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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">jszJ6cvvvN4HW38NSvGqhYH</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021000500706</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20190516</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190516</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Percep&#231;&#227;o Inadequada do Risco Cardiovascular e Baixo Conhecimento sobre Hipercolesterolemia Familiar em Indiv&#237;duos com Hipercolesterolemia Grave</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9860-6582</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Raul D.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1304-7118</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Carolina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1051-9434</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cesena</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Laurinavicius</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Gabriele</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tabone</surname>
            <given-names>Viviane</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3711-1754</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bittencourt</surname>
            <given-names>Marcio Sommer</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label> 1 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein , S&#227;o Paulo , SP - Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label> 2 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Sao Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo , S&#227;o Paulo , SP - Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label> 3 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola de Enfermagem Anna Nery</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Escola de Enfermagem Anna Nery , Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , RJ - Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01">Correspond&#234;ncia: Raul D. Santos &#8226; Av. Albert Einstein, 627. CEP 05652-900, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil E-mail: <email>rauldsf@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Santos RD, Laurinavicius AG, Tabone V, Bittencourt MS; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Pereira C, Cesena F; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Santos RD, Pereira C, Cesena F, Bittencourt MS; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Laurinavicius AG; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Santos RD, Bittencourt MS; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Santos RD, Pereira C, Cesena F, Laurinavicius AG, Tabone V.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesses</p>
          <p>Raul D. Santos recebeu honor&#225;rios relacionados a atividades de consultoria, pesquisa e palestrante de: Akcea, Amgen, Astra Zeneca, Biolab, Esperion, Kowa, Merck, MSD, Novo-Nordisk, Abbott, Pfizer, EMS, GETZ Pharma, LIbbs, Novartis, e Sanofi Regeneron.</p>
          <p>Antonio Gabriele Laurinavicius &#233; um ex-funcion&#225;rio da Sanofi.</p>
          <p>Marcio Sommer Bittencourt recebeu honor&#225;rios da Boston Scientific.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>08</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>116</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>706</fpage>
      <lpage>712</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p>Indiv&#237;duos com hipercolesterolemia grave apresentam alto risco de desenvolver doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica (DCVA). Muitos deles apresentam hipercolesterolemia familiar (HF).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p>Avaliar, a partir da perspectiva dos pacientes, o n&#237;vel de conhecimento sobre a hipercolesterolemia grave, especialmente em rela&#231;&#227;o a HF, DCVA, percep&#231;&#227;o de risco, desempenho do rastreamento em cascata e tratamento de indiv&#237;duos participantes de um programa de avalia&#231;&#227;o peri&#243;dica de sa&#250;de.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p>De um banco de dados de 70.000 brasileiros avaliados entre 2006 e 2016, 1.987 (2,8%) atenderam aos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o (idade &#8805; 18 anos e LDL-C &#8805; 190 mg/dL ou &#8805; 160 mg/dL se sem uso de estatinas ou em terapia com estatinas, respectivamente). Desses, 200 foram aleatoriamente convidados a preencher um question&#225;rio extenso. A HF foi diagnosticada em caso de suspeita pelo m&#233;dico respons&#225;vel.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p>Embora 97% da amostra (48&#177;9 anos; 16% do sexo feminino; 95% com ensino superior; 88% em preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria; LDL-C 209&#177;47 mg/dL) tenha apresentado hipercolesterolemia grave, apenas 18% e 29,5% se consideravam de alto risco para desenvolver DCVA e relataram saber sua meta recomendada de LDL-C, respectivamente. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; possibilidade de o colesterol alto ser uma doen&#231;a heredit&#225;ria, 58% relataram conhecimento sobre o fato; 24,5% (n = 49) j&#225; tinham ouvido falar em HF; e apenas 14% (n = 20) foram previamente identificados com suspeita de HF (idade ao diagn&#243;stico de HF: 35&#177;12 anos; 79% e 31% foram diagnosticados com &gt; 30 e &gt; 40 anos, respectivamente). Apenas 2,5% foram submetidos a testes gen&#233;ticos; 17%, &#224; rastreamento em cascata; e 17% n&#227;o faziam uso de tratamento farmacol&#243;gico.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p>Identificou-se uma importante lacuna na percep&#231;&#227;o de risco, no controle do colesterol e em aspectos relacionados &#224; HF em indiv&#237;duos com hipercolesterolemia grave. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Hipercolesterolemia</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Hiperlipoproteinemia Tipo II</kwd>
