&#231;&#227;o absoluta do LDL-c, maior a redu&#231;&#227;o do risco relativo de eventos cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> At&#233; o momento, n&#227;o tem sido identificado um valor de refer&#234;ncia abaixo do qual o tratamento para redu&#231;&#227;o de lip&#237;dios deixaria de promover o benef&#237;cio cardiovascular; no entanto, n&#237;veis muito baixos de LDL-c foram avaliados por um curto per&#237;odo de tempo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref></p>
    <p>No artigo <italic>&#8220;Perfil de Prescri&#231;&#227;o de Estatinas e de N&#237;veis Lip&#234;micos em Ambulat&#243;rios de Hospital Terci&#225;rio P&#250;blico&#8221;</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> a prescri&#231;&#227;o de estatinas foi frequente, possivelmente devido ao reconhecimento da dislipidemia como fator de risco cardiovascular relevante. No entanto, foi realizado sem uma meta espec&#237;fica para LDL-c, sem ajuste de dose e sem pelo menos um teste de controle anual, demonstrando que as recomenda&#231;&#245;es das diretrizes n&#227;o s&#227;o plenamente consideradas. Al&#233;m disso, mostrou que a prescri&#231;&#227;o sem avalia&#231;&#227;o do colesterol sangu&#237;neo ocorreu predominantemente em cirurgia vascular e que a cardiologia foi a especialidade com maior n&#250;mero de prescri&#231;&#245;es de estatinas. Apesar disso, uma porcentagem consider&#225;vel de indiv&#237;duos apresentou LDL-c acima do recomendado nas diretrizes de preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria. Por outro lado, &#233; interessante notar que, em compara&#231;&#227;o com a diretriz da AHA / ACC, a diretriz brasileira parece classificar uma propor&#231;&#227;o maior de pacientes de preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria em categorias de maior risco, aumentando os crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade das estatinas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> Observou-se tamb&#233;m que o uso de estatinas pelo Sistema P&#250;blico de Sa&#250;de &#233; custo-efetivo e que, entre os indiv&#237;duos tratados, 2,4% apresentavam LDL-c &#8805; 190 mg/dL. Esse n&#237;vel de LDL-c, superior ao registrado na popula&#231;&#227;o em geral, acompanhado por uma m&#233;dia de idade inferior &#224; amostra total (55 &#177; 15 versus 63 &#177; 13 anos, p &lt; 0,05), sugere a possibilidade da presen&#231;a de hipercolesterolemia familiar naquele grupo. Desta maneira, seria recomendado um seguimento mais cauteloso, pois haveria maior risco cardiovascular nessa popula&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref></p>
    <p>As duas estatinas usadas neste estudo, sinvastatina (78%) e atorvastatina (22%), mostraram que as concentra&#231;&#245;es de colesterol plasm&#225;tico e LDL-c eram mais baixas em pacientes que recebiam prescri&#231;&#245;es da cardiologia. Portanto, seria de esperar que o cumprimento das metas preconizadas nas diretrizes, n&#227;o alcan&#231;adas em grande percentual de pacientes, fosse mais alcan&#231;ado por essa especialidade.</p>
    <p>Os resultados encontrados neste estudo ilustram a necessidade n&#227;o apenas de um diagn&#243;stico laboratorial mais preciso, mas principalmente de um tratamento hipolipemiante mais eficaz. Temos dados suficientes sobre a seguran&#231;a e efic&#225;cia das estatinas, inclusive para s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref></p>
    <p>A terapia hipolipemiante mais agressiva e o diagn&#243;stico precoce devem ser enfatizados. As estatinas continuam sendo o padr&#227;o ouro no tratamento farmacol&#243;gico da hipercolesterolemia. No entanto, al&#233;m de aperfei&#231;oar a dosagem, novos medicamentos com evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas comprovadas nesse arsenal terap&#234;utico, como a ezetimiba e os inibidores da pr&#243;-prote&#237;na convertase subtilisina/kexina tipo 9 (PCSK9), j&#225; demonstraram reduzir o risco cardiovascular com seguran&#231;a.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Perfil de Prescri&#231;&#227;o de Estatinas e de N&#237;veis Lip&#234;micos em Ambulat&#243;rios de Hospital Terci&#225;rio P&#250;blico</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Statin Use and Hypercholesterolemia: Are the Current Guidelines' Recommendations Being Followed?</article-title>
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      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2527-8717</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Renato Jorge</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia na Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil.</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas, Santa Casa de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil.</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Renato Jorge Alves</bold> &#8226; Irmandade da Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de, S&#227;o Paulo - Departamento de Medicina - Rua Ces&#225;rio Motta Jr., 112. Postal Code <postal-code>04126-000</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: <email>renatoalves178@gmail.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Stroke</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Atherosclerosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Hydroxymethylglutaryl &#8211;CoA Reductase Inhibitors</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospitalization</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospitals, Public</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
