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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">LmG4ZcJXQJWHFdN3sqYNGDD</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021000500715</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20190465</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190465</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Agravamento da Fun&#231;&#227;o Renal e Congest&#227;o em Pacientes com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Aguda: Estudo com An&#225;lise Vetorial de Bioimped&#226;ncia El&#233;trica (BIVA) e Lipocalina Associada &#224; Gelatinase Neutrof&#237;lica (NGAL)</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1654-4531</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Villacorta</surname>
            <given-names>Humberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Villacorta</surname>
            <given-names>Aline Sterque</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Villacorta</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo Sim&#245;es de Castro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Xavier</surname>
            <given-names>Analucia Rampazzo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kanaan</surname>
            <given-names>Salim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rohen</surname>
            <given-names>Felipe Mafort</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Albuquerque</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo Dinis</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bastilho</surname>
            <given-names>Daniele Dantas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cudischevitch</surname>
            <given-names>Cec&#237;lia de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil.</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Humberto Villacorta</bold> &#8226; Universidade Federal Fluminense - Rua Marqu&#234;s do Paran&#225;, 303. CEP <postal-code>24070-035</postal-code>, Divis&#227;o de Cardiologia, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil. E-mail: <email>huvillacorta@globo.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos Autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Villacorta H; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Villacorta H, Villacorta AS, Villacorta LSC, Xavier AR, Kanaan S, Rohen FM, Albuquerque LD, Bastilho DD, Cudischevitch CO; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Villacorta H, Villacorta AS, Villacorta LSC, Xavier AR, Kanaan S, Bastilho DD; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Villacorta H, Xavier AR; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Villacorta H, Villacorta AS, Villacorta LSC, Kanaan S, Rohen FM, Albuquerque LD, Bastilho DD, Cudischevitch CO.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>16</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>116</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>715</fpage>
      <lpage>724</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>O agravamento da fun&#231;&#227;o renal (AFR) &#233; frequentemente observado na terapia agressiva com diur&#233;ticos para o tratamento de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aguda descompensada (ICAD) e est&#225; associado com piores desfechos em alguns estudos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o de AFR e congest&#227;o na alta hospitalar com ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos (morte card&#237;aca ou interna&#231;&#227;o por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Oitenta pacientes com ICAD foram estudados. O AFR foi definido por um aumento absoluto (&#8805;0,5 mg/dL) nos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de creatinina a partir dos valores obtidos na admiss&#227;o. Concentra&#231;&#245;es de pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico do tipo B (BNP) e lipocalina associada &#224; gelatinase neutrof&#237;lica (NGAL) foram medidas na admiss&#227;o e na alta hospitalar. Congest&#227;o foi avaliada na alta utilizando a an&#225;lise vetorial de bioimped&#226;ncia el&#233;trica (BIVA). O desfecho prim&#225;rio foi o tempo para o primeiro evento, definido como uma combina&#231;&#227;o de morte card&#237;aca ou hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. An&#225;lise de curva Caracter&#237;stica de Opera&#231;&#227;o do Receptor (curva ROC) foi realizada para determinar o ponto de corte de IH mais adequado para predi&#231;&#227;o de eventos. Curvas Kaplan-Meier de sobrevida livre de eventos foram constru&#237;das e comparadas usando o teste de log-rank. Modelos de riscos proporcionais de Cox foram usados para investigar a associa&#231;&#227;o com eventos. O crit&#233;rio para se estabelecer signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi um p&lt;0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A idade m&#233;dia foi 60,6 &#177; 15,0 anos, e 48 (60%) pacientes eram do sexo masculino. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia foi 35,3&#177;7,8%. O AFR ocorreu em 37,5% da amostra. A creatinina basal associou-se com AFR (p&lt;0,001), mas nem BNP (p=0,35) nem NGAL (p=0,18) na admiss&#227;o foram preditores de AFR. Usando modelos de riscos proporcionais de Cox, o &#237;ndice de hidrata&#231;&#227;o na alta, estimado por BIVA, associou-se significativamente com ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos (HR 1,39; IC95% 1,25-1,54, p&lt;0,0001), mas n&#227;o com AFR (HR 2,14; IC95% 0,62-7,35, p=0,22).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>A congest&#227;o persistente na alta associou-se com piores desfechos. O AFR parece estar relacionado com altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas durante o processo de descongestionamento, mas n&#227;o com les&#245;es renais.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Renal</kwd>
        <kwd>Diur&#233;ticos/uso terap&#234;utico</kwd>
        <kwd>Bioimped&#226;ncia El&#233;trica</kwd>
        <kwd>Hemodin&#226;mica</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Alta do Paciente</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="21"/>
        <page-count count="10"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>O agravamento da fun&#231;&#227;o renal (AFR) &#233; comumente observado no tratamento agressivo com diur&#233;ticos da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aguda descompensada (ICAD) e foi associado a piores desfechos em estudos retrospectivos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> No entanto, resultados contr&#225;rios foram observados em alguns estudos;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> e outros sugerem que a congest&#227;o e n&#227;o o baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco esteja relacionada com disfun&#231;&#227;o renal na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> Al&#233;m disso, alguns autores mostraram que a presen&#231;a de congest&#227;o persistente na alta hospitalar, independentemente de AFR, est&#225; associada com piores desfechos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> Contudo, esses estudos avaliaram congest&#227;o com base nos sinais cl&#237;nicos.</p>
      <p>Novas tecnologias podem avaliar &#225;gua corporal total de maneira mais objetiva por an&#225;lise de imped&#226;ncia de tecido. Usando an&#225;lise vetorial de bioimped&#226;ncia el&#233;trica (BIVA),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> nosso grupo, em conjunto com outros centros, j&#225; mostrou que quase um ter&#231;o dos pacientes com ICAD recebem alta hospitalar apresentando congest&#227;o persistente, incluindo congest&#227;o subcl&#237;nica, e que esses pacientes apresentam alta mortalidade em 90 dias. A rela&#231;&#227;o de AFR e congest&#227;o avaliada por BIVA ainda n&#227;o foi investigada. O uso dessa tecnologia, ao detectar congest&#227;o subcl&#237;nica, poderia aumentar a acur&#225;cia da avalia&#231;&#227;o de congest&#227;o e melhorar a predi&#231;&#227;o de eventos.</p>
      <p>Pouco se sabe sobre o mecanismo do AFR ap&#243;s tratamento agressivo com diur&#233;tico. N&#227;o se sabe se o AFR &#233; causado por les&#227;o tubular renal ou se &#233; somente um reflexo de altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas que ocorrem durante o tratamento da ICAD. Apesar de a creatinina ser atualmente o biomarcador padr&#227;o de fun&#231;&#227;o renal, ela tem um aumento tardio ap&#243;s a les&#227;o renal. Al&#233;m disso, o AFR na ICAD, indicado por um aumento nos n&#237;veis de creatinina, pode n&#227;o refletir les&#227;o renal aguda e n&#227;o ser progn&#243;stico em todos os pacientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> A lipocalina associada &#224; gelatinase neutrof&#237;lica (NGAL) &#233; um marcador de les&#227;o tubular renal que pode ser medido na urina e no plasma, e que se mostrou mais precisa que a creatinina na predi&#231;&#227;o de les&#227;o renal aguda.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre AFR e congest&#227;o persistente na alta hospitalar usando a BIVA na predi&#231;&#227;o de eventos em longo prazo, e avaliar se a les&#227;o tubular renal, avaliada por n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de NGAL, associa-se com AFR durante o tratamento da ICAD e com o progn&#243;stico ap&#243;s a alta.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Pacientes</title>
        <p>O estudo incluiu 80 pacientes consecutivos com idade &#8805; 18 anos, admitidos em um hospital universit&#225;rio por ICAD. Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram: 1) sinais ou sintomas de ICAD; 2) pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo-B (BNP) &gt; 100 pg/mL na admiss&#227;o; e 3) fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &lt;50% no ecocardiograma. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram: 1) pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda como principal causa do epis&#243;dio atual de ICAD; e 2) pacientes j&#225; em di&#225;lise antes da inclus&#227;o no estudo ou se foi planejado o in&#237;cio da di&#225;lise durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o. Os pacientes foram tratados seguindo-se as diretrizes de IC, e as decis&#245;es sobre o tratamento ficaram a crit&#233;rio dos m&#233;dicos respons&#225;veis. Os pacientes que foram a &#243;bito antes ou na alta da primeira interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar foram exclu&#237;dos das an&#225;lises. Cada paciente poderia contribuir somente uma vez no banco de dados e, em caso de m&#250;ltiplas interna&#231;&#245;es, somente a primeira interna&#231;&#227;o que ocorreu durante o per&#237;odo da revis&#227;o foi considerada na an&#225;lise. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref> ilustra o fluxograma do estudo.</p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Fluxograma do estudo.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-04-0715-90465-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Nosso estudo segue as recomenda&#231;&#245;es do Conselho Nacional de &#201;tica em Pesquisa (CONEP) e foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica de nosso hospital. Consentimento informado foi solicitado e obtido de cada paciente antes de serem inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Medidas</title>
        <p>Cada paciente passou por um exame cl&#237;nico e laboratorial na admiss&#227;o e durante a interna&#231;&#227;o. Os n&#237;veis de creatinina foram avaliados e registrados diariamente desde a admiss&#227;o at&#233; a alta. Um ecocardiograma com Doppler foi realizado durante a interna&#231;&#227;o para avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE).</p>
        <p>Os n&#237;veis de BNP foram analisados no sangue total utilizando-se o sistema Triage&#174; (Alere Inc, San Diego, CA, EUA), dentro de seis horas ap&#243;s a coleta, na admiss&#227;o e na alta hospitalar. Os n&#237;veis de NGAL foram medidos usando-se o teste Triage NGAL Test (Alere Inc, San Diego, CA, EUA), um imunoensaio que utiliza um cartucho pl&#225;stico descart&#225;vel contendo um anticorpo monoclonal marcado com corante fluorescente e NGAL. O teste cont&#233;m instrumentos de controle, incluindo imunoensaios controle, para se assegurar que o desempenho do teste est&#225; adequado e que os reagentes s&#227;o ativos funcionalmente. Ap&#243;s adi&#231;&#227;o de algumas gotas de sangue ou plasma no po&#231;o de amostra, as c&#233;lulas s&#227;o automaticamente separadas do plasma por um filtro. A amostra reage com o anticorpo conjugado ao marcador fluorescente dentro da c&#226;mara de rea&#231;&#227;o e desce pela linha de detec&#231;&#227;o por a&#231;&#227;o capilar. O conjugado &#233; capturado em zonas discretas de fase s&#243;lida resultando em ensaios de liga&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;ficos para NGAL ou para os ant&#237;genos controle. N&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de NGAL foram analisados na admiss&#227;o e na alta hospitalar.</p>
