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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">8DgdF39CL4v7rmWdwHXbQLv</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021000500725</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210238</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210238</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Uso da Terapia Diur&#233;tica em Pacientes com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Descompensada e Les&#227;o Renal Aguda. O Que Fazer nesse Dilema?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3702-4546</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Calazans</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael Marques</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7092-4178</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sepulvida</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana Bellaguarda de Castro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8467-1578</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Quadrado</surname>
            <given-names>Egli Belinazzi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1582-7268</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Miranda</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto Dischinger</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola Paulista de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Se&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Se&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular, Disciplina de Geriatria e Gerontologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina da Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Roberto Dischinger Miranda</bold> &#8226; Av. Ibirapuera, 2.907/715. CEP <postal-code>04029-200</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil E-mail: <email>roberto.miranda@institutolongevita.com.br</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>16</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>116</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>725</fpage>
      <lpage>726</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;nca Renal Cr&#244;nica/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</kwd>
        <kwd>Envelhecimento</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Diur&#233;ticos/uso terap&#234;utico</kwd>
        <kwd>Creatinina</kwd>
        <kwd>Marcadores Biol&#243;gicos</kwd>
        <kwd>Lipocalinas</kwd>
        <kwd>Imped&#226;ncia El&#233;trica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="8"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) &#233; um grave problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica devido a sua alta preval&#234;ncia, morbidade e mortalidade,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> liderando entre as causas de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o nos Estados Unidos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> A preval&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a aumenta com a idade, tornando os pacientes idosos ainda mais suscet&#237;veis &#224;s repercuss&#245;es desta doen&#231;a.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> Isso aumenta a import&#226;ncia do tratamento preciso da IC e suas complica&#231;&#245;es, entre elas a IC descompensada (ICd).</p>
    <p>Em pacientes com ICd, que necessitam de terapia diur&#233;tica, &#233; comum observamos a presen&#231;a de les&#227;o renal aguda (LRA) concomitante. A grande d&#250;vida na hora de realizar o tratamento com diur&#233;ticos nas situa&#231;&#245;es em que a fun&#231;&#227;o renal est&#225; alterada &#233; saber o motivo da disfun&#231;&#227;o: Trata-se de um paciente ainda congesto, necessitando de otimiza&#231;&#227;o da terapia diur&#233;tica (s&#237;ndrome cardiorrenal tipo I)? Ou trata-se de um paciente que a terapia diur&#233;tica foi realizada de forma excessiva, causando hipovolemia, o que levou a uma baixa perfus&#227;o renal (LRA pr&#233;-renal) ou at&#233; a uma necrose tubular aguda?</p>
    <p>Essa d&#250;vida ganha muita import&#226;ncia na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica por implicar em abordagens terap&#234;uticas diametralmente opostas nas duas situa&#231;&#245;es: uma delas intensificar a terapia diur&#233;tica e a outra suspender os diur&#233;ticos, ou at&#233; mesmo iniciar hidrata&#231;&#227;o venosa parcimoniosa. E o fato destes pacientes muitas vezes serem idosos, multicomorbidos, em contexto de infec&#231;&#227;o concomitante, torna a leitura do perfil hemodin&#226;mico um grande desafio cl&#237;nico. Dificilmente um m&#233;dico que trabalhe em unidades de emerg&#234;ncia ou de terapia intensiva nunca esteve diante deste dilema.</p>
    <p>Publica&#231;&#245;es anteriores corroboram esta d&#250;vida, com alguns artigos entendendo a congest&#227;o como o grande fator associado a piora da les&#227;o renal em pacientes com ICd, indicando uma terapia diur&#233;tica mais agressiva,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> enquanto outros reconhecem o potencial efeito delet&#233;rio da terapia diur&#233;tica agressiva, entre eles a hipovolemia, indicando assim uma terapia diur&#233;tica mais cautelosa,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> principalmente em pacientes idosos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="f1">
      <label>Figura 1</label>
      <caption>
        <title>Representa&#231;&#227;o esquem&#225;tica da fisiopatologia e conduta em rela&#231;&#227;o a terapia diur&#233;tica de portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada em tratamento.</title>
      </caption>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-04-0725-10238-gf01.tif"/></fig>
    <p>Os m&#233;todos laboratoriais e de imagem comumente dispon&#237;veis para acessar o perfil vol&#234;mico e hemodin&#226;mico costumam pouco ajudar nesse quesito, j&#225; que n&#227;o existe um m&#233;todo considerado padr&#227;o-ouro, t&#227;o pouco diretrizes ou protocolos que guiem quanto a melhor forma de responder essa quest&#227;o. M&#233;todos comumente usados em contexto de UTI, como a varia&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o de pulso e a visualiza&#231;&#227;o da colapsibilidade das veias cavas superior e inferior, s&#227;o validados apenas para a responsividade &#224; infus&#227;o de flu&#237;dos, pouco ajudando quando a d&#250;vida &#233; a retirada de fluidos, al&#233;m de serem eficazes apenas em pacientes em ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica. J&#225; a dosagem plasm&#225;tica do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B (BNP) e a do fragmento N-terminal do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B (NT-ProBNP) tem uma import&#226;ncia bem estabelecida no diagn&#243;stico e progn&#243;stico da ICd, por&#233;m foi pouco estudada como uma ferramenta para acessar o perfil hemodin&#226;mico nestes pacientes, com um estudo dispon&#237;vel mostrando uma performance ruim.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref></p>