        <kwd>Aterosclerose</kwd>
        <kwd>Programas de Rastreamento</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="28"/>
        <page-count count="NaN"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A hipercolesterolemia &#233; um fator causal comprovado de doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica (DCVA). <sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> Tanto diretrizes brasileiras quanto norte-americanas <sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref> , <xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref> </sup> classificam indiv&#237;duos com hipercolesterolemia grave [colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL-C) &gt; 190 mg/dL] como tendo alto risco de desenvolver DCVA, principalmente coronariopatia. Entre esses indiv&#237;duos, v&#225;rios podem sofrer de hipercolesterolemia familiar (HF) heterozig&#243;tica, uma doen&#231;a autoss&#244;mica dominante que afeta aproximadamente 1/250 dos indiv&#237;duos em geral. <sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref> , <xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref> </sup> A HF &#233; caracterizada por concentra&#231;&#245;es elevadas de LDL-C desde o nascimento e est&#225; associada a um risco de 10 a 13 vezes maior de desenvolvimento de DCVA na popula&#231;&#227;o em geral. <sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref> , <xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref> </sup> &#201; amplamente aceito o fato de que a HF n&#227;o &#233; corretamente manejada na maioria dos pa&#237;ses. <sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref> , <xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref> </sup> No entanto, os dados epidemiol&#243;gicos ainda s&#227;o escassos, <sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref> , <xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref> </sup> e as estimativas sobre preval&#234;ncia, diagn&#243;stico, tratamento e controle em diferentes partes do mundo ainda dependem predominantemente da opini&#227;o de especialistas.</p>
      <p>Programas de avalia&#231;&#227;o peri&#243;dica de sa&#250;de fornecem uma boa oportunidade para o diagn&#243;stico de hipercolesterolemia e, consequentemente, de HF. A identifica&#231;&#227;o de um caso &#237;ndice pode dar in&#237;cio ao rastreamento em cascata, com o objetivo de identificar os membros afetados dentro de uma determinada fam&#237;lia com HF. <sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup> No entanto, a maioria dos indiv&#237;duos com hipercolesterolemia n&#227;o tem conhecimento sobre a HF, a domin&#226;ncia e distribui&#231;&#227;o familiar e, consequentemente, o risco alto, mas evit&#225;vel de DCVA. <sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> </p>
      <p>O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o grau de conhecimento da percep&#231;&#227;o de risco em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s DCVAs em pacientes com hipercolesterolemia grave, principalmente naqueles com suspeita de HF que participam de um programa de avalia&#231;&#227;o peri&#243;dica de sa&#250;de. Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos programas de avalia&#231;&#227;o, tamb&#233;m avaliamos se medidas de cuidado de HF, como rastreamento em cascata e uso de tratamento farmacol&#243;gico, foram realizadas de forma adequada, de acordo com as diretrizes de gerenciamento da doen&#231;a. <sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>De um banco de dados com 70.000 brasileiros submetidos a uma avalia&#231;&#227;o peri&#243;dica de sa&#250;de obrigat&#243;ria patrocinada pelo empregador entre 2006 e 2016 no Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, em S&#227;o Paulo, 1.987 (2,8%) atenderam aos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o [&#8805; 18 anos e LDL-C em jejum &#8805; 190 mg/dL (sem uso de estatinas) ou &#8805; 160 mg/dL (em terapia com estatinas)]. Desses indiv&#237;duos, 200 foram aleatoriamente convidados por telefone ou e-mail para participar do estudo ao longo de 2017. O procedimento aleat&#243;rio consistiu em gerar um n&#250;mero de sequ&#234;ncia aleat&#243;ria, ordenar os participantes de acordo com esses n&#250;meros e, em seguida, cham&#225;-los de acordo com a ordem aleat&#243;ria. A amostra do estudo foi selecionada por conveni&#234;ncia; caso os indiv&#237;duos aceitassem participar, era obtido consentimento informado oral e realizada entrevista por telefone de acordo com um question&#225;rio estruturado desenvolvido para o presente estudo (Material Suplementar). Caso um indiv&#237;duo se recusasse a participar ou n&#227;o pudesse ser contatado, o pr&#243;ximo da lista de randomiza&#231;&#227;o era convidado a participar. Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein.</p>