        <p>O m&#233;todo BIVA foi usado para avaliar &#225;gua corporal total. Esse m&#233;todo utiliza o programa EFG Renal (Akern, Pontassieve, Floren&#231;a, It&#225;lia) para estimativa dos par&#226;metros de resist&#234;ncia, react&#226;ncia, e &#226;ngulo de fase. O &#237;ndice de hidrata&#231;&#227;o (IH) foi ent&#227;o calculado para estimar a quantidade de &#225;gua corporal total. O intervalo de normalidade para o IH &#233; 72,7% a 74,3%; valores acima desse intervalo indicam congest&#227;o, e valores inferiores indicam desidrata&#231;&#227;o. A avalia&#231;&#227;o por BIVA foi realizada em at&#233; 24 horas antes da alta, por um pesquisador independente. Vale destacar que o teste n&#227;o depende do operador e, portanto, n&#227;o existe variabilidade interobservador ou intraobservador. O equipamento rejeita o teste em caso de baixa qualidade do sinal. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref> mostra o aparelho de BIVA e o posicionamento dos eletrodos sobre as m&#227;os e os p&#233;s dos pacientes.</p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>An&#225;lise vetorial de bioimped&#226;ncia el&#233;trica (BIVA). a) Aparelho de BIVA; b) Os eletrodos s&#227;o posicionados sobre a m&#227;o e o p&#233; direitos do paciente; c) An&#225;lise vetorial: os sinais s&#227;o capturados por alguns segundos e, ap&#243;s a an&#225;lise, de acordo com o &#226;ngulo de fase formado pelo vetor, estima-se o grau de hidrata&#231;&#227;o; d) Grau de hidrata&#231;&#227;o de acordo com o &#237;ndice de hidrata&#231;&#227;o.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-04-0715-90465-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Defini&#231;&#245;es</title>
      <p>A ICAD foi definida pela presen&#231;a de um ou mais sintomas de IC, incluindo dispneia aos esfor&#231;os, estertores crepitantes, ritmo card&#237;aco de galope, distens&#227;o venosa jugular, ortopneia, dispneia parox&#237;stica noturna, uso de mais que dois travesseiros para dormir, fadiga, edema, tosse frequente, tosse com muco ou expectora&#231;&#227;o sanguinolenta, ou tosse seca ao deitar.</p>
      <p>O AFR foi definido como um aumento absoluto nos valores de creatinina s&#233;rica &#8805;0,5 mg/dL a partir dos valores medidos na admiss&#227;o. Congest&#227;o na alta foi definida como um IH &gt;74,3%. Presen&#231;a de sinais de congest&#227;o ao exame f&#237;sico e IH &gt;74,3% foi considerada congest&#227;o subcl&#237;nica. Para a an&#225;lise de sobrevida, os pacientes foram divididos em quatro subgrupos, com base na detec&#231;&#227;o de AFR durante a interna&#231;&#227;o e presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o de congest&#227;o no momento da alta &#8211; aus&#234;ncia de AFR e congest&#227;o (sem AFR/sem congest&#227;o), presen&#231;a de AFR na aus&#234;ncia de congest&#227;o (AFR/sem congest&#227;o), aus&#234;ncia de AFR e congest&#227;o (sem AFR/sem congest&#227;o), e presen&#231;a de AFR e de congest&#227;o persistente (AFR/congest&#227;o). Hist&#243;ria de doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica foi definida baseada em um hist&#243;rico de taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular &lt;60mL/min por 1,73m<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Acompanhamento e Desfechos</title>
        <p>Os pacientes foram acompanhados em nosso ambulat&#243;rio de IC, e as visitas ocorreram em um intervalo de tr&#234;s meses. Se necess&#225;rio, contatos telef&#244;nicos foram realizados para confirmar se o paciente estava vivo ou havia ido a &#243;bito. N&#227;o houve perda de seguimento e o per&#237;odo m&#233;dio de acompanhamento foi de 234 &#177; 174 dias. O desfecho prim&#225;rio foi o tempo para o primeiro evento, definido como uma combina&#231;&#227;o de morte card&#237;aca ou hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC.</p>
        <p>Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o foi definida como qualquer admiss&#227;o hospitalar n&#227;o planejada, que demandou um pernoite. As interna&#231;&#245;es foram classificadas como causadas por IC se causadas por piora dos sintomas de IC, com sinais de sobrecarga de fluidos que requeresse tratamento com furosemida endovenosa.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Os indiv&#237;duos foram recrutados por amostragem de conveni&#234;ncia. Os dados s&#227;o apresentados em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP), exceto BNP, NGAL, e creatinina, os quais foram apresentados em medianas e intervalos interquartis. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram analisadas pelo teste do qui-quadrado. Para compara&#231;&#227;o dos dados num&#233;ricos, foi usado o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student para amostras independentes ou o teste de Mann-Whitney (n&#227;o param&#233;trico). A homogeneidade da vari&#226;ncia foi testada pelo teste de Levene. Foram usados m&#233;todos n&#227;o param&#233;tricos, uma vez que algumas vari&#225;veis n&#227;o apresentaram distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, dada &#224; grade dispers&#227;o e rejei&#231;&#227;o da hip&#243;tese de normalidade segundo o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. An&#225;lise de curva Caracter&#237;stica de Opera&#231;&#227;o do Receptor (curva ROC) foi realizada par determinar o ponto de corte de IH mais adequado para predi&#231;&#227;o de eventos. Curvas Kaplan-Meier de sobrevida livre de eventos foram constru&#237;das e comparadas usando o teste de log-rank. Modelos de riscos proporcionais de Cox foram usados para investigar a associa&#231;&#227;o prospectiva de AFR e congest&#227;o persistente com eventos durante o acompanhamento. As vari&#225;veis independentes inclu&#237;das no modelo foram idade, sexo, IH, AFR, e valores de creatinina, BNP e NGAL na alta hospitalar. O crit&#233;rio para determinar signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi 5%. As an&#225;lises foram realizadas pelo programa MedCalc&#174;, vers&#227;o 14.12.0 (Ostend, B&#233;lgica).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>A idade m&#233;dia foi 60,6&#177;15,0 anos e 48 (60%) pacientes eram do sexo masculino. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE m&#233;dia foi 35&#177;7,8%. O AFR ocorreu em 37,5% da amostra. As caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes com e sem AFR s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>. As causas da IC foram cardiomiopatia isqu&#234;mica em 23 (28,7%), hipertens&#227;o em 42 (52,5%), cardiomiopatia em 10 (12,5%), cardiomiopatia alco&#243;lica em 3 (3,7%) e quimioterapia em 2 (2,6%). Os valores de creatinina e IH na admiss&#227;o foram mais altos e s&#243;dio s&#233;rico foi mais baixo nos pacientes com AFR. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a nos valores de BNP ou de NGAL entre os pacientes com e sem AFR. O per&#237;odo mediano de interna&#231;&#227;o foi de oito dias (intervalo interquartil de 7 a 12 dias). Na alta, a creatinina foi mais alta no grupo com AFR, e o IH foi ligeiramente maior nos pacientes com AFR, diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica entre os grupos.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes com e sem agravamento da fun&#231;&#227;o renal</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="24%">
            <col width="1%"/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">Vari&#225;veis</th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center">Com AFR<break/>n=30</th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center">Sem AFR<break/>n=50</th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center">Valor de p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">Idade (anos)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">59,9&#177;17,8</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">61&#177;13,4</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,75</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">Sexo masculino</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">17 (56,7%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">31 (62%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,44</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">Etiologia isqu&#234;mica</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">8 (26,7%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">15 (30%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,75</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">Hist&#243;ria de diabetes</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">11 (36,6%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">17 (34%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,81</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">Hist&#243;ria de hipertens&#227;o</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">22 (73,3%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">34 (68%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,61</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">Hist&#243;ria de DPOC</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">5 (16,6%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">8 (16%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,94</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">6 (20%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">11 (22%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,83</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">Doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">13 (43,3%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">16 (32%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,31</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (bpm)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">72,4&#177;8,2</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">72,7&#177;7,8</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,84</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">110,3&#177;13,4</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">110,6&#177;15,5</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,94</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">Press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">69,5&#177;9,8</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">71,5&#177;9,7</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,37</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">36,7&#177;6</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">34,5&#177;8,6</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,19</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="6">
                <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas laboratoriais</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="5">
                <bold>Creatinina (mg/dL)</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Admiss&#227;o</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">1,45 (1,19-1,84)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">1,05 (0,91-1,2)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Pico</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">2,1 (1,82-2,48)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">1,22 (1,13-1,38)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Alta</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">1,5 (1,26-1,8)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">1,0 (0,87-1,13)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="5">
                <bold>NUS (mg/dL)</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Admiss&#227;o</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">42,4 (23,4-61)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">31,4 (18-39,3)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,007</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Alta</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">39,6 (21,5-58,4)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">30,2 (17,4-36,4)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,02</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="5">