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      <p>Despite advances in treating cardiovascular diseases, acute myocardial infarction and stroke are still the main causes of death worldwide.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref></p>
      <p>The prevention of coronary atherosclerotic disease (CAD), represented by the treatment of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), is one of the main alternatives for increasing the survival of patients with cardiovascular risk factors. Case-control, observational, and genetic studies confirm the importance of increased cholesterol level as one of the main modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease, especially for CAD and ischemic stroke. The reduction in LDL-c throughout life has been associated with a lower risk of developing CAD. There seems to be a causal relationship between LDL-c and CAD, which is continuous and which depends on the magnitude of the reduction in LDL-c.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref></p>
      <p>After the Japanese biochemist Akira Endo discovered statins in 1976, intervention studies with this drug class changed the CAD prevention concern. Currently, statins (3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitors) are recommended by all guidelines as first-line drugs in the pharmacological treatment of hypercholesterolemia for primary and secondary prevention of CAD. This drug class acts by inhibiting cholesterol synthesis, thus increasing expression of receptors, resulting in greater removal of plasmatic LDL.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref></p>
      <p>The most robust meta-analysis on statins evaluated data from 170,000 patients in 26 clinical studies. This publication highlighted the comparison of statins versus placebo and more versus less potent statins. It was observed that, for LDL-c reduction of 1 mmol/L or 40 mg/dL, there was an average reduction of 22% in the main cardiovascular outcomes. The analysis also showed that the greater the reduction in LDL-c, the greater the benefit achieved from the treatment. Large clinical trials with statins have demonstrated that the greater the absolute reduction in LDL-c, the greater the reduction in the relative risk of cardiovascular events.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> To date, no threshold has been identified below which lipid-lowering treatment would fail to promote cardiovascular benefit; however, very low LDL-c levels were evaluated for a short period of time.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref></p>
      <p>In the article &#8220;Statins Prescriptions and Lipid Levels in a Tertiary Public Hospital&#8221;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> the statin prescription is frequent, possibly due to the recognition of dyslipidemia as a relevant cardiovascular risk factor. However, it was performed without a specific LDL-c target, without dose adjustment, and without at least one annual control test, showing that the guidelines' recommendations are not fully considered. Moreover, it showed that the prescription without evaluation of blood cholesterol occurred predominantly in Vascular Surgery and that Cardiology was the specialty with the highest number of statin prescriptions. Despite this, a considerable percentage of individuals have LDL-c above that recommended in primary prevention guidelines. On the order hand, it is interesting to note that compared with the AHA/ACC guideline, the Brazilian guideline seems to classify a larger proportion of primary prevention patients into higher-risk categories, increasing the statin eligibility criteria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> It was also noted that the use of statins by the Public Health System is cost-effective and that, among the treated individuals, 2.4% had LDL-c &#8805; 190 mg/dL. This LDL-c level, higher than that registered in the general population, accompanied by a mean age lower than the total sample (55 &#177; 15 versus 63 &#177; 13 years, p &lt; 0.05), suggests the possibility of the presence of familial hypercholesterolemia in that group. Thus, a more cautious follow-up would be recommended, as there would be a greater cardiovascular risk in this population.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref></p>
      <p>The two statins used in this survey, simvastatin (78%) and atorvastatin (22%), showed that plasma cholesterol and LDL-c concentrations were lower in patients receiving prescriptions from cardiology. Therefore, it would be expected that the achievement of goals recommended in the guidelines, not achieved in a large percentage of patients, should have been more achieved by this specialty.</p>
      <p>The results found in this study illustrate the need not only for more accurate laboratory diagnosis, but mainly for more effective lipid-lowering treatment. We have sufficient data on the safety and efficacy of statins, including in acute coronary syndrome.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref></p>
      <p>More aggressive lipid-lowering therapy and early diagnosis should be emphasized. Statins continue to be the gold standard in the pharmacological treatment of hypercholesterolemia. However, in addition to enhancing the dosage, new drugs with proven scientific evidence in this therapeutic arsenal, such as ezetimibe and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors, have already been shown to reduce cardiovascular risk safely.</p>
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          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Statins Prescriptions and Lipid Levels in a Tertiary Public Hospital</p>
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