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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">phLRHCX3pkQ3wX3CPffwpjL</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021000500736</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20190513</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190513</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Perfil de Prescri&#231;&#227;o de Estatinas e de N&#237;veis Lip&#234;micos em Ambulat&#243;rios de Hospital Terci&#225;rio P&#250;blico</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1090-8165</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Schmidt</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique Turin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4296-5460</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Volpe</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Jardim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Foschini</surname>
            <given-names>Vamberto B.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lascala</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago Florentino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Romano</surname>
            <given-names>Minna Moreira Dias</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sim&#245;es</surname>
            <given-names>Marcus Vin&#237;cius</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Ernesto dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Maciel</surname>
            <given-names>Benedito Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marin</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Antonio</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Ribeir&#227;o Preto</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto (HCFMRP-USP), Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Andr&#233; Schmidt</bold> &#8226; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto - Centro de Cardiologia - HCFMRP-USP Av. Bandeirantes, 3900. CEP <postal-code>14048-900</postal-code>, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>aschmidt@fmrp.usp.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Schmidt A, Maciel BC; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Moreira HT, Volpe GJ, Foschini VB, Lascala TF; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Schmidt A, Volpe GJ; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Schmidt A, Moreira HT, Volpe GJ, Foschini VB; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Schmidt A, Maciel BC, Marin-Neto JA; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Moreira HT, Volpe GJ, Foschini VB, Romano MMD, Sim&#245;es MV, Santos JE, Maciel BC, Marin-Neto JA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Os autores declaram n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>16</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>116</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>736</fpage>
      <lpage>741</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>O surgimento de nova classe de medicamentos com elevada capacidade de reduzir o LDL-colesterol (LDL-c) renovou o interesse na caracteriza&#231;&#227;o da hipercolesterolemia familiar (HF). Pouco se conhece do perfil lip&#237;dico de pacientes em atendimento terci&#225;rio em nosso meio para caracterizar a real ocorr&#234;ncia de HF, que come&#231;a a ser suspeitada com n&#237;veis de LDL-c acima de 190mg/dL.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>O estudo avaliou o perfil lip&#237;dico (colesterol total [CT] e LDL-c) de pacientes de hospital p&#250;blico terci&#225;rio.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo retrospectivo de avalia&#231;&#227;o de prescri&#231;&#245;es de estatinas e resultados dos lip&#237;dios. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia foi estabelecido em 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Em 1 ano, 9.594 indiv&#237;duos receberam prescri&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial de estatinas, 51,5% do g&#234;nero feminino, idade m&#233;dia de 63,7&#177;12,9 anos (18 a 100 anos). Trinta e duas especialidades prescreveram estatinas, sendo a cardiologia respons&#225;vel por 43%. Cerca de 15% das prescri&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o tinham dosagem recente de CT, e 1.746 (18,0%) n&#227;o apresentavam resultado recente de LDL-c. A ocorr&#234;ncia de LDL-c &gt; 130mg/dL e &lt; 190mg/dL ocorreu em 1.643 (17,1%) casos, e 228 (2,4%) apresentaram LDL-c &#8805; 190mg/dL dentre os que utilizavam estatinas nas diversas doses. Apenas duas estatinas foram utilizadas: sinvastatina e atorvastatina, e a primeira foi prescrita em 77,6% das receitas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Nesta coorte transversal de hospital terci&#225;rio, foi poss&#237;vel verificar que a prescri&#231;&#227;o de estatinas &#233; disseminada, mas que a obten&#231;&#227;o de metas adequadas de CT e LDL-c n&#227;o &#233; atingida em grande percentual, e que h&#225;, possivelmente, significativo contingente de portadores de HF que necessitariam ser investigados por suas implica&#231;&#245;es progn&#243;sticas.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Inibidoresde Hidroimetilglutaril CO Redutases</kwd>
        <kwd>Dislipidemias</kwd>
        <kwd>Hiperlipoproteinemia Tipo II</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipercolesterolemia Familiar/terapia</kwd>
        <kwd>Perfil Lip&#237;dico</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospital P&#250;blico</kwd>
        <kwd>Colesterol</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="15"/>
        <page-count count="6"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Apesar de metan&#225;lise recente sugerir ser de 1:250 a incid&#234;ncia de HF na popula&#231;&#227;o geral,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> desconhece-se a real preval&#234;ncia espec&#237;fica de casos com altera&#231;&#245;es extremas da colesterolemia em servi&#231;os p&#250;blicos ambulatoriais terci&#225;rios de nosso pa&#237;s. Esses servi&#231;os concentram, em geral, os casos com mais comorbidades e maior gravidade cl&#237;nica.</p>
      <p>Alguns estudos avaliaram a custo-efetividade da utiliza&#231;&#227;o de estatinas pelo Sistema &#218;nico de Saude (SUS);<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> contudo, a ader&#234;ncia ao tratamento foi pouco estudada em grupos seletos (mulheres), atingindo 15,5% em pequena s&#233;rie.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> Com a recente incorpora&#231;&#227;o ao arsenal terap&#234;utico de novos medicamentos altamente eficazes no controle de hipercolesterolemia,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> ainda que de elevado custo, os hospitais terci&#225;rios tornaram-se ponto de converg&#234;ncia de pacientes com perfil lip&#237;dico muito alterado, visando &#224; sua prescri&#231;&#227;o pelo sistema p&#250;blico. No entanto, pouco se conhece do perfil lip&#237;dico e do tratamento de pacientes em seguimento ambulatorial nessas institui&#231;&#245;es.</p>
      <p>O objetivo deste estudo consiste em relatar o estado atual da prescri&#231;&#227;o de estatinas em um hospital p&#250;blico de n&#237;vel terci&#225;rio e o grau de controle da dislipidemia assim obtido, al&#233;m de verificar a poss&#237;vel exist&#234;ncia de casos sugestivos de HF (LDL-c &gt; 190mg/dL) mesmo em uso de estatinas.</p>