                <bold>BNP (pg/mL)</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Admiss&#227;o</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">806 (531-1276)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">667,5 (478-1255)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,35</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Alta</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">455 (340-749)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">404 (268-661)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,12</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="5">
                <bold>NGAL (pg/mL)</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Admiss&#227;o</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">249,5 (128-539)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">216 (92-352)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,18</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Alta</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">164,5 (116-286)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">190 (98-312)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,82</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="5">
                <bold>S&#243;dio s&#233;rico (mEq/L)</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Admiss&#227;o</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">135&#177;4,1</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">137,6&#177;3,2</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,002</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Alta</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">137,4&#177;3,9</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">137,5&#177;3,6</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,93</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="5">
                <bold>&#205;ndice de hidrata&#231;&#227;o (BIVA) %</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Admiss&#227;o</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">81,3&#177;3,4</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">78,2&#177;3,2</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Alta</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">77,9&#177;5,8</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">75,8&#177;4,6</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,08</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="6">
                <bold>Medicamentos na alta</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Betabloqueadores</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">29 (96,6%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">48 (98%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,70</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Inibidores de ECA</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">25 (83,3%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">41 (82%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,88</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Bloqueadores de receptor de angiotensina</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">4 (13,3%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">8 (16%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,74</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Espironolactona</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">17 (56,7%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">31 (62%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,64</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Furosemida</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">29 (96,6%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">47 (94%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,60</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Digoxina</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">2 (6,7%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">4 (8%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,83</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>BIVA: an&#225;lise vetorial de bioimped&#226;ncia el&#233;trica; BNP: pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico do tipo B; NUS: nitrog&#234;nio ureico no sangue; DPOC: doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica; NGAL: lipocalina associada &#224; gelatinase neutrof&#237;lica; AFR: agravamento da fun&#231;&#227;o renal.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>O pico mediano de creatinina no grupo com AFR foi 2,1 mg/dL (intervalo interquartil 1,82-2,48 mg/dL). Os valores de BNP diminu&#237;ram da admiss&#227;o &#224; alta tanto no grupo com AFR [806 (531-1276) vs. 455 (340-749) pg/mL, p&lt;0,0001] como no grupo sem AFR [667,5 (478-1255) vs. 404 (268-661) pg/mL, p&lt;0.0001]. O mesmo foi observado para [AFR 249,5 (128-539) vs. 164,5 (116-286) pg/mL, p&lt;0,0001; sem AFR 216 (92-352) vs. 190 (98-312) pg/mL, p=0,0001]. O per&#237;odo m&#233;dio de interna&#231;&#227;o foi de 8,3&#177;3,1 dias no grupo sem AFR/sem congest&#227;o, 11,4&#177;5,3 dias no grupo com AFR/sem congest&#227;o, 12,0&#177;4,8 dias no grupo sem AFR/com congest&#227;o e 12,5&#177;4,0 dias no grupo com AFR/com congest&#227;o (p=0,019). O delta m&#233;dio da admiss&#227;o &#224; alta do IH nesses quatro grupos foi, respectivamente 8,4&#177;2,4%, 8,0&#177;2,5%, 5,3&#177;2,6%, e 5,1&#177;2,1% (p=0,0002).</p>
      <p>Durante o seguimento, foram observados 27 (33,7%) eventos (7 &#243;bitos e 20 interna&#231;&#245;es). As caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes com e sem eventos s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>. O n&#250;mero de eventos em cada grupo est&#225; descrito na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref> mostra as curvas de sobrevida de Kaplan-Meier para os quatro subgrupos de acordo com a presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o de AFR e congest&#227;o persistente na alta hospitalar. Como observado, pacientes com congest&#227;o persistente apresentaram o pior progn&#243;stico. Pacientes com ambas as condi&#231;&#245;es &#8211; AFR e congest&#227;o persistente &#8211; apresentaram uma raz&#227;o de risco (HR) para morte ou reinterna&#231;&#227;o por IC 9,1 vezes (IC95% 1,41-59,5) &#224; apresentada pelo grupo &#8220;AFR/sem congest&#227;o&#8221; e 27,4 vezes (IC95% 4,5-164,4) &#224; apresentada pelo grupo &#8220;sem AFR/sem congest&#227;o&#8221;. Utilizando o modelo de riscos proporcionais de Cox, o sexo masculino e o IH foram preditores independentes do desfecho prim&#225;rio (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>). A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4</xref> mostra os valores m&#233;dios de creatinina na admiss&#227;o, de pico nos pacientes com e sem eventos. Pacientes com eventos apresentaram valores significativamente mais altos de creatinina em todas as compara&#231;&#245;es.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Tabela 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes com e sem eventos</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="24%">
            <col width="1%"/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">Vari&#225;veis</th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center">Com eventos<break/>n=27</th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center">Sem eventos<break/>n=53</th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center">Valor de p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">Idade (anos)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">61,6&#177;13,7</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">60,2&#177;15,9</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,68</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">Sexo masculino</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">21 (77,8%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">27 (51%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,021</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">Etiologia isqu&#234;mica</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">9 (33,3%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">14 (26%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,47</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">Hist&#243;ria de diabetes</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">10 (37%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">16 (30,2%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,46</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">Hist&#243;ria de hipertens&#227;o</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">20 (74%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">36 (67,9%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,43</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">Hist&#243;ria de DPOC</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">5 (18,5%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">8 (15%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,30</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">7 (26%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">10 (18,8%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,47</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">Doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">10 (37%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">19 (35,8%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,91</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (bpm)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">71,4&#177;8,2</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">73,3&#177;7,7</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,32</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">113,8&#177;17,7</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">108,8&#177;12,6</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,19</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">Press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">71,4&#177;11</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">70,5&#177;9,1</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,69</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">34,9&#177;7,5</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">35,6&#177;8</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,68</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="6">
                <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas laboratoriais</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="5">
                <bold>Creatinina (mg/dL)</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Admiss&#227;o</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">1,29 (1,1-1,76)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">1,1 (0,91-1,29)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,002</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Pico</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">1,9 (1,40-2,34)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">1,3 (1,16-1,75)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Alta</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">1,21 (1,1-1,8)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">1,0 (0,88-1,33)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,003</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="5">
                <bold>NUS (mg/dL)</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Admiss&#227;o</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">40,3 (20,4-64)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">30,2 (16-35,3)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,005</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Alta</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">37,2 (22,3-57,4)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">31,4 (15,5-34,2)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,10</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="5">
                <bold>BNP (pg/mL)</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Admiss&#227;o</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">921 (685-1689)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">602 (487-964)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,015</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Alta</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">580 (390-1210)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">377 (277-605)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,007</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="5">