      <p>O protocolo de avalia&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de foi previamente descrito e consistiu em avalia&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais. <sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup> A pesquisa estruturada (Material Suplementar) incluiu quest&#245;es sobre hipercolesterolemia, conhecimento sobre HF, diagn&#243;stico, ades&#227;o ao tratamento, rastreamento em cascata em parentes de primeiro grau e percep&#231;&#227;o do paciente sobre o risco de DCVA. Foi considerada suspeita de HF em caso de sugest&#227;o ou diagn&#243;stico pelo m&#233;dico respons&#225;vel.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, e a normalidade dos dados foi avaliada pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov com n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas s&#227;o apresentadas como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o ou como mediana e quartis para vari&#225;veis que n&#227;o seguem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas s&#227;o apresentadas como contagens e propor&#231;&#245;es absolutas. A idade ao diagn&#243;stico &#233; apresentada em um histograma. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada com o <italic>software</italic> Stata, vers&#227;o 14.0 (StataCorp, EUA).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas gerais dos participantes com hipercolesterolemia grave</title>
        <p>A <xref rid="t1" ref-type="table">Tabela 1</xref> mostra as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais dos 200 participantes inscritos e dos 29 (14,5%) indiv&#237;duos com suspeita de HF. A <xref rid="f01" ref-type="fig">Figura 1</xref> (Ilustra&#231;&#227;o Central) resume os resultados do estudo. No geral, a maioria dos participantes eram do sexo masculino, 95% possu&#237;am escolaridade superior e 12% (n = 24) sofreram um evento pr&#233;vio de DCVA (infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, angina, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio ou acidente vascular cerebral). Ainda, 97% (n = 195) estavam cientes de que apresentavam n&#237;veis de colesterol muito altos, e 58% (n = 116) foram informados por seus m&#233;dicos de que o colesterol alto poderia ser uma doen&#231;a heredit&#225;ria. De fato, 76% (n = 152) relataram ter um parente de primeiro grau com colesterol alto, mas apenas 4,5% (n = 9) tiveram seus parentes chamados para verifica&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de colesterol no sangue e confirma&#231;&#227;o da informa&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais de indiv&#237;duos com hipercolesterolemia e indiv&#237;duos com suspeita de HF</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal" align="left"> </th>
                  <th>Geral (n = 200)</th>
                  <th>Suspeita de HF (n = 29)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">48&#177;9</td>
                  <td align="center">44&#177;9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sexo feminino n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (16%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (23%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (11%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (4%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (3,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fumantes n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (13%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (19%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DCVA pr&#233;via n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (12%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (14%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Terapia hipolipemiante atual n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">125 (62,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (83%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade em que a terapia hipolipemiante foi iniciada (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">41,2 &#177; 9,6</td>
                  <td align="center">36.6&#177;11.1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Parentes de primeiro grau rastreados para colesterol alto</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (4,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (17%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Colesterol total (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">290&#177;32</td>
                  <td align="center">307&#177;58</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HDL-C (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">47&#177;13</td>
                  <td align="center">48&#177;13</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDL-C (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">209&#177;47</td>
                  <td align="center">224&#177;55</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Triglicer&#237;deos (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">139 (106 &#8211; 212)</td>
                  <td align="center">142 (97 &#8211; 232)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Glicemia (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">95&#177;30</td>
                  <td align="center">87&#177;7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HbA1c %</td>
                  <td align="center">5.7&#177;0.9</td>
                  <td align="center">5.5&#177;0.3</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>