      <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
        <title>Material e m&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Trata-se de estudo de coorte transversal. Uma coleta sistematizada foi obtida no prontu&#225;rio eletr&#244;nico da Institui&#231;&#227;o cotejando todos os indiv&#237;duos com idade igual ou superior a 18 anos que receberam prescri&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial de uma estatina no Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HCFMRP-USP), hospital terci&#225;rio de ensino, durante o ano de 2016. Al&#233;m disso, foram coletadas as dosagens de CT e/ou LDL-c no ano de 2016, posteriormente realizadas ambulatorialmente. Para aqueles que realizaram mais que um exame de lip&#237;dios naquele ano, foi considerado o &#250;ltimo exame. Idade e g&#234;nero foram coletados. Foram tamb&#233;m registrados o medicamento prescrito e a dose utilizada, bem como a cl&#237;nica que a prescreveu quando da realiza&#231;&#227;o do &#250;ltimo exame. Considerando ser uma busca eletr&#244;nica direcionada, n&#227;o foram coletados dados relativos a comorbidades ou cl&#237;nicos/antropom&#233;tricos. Esse estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa local e registrado com o n&#250;mero CAAE 16516819.0.0000.5440.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Foi realizada an&#225;lise descritiva de tais dados, que foram expressos em m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o quando a distribui&#231;&#227;o foi considerada normal pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Vari&#225;veis qualitativas foram expressas em porcentagem. Teste de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson foi utilizado para correlacionar os valores de CT e LDL-c. Teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado foi utilizado para compara&#231;&#227;o de idades utilizada.</p>
        <p>Foi utilizado o programa SPSS v.25 (IBM Corporation, EUA), e o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia foi estabelecido em &lt; 5%.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Prescri&#231;&#245;es realizadas</title>
        <p>Ao longo de 2016, 9.594 indiv&#237;duos receberam prescri&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial de estatinas na Institui&#231;&#227;o. Houve discreto predom&#237;nio do g&#234;nero feminino com 4.942 (51,5%) prescri&#231;&#245;es, e a idade m&#233;dia foi de 63,7&#177;12,9 anos (18 a 100 anos). Nesses pacientes, foram identificados 8.110 (84,8%) resultados de CT e 7.848 (82,0%) de LDL-c, indicando que 1.484 (15,2%) indiv&#237;duos receberam prescri&#231;&#227;o sem dosagem recente de CT e 1.746 (18,0%) pacientes n&#227;o apresentavam resultado recente de LDL-c. Ressalta-se que, em todas as especialidades, houve casos de prescri&#231;&#245;es sem dosagens; no entanto, na cirurgia vascular, isso foi mais saliente, com cerca de 75% das receitas emitidas sem dosagem de LDL-c.</p>
        <p>No que tange as 32 especialidades m&#233;dicas que as prescreveram, a cardiologia foi respons&#225;vel por 43,5% das prescri&#231;&#245;es, seguida pela cirurgia vascular com 9,2% e nefrologia com 8,6%. O restante (32%) ficou distribu&#237;do em todas as outras especialidades presentes em um hospital terci&#225;rio p&#250;blico, sendo a nutrologia respons&#225;vel por apenas 106 (1,1%) receitas ambulatoriais (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o das prescri&#231;&#245;es de estatinas por especialidade m&#233;dica no ano de 2016</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="50%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Especialidade</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">N (%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Cardiologia</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4.160 (43,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Cirurgia vascular</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.576 (9,2%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Nefrologia</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">819 (8,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Neurologia</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">731 (7,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Geriatria</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">657 (6,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Endocrinologia</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">653 (6,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Nutrologia</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">94 (1,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Outras 25 especialidades</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.576 (16,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Total</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">9.567 (100)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Perfil de lip&#237;dios</title>
        <p>Colesterol total m&#233;dio da amostra foi de 174, 4&#177;49,5mg/dL variando entre 40,0 e 739,0mg/dL, enquanto o LDL-c m&#233;dio foi de 101,1&#177;40,0mg/dL, variando entre 4,0 e 635,0 mg/dL. Uma forte correla&#231;&#227;o entre os valores de CT e LDL-c foi observada (r=0,94; p&lt;0,001). A distribui&#231;&#227;o amostral dos valores obtidos para CT e LDL-c est&#225; resumida na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>.</p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Histogramas de distribui&#231;&#227;o de frequ&#234;ncia dos valores absolutos de colesterol total (A) e LDL-c (B) na amostra de pacientes do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HCFMRP-USP) no ano de 2016.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-04-0736-90513-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Verificou-se que as mulheres apresentaram n&#237;veis lip&#237;dicos significativamente mais alterados que os homens, tanto para CT (183,3 &#177; 49,9 <italic>vs.</italic> 164,5&#177;47,0mg/dL; p&lt;0,001) quanto para LDL-c (107,1 &#177; 40,9 <italic>vs</italic>. 94,3&#177; 7,9mg/dL; p&lt;0,001), ainda que a idade m&#233;dia dos dois g&#234;neros fosse semelhante (63,65&#177;13,56 <italic>vs</italic>. 63,36&#177;12,60; p=0,29).</p>
        <p>A ocorr&#234;ncia de LDL-c &gt; 130mg/dL e &lt; 190mg/dL ocorreu em 1.643 (17,1%) indiv&#237;duos com prescri&#231;&#227;o de estatina. Some-se a isso o fato de que 18,2% da amostra total n&#227;o apresentava dosagem de LDL-c, apesar da prescri&#231;&#227;o de estatina ambulatorial. Portanto, possivelmente, um consider&#225;vel percentual de indiv&#237;duos apresenta LDL-c acima do preconizado em diretrizes de preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria, apesar do uso de estatinas e sem levar em considera&#231;&#227;o as entidades nosol&#243;gicas concomitantes por eles apresentadas.</p>
        <p>Finalmente, 228 (2,4%) indiv&#237;duos apresentaram LDL-c &#8805; 190mg/dL dentre os que utilizavam estatinas nas diversas doses. Dois ter&#231;os (152) eram do g&#234;nero feminino. Este grupo de pacientes apresenta idade m&#233;dia menor que a da amostra total (55&#177;15 anos <italic>vs.</italic> 63&#177;13 p&lt;0,05), podendo este ser um indicador a mais para sugerir a ocorr&#234;ncia de HF neste grupo de pacientes de um hospital terci&#225;rio.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Estatinas utilizadas</title>