                <bold>NGAL (pg/mL)</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Admiss&#227;o</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">275 (156-478)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">187 (100-341)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,06</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Alta</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">214 (138-430)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">168 (85-312)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,035</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="5">
                <bold>S&#243;dio s&#233;rico (mEq/L)</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Admiss&#227;o</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">135&#177;5,1</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">137,3&#177;3,4</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,018</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Alta</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">136,4&#177;4,9</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">138,5&#177;3,2</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,023</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="5">
                <bold>&#205;ndice de hidrata&#231;&#227;o (BIVA) %</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Admiss&#227;o</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">84,6&#177;3,6</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">79,2&#177;4,2</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Alta</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">82,2&#177;4,8</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">73,7&#177;2,0</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">AFR</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">15 (55,6%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">15 (28,3%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,017</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>BIVA: an&#225;lise vetorial de bioimped&#226;ncia el&#233;trica; BNP: pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico do tipo B; NUS: nitrog&#234;nio ureico no sangue; DPOC: doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica; NGAL: lipocalina associada &#224; gelatinase neutrof&#237;lica; AFR: agravamento da fun&#231;&#227;o renal.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Tabela 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>N&#250;mero de eventos nos quatro grupos de pacientes segundo presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o de agravamento da fun&#231;&#227;o renal e congest&#227;o</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="20%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th valign="middle" align="left">Eventos</th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center">Sem AFR/sem congest&#227;o<break/>n=42</th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center">Com AFR/sem congest&#227;o<break/>n=21</th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center">Sem AFR/com congest&#227;o<break/>n=8</th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center">Com AFR/Com congest&#227;o<break/>n=9</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Morte</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">3 (14,3%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">2 (25%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">2 (22,2%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">5 (12%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">3 (14,3%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">6 (75%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">7 (77,7%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Total</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">5 (12%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">6 (28,6%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">8 (100%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">9 (100%)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <fig id="f3">
        <label>Figura 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Taxa de sobrevida livre de eventos com base na detec&#231;&#227;o de agravamento da fun&#231;&#227;o renal (AFR) durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, e presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o de congest&#227;o na alta hospitalar. Grupo = Sem AFR /Sem congest&#227;o; 2= AFR/Sem congest&#227;o; 3= Sem AFR /Com congest&#227;o; e 4= Com AFR/Com congest&#227;o (p&lt;0,001); Congest&#227;o avaliada pelo &#237;ndice de hidrata&#231;&#227;o (IH) com an&#225;lise vetorial de bioimped&#226;ncia el&#233;trica.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-04-0715-90465-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Tabela 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Modelos de riscos proporcionais de Cox para investigar a associa&#231;&#227;o independente de agravamento da fun&#231;&#227;o renal e congest&#227;o persistente com eventos durante o acompanhamento</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="25%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th valign="middle" align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center">HR</th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center">IC95%</th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center">Valor p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Idade</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">1,02</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,98-1,06</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,25</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Sexo</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">3,31</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">1,04-10,5</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,04</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Creatinina</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">1,08</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,23-4,98</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,91</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">NGAL</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,99</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,99-1,00</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,51</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">BNP</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,99</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,99-1,00</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,10</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Hidrata&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref></td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">1,39</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">1,25-1,54</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">AFR</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">2,14</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,62-7,35</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,22</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <p>BNP: pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico do tipo B; HR: raz&#227;o de risco; NGAL: lipocalina associada &#224; gelatinase neutrof&#237;lica;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>calculada por an&#225;lise vetorial de bioimped&#226;ncia el&#233;trica (BIVA); AFR: agravamento da fun&#231;&#227;o renal</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <fig id="f4">
        <label>Figura 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>M&#233;dia de creatinina (Cr) na admiss&#227;o, pico m&#233;dio, e m&#233;dia na alta hospitalar em pacientes com e sem eventos. Barras indicam desvio padr&#227;o. Valores de p referem-se &#224;s compara&#231;&#245;es entre grupos (Teste t de Student).</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-04-0715-90465-gf04.tif"/></fig>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O achado mais importante deste estudo foi que a presen&#231;a de somente AFR durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC n&#227;o est&#225; associada com piores desfechos ap&#243;s a alta. Por outro lado, a congest&#227;o persistente na alta &#233; um forte preditor de eventos, principalmente em pacientes com AFR durante a interna&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Na admiss&#227;o, as vari&#225;veis associadas com AFR foram creatinina, nitrog&#234;nio ureico no sangue, s&#243;dio s&#233;rico, e IH. A associa&#231;&#227;o entre maior n&#237;vel de creatinina na admiss&#227;o e AFR deve-se provavelmente &#224; congest&#227;o. Valores baixos de s&#243;dio e alto IH corroboram essa hip&#243;tese. A congest&#227;o dificulta a filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular e pode resultar em aumento da creatinina.</p>
      <p>Estudos iniciais sugeriram que qualquer piora da fun&#231;&#227;o renal em pacientes com IC aguda estava relacionada com um pior progn&#243;stico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> No entanto, alguns estudos, com resultados contr&#225;rios, levaram ao questionamento desse conceito.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> Testani et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> avaliaram a rela&#231;&#227;o entre hemoconcentra&#231;&#227;o, AFR, e desfechos em pacientes submetidos &#224; terapia agressiva da congest&#227;o usando diur&#233;ticos durante o tratamento de ICAD. Os autores encontraram uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre hemoconcentra&#231;&#227;o e remo&#231;&#227;o mais agressiva do fluido e deteriora&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o renal. Contudo, pacientes com hemoconcentra&#231;&#227;o apresentaram melhor sobrevida, sugerindo que a terapia agressiva, mesmo no &#226;mbito do AFR, pode ter um efeito positivo na sobrevida.</p>
      <p>A rela&#231;&#227;o entre congest&#227;o na alta, AFR, e piores desfechos j&#225; foi demonstrada em estudos anteriores. No entanto, nesses estudos, o diagn&#243;stico de congest&#227;o baseou-se apenas em sinais cl&#237;nicos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> O dado original em nosso estudo foi o uso de uma avalia&#231;&#227;o objetiva da congest&#227;o por meio da BIVA. Conseguimos demonstrar que, mesmo a congest&#227;o subcl&#237;nica, detectada por essa tecnologia, afeta negativamente a sobrevida e reinterna&#231;&#245;es. Em um estudo pr&#233;vio,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> utilizando BIVA, n&#243;s j&#225; mostramos que pacientes com ICAD recebem alta com congest&#227;o clara ou subcl&#237;nica, e isso est&#225; relacionado a piores desfechos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> Agora, n&#243;s confirmamos esse resultado e apresentamos a rela&#231;&#227;o entre congest&#227;o e AFR. No presente estudo, um IH &gt;76,5% na alta foi preditivo de eventos. Esse ponto de corte inclui a congest&#227;o subcl&#237;nica, o que pode ter aumentado a sensibilidade para detectar eventos.</p>
      <p>V&#225;rios estudos demonstraram que a congest&#227;o, e n&#227;o o baixo d&#233;bito, est&#225; associado com AFR.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> Em uma an&#225;lise do banco de dados do ADHERE (<italic>Acute Decompensated Heart Failure National Registry</italic>), de 118 465 admiss&#245;es por IC, n&#227;o se demonstrou uma rela&#231;&#227;o entre disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE e disfun&#231;&#227;o renal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> Ainda, em uma an&#225;lise do banco de dados do estudo ESCAPE (<italic>Evaluation Study of Congestive Heart Failure and Pulmonary Artery Catheterization Effectiveness</italic>), os autores encontraram que, em pacientes com IC descompensada, a fun&#231;&#227;o renal n&#227;o se correlacionou com &#237;ndice card&#237;aco, ou resist&#234;ncia vascular sist&#234;mica, e sim com press&#227;o do &#225;trio direito.</p>