                  <italic>Apenas estat&#237;sticas descritivas; n&#227;o foi realizada nenhuma compara&#231;&#227;o formal entre os grupos devido &#224; duplicidade de pacientes. Dados cont&#237;nuos expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o, exceto triglicer&#237;deos, expressos em mediana e quartis; dados categ&#243;ricos expressos como frequ&#234;ncias (%); HbA1c- hemoglobina glicosilada.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1 (Ilustra&#231;&#227;o Central)</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Sumariza os principais achados do estudo em toda a amostra (n = 200) e naqueles aonde foi feita suspeita de HF (n = 29). HF: Hipercolesterolemia familiar; LDL-C: LDL-colesterol.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-04-0706-90516-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Embora 42,5% (n = 85) tenham relatado ter um parente de primeiro grau com manifesta&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via de DCVA, apenas 19 (9,5%) lembravam de o evento ter ocorrido antes dos 55 anos. No geral, apesar dos n&#237;veis muito elevados de colesterol, apenas 18% (n = 36) se consideravam de alto risco para desenvolver DCVA, enquanto 43,5% (n = 87) acreditavam ter baixo risco durante os pr&#243;ximos 10 anos. Quando questionados sobre as implica&#231;&#245;es do colesterol alto para a sa&#250;de, apenas 11% (n = 22) consideravam o colesterol alto mais significante do que diabetes ou hipertens&#227;o como fator de risco para DCVA, e 71% (n = 139) consideravam o diabetes como a mais grave das tr&#234;s condi&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        <p>A maioria dos entrevistados compareceu a consultas m&#233;dicas regulares; 72,5% (n = 145) consultaram seus m&#233;dicos e 73% (n = 146) fizeram exames no &#250;ltimo ano para determinar o n&#237;vel de colesterol no sangue. No entanto, apenas 34,5% (n = 69) relataram saber o resultado do seu &#250;ltimo teste de colesterol. Apenas 29,5% (n = 59) relataram saber sua meta de LDL-C recomendada de acordo com o estado de risco individual de DCVA. Curiosamente, desses, apenas 1 (1,7%), 9 (15%), 4 (6,8%) e 3 (5,1%) indiv&#237;duos identificaram valores de LDL-C &lt; 70 mg/dL, &lt; 100 mg/dL, &lt; 130 mg/dL e &lt; 160 mg/dL, respectivamente, como poss&#237;veis metas recomendadas de acordo com o risco. <sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref> , <xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref> </sup> </p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao uso de hipolipemiantes, 39% (n = 78) passaram por altera&#231;&#227;o diet&#233;tica antes do in&#237;cio da terapia farmacol&#243;gica e 62,6% estavam em uso desses f&#225;rmacos (n = 125). Dos indiv&#237;duos que usavam medicamentos hipolipemiantes, 78% (n = 100) relataram tomar seus medicamentos diariamente, 85% (n = 110) alteraram as doses da medica&#231;&#227;o para aumentar a redu&#231;&#227;o do colesterol e 15% (n = 19) relataram eventos adversos. Os motivos relatados para a interrup&#231;&#227;o dos medicamentos foram a pr&#243;pria decis&#227;o do paciente (54,8%), eventos adversos (22,6%), orienta&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica (19,4%) e outros (3,2%).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Indiv&#237;duos com suspeita de HF</title>
        <p>Apenas 24,5% (n = 49) dos participantes com hipercolesterolemia j&#225; tinham ouvido falar em HF e, desses, 29 (59%) foram previamente identificados com suspeita de HF por um profissional de sa&#250;de. A m&#233;dia de idade (DP) ao diagn&#243;stico de suspeita de HF foi 35&#177;12 anos. A <xref rid="f02" ref-type="fig">Figura 2</xref> mostra a distribui&#231;&#227;o de idade ao diagn&#243;stico de HF; 79% e 31% foram diagnosticados ap&#243;s os 30 e 40 anos, respectivamente. O diagn&#243;stico gen&#233;tico foi realizado em apenas 5 (17,2%) dos indiv&#237;duos com suspeita de HF, e apenas 2 (4%) j&#225; tinham ouvido falar em xantomas. &#201; importante ressaltar que, embora 27 (93%) indiv&#237;duos com suspeita de HF tenham relatado ter sido informados de que outros familiares poderiam ter essa doen&#231;a, apenas 5 (17%) lembravam de seus parentes terem sido chamados para verifica&#231;&#227;o do n&#237;vel de colesterol no sangue. O tratamento foi iniciado, em m&#233;dia, ap&#243;s os 35 anos ( <xref rid="t1" ref-type="table">Tabela 1</xref> , e 17% (n = 5) dos indiv&#237;duos com suspeita de HF n&#227;o faziam uso de terapia hipolipemiante farmacol&#243;gica.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Frequ&#234;ncia de idade ao diagn&#243;stico/suspeita de hipercolesterolemia familiar (HF).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-04-0706-90516-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>N&#227;o existem dados da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira em rela&#231;&#227;o ao conhecimento dos pacientes sobre as implica&#231;&#245;es da hipercolesterolemia, principalmente das formas graves como a HF. A maioria dos estudos conduzidos at&#233; o momento avaliou o conhecimento geral sobre o diagn&#243;stico de hipercolesterolemia e n&#227;o o conhecimento espec&#237;fico sobre as formas graves e suas consequ&#234;ncias. <sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref> , <xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref> </sup> Esta pesquisa, realizada em uma popula&#231;&#227;o de alta escolaridade, predominantemente do sexo masculino, com hipercolesterolemia grave e frequentadora de um programa de avalia&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de em S&#227;o Paulo, sugere que o conhecimento das implica&#231;&#245;es do colesterol muito alto e, principalmente, da HF e seus aspectos relacionados &#233; baixo.</p>