        <p>Por se tratar de hospital p&#250;blico, apenas duas estatinas est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis para prescri&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial: sinvastatina e atorvastatina. A primeira foi prescrita em 7.474 (77,6%) receitas. Sinvastatina na dose de 40mg foi prescrita em 3.760 (39,3%) receitas, seguida por Sinvastatina 20mg em 3158 (33,0%). Atorvastatina na dose de 40mg foi a terceira mais utilizada, em 1.087 (11,4%) receitas ambulatoriais. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> apresenta os n&#237;veis de CT e LDL-c de acordo com o medicamento e dose utilizados.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>N&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de colesterol total e sua fra&#231;&#227;o LDL-c encontrados de acordo com o tipo e a dose da estatina. Pacientes com doses intermedi&#225;rias n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Medicamento e dose di&#225;ria</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">N&#250;mero de pacientes</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Colesterol total (mg/dL) M&#233;dia &#177; DP</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">LDL-c (mg/dL) M&#233;dia &#177; DP</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Sinvastatina</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">10mg</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">302</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">168 &#177; 43</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">96 &#177; 36</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">20mg</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3.164</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">177 &#177; 49</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">103 &#177; 40</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">40mg</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3.764</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">173 &#177; 52</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">100 &#177; 41</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">80mg</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">57</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">193 &#177; 66</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">110 &#177; 34</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Atorvastatina</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">10mg</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">92</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">184 &#177; 63</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">109 &#177; 53</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">20mg</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">481</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">176 &#177; 56</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">100 &#177; 42</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">40mg</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.088</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">170 &#177; 52</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">97 &#177; 41</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">80mg</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">283</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">182 &#177; 51</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">109 &#177; 43</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>DP: desvio padr&#227;o.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Verificamos que, no caso da sinvastatina, a dose crescente, aparentemente, foi utilizada em casos mais resistentes, sugerindo que uma adequa&#231;&#227;o da dose foi realizada. Para aqueles em uso de atorvastatina, verificamos que o n&#237;vel m&#233;dio do CT e LDL-c decresce de modo n&#227;o estatisticamente significante (p&gt;0,05) com o incremento da dose at&#233; o n&#237;vel de 40mg di&#225;rios. A dose de 80 mg, utilizada em 3% dos indiv&#237;duos, foi possivelmente utilizada em indiv&#237;duos com menor resposta ao seu uso, pois ambos os valores de CT e LDL-c foram significativamente maiores que os dos que receberam atorvastatina 40mg di&#225;rios (p&lt;0,05). De modo geral, verifica-se que doses mais elevadas foram utilizadas, sugerindo a tentativa por um melhor controle da hipercolesterolemia.</p>
        <p>Os n&#237;veis m&#233;dios de CT e LDL-c foram menores significativamente (p&lt;0,05) nos pacientes recebendo prescri&#231;&#245;es pela especialidade de cardiologia comparativamente aos outros grupos ambulatoriais, sendo o &#250;nico com CT m&#233;dio abaixo de 170mg/dL e LDL-c m&#233;dio abaixo de 95mg/dL (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>N&#237;veis s&#233;ricos m&#233;dios de colesterol total e sua fra&#231;&#227;o LDL-c de acordo com a especialidade prescritora no ano de 2016</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="33%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Especialidade</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Colesterol total (mg/dL)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">LDL-c (mg/dL)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Cardiologia</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">166,1 &#177; 45,1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">94,6 &#177; 36,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Endocrinologia</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">179,5 &#177; 49,3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">103,8 &#177; 40,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Geriatria</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">171,6 &#177; 45,0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">98,4 &#177; 37,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Nefrologia</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">183,3 &#177; 58,5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">104,6 &#177; 46,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Neurologia</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">171,9 &#177; 45,1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">104,5 &#177; 36,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Vascular</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">175,0 &#177; 51,8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">104,2 &#177; 39,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Nutrologia</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">186,5 &#177; 47,0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">112,7 &#177; 41,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Outras</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">192,5 &#177; 53,4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">115,3 &#177; 44,6</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Neste estudo, pudemos verificar que a prescri&#231;&#227;o de estatinas em um hospital terci&#225;rio do sistema p&#250;blico &#233; bastante frequente, possivelmente pela densa concentra&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com elevado n&#250;mero de comorbidades de ordem cardiovascular em seguimento na Institui&#231;&#227;o. Vannucchi et al., em nossa Institui&#231;&#227;o, nos anos 1970, descreveram o perfil lip&#237;dico