      <p>A congest&#227;o pode levar ao AFR por v&#225;rios mecanismos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> A congest&#227;o venosa renal afeta diretamente a taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> Al&#233;m disso, muitas vias abdominais podem levar ao AFR.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> Por exemplo, press&#227;o intra-abdominal aumentada, como um marcador de congest&#227;o abdominal extrema, est&#225; relacionada com disfun&#231;&#227;o renal em pacientes com IC grave.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> Ainda, altera&#231;&#245;es no ba&#231;o e no f&#237;gado contribuem para congest&#227;o e disfun&#231;&#227;o renal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> Finalmente, horm&#244;nios derivados do intestino podem influenciar a homeostase de s&#243;dio, enquanto que a entrada de toxinas intestinais no sistema circulat&#243;rio, consequente a uma barreira intestinal ineficiente secund&#225;ria &#224; congest&#227;o, pode deteriorar ainda mais a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e renal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Com base nesses achados, a terapia agressiva da congest&#227;o tem sido proposta como o principal tratamento do AFR na ICAD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref> Em um estudo,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref> um protocolo com intensifica&#231;&#227;o do tratamento com diur&#233;ticos em pacientes com AFR e ICAD resultou em maior altera&#231;&#227;o de peso e maior perda l&#237;quida de fluidos ap&#243;s 24 horas em compara&#231;&#227;o ao tratamento padr&#227;o, com uma leve melhor na fun&#231;&#227;o renal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref></p>
      <p>N&#227;o encontramos rela&#231;&#227;o entre NGAL na admiss&#227;o e AFR, ou entre NGAL na alta e desfechos. Nossos resultados est&#227;o em acordo com o estudo e Ahmed et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref> que n&#227;o encontraram nenhuma correla&#231;&#227;o entre biomarcadores validados de les&#227;o tubular (NGAL, NAG e KIM-1) com AFR em pacientes com ICAD submetidos &#224; terapia agressiva com diur&#233;ticos. De fato, aumentos nesses biomarcadores foram paradoxalmente associados com melhor sobrevida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref> Esses resultados sugerem que a congest&#227;o contribui fortemente para AFR na ICAD e, se a terapia agressiva com diur&#233;ticos for realizada, o AFR n&#227;o tem impacto adverso sobre os desfechos.</p>
      <p>No entanto, o presente estudo tem algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. Primeiro, este &#233; um estudo unic&#234;ntrico, e &#233; necess&#225;rio cautela ao estender esses resultados a outras popula&#231;&#245;es. Segundo, o n&#250;mero de pacientes no presente estudo &#233; relativamente pequeno.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Em conclus&#227;o, utilizando BIVA para avaliar o status de hidrata&#231;&#227;o na alta hospitalar, n&#243;s demonstramos que a congest&#227;o persistente, e n&#227;o o AFR, est&#225; associada com piores desfechos em pacientes hospitalizados por ICAD. Al&#233;m disso, encontramos que o AFR parece relacionar-se &#224; congest&#227;o e a altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas durante o processo de descongestionamento, mas n&#227;o &#224;s les&#245;es tubulares renais, uma vez que n&#227;o foram encontradas rela&#231;&#245;es entre NGAL, AFR e desfechos.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Worsening Renal Function and Congestion in Patients with Acute Heart Failure: A Study with Bioelectrical Impedance Vector Analysis (BIVA) and Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin (NGAL)</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1654-4531</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Villacorta</surname>
            <given-names>Humberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Villacorta</surname>
            <given-names>Aline Sterque</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Villacorta</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo Sim&#245;es de Castro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Xavier</surname>
            <given-names>Analucia Rampazzo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kanaan</surname>
            <given-names>Salim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rohen</surname>
            <given-names>Felipe Mafort</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Albuquerque</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo Dinis</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bastilho</surname>
            <given-names>Daniele Dantas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cudischevitch</surname>
            <given-names>Cec&#237;lia de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil.</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Humberto Villacorta</bold> &#8226; Universidade Federal Fluminense - Rua Marqu&#234;s do Paran&#225;, 303. Postal Code <postal-code>24070-035</postal-code>, Divis&#227;o de Cardiologia, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil, E-mail: <email>huvillacorta@globo.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author Contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Statistical analysis: Villacorta H; Acquisition of data: Villacorta H, Villacorta AS, Villacorta LSC, Xavier AR, Kanaan S, Rohen FM, Albuquerque LD, Bastilho DD, Cudischevitch CO; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Villacorta H, Villacorta AS, Villacorta LSC, Xavier AR, Kanaan S, Bastilho DD; Writing of the manuscript: Villacorta H, Xavier AR; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Villacorta H, Villacorta AS, Villacorta LSC, Kanaan S, Rohen FM, Albuquerque LD, Bastilho DD, Cudischevitch CO.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Worsening renal function (WRF) is frequently observed in the setting of aggressive diuresis for the treatment of acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) and is associated with poor outcomes in some studies.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>We sought to assess the relationship of WRF and congestion at discharge with events (cardiac death or heart failure hospitalization).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Eighty patients with ADHF were studied. WRF was defined by an absolute increase in serum creatinine of &#8805;0.5 mg/dL from the values measured at the time of admission. B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and plasma neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) were measured at admission and at discharge. Congestive state at discharge was assessed using bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (BIVA). Primary endpoint was time to first event defined as a combination of cardiac death or heart failure hospitalization. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to determine the best hydration index cutoff to predict events. Kaplan-Meier event-free survival curves were constructed and compared using the log-rank test. Cox proportional hazards models were used to investigate the association with events. The criterion for determining statistical significance was p&lt;0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Mean age was 60.6&#177;15 years, and 48 (60%) were male. Mean ejection fraction was 35.3&#177;7.8%. WRF occurred in 37.5% of the sample. Baseline creatinine was associated with WRF (p&lt;0.001), but neither admission BNP (p=0.35) nor admission NGAL (p=0.18) was predictor of WRF. Using Cox proportional hazard models, hydration index at discharge calculated with BIVA was significantly associated with events (HR 1.39, 95% CI 1.25-1.54, p&lt;0.0001) but not WRF (HR 2.14, 95% CI 0.62-7.35, p=0.22).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Persistent congestion at discharge was associated with worse outcomes. WRF seems to be related to hemodynamic changes during the decongestion process but not to kidney tubular injuries.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Renal Insufficiency</kwd>
        <kwd>Diuretics/therapeutic use</kwd>
        <kwd>Electric Impedance</kwd>
        <kwd>Hemodynamic</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospitalization</kwd>
        <kwd>Patient Discharge</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Worsening renal function (WRF) is frequently observed in the setting of aggressive diuresis for the treatment of acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) and is associated with poor outcomes in retrospective studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> However, opposite findings have been observed in other studies;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> and some studies have suggested that congestion rather than low cardiac output is related to renal dysfunction in heart failure (HF).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> Additionally, some authors have shown that persistent congestion at discharge, irrespectively of WRF, is associated with worse outcomes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> However, these studies assessed congestion based on clinical signs.</p>
        <p>New technologies can assess total body water more objectively, using tissue impedance analysis. Using bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (BIVA),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> our group together with other centers, has previously shown that almost one third of ADHF patients are discharged with persistent congestion, including subclinical congestion, and that these patients have high 90-day mortality. The relationship of WRF and congestion evaluated by BIVA has never been studied. The use of this technology, by detecting subclinical congestion, could increase the accuracy of congestion evaluation and improve the prediction of events.</p>
        <p>The mechanism of WRF after aggressive diuresis is poorly understood. There is doubt whether it is a result of renal tubular injury or just a reflection of hemodynamic changes occurring during the treatment of ADHF. Although creatinine is currently the standard biomarker for renal function, it has a delayed increase after kidney injury. Furthermore, WRF in ADHF, indicated by a rise in creatinine, may not reflect acute kidney injury and may not be prognostic in all patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) is a kidney tubular injury biomarker that can be measured in urine and plasma, and has been shown to predict acute kidney injury more precisely than creatinine.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Therefore, the aim of this investigation was to assess the relationship of WRF and persistent congestion at discharge as assessed by BIVA in the prediction of long-term events, and to evaluate whether kidney tubular injury, assessed by plasma NGAL, is associated with WRF during the treatment of ADHF and with prognosis after discharge.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Patients</title>
          <p>The study comprised 80 consecutive patients aged &#8805;18 years old, hospitalized in a university hospital for ADHF. The inclusion criteria were: 1) signs or symptoms of ADHF; 2) B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) &gt;100 pg/mL at admission; and 3) ejection fraction &lt;50% as assessed by echocardiography. Patients were excluded if: 1) acute coronary syndrome as the main cause of current ADHF episode; 2) they were already on dialysis before enrollment or if dialysis initiation was planned during the current hospitalization. Patients were treated according to HF guidelines, and treatment decisions were left to the discretion of the physicians in charge. Patients who died on or before discharge from the initial hospitalization were excluded from the analyses. Each patient could only contribute once to the database, and, in case of multiple admissions, the first hospitalization occurring in the period under review was considered in this analysis. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 1</xref> depicts the study flowchart.</p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Study flowchart.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-04-0715-90465-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          <p>Our study complies with the Brazilian National Council on Ethics in Human Research (CONEP) recommendations and was approved by the Ethics Committee of our hospital. Informed consent was requested and obtained from each patient recruited before entry into the study.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Measurements</title>