      <p>Mais impressionantes foram os achados relacionados &#224; percep&#231;&#227;o inadequada ou falta de conhecimento dos pacientes sobre o alto risco associado &#224; hipercolesterolemia grave, j&#225; que apenas um em cada cinco indiv&#237;duos reconheceu estar em alto risco de desenvolver DCVA, apesar de as diretrizes m&#233;dicas declararem o contr&#225;rio. <sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref> , <xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref> , <xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref> </sup> Al&#233;m disso, houve falta de conhecimento por parte dos indiv&#237;duos sobre as metas de LDL-C recomendadas para seu n&#237;vel de risco e o n&#227;o uso de tratamento farmacol&#243;gico em quase 40% dos participantes do estudo. Outro achado preocupante foi que, entre aqueles que pararam de tomar a medica&#231;&#227;o, quase 75% o fizeram por decis&#227;o pessoal ou orienta&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica e n&#227;o pela ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos adversos. Uma poss&#237;vel explica&#231;&#227;o para esses achados &#233; que apenas um em cada 10 participantes do estudo considerou o colesterol alto como o fator de risco mais importante em compara&#231;&#227;o a diabetes e hipertens&#227;o. Apesar do papel desempenhado pela hipertens&#227;o, n&#227;o h&#225; d&#250;vidas sobre o papel central e causal da hipercolesterolemia e do consequente aumento do risco, atribu&#237;do &#224;s formas graves, principalmente &#224; HF, de coronariopatia. <sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref> , <xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref> , <xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref> </sup> Esses achados sugerem a necessidade de melhora no conhecimento sobre o papel desempenhado pelo colesterol na DCVA. Como mostrado anteriormente, a falta de conhecimento sobre doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas como a hipercolesterolemia est&#225; associada ao uso inadequado de tratamento farmacol&#243;gico em pa&#237;ses de baixa renda, onde os custos dos medicamentos t&#234;m implica&#231;&#245;es importantes <sub>.</sub> <sup><xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref> , <xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref> </sup> Isso se torna ainda mais preocupante ao considerar o elevado n&#237;vel social e educacional dos participantes do estudo.</p>
      <p>A HF &#233; gravemente subdiagnosticada e subtratada, <sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref> , <xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref> </sup> e o diagn&#243;stico (geralmente com &gt; 40 anos) <sup><xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref></sup> e consequente tratamento tardios est&#227;o associados a taxas elevadas de coronariopatia, conforme observado em casos &#237;ndices no Brasil <sup><xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref></sup> e em outros pa&#237;ses. <sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup> H&#225; evid&#234;ncias de que, mesmo em indiv&#237;duos com hipercolesterolemia grave, ou seja, LDL-C &gt; 190 mg/dL, a presen&#231;a de um defeito gen&#233;tico autoss&#244;mico dominante implica em um risco relativo de DCVA 4 vezes maior. <sup><xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup> Considerando o tra&#231;o autoss&#244;mico dominante da HF, um modelo adequado de cuidado para a doen&#231;a inclui n&#227;o apenas a identifica&#231;&#227;o e o tratamento de casos &#237;ndices, mas o rastreamento em cascata de parentes afetados. <sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> </p>
      <p>Este estudo sugere que h&#225; um baixo n&#237;vel de conhecimento sobre a HF entre os indiv&#237;duos com hipercolesterolemia grave, pois apenas um em cada quatro participantes do estudo relatou conhecimento sobre a doen&#231;a. Isso ocorre apesar de uma alta preval&#234;ncia relatada de colesterol elevado em parentes de primeiro grau. Al&#233;m disso, naqueles com suspeita de HF, a doen&#231;a foi diagnosticada de forma tardia, o que provavelmente explica a elevada frequ&#234;ncia de DCVA na popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>A indica&#231;&#227;o de rastreamento em cascata pelos m&#233;dicos respons&#225;veis foi muito baixa, e quase 20% dos pacientes com suspeita de HF n&#227;o faziam uso de terapia farmacol&#243;gica. Esses achados n&#227;o diferem muito de um estudo recente de indiv&#237;duos submetidos a triagem em cascata molecular por suspeita de HF em um centro terci&#225;rio no Brasil. <sup><xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref></sup> No estudo realizado por Souto et al., apenas 20% dos casos &#237;ndice ou parentes de primeiro grau participantes do programa de rastreamento em cascata relataram suspeita pr&#233;via de diagn&#243;stico de HF, enquanto 71% faziam uso de tratamento farmacol&#243;gico hipolipemiante.</p>