em lipidogramas de cerca de 1.700 pacientes coletados durante per&#237;odo de cerca de 3 anos. Esses autores verificaram que 25,5% dos lipidogramas solicitados apresentavam altera&#231;&#245;es diagn&#243;sticas de pelo menos uma dislipidemia. Contudo, diante da inexist&#234;ncia de tratamentos espec&#237;ficos &#224; &#233;poca, nada foi discutido sobre o t&#243;pico da terap&#234;utica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> Na literatura mundial, Pant et al. reportaram dados de perfil lip&#237;dico em hospital de n&#237;vel terci&#225;rio no Nepal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> Esses autores utilizaram uma amostra de conveni&#234;ncia ambulatorial sem registro do uso de estatinas ou comorbidades e verificaram que, em 408 casos avaliados com idade m&#233;dia de 50 anos, os valores m&#233;dios de LDL-c e CT eram 113&#177;41 mg/dL e 180&#177;54mg/dL, respectivamente. Estudo na Turquia utilizou os resultados de lipidogramas para proceder &#224; busca ativa de casos de HF, tendo verificado que muitos casos de eleva&#231;&#227;o de LDL-c nem estavam recebendo tratamento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref></p>
      <p>De modo original, nesta investiga&#231;&#227;o, verificamos que a prescri&#231;&#227;o de estatinas ocorre de modo disseminado na Institui&#231;&#227;o. Tal fato indica o conhecimento do fator de risco cardiovascular, mas sem necessariamente visar a uma meta espec&#237;fica, pois h&#225; grande variabilidade nos valores m&#233;dios em cada especialidade, notadamente naquelas lidando com doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (Divis&#227;o de Cirurgia Vascular do Departamento de Cirurgia e Departamento de Neurologia). Verificamos que a nutrologia, respons&#225;vel por 1,1% das receitas emitidas, apresenta os n&#237;veis m&#233;dios lip&#237;dicos mais elevados, fato possivelmente relacionado com a circunst&#226;ncia de que casos resistentes ou com HF s&#227;o referenciados preferencialmente para esse ambulat&#243;rio em n&#237;vel terci&#225;rio. Al&#233;m disso, para essa amostra espec&#237;fica de pacientes, pode-se especular que, al&#233;m de estatinas, outros medicamentos mais novos &#8211; como a ezetimiba, que reduz a absor&#231;&#227;o intestinal de colesterol, e os inibidores da proprote&#237;na convertase subtilisina/kexina tipo 9 (PCSK9) &#8211; ainda n&#227;o est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis e devem ser necess&#225;rios.</p>
      <p>A utiliza&#231;&#227;o de atorvastatina foi modesta (22%). Por ser necess&#225;ria a prescri&#231;&#227;o mais elaborada e demorada, com inclus&#227;o dos resultados laboratoriais, pode ter havido subutiliza&#231;&#227;o. O encontro de elevado percentual de pacientes em uso de estatinas sem que haja pelo menos um exame anual de controle sugere que n&#227;o s&#227;o utilizados protocolos cl&#237;nicos locais ou diretrizes publicadas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> Podemos ainda constatar que, em grande n&#250;mero de pacientes, nenhum ajuste medicamentoso &#233; realizado, e a dose utilizada &#233; prescrita de modo &#8220;autom&#225;tico&#8221;, ou seja, em crit&#233;rios avalizados. Possivelmente, as doses em uso necessitariam ser ajustadas de modo peri&#243;dico e coordenado, dentro de protocolos cl&#237;nicos institucionais bem estabelecidos, visto que pacientes oriundos de ambulat&#243;rios vinculados fortemente com a ocorr&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, mas sem protocolos cl&#237;nicos definidos, apresentam n&#237;veis m&#233;dios significativamente maiores que aqueles observados nos ambulat&#243;rios de cardiologia, nos quais eles existem, sugerindo que o controle de fatores de risco &#233; visto com enfoques distintos, ainda que inseridos em um mesmo contexto nosol&#243;gico.</p>
      <p>Apesar de os n&#237;veis m&#233;dios globais estarem dentro de n&#237;veis aceit&#225;veis para uma amostra da popula&#231;&#227;o geral, cabe lembrar que h&#225; um grande n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos com elevado risco cardiovascular nessa amostra, o que sugere a exist&#234;ncia de espa&#231;o para maior redu&#231;&#227;o dos valores m&#233;dios. &#201; poss&#237;vel ainda constatar uma elevada propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com valores muito elevados apesar da utiliza&#231;&#227;o de estatinas. Isso pode indicar um problema relativo &#224; ader&#234;ncia ao tratamento. Como est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis gratuitamente na rede p&#250;blica, n&#227;o h&#225; por que discutir restri&#231;&#245;es financeiras, e, no per&#237;odo avaliado, n&#227;o houve falta de medicamentos na rede assistencial.</p>
      <p>Outro aspecto a ser ressaltado est&#225; no fato de que pacientes do g&#234;nero feminino apresentavam n&#237;veis lip&#237;dicos significativamente mais elevados que os do g&#234;nero masculino. A propor&#231;&#227;o de mulheres acima de 60 anos de idade com eleva&#231;&#227;o do colesterol total &#233; maior em v&#225;rias s&#233;ries,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> sem que uma clara explica&#231;&#227;o fosse oferecida. O papel da menopausa nesse incremento n&#227;o pode ser desconsiderado. Embora especulativamente no contexto, &#233; plaus&#237;vel supor que haja certa displic&#234;ncia com o ajuste medicamentoso em pacientes desse g&#234;nero no que tange ao controle de fatores de risco para doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, algo tamb&#233;m previamente relatado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref></p>
      <p>O predom&#237;nio da utiliza&#231;&#227;o de sinvastatina possivelmente decorre da sua disponibiliza&#231;&#227;o pelo sistema &#250;nico de sa&#250;de (SUS) em n&#237;vel ambulatorial de forma mais disseminada. A utiliza&#231;&#227;o de atorvastatina depende de receitu&#225;rio especial, por se tratar de medicamento inclu&#237;do no programa de alto custo do governo estadual, e tem sido reservada para casos refrat&#225;rios ou com intoler&#226;ncia &#224; sinvastatina. De modo geral, verificamos a utiliza&#231;&#227;o em sua maioria com doses elevadas, seja de sinvastatina ou de atorvastatina.</p>
      <p>A grande variabilidade nos n&#237;veis lip&#237;dicos associados &#224;s diversas doses utilizadas indica a necessidade de ajustes nas doses dos medicamentos e, possivelmente, na utiliza&#231;&#227;o de estatina com maior pot&#234;ncia, refor&#231;ando ainda mais a necessidade de utiliza&#231;&#227;o de protocolos cl&#237;nicos bem estabelecidos e de uso institucional para estabelecimento sobre a a&#231;&#227;o medicamentosa e as doses a serem utilizadas.</p>
      <p>Por fim, o n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos com n&#237;veis de LDL-c acima de 190mg/dL, apesar do uso de estatinas, &#233; significativamente mais elevado do que o reportado na popula&#231;&#227;o geral. Esse percentual (2,4%) reflete, muito provavelmente, como fator prec&#237;puo, a concentra&#231;&#227;o em n&#237;vel terci&#225;rio de indiv&#237;duos com maior n&#250;mero de comorbidades. Entretanto, considerando ainda o fato de serem mais jovens, isso sugere fortemente a presen&#231;a de HF, que deve ser investigada de modo sistematizado ap&#243;s se atingirem as doses m&#225;ximas poss&#237;veis de estatina.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