          <p>Each patient underwent a complete clinical and laboratory examination at admission and during hospitalization. Serum creatinine levels were assessed and recorded daily from the time of admission until discharge. A Doppler echocardiogram to evaluate the systolic left ventricular (LV) function was performed during hospitalization.</p>
          <p>BNP levels were measured in whole blood using the Triage&#174; system (Alere Inc, San Diego, CA, USA), within six hours after collection at admission and at discharge. Plasma NGAL was assessed by the Triage NGAL Test (Alere Inc, San Diego, CA, USA), an immunoassay in a single-use plastic cartridge that contains a fluorescently labeled monoclonal antibody against NGAL labeled with a fluorescent dye and NGAL. There are built-in control features, including control immunoassays, to ensure that the test performs properly and that the reagents are functionally active. Several drops of whole blood or plasma are added to the sample port on the test device, and after this, the cells are automatically separated from the plasma via a filter. The sample reacts with fluorescent antibody conjugates within the reaction chamber and flows down the device detection lane by capillary action. The fluorescent antibody conjugates are captured on discrete solid-phase zones resulting in binding immunoassays that are specific for NGAL or the control antigens. Plasma NGAL of all patients was analyzed at admission and at discharge.</p>
          <p>The BIVA method was used to assess total body water. This method utilizes the EFG Renal software (Akern, Pontassieve, Florence, Italy) for estimating the parameters of resistance, reactance, and phase angle. Then, the hydration index (HI) is calculated to estimate total body water. The normal HI range is 72.7% to 74.3%; values above this indicate congestion, and values below this cutoff indicate dehydration. BIVA was performed within 24 h before discharge by an independent investigator. Of note, the test is not operator-dependent and, therefore, there is no intra- or interobserver variability. The machine rejects the test in case of poor signal quality. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 2</xref> shows the BIVA machine and the application of electrodes on patients&#8217; hand and foot.</p>
          <fig id="f6">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (BIVA). a) The BIVA machine; b) the electrodes are placed on the patient&#8217;s right hand and foot; c) vector analysis: the signs are captured for a few seconds and after analysis, according to the phase angle formed by the vector, the degree of hydration is estimated; d) degree of hydration according to the hydration index</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-04-0715-90465-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Definitions</title>
          <p>ADHF was defined as one or more signs or symptoms of HF, including dyspnea on exertion, rales or crackles, gallop heart rhythm, jugular venous distention, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, use of more than two pillows to sleep, fatigue, edema, frequent coughing, a cough that produces mucous or blood-tinged sputum, or a dry cough when lying flat.</p>
          <p>WRF was defined by an absolute increase in serum creatinine of &#8805;0.5 mg/dL from the values measured at the time of admission. Congestion at discharge was defined as HI &gt;74.3%. Patients with no signs of congestion on physical examination and HI &gt;74.3% were considered as having subclinical congestion. For survival analysis, patients were divided into four subgroups, based on the detection of WRF during hospitalization and the presence or not of congestion at the time of discharge, as follows: no WRF and no congestion (no WRF/no congestion), WRF in the absence of congestion (WRF/no congestion), no WRF and congestion (no WRF/no congestion), and presence of both WRF and congestion (WRF/congestion). A history of chronic kidney disease was defined based on a history of an estimated glomerular filtration rate &lt;60 mL/min per 1.73 m<sup>2</sup>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Follow-up and Endpoints</title>
          <p>Patients were followed-up at our Heart Failure Clinic and visits took place at 3-month intervals. Telephone contacts to assess vital status were made whenever necessary. No patient was lost to follow-up and mean follow-up was 234&#177;174 days. Primary endpoint was time to first event defined as a combination of cardiac death or HF hospitalization.</p>
          <p>Hospitalization was defined as any unplanned admission to hospital, which required an overnight stay. Hospitalizations were classified as caused by HF when they were caused by worsening symptoms of HF, with signs of fluid overload, requiring intravenous furosemide treatment.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
          <p>Subjects were recruited by convenience sampling. Data are presented as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD), except for BNP, NGAL, and creatinine, for which median and interquartile ranges are provided. Categorical variables were analyzed using the chi-square test. For comparison of numerical data, Student&#8217;s t test for independent samples or the Mann-Whitney test (non-parametric) was used. The homogeneity of the variance was tested by the Levene test. Non-parametric methods were used, since some variables did not present normal distribution, due to the great dispersion and rejection of the normality hypothesis according to the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to determine the best HI cutoff to predict events. Kaplan-Meier event-free survival curves were constructed and compared using the log-rank test. Cox proportional hazards models were used to investigate the prospective association of WRF and persistent congestion with events during follow-up. Independent variables included in the model were age, gender, IH, WRF and creatinine, BNP, and NGAL at discharge. The criterion for determining statistical significance was 5%. Statistical analysis was performed by MedCalc<sup>&#174;</sup> statistical software, version 14.12.0 (Ostend, Belgium).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Mean age was 60.6&#177;15.0 years and 48 (60%) were male. Mean left ventricular ejection fraction was 35&#177;7.8%. WRF occurred in 37.5% of the sample. The characteristics of the patients with and without WRF are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 1</xref>. HF etiologies were ischemic cardiomyopathy in 23 (28,7%), hypertension in 42 (52,5%), idiopathic cardiomyopathy in 10 (12,5%), alcoholic cardiomyopathy in 3 (3,7%), and chemotherapy in 2 (2,6%). Creatinine and HI at admission were higher and serum sodium was lower in the WRF group. Neither BNP nor NGAL were statistically different in patients with or without WRF. Median length of stay (LOS) was eight days (interquartile range 7-12 days). At discharge, creatinine was higher in the WRF group, and HI was slightly higher in patients with WRF but this did not reach statistical difference.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Characteristics of patients with and without worsening renal function</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="24%">
              <col width="1%"/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">Variables</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">WRF<break/>n=30</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">No WRF<break/>n=50</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">p value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">Age (y)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">59.9&#177;17.8</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">61&#177;13.4</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.75</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">Male gender</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">17 (56.7%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">31 (62%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.44</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">Ischemic aetiology</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">8 (26.7%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">15 (30%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.75</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">History of diabetes</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">11 (36.6%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">17 (34%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.81</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">History of hypertension</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">22 (73.3%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">34 (68%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.61</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">History of COPD</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">5 (16.6%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">8 (16%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.94</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">Atrial fibrillation</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">6 (20%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">11 (22%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.83</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">Chronic kidney disease</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">13 (43.3%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">16 (32%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.31</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">Heart rate (bpm)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">72.4&#177;8.2</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">72.7&#177;7.8</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.84</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">110.3&#177;13.4</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">110.6&#177;15.5</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.94</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">69.5&#177;9.8</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">71.5&#177;9.7</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.37</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">LV ejection fraction (%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">36.7&#177;6</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">34.5&#177;8.6</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.19</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="6">
                  <bold>Laboratory characteristics</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="6">
                  <bold>Creatinine (mg/dL)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Admission</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1.45 (1.19-1.84)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1.05 (0.91-1.2)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Peak</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">2.1 (1.82-2.48)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1.22 (1.13-1.38)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Discharge</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1.5 (1.26-1.8)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1.0 (0.87-1.13)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="6">
                  <bold>BUN (mg/dL)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Admission</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">42.4 (23.4-61)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">31.4 (18-39.3)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.007</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Discharge</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">39.6 (21.5-58.4)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">30.2 (17.4-36.4)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="6">
                  <bold>BNP (pg/mL)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Admission</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">806 (531-1276)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">667.5 (478-1255)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.35</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Discharge</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">455 (340-749)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">404 (268-661)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="6">