    <p>O artigo de Villacorta et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> reportado no atual volume dos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> busca justamente investigar se o mecanismo da piora da fun&#231;&#227;o renal ap&#243;s o tratamento diur&#233;tico agressivo em pacientes com ICd ocorre por congest&#227;o ou por les&#227;o tubular renal. O artigo busca tamb&#233;m avaliar se a presen&#231;a de LRA durante o tratamento ou a presen&#231;a de congest&#227;o no momento da alta atuam como preditores de desfecho ap&#243;s um epis&#243;dio de ICd. Foram avaliados 85 pacientes, utilizando o NGAL como marcador para les&#227;o tubular renal e o index de hidrata&#231;&#227;o com a bioimped&#226;ncia el&#233;trica para definir a presen&#231;a de congest&#227;o no momento da alta. O estudo chegou &#224; conclus&#227;o de que a congest&#227;o persistente, mas n&#227;o a LRA, est&#225; associada a piores desfechos em pacientes hospitalizados por ICd; al&#233;m disso, mostrou que a LRA foi consequ&#234;ncia da congest&#227;o, n&#227;o de uma les&#227;o tubular renal.</p>
    <p>Os autores encerram o artigo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> mostrando algumas publica&#231;&#245;es que advogam a favor da terapia diur&#233;tica agressiva e concluindo que, desde que a redu&#231;&#227;o agressiva da congest&#227;o seja promovida, a LRA n&#227;o ter&#225; impacto negativo nos desfechos.</p>
    <p>O artigo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> acrescenta &#224; vis&#227;o atual sobre o assunto principalmente de duas maneiras. Primeiro, pelo simples fato de trazer para debate esse tema t&#227;o importante e comum na pr&#225;tica m&#233;dica, mas relativamente pouco debatido e estudado. Segundo, por trazer algumas novidades na forma de avaliar a quest&#227;o, mais precisamente o uso do NGAL, um marcador de les&#227;o renal mais preciso e precoce que a creatinina, e o uso da bioimped&#226;ncia el&#233;trica para detectar congest&#227;o subcl&#237;nica, o que aumentaria a precis&#227;o da avalia&#231;&#227;o e a capacidade de predizer desfechos.</p>
    <p>Apesar disso, por se tratar de uma quest&#227;o complexa e de dif&#237;cil avalia&#231;&#227;o com os m&#233;todos dispon&#237;veis na pr&#225;tica m&#233;dica, o manejo de pacientes com LRA em contexto de ICd ainda continua um enorme desafio cl&#237;nico, com muitas perguntas e poucas respostas definitivas. Dessa forma, mais estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para ampliar o entendimento sobre o assunto. No cen&#225;rio atual, a individualiza&#231;&#227;o dos casos e a percep&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica do avaliador ainda s&#227;o fundamentais.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Agravamento da Fun&#231;&#227;o Renal e Congest&#227;o em Pacientes com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Aguda: Estudo com An&#225;lise Vetorial de Bioimped&#226;ncia El&#233;trica (BIVA) e Lipocalina Associada &#224; Gelatinase Neutrof&#237;lica (NGAL)</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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              <surname>Esporcatte</surname>
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              <surname>Rangel</surname>
              <given-names>FOD</given-names>
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              <surname>Rocha</surname>
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          <article-title>Natriuretic peptide and clinical evaluation in the diagnosis of heart failure hemodynamic profile: comparison with tissue doppler echocardiography</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>110</volume>
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        <mixed-citation>7. Almeida Junior GLG, Clausll N, Garcia MI, Esporcatte R, Rangel FOD, Rocha RM, et al. Natriuretic peptide and clinical evaluation in the diagnosis of heart failure hemodynamic profile: comparison with tissue doppler echocardiography. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2018;110(3):270-7.</mixed-citation>
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              <surname>Xavier</surname>
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              <surname>Kanaan</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
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              <surname>Rohen</surname>
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          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>116</volume>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Use of Diuretic Therapy in Patients with Decompensated Heart Failure and Acute Kidney Injury. What to do in this Dilemma?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3702-4546</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Calazans</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael Marques</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7092-4178</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sepulvida</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana Bellaguarda de Castro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8467-1578</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Quadrado</surname>
            <given-names>Egli Belinazzi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1582-7268</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Miranda</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto Dischinger</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Se&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular, Disciplina de Geriatria e Gerontologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina da Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Roberto Dischinger Miranda</bold> &#8226; Av. Ibirapuera, 2.907/715. Postal Code <postal-code>04029-200</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil E-mail: <email>roberto.miranda@institutolongevita.com.br</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Heart Failure/complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Renal Insufficiency Chronic/complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Health Public</kwd>