      <p>No <italic>Cascade Screening for Awareness and Detection</italic> (CASCADE) do registro de HF dos EUA, <sup><xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref></sup> houve um intervalo m&#233;dio de 6 anos entre o diagn&#243;stico de hipercolesterolemia e o in&#237;cio do tratamento hipolipemiante e subsequente diagn&#243;stico de HF. Esses resultados s&#227;o compat&#237;veis com os achados do presente estudo, no qual foi diagnosticada hipercolesterolemia grave; o tratamento farmacol&#243;gico foi sugerido/iniciado na maioria dos participantes do estudo, mas apenas 1/4 j&#225; havia sido informado sobre HF por seu m&#233;dico. Nossos resultados sugerem uma lacuna importante no conhecimento sobre HF n&#227;o apenas entre os pacientes, mas tamb&#233;m entre os m&#233;dicos. De fato, um conhecimento insuficiente sobre a HF entre m&#233;dicos <sup><xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref> - <xref rid="B27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref> </sup> ou pacientes <sup><xref rid="B28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref></sup> tem sido relatado em diferentes partes do mundo, inclusive no Brasil.</p>
      <p>As limita&#231;&#245;es deste estudo incluem a amostra relativamente pequena (no entanto, &#233; importante ressaltar que o LDL-C &gt; 190 mg/dL costuma afetar cerca de 5% da popula&#231;&#227;o); e o fato de o desenho transversal do estudo ter mostrado apenas associa&#231;&#245;es, n&#227;o tendo sido realizada uma investiga&#231;&#227;o formal das causas dos nossos achados. Al&#233;m disso, as caracter&#237;sticas espec&#237;ficas da popula&#231;&#227;o, principalmente a alta escolaridade, n&#227;o permitem que os resultados sejam extrapolados para a popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira de menor escolaridade, mas podem sugerir que achados mais graves possam ser encontrados. Por &#250;ltimo, n&#227;o realizamos compara&#231;&#227;o direta da percep&#231;&#227;o e do manejo de risco entre os indiv&#237;duos com suspeita ou n&#227;o de HF; e, embora os participantes tenham sido ativamente questionados, os resultados est&#227;o sujeitos a vi&#233;s de mem&#243;ria. De qualquer forma, os resultados s&#227;o not&#225;veis e compat&#237;veis com outros estudos, <sup><xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref> - <xref rid="B28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref> </sup> al&#233;m de mostrarem uma importante necessidade n&#227;o atendida de educa&#231;&#227;o sobre a import&#226;ncia da hipercolesterolemia grave e, especificamente, da HF.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Identificou-se uma lacuna importante na percep&#231;&#227;o de risco, no controle do colesterol e em aspectos relacionados &#224; HF em indiv&#237;duos com hipercolesterolemia grave. Investiga&#231;&#245;es adicionais e mais amplas s&#227;o necess&#225;rias para confirmar os resultados, e o desenvolvimento de programas de educa&#231;&#227;o para pacientes e m&#233;dicos &#233; necess&#225;rio para o preenchimento dessa lacuna de conhecimento.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn_ast1">
        <label>*</label>
        <p>Material suplementar</p>
        <p>Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2021/11602/2019-0516-material-suplementar.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link> .</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p><bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold> .O presente estudo foi financiado pela Sanofi</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cardiovascular Risk Misperception and Low Awareness of Familial Hypercholesterolemia in Individuals with Severe Hypercholesterolemia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9860-6582</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Raul D.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1304-7118</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Carolina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1051-9434</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cesena</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Laurinavicius</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Gabriele</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tabone</surname>
            <given-names>Viviane</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3711-1754</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bittencourt</surname>
            <given-names>Marcio Sommer</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola de Enfermagem Anna Nery, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Raul D. Santos &#8226;</bold> Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein - Av. Albert Einstein, 627. Postal Code 05652-900, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil E-mail: rauldsf@gmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Santos RD, Laurinavicius AG, Tabone V, Bittencourt MS; Data acquisition: Pereira C, Cesena F; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Santos RD, Pereira C, Cesena F, Bittencourt MS; Obtaining financing: Laurinavicius AG; Writing of the manuscript: Santos RD, Bittencourt MS; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Santos RD, Pereira C, Cesena F, Laurinavicius AG, Tabone V.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>Raul D. Santos has received honoraria related to consulting, research and or speaker activities from: Amgen, Astra Zeneca, Esperion, Kowa, Merck, MSD, Novo-Nordisk, Abbott, Pfizer, EMS, GETZ Pharma, LIbbs, Novartis and Sanofi Regeneron.</p>
          <p>Antonio Gabriele Laurinavicius is a former employee of Sanofi.</p>