                  <bold>NGAL (pg/mL)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Admission</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">249.5 (128-539)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">216 (92-352)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.18</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Discharge</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">164.5 (116-286)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">190 (98-312)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.82</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="6">
                  <bold>Serum Sodium (mEq/L)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Admission</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">135&#177;4.1</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">137.6&#177;3.2</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Discharge</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">137.4&#177;3.9</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">137.5&#177;3.6</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.93</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="6">
                  <bold>Hydration index (BIVA) %</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Admission</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">81.3&#177;3.4</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">78.2&#177;3.2</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Discharge</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">77.9&#177;5.8</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">75.8&#177;4.6</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.08</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="6">
                  <bold>Medications at discharge</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Betablockers</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">29 (96.6%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">48 (98%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.70</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">ACE inhibitors</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">25 (83.3%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">41 (82%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.88</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Angiotensin receptor blockers</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">4 (13.3%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">8 (16%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.74</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Spironolactone</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">17 (56.7%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">31 (62%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.64</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Furosemide</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">29 (96.6%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">47 (94%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.60</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Digoxin</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">2 (6.7%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">4 (8%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.83</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>BIVA: bioelectrical impedance vector analysis; BNP: B-type natriuretic peptide; BUN: blood urea nitrogen; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; LV: left ventricular; NGAL: Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin; ACE: angiotensin converting enzyme; WRF: worsening renal function.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Median peak creatinine in the WRF group was 2.1 mg/dL (interquartile range 1.82-2.48). BNP dropped from admission to discharge in both WRF [806 (531-1276) vs. 455 (340-749) pg/mL, p&lt;0.0001] and no WRF group [667.5 (478-1255) vs. 404 (268-661) pg/mL, p&lt;0.0001]. NGAL also dropped from admission to discharge in both groups [WRF 249.5 (128-539) vs. 164.5 (116-286) pg/mL, p&lt;0.0001; no WRF 216 (92-352) vs. 190 (98-312) pg/mL, p=0.0001]. Mean LOS was 8.3&#177;3.1 days in the no WRF/ no congestion group, 11.4&#177;5.3 days in WRF/no congestion, 12.0&#177;4.8 days in no WRF/congestion and 12.5&#177;4.0 days in the WRF/congestion group (p=0.019). Mean delta from admission to discharge of HI in these four groups were, respectively, 8.4&#177;2.4%, 8.0&#177;2.5%, 5.3&#177;2.6% and 5.1&#177;2.1% (p=0.0002).</p>
        <p>During follow-up, 27 (33,7%) events were observed (7 deaths and 20 hospitalizations). Characteristics of patients with and without events are depicted in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 2</xref>. The number of events in each group is shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table 3</xref>. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 3</xref> shows the Kaplan-Meyer survival curves for the four groups according to the presence of WRF and persistent congestion at discharge. As observed, patients with persistent congestion regardless of WRF during hospitalization had the worst prognosis. Patients with both WRF and persistent congestion had a hazard ratio for death or readmission for HF 9.1 times (95% CI, 1.41-58.5) of that in the &#8216;WRF/no congestion&#8217; group and 27.4 times (95% CI, 4.5-164.4) of that in the &#8216;no WRF/no congestion&#8217; group. Using Cox proportional hazards regression analysis, male gender and HI were independent predictors of the primary endpoint (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Table 4</xref>). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 4</xref> shows mean creatinine levels at admission, mean peak, and at discharge in patients with and without events. Patients with events had significantly higher values of creatinine in all comparisons.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Characteristics of the patients with and without events</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="24%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">Variables</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">Events<break/>n=27</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">No events<break/>n=53</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">p value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">Age (y)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">61.6&#177;13.7</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">60.2&#177;15.9</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.68</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">Male gender</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">21 (77.8%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">27 (51%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.021</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">Ischemic aetiology</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">9 (33.3%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">14 (26%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.47</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">History of diabetes</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">10 (37%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">16 (30.2%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.46</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">History of hypertension</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">20 (74%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">36 (67.9%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.43</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">History of COPD</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">5 (18.5%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">8 (15%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.30</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">Atrial fibrillation</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">7 (26%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">10 (18.8%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.47</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">Chronic kidney disease</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">10 (37%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">19 (35.8%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.91</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">Heart rate (bpm)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">71.4&#177;8.2</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">73.3&#177;7.7</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.32</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">113.8&#177;17.7</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">108.8&#177;12.6</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.19</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">71.4&#177;11</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">70.5&#177;9.1</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.69</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">LV ejection fraction (%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">34.9&#177;7.5</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">35.6&#177;8</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.68</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="6">
                  <bold>Laboratory characteristics</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="6">
                  <bold>Creatinine (mg/dL)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Admission</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1.29 (1.1-1.76)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1.1 (0.91-1.29)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Peak</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1.9 (1.40-2.34)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1.3 (1.16-1.75)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Discharge</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1.21 (1.1-1.8)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1.0 (0.88-1.33)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.003</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="6">
                  <bold>BUN (mg/dL)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Admission</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">40.3 (20.4-64)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">30.2 (16-35.3)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.005</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Discharge</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">37.2 (22.3-57.4)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">31.4 (15.5-34.2)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="6">
                  <bold>BNP (pg/mL)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Admission</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">921 (685-1689)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">602 (487-964)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.015</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Discharge</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">580 (390-1210)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">377 (277-605)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.007</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="6">
                  <bold>NGAL (pg/mL)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Admission</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">275 (156-478)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">187 (100-341)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.06</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Discharge</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">214 (138-430)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">168 (85-312)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.035</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="6">
                  <bold>Serum Sodium (mEq/L)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Admission</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">135&#177;5.1</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">137.3&#177;3.4</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.018</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Discharge</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">136.4&#177;4.9</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">138.5&#177;3.2</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.023</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="6">