      <p>Diversas limita&#231;&#245;es est&#227;o presentes neste estudo. Em primeiro lugar, n&#227;o inclu&#237;mos todo o perfil lip&#237;dico, como os n&#237;veis de triglicer&#237;dios e colesterol da lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL-c). Tal ocorr&#234;ncia deveu-se ao fato de ser artigo focado no uso de estatinas, e essas dosagens n&#227;o interferirem diretamente na sua prescri&#231;&#227;o. N&#227;o foram coletados dados referentes ao uso de ezetimibe, que contribui para a redu&#231;&#227;o dos lip&#237;dios mesmo em uso de doses elevadas de estatinas,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> pois n&#227;o faz parte das medica&#231;&#245;es dispon&#237;veis no SUS, apesar de existirem prescri&#231;&#245;es desse medicamento no receitu&#225;rio ambulatorial, pois alguns pacientes conseguiam adquiri-lo. Outro aspecto limitante foi o fato de n&#227;o terem sido coletadas as comorbidades e dados antropom&#233;tricos apresentados pelos indiv&#237;duos. Infelizmente, em estudos como este, com grande n&#250;mero de dados, a revis&#227;o individual dos prontu&#225;rios n&#227;o &#233; fact&#237;vel, e o sistema eletr&#244;nico de registro de dados (<italic>big data</italic>) ainda est&#225; em fase de implanta&#231;&#227;o, e seu acesso nessa fase preliminar poderia gerar dados err&#244;neos. Desse modo, uma classifica&#231;&#227;o de risco cardiovascular dos pacientes n&#227;o foi obtida.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Nesta coorte transversal em um hospital terci&#225;rio, foi poss&#237;vel verificar que a prescri&#231;&#227;o de estatinas &#233; disseminada, mas que a obten&#231;&#227;o de metas bem estabelecidas de controle de CT e LDL-c n&#227;o &#233; atingida em grande percentual de indiv&#237;duos, e que h&#225;, possivelmente, um elevado percentual de portadores de HF que necessitariam ser investigados apropriadamente para melhor defini&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica e de enfoque terap&#234;utico, por suas implica&#231;&#245;es progn&#243;sticas. A ades&#227;o institucional a protocolos cl&#237;nicos diagn&#243;sticos e de tratamento mais uniformemente padronizado favoreceria melhor controle de dislipidemias em institui&#231;&#227;o terci&#225;ria e a eventual aloca&#231;&#227;o de recursos para prescri&#231;&#227;o de f&#225;rmacos novos e efetivos, como os inibidores de PCSK9 em casos selecionados conforme diretrizes cl&#237;nicas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref></p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o contou com fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Statins Prescriptions and Lipid Levels in a Tertiary Public Hospital</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1090-8165</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Schmidt</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique Turin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4296-5460</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Volpe</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Jardim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Foschini</surname>
            <given-names>Vamberto B.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lascala</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago Florentino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Romano</surname>
            <given-names>Minna Moreira Dias</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sim&#245;es</surname>
            <given-names>Marcus Vin&#237;cius</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Ernesto dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Maciel</surname>
            <given-names>Benedito Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marin</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Antonio</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Ribeir&#227;o Preto</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HCFMRP-USP), Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Andr&#233; Schmidt</bold> &#8226; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto - Centro de Cardiologia - HCFMRP-USP Av. Bandeirantes, 3900. Postal Code <postal-code>14048-900</postal-code>, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>aschmidt@fmrp.usp.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Schmidt A, Maciel BC; Data acquisition: Moreira HT, Volpe GJ, Foschini VB, Lascala TF; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Schmidt A, Volpe GJ; Statistical analysis: Schmidt A, Moreira HT, Volpe GJ, Foschini VB; Writing of the manuscript: Schmidt A, Maciel BC, Marin-Neto JA; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Moreira HT, Volpe GJ, Foschini VB, Romano MMD, Sim&#245;es MV, Santos JE, Maciel BC, Marin-Neto JA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>The authors report no conflict of interest concerning the materials and methods used in this study or the findings specified in this paper.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>The development of a new class of medications that are highly capable of reducing LDL-cholesterol renewed the interest in the characterization of familial hypercholesterolemia patients. Nevertheless, little is known about the lipid profile of patients in tertiary healthcare centers in Brazil in order to better estimate the real occurrence of familial hypercholesterolemia, with initial suspect of LDL-cholesterol levels above 190 mg/d/L.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>This study evaluated the lipid profile (total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol) in ambulatory patients from a general tertiary public hospital.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Retrospective study comparing prescriptions of statins and lipid profile results. The significance level was established in 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>In one year, 9,594 individuals received statin prescriptions, of whom 51.5% were females and the mean age was 63.7&#177;12.9 years-old (18 to 100 years-old). Thirty-two medical specialties prescribed statins. Cardiology was responsible for 43% of the total. Nearly 15% of those patients with a prescription did not have a recent total cholesterol result and 1,746 (18%) did not have a recent LDL-cholesterol measurement. The occurrence of the latter between 130 and 190 mg/dL was present in 1,643 (17.1%) individuals, and 228 (2.4%) patients had an LDL-cholesterol &#8805;190mg/dL among those using statins at distinct doses. Only two statins were used: simvastatin and atorvastatin. The first was prescribed in 77.6% of the prescriptions.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>In this cross-sectional cohort at a tertiary general hospital, statins have been widely prescribed but with little success in achieving recognized levels of control. There is probably a significant number of FH individuals in this cohort that need to be properly diagnosed in order to receive adequate treatment due to its prognostic implications.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Hydroxymethylglutaryl CO-Reductase Inhibitors</kwd>
        <kwd>Dyipidemias</kwd>
        <kwd>Hyperpoprotein Type II. Hypercholesterolemia Familial/therapy</kwd>
        <kwd>Cholesterol</kwd>
        <kwd>Public Hospital</kwd>