          <p>Marcio Sommer Bittencourt has received honoraria from Boston Scientific.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Individuals with severe hypercholesterolemia are at a high risk of developing atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Many of them have familial hypercholesterolemia (FH).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p>To assess from a patient perspective the degree of awareness about severe hypercholesterolemia, especially FH, ASCVD risk perception, cascade screening performance, and treatment of individuals participating in a routine health evaluation program.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>From a database of 70,000 Brazilian individuals evaluated between 2006 and 2016, 1,987 (2.8%) met the inclusion criteria (age &#8805; 18 years and LDL-C &#8805; 190 mg/dL or &#8805; 160 mg/dL, respectively, if not in use of statins or on statin therapy). Two-hundred individuals were randomly invited to complete an extensive questionnaire. FH was diagnosed if suspected by the attending physician.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>Although 97% of the sample (age 48&#177;9 years; 16% women; 95% college/university education; 88% primary prevention; LDL-C 209&#177;47 mg/dL) had severe hypercholesterolemia, only 18% and 29.5% believed to be at high ASCVD risk and reported knowledge of their recommended LDL-C goal, respectively. Fifty-eight percent reported being informed that high cholesterol could be a family disease, 24.5% (n = 49) had ever heard about FH, and merely 14% (n = 29) had been previously identified as suspected of having FH (age at FH diagnosis 35&#177;12 years; 79% and 31% diagnosed, respectively, &gt; 30 and &gt; 40 years old). Only 2.5% underwent genetic tests, 17% underwent cascade screening, and 17% were not in use of pharmacological treatment.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p>An important gap in risk perception, cholesterol management, and aspects related to FH was encountered in individuals with severe hypercholesterolemia. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Hypercholesterolemia Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II</kwd>
        <kwd>Atherosclerosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Mass Screening</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Hypercholesterolemia is a proven causal factor of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD).<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup>Both Brazilian and US guidelines<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref> , <xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref> </sup>classify individuals with severe hypercholesterolemia (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol - LDL-C &gt; 190 mg/dL) as being at a high risk of developing ASCVD, especially coronary heart disease. Among these, many individuals may suffer from heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), an autosomal dominant disease affecting approximately 1/250 individuals in general.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref> , <xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref> </sup>FH is characterized by elevated LDL-C concentrations since birth and is associated with a 10-13-fold higher risk of ASCVD onset in the general population.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref> , <xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref> </sup>It is widely accepted that FH is currently mishandled in most countries.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref> , <xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref> </sup>However, epidemiologic data are still scarce,<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref> , <xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref> </sup>and estimations on prevalence, diagnosis, treatment, and control in different parts of the world continue to rely predominantly on experts&#8217; opinion.</p>
        <p>Routine health evaluation programs provide a good opportunity to diagnose hypercholesterolemia and, consequently, FH. The identification of an index case can start cascade screening with the aim of identifying affected members within a given FH family.<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup>However, most hypercholesterolemic individuals are unaware of FH, family dominance and distribution, and consequent yet preventable high ASCVD risk.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The aim of the present study was to assess the degree of awareness of ASCVD risk in patients with severe hypercholesterolemia, especially in those suspected of having FH participating in a routine health evaluation program. On the latter we also evaluated if measures of care in FH such as cascade screening and use of pharmacological treatment were adequately performed according to disease management guidelines.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>From a database of 70,000 Brazilian individuals undergoing a mandatory employer-sponsored routine health evaluation between 2006 and 2016 at the Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein in S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil, 1,987 (2.8%) met the inclusion criteria (age &#8805; 18 years and fasting LDL-C &#8805; 190 mg/dL without statins or &#8805; 160 mg/dL if on statin therapy). Of these, 200 individuals were randomly invited by phone or e-mail to participate in the study during 2017. The random procedure consisted of generating a random sequence number, ordering participants by those numbers, and then calling them following the random order. The study sample was selected by convenience; if subjects accepted to participate, an oral informed consent was obtained and an interview was performed by telephone according to a structured questionnaire developed for the present study (Supplemental Material). If the individual refused to participate or could not be contacted, the next on the randomization list was invited to participate. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein.</p>