        <kwd>Aging</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospitalization</kwd>
        <kwd>Diuretics</kwd>
        <kwd>Creatinine</kwd>
        <kwd>Markers Biological</kwd>
        <kwd>Lipocalins</kwd>
        <kwd>Electric Impedance</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Heart failure (HF) is a severe public health problem due to its high prevalence, morbidity and mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> It is the main cause of hospitalization in the United States.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> The prevalence of the disease increases with age, making elderly patients even more susceptible to the repercussions of this disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> This increases the importance of precise treatment of HF and its complications, including decompensated HF (dHF).</p>
      <p>In patients with dHF, who require diuretic therapy, concomitant acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common finding. The big question when it comes to treatment with diuretics in situations where kidney function is altered is to know the reason for the dysfunction: Is the patient is still congested, requiring optimization of diuretic therapy (type I cardiorenal syndrome)? Or is it a patient whose diuretic therapy was carried out excessively, causing hypovolemia, which led to low renal perfusion (pre-renal AKI) or even an acute tubular necrosis?</p>
      <p>This question gains a lot of importance in clinical practice because it implies diametrically opposed therapeutic approaches in both situations: intensifying diuretic therapy and discontinuing diuretics, or even initiating proper venous hydration. And the fact that these patients are often elderly, multicomorbid, in the context of concomitant infection, makes it clinically challenging to interpret the hemodynamic profile. It is hard to find an emergency or intensive care unit doctor that has never been faced with this dilemma.</p>
      <p>Previous publications corroborate this issue, with some articles considering congestion as the major factor associated with worsening kidney injury in patients with dHF, indicating a more aggressive diuretic therapy,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> while others recognize the potentially harmful effect of aggressive diuretic therapy, including hypovolemia, thus indicating a more cautious diuretic therapy,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> especially in elderly patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Schematic representation of the physiopathology and management of diuretic therapy of patients with decompensated heart failure under treatment.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-04-0725-10238-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
      <p>The laboratory and imaging methods commonly available to access the volume and hemodynamic profile are usually of little help in this regard, as there is no method considered to be the gold standard, nor are there any guidelines or protocols as to how best to answer this question. Methods commonly used in ICUs, such as variation in pulse pressure and assessment of collapsibility of superior and inferior vena cava, are validated only for responsiveness to the infusion of fluids and are of little help when it comes to fluid removal, and are only effective in mechanically ventilated patients. B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and N-terminal pro b-type natriuretic peptide (NT-ProBNP) plasma levels have a well-established importance in the diagnosis and prognosis of dHF. However, it has been little studied as a tool to access hemodynamic profile in these patients, with a study published showing poor performance.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref></p>
      <p>The article by Villacorta et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> reported in the current volume of Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref>, investigates whether the mechanism of worsening of renal function after aggressive diuretic treatment in patients with dHF occurs due to congestion or renal tubular injury. The article also assesses whether the presence of AKI during treatment or presence of congestion at discharge are predictors of outcome after an episode of dHF. Altogether, 85 patients were evaluated using NGAL as a marker for renal tubular injury and the hydration index with electrical bioimpedance to define the presence of congestion at discharge. It was found that persistent congestion, not AKI, is associated with worse outcomes in patients hospitalized for dHF; moreover, it showed that AKI was a consequence of congestion, rather than of a renal tubular injury.</p>
      <p>The authors finish the article<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> by showing some publications in favor of aggressive diuretic therapy and conclude that, as long as aggressive reduction of congestion is promoted, AKI will not have any adverse impact on the outcomes.</p>
      <p>The article<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> adds to the current view on the subject mainly in two ways. Firstly, for the simple fact that it discusses this very important and common theme in medical practice, but relatively little debated and studied. Secondly, for bringing some new ways of analyzing the issue, more precisely using NGAL, a marker of kidney injury that is faster and more accurate than creatinine, and the use of electrical bioimpedance to detect subclinical congestion, which would increase the accuracy of assessment and the ability to predict outcomes.</p>
      <p>Despite this, because it is a complex issue that is hard to assess with the methods available in medical practice, management of patients with AKI in the context of dHF remains a huge clinical challenge, with many questions and few definitive answers. Therefore, further studies are needed to help understand the subject. In the current scenario, the individualization of cases and the clinical perception of the evaluator are still critical.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Worsening Renal Function and Congestion in Patients with Acute Heart Failure: A Study with Bioelectrical Impedance Vector Analysis (BIVA) and Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin (NGAL)</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