        <kwd>Lipid Profile</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Although a recent metanalysis indicates an incidence of 1:250 for familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) in the general population,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> the real specific prevalence of cases with high cholesterol values in tertiary public healthcare outpatient centers in Brazil is unknown. In general, these centers concentrate patients with more comorbidities and severe clinical presentations.</p>
        <p>Only few studies have evaluated the cost-effectiveness of statins use in the Brazilian unified public health system (<italic>Sistema &#218;nico de Saude</italic> &#8211; SUS);<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> however, adherence to treatment was evaluated in selected samples (women) and reached only 15.5% in a small series.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> The recent incorporation to the therapeutic arsenal of new highly effective medications for hypercholesterolemia control,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> although with high financial costs, led to a convergence of patients with a very ominous lipid profile to the public health system looking for the prescription of these medications. Nevertheless, little is known about the lipid profile and treatment of these outpatients in tertiary centers.</p>
        <p>Our purpose is to report the real profile of statins prescription in a tertiary public hospital, profile of resultant lipids, and possible presence of FH patients (LDL-cholesterol &gt; 190 mg/dL) despite the use of statins.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>This cross-sectional study was based on a systematic electronic data collection from the institution clinical records, including patients of both genders &#8805; 18 years-old who received an ambulatory prescription of any statin, in the Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HCFMRP-USP), which was a tertiary public teaching institution in 2016. In addition, total cholesterol (TC) and/or LDL-cholesterol (LDL-c) measurements were obtained later that year. For individuals with more than one measurement in such year, only the last one was considered. We collected information regarding gender, age, used statin and its dose, and the specialty that requested the prescription. Since an electronic search was performed in clinical records, no data were obtained about comorbidities and clinical and anthropometric parameters. This study was approved by the local institutional review board (CAAE 16516819.0.0000.5440).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>A descriptive analysis was carried out, and values were expressed as mean and standard deviation if a normal distribution by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was observed. Qualitative variables were expressed as percentages, and the Pearson's correlation test was used to correlate TC and LDL-c values. Unpaired Student's <italic>t</italic>-test was applied to compare age categories.</p>
          <p>SPSS v.25 (IBM Corporation, EUA) was the statistical package used, and the level of significance was established as 5%.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Prescriptions</title>
          <p>In 2016, 9,594 patients followed at our institution received an ambulatory prescription of statins. A discrete larger number of women (51.5% - 4,942 patients) received a prescription of statins. Mean age was 63.7&#177;12.9 years-old (18 to 100 years-old). A TC of 8,110 (84.8%) and LDL-c level of 7,848 (82.0%) were available, indicating that 1,484 (15.2%) patients received a prescription without a recent TC measurement, whereas 1,746 (18.0%) did not present an LDL-c measurement. All medical specialties had patients prescribed without a recent lipid profile, but nearly 75% of them had a statin prescribed without a LDL-c recent result in Vascular Surgery.</p>
          <p>Among the 32 medical specialties that prescribed statins, Cardiology was responsible for 43.5%, followed by Vascular Surgery (9.2%) and Nephrology (8.6%). The remaining 32% was distributed among the other medical specialties of this public tertiary hospital, and Nutrology was responsible for only 106 (1.1%), as seen in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 1</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Prescription of statins according to medical specialty in the year of 2016</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup width="50%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">Specialty</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Number (%)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Cardiology</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">4160 (43.5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Vascular surgery</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1576 (9.2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Nephrology</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">819 (8.6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Neurology</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">731 (7.6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Geriatrics</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">657 (6.9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Endocrinology</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">653 (6.8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Nutrology</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">94 (1.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Other 25 specialties</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1,576 (16.5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Total</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">9,567 (100)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Lipid profile</title>
          <p>The mean TC of four samples was 174.4&#177; 49.5 mg/dL (40.0&#8211;739.0 mg/dL) and mean LDL-c was 101.1&#177;40.0 mg/dL (4.0&#8211;635.0 mg/dL). A strong correlation between these two variables was observed (r= 0.94 - p&lt;0.001). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 1</xref> presents the individual values for TC and LDL-c.</p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Histograms of the absolute values of total cholesterol (A) and low-density cholesterol fraction &#8211; LDL-c; (B) in the sample of patients from Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto, year 2016</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-04-0736-90513-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          <p>Women had significantly worse values for TC (183.3&#177;49.9 <italic>versus</italic> 164.5&#177;47.0 mg/dL; p&lt;0.001) and LDL-c (107.1&#177;40.9 <italic>versus</italic> 94.3&#177;7.9 mg/dL; p&lt;0.001) than men, although the mean age was equal: 63.65&#177;13.56 <italic>versus</italic> 63.36&#177;12.60; p=0.29.</p>
          <p>LDL-c levels above 130 mg/dL and below 190 mg/dL were observed in 1,643 (17.1%) patients with a prescription of statins. In addition, 18.2% of the total sample did not have an LDL-c measurement despite the prescription of a statin. Therefore, a considerable number of patients presented an LDL-c value above recommendations of guidelines, despite using statins and without taking other comorbidities into account.</p>