                  <bold>Hydration index (BIVA) %</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Admission</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">84.6&#177;3.6</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">79.2&#177;4.2</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Discharge</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">82.2&#177;4.8</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">73.7&#177;2.0</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">WRF</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">15 (55.6%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">15 (28.3%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.017</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <p>BIVA: bioelectrical impedance vector analysis; BNP: B-type natriuretic peptide; BUN: blood urea nitrogen; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; LV: left ventricle; NGAL: Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin; WRF: worsening renal function.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Number of events in the four groups according to the presence or not of worsening of renal function and congestion</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th valign="middle" align="left">Events</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">No WRF/No<break/>congestion<break/>n=42</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">WRF/No<break/>congestion n=21</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">No WRF/Congestion n=8</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">WRF/Congestion n=9</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Death</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">3 (14.3%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">2 (25%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">2 (22.2%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Hospitalization</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">5 (12%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">3 (14.3%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">6 (75%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">7 (77.7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Total</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">5 (12%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">6 (28.6%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">8 (100%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">9 (100%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <fig id="f7">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Event-free survival rate based on the detection of WRF during hospitalization and the presence or not of congestion at the time of discharge. 1= No WRF/No congestion; 2= WRF/No congestion; 3= No WRF/Congestion; and 4= WRF/Congestion. Time is depicted as days (p&lt;0.001); Congestion was assessed by hydration index (HI) with bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (BIVA); WRF: worsening renal function.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-04-0715-90465-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Cox proportional hazards models to investigate the independent association of worsening of renal function and persistent congestion with events during follow-up</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th valign="middle" align="left">Variable</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">HR</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">95% CI</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">p value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Age</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1.02</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.98-1.06</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.25</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Gender</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">3.31</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1.04-10.5</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.04</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Creatinine</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1.08</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.23-4.98</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.91</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">NGAL</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.99</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.99-1.00</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.51</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">BNP</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.99</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.99-1.00</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Hydration<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref></td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1.39</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1.25-1.54</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">WRF</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">2.14</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.62-7.35</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.22</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <p>BNP:B-type natriuretic peptide; HR:hazard ratio; NGAL:Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>estimated by bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (BIVA); WRF: worsening renal function.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <fig id="f8">
          <label>Figure 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Mean creatinine (Cr) at admission, peak creatinine, and discharge creatinine in patients with and without events. Bars are standard deviation. P values refer to intergroup comparisons (Students&#8217; t-test).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-04-0715-90465-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The main findings of our study are that the presence of WRF alone during HF hospitalization is not associated with worse outcomes after discharge. On the other hand, persistent congestion at discharge is a strong predictor of events, especially in patients with WRF during hospitalization.</p>
        <p>At admission, the variables associated with WRF were creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum sodium, and HI. The association between higher creatinine at admission and WRF is probably explained by congestion. Low serum sodium and high HI support this hypothesis. Congestion impairs glomerular filtration and may result in elevation of creatinine.</p>
        <p>Initial studies suggested that any worsening of renal function in patients with acute HF was related to a worse prognosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> However, some studies, with opposite results, led to the questioning of this concept.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> Testani et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> evaluated the relationship of hemoconcentration, WRF, and outcomes in patients submitted to aggressive decongestion during the treatment of ADHF. They found that hemoconcentration was significantly associated with more aggressive fluid removal and deterioration in renal function. However, patients with hemoconcentration had improved survival suggesting that aggressive decongestion, even in the setting of WRF, can positively affect survival.</p>
        <p>The relationship of congestion at discharge, WRF, and worse outcomes has already been demonstrated in previous studies. However, the diagnosis of congestion in these studies was based only on clinical signs.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> The novel finding in our study is that we used an objective assessment of congestion with BIVA. We were able to demonstrate that even subclinical congestion, as detected with this technology, negatively affects survival and readmissions. Using BIVA we have previously demonstrated that some patients with ADHF are discharged with overt or subclinical congestion and this was related to worse outcomes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> Now we confirm this finding and add information on the relationship of congestion and WRF. In the present study, a HI &gt;76.5% at discharge was predictive of events. This cutoff includes subclinical congestion and may have increased the sensisivity to detect events.</p>
        <p>Several studies have shown that congestion, but not low output is associated with WRF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> In an analysis of the ADHERE (Acute Decompensated Heart Failure National Registry) database, of 118,465 HF admissions, a relationship between left ventricular systolic dysfunction and renal impairment could not be demonstrated.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> Moreover, an analysis of the ESCAPE (Evaluation Study of Congestive Heart Failure and Pulmonary Artery Catheterization Effectiveness) database, the authors found that in decompensated HF patients, kidney function did not correlate with cardiac index, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, or systemic vascular resistance, but rather was with right atrial pressure.</p>
        <p>Congestion can lead to WRF through several mechanisms.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> Kidney venous congestion directly impairs glomerular filtration rate.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> Additionally, many abdominal pathways can lead to WRF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> For instance, increased intra-abdominal pressure, as a marker of extreme abdominal congestion, is correlated with renal dysfunction in patients with severe HF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> Moreover, alterations in spleen and liver contribute to congestion and renal dysfunction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> Finally, gut-derived hormones might influence sodium homeostasis, whereas entrance of bowel toxins into the circulatory system, as a result of impaired intestinal barrier function secondary to congestion, might further depress cardiac and renal function.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Based on these findings, aggressive treatment of congestion has been proposed as the mainstay treatment of WRF in the setting of ADHF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref> In one study,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref> a protocol with intensification of diuretic treatment in patients with WRF and ADHF resulted in a greater weight change and greater net fluid loss after 24 hours as compared with standard treatment, with a slight improvement in renal function.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref></p>
        <p>We found no relationship between admission NGAL and WRF nor between discharge NGAL and outcomes. Our results are in accordance with the study by Ahmed et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref> who found no correlations between validated tubular injury biomarkers (NGAL, NAG, and KIM-1) with WRF in patients with ADHF undergoing aggressive diuresis. Of note, increases in such biomarkers were paradoxically associated with improved survival.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref> Taken together, these findings suggest that congestion is a major contributor to WRF in ADHF, and if aggressive decongestion is promoted, WRF has no adverse impact on outcomes.</p>
        <p>However, the present study has some limitations. First, this is a single-center study and caution is advised when extending the findings to other populations. Second, the number of patients in the present study is relatively small.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>In conclusion, using BIVA to assess the hydration state at discharge, we demonstrated that persistent congestion but not WRF is associated with worse outcomes in patients hospitalized for ADHF. Additionally, we found that WRF seems to be related to congestion and to hemodynamic changes during the decongestion process but not to kidney tubular injuries, since no relationship was found between NGAL, WRF, and outcomes.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn3">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