          <p>Finally, 228 (2.4%) patients presented LDL-c &#8805; 190 mg/dL and were prescribed distinct statins in various dosages. Two-thirds (152) were females and had a mean age below the whole sample (55&#177;15 <italic>versus</italic> 63&#177;13years-old; p&lt;0.05), which is a possible indicator of the occurrence of FH in this tertiary hospital group of patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statin use</title>
          <p>Since this is a hospital part of the Brazilian public health system, only two statins were available for prescription: Simvastatin e Atorvastatin. The first was 77.6% (7,474) of the recipes. Simvastatin 40 mg was the most used dosage in 3,760 (39.3%) prescriptions, followed by its dosage of 20 mg in 3,158 (33.0%). Atorvastatin 40 mg was the third most used in 1,087 (11.4%) ambulatory prescriptions. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 2</xref> summarizes TC and LDL-c levels according to the type of statin and dosage in the prescription.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Mean serum levels of total cholesterol and its low-density cholesterol fraction according to statin used and its daily dosage. Patients using intermediary dosages were excluded</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">Statin and daily dosage</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Number of patients</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Total cholesterol (mg/dL) mean&#177;SD</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">LDL-c (mg/dL) mean&#177;SD</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Simvastatin</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">10 mg</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">302</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">168&#177;43</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">96&#177;36</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">20 mg</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">3164</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">177&#177;49</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">103&#177;40</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">40 mg</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">3764</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">173&#177;52</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">100&#177;41</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">80 mg</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">57</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">193&#177;66</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">110&#177;34</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">
                    <bold>Atorvastatin</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">10 mg</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">92</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">184&#177;63</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">109&#177;53</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">20 mg</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">481</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">176&#177;56</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">100&#177;42</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">40 mg</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1088</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">170&#177;52</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">97&#177;41</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">80 mg</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">283</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">182&#177;51</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">109&#177;43</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>SD: standard deviation.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>We verified that higher simvastatin dosages were probably delivered in patients with the worst lipid profile, indicating that dosage adjustments were being applied. Both TC and LDL-c levels reduced without statistical significance (p&gt;0.05) for atorvastatin until a daily dosage of 40 mg was achieved. The 80-mg dosage was prescribed to only 3% of our sample. Those, individuals had a worse response, since both TC and LDL-c levels were higher than in those who received atorvastatin 40 mg daily (p&lt;0.05). In general, higher dosages were prescribed that suggest a better lipid level control.</p>
          <p>Mean TC and LDL-c levels were significantly (p&lt;0.05) lower in patients prescribed by Cardiology in comparison to other specialties, which is the only specialty with a mean TC below 170 mg/dL and mean LDL-c below 95 mg/dL (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 3</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Mean serum levels of total cholesterol and its low-density cholesterol fraction (LDL-c) according to medical specialty in the year 2016</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup width="33%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">Specialty</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Total cholesterol (mg/dL)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">LDL-c (mg/dL)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Cardiology</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">166.1&#177;45.1</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">94.6&#177;36.3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Vascular surgery</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">179.5&#177;49.3</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">103.8&#177;40.3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Nephrology</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">171.6&#177;45.0</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">98.4&#177;37.2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Neurology</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">183.3&#177;58.5</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">104.6&#177;46.6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Geriatrics</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">171.9&#177;45.1</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">104.5&#177;36.9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Endocrinology</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">175.0&#177;51.8</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">104.2&#177;39.4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Nutrology</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">186.5&#177;47.0</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">112.7&#177;41.1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Others</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">192.5&#177;53.4</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">115.3&#177;44.6</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In this study we verified that prescribing statins is common practice in a tertiary public hospital environment, probably related to the elevated presence number of cardiovascular comorbidities present in this selected sample. Vannucchi et al., in our institution in the late 1970s, described the lipid profile of nearly 1,700 patients obtained during a three-year period. They verified that 25.5% of the exams presented at least one diagnosis of dyslipidemia. Yet, due to the absence of specific treatments back then, nothing was discussed about this topic.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> In the literature, Pant et al. reported the lipid profile of a tertiary hospital in Nepal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> This study obtained a convenience outpatient sample of patients that did not use statins or had comorbidities and verified that in 408 patients with a mean age of 50, LDL-c and TC were 113&#177;41 mg/dL and 180&#177;54 mg/dL, respectively. Another study from Turkey used the lipid profile results to identify FH patients and concluded that many patients with elevated LDL-c were not receiving any specific treatment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref></p>
        <p>As an original contribution of our investigation, we reported that prescription of statins is disseminated at our institution. This indicates a widespread of this cardiovascular risk factor, apparently without a specific target, since the great variability of the mean values for each specialty is notably those dealing directly with cardiovascular diseases (vascular surgery division in the Surgery Department and the Neurology Department). The fact that the Nutrology Division, responsible for 1.1% of the prescriptions, presented the highest lipid levels probably indicates that resistant patients or those with FH are probably referred to their tertiary level outpatient clinic. In addition, this specific sample suggests that new medications, such as ezetimibe, which reduce the intestinal absorption of cholesterol and the proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (<italic>PCSK9</italic>), although not available for prescription in the public health system, may be needed.</p>
        <p>Atorvastatin prescription was modest (22%), considering that an elaborated procedure for statin prescription with the inclusion of laboratorial results and underutilization of this statin may have occurred. The elevated percentage of patients receiving statins without at least one annual lipid measurement suggests that local clinical protocols or societies guidelines were not observed.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> Additionally, in a great number of patients, no dosage adjustments were performed, and the prescription dosage was automatically repeated.</p>
        <p>Periodical dosage adjustments guided by well-established institutional clinical protocols should have been applied. Patients from services that are highly associated with the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases without well-established treatment protocols presented higher mean lipid levels than those observed in Cardiology ambulatories where they exist, suggesting that the enforcement of risk factors control is distinct despite being in the same nosological context.</p>
        <p>Although the mean lipid levels of our sample were within those acceptable for a general population, the large number of individuals with elevated cardiovascular risk in our sample suggests the existence of space for improvement. In addition, there is a significant proportion of patients with very high lipid levels despite the use of statins. It may indicate an adherence to treatment problem. Since these statins are distributed without charge by the public health system, there is no point in considering financial restrictions and, for the study period, no lack of medication in the public pharmacies was reported.</p>
        <p>Another relevant aspect to be considered is that female patients had higher lipid levels compared to male patients. The proportion of women older than 60 years-old was reported in other studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> without any clear reason. The role of menopause in these increased values needs to be considered. Although speculative in this context, it is plausible to attribute some lenience with dosage adjustments in this gender for controlling coronary artery disease risk factors, as previously reported.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref></p>
        <p>The preponderant prescription of simvastatin is probably related to its widespread availability in the ambulatory public health system. Atorvastatin needs a special request since it is included in a program to deliver high-cost medications of the S&#227;o Paulo state government and preferred in refractory patients or in simvastatin intolerance. In general, we observed a high dosage use of both statins.</p>
        <p>The high variability in lipid levels related to the various dosages indicates that adjustments and use of a more effective statin is a necessity, reinforcing the need for well-established institutional clinical protocols to improve drug and dosage selection.</p>
        <p>Finally, the number of individuals with LDL-c above 190 mg/dL, despite the use of statins, is significantly higher than the one reported in the general population. This percentage (2.4%) certainly reflects the high concentration of patients, in this tertiary level, with more comorbidities. Nevertheless, since these patients were younger, the occurrence of FH is a strong possibility that needs systematic investigation after reaching the higher statins dosages.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations</title>
        <p>Our study presents many limitations. First, we did not include the complete lipid profile, with triglycerides and high-density cholesterol (HDL-c) levels, because our focus was on the use of statins, and their levels do not interfere with statin prescription. No data on the use of ezetimibe were collected, even though its use may have contributed to the reduction of lipids,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> because it was not included in the list of medications available in the Brazilian public health system, although some patients may have acquired it by suggestion of their physicians. Another limitation is the fact that comorbidities and anthropometric data were not obtained. Unfortunately, in studies like this, with a large number of patients, revision of patient's notes individually is not feasible and as the big data system is being established at the moment of the data collection of our study, many errors could have occurred. For this reason, there is no cardiovascular risk numbers.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>In this cross-sectional cohort of a tertiary hospital, we observed that prescription of statins is widespread, but clear TC and LDL-c targets are not achieved in a high proportion of patients. It is possible that a high percentage of FH exists and should be better investigated, for prognostic reasons. Institutional adherence to uniform clinical diagnostic and treatment protocols would probably increase a better control of dyslipidemia in this tertiary institution. It would also allow resource allocation for prescription of new effective medications, such as PCSK9 inhibitors in selected patients as recommended by guidelines.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref></p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn3">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There was no external funding source for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