        <p>The health evaluation protocol was previously described and consisted of clinical and laboratory evaluations.<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup>The structured survey (Supplementary Material) included questions about hypercholesterolemia, FH awareness, diagnosis, adherence to treatment, cascade screening in first-degree relatives, and ASCVD risk perception from a patient perspective. FH was considered suspected if the attending physician suggested or made this diagnosis.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
          <p>This is a descriptive study, and data normality was assessed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test with a significance level of 5%. Continuous variables are presented as mean and standard deviation or as median and quartiles for variables known not to be normally distributed. Categorical variables are presented as absolute counts and proportions. Age at diagnosis is presented in a histogram. Statistical analysis was performed using Stata version 14.0 (StataCorp, USA).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>General characteristics of participants with severe hypercholesterolemia</title>
          <p><xref rid="t1001" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref> shows clinical and laboratory characteristics of the 200 enrolled participants and the 29 (14.5%) individuals in which FH was suspected. <xref rid="f01001" ref-type="fig">Figure 1</xref> (Central Illustration) summarizes the study results. Overall, most individuals were men, 95% had college/university degree, and 12% (n= 24) had suffered a previous ASCVD event (myocardial infarction, angina, myocardial revascularization, or stroke). Ninety-seven percent (n = 195) were aware of having very high cholesterol levels and 58% (n = 116) had been informed by their physicians that high cholesterol could be a family disease. Indeed, 76% (n = 152) reported having a first-degree relative with high cholesterol. However, only 4.5% (n = 9) had their first-degree relatives invited to test their blood cholesterol levels and confirm that information.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Clinical and laboratory characteristics of hypercholesterolemic individuals and of those suspected of FH</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal" align="left"> </th>
                    <th>General (n = 200)</th>
                    <th>Suspected FH (n = 29)</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age (years)</td>
                    <td align="center">48&#177;9</td>
                    <td align="center">44&#177;9</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Female sex n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">34 (16%)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (23%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hypertension n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">21 (11%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (4%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diabetes n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (3.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Smokers n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">26 (13%)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (19%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Previous ASCVD n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">24 (12%)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (14%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Current lipid-lowering therapy n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">125 (62.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">24 (83%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age lipid-lowering therapy was started (years)</td>
                    <td align="center">41.2 &#177; 9.6</td>
                    <td align="center">36.6&#177;11.1</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>First-degree relatives screened for high cholesterol</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (4.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (17%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Total cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                    <td align="center">290&#177;32</td>
                    <td align="center">307&#177;58</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HDL-C (mg/dL)</td>
                    <td align="center">47&#177;13</td>
                    <td align="center">48&#177;13</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LDL-C (mg/dL)</td>
                    <td align="center">209&#177;47</td>
                    <td align="center">224&#177;55</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Triglycerides (mg/dL)</td>
                    <td align="center">139 (106 &#8211; 212)</td>
                    <td align="center">142 (97 &#8211; 232)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Glucose (mg/dL)</td>
                    <td align="center">95&#177;30</td>
                    <td align="center">87&#177;7</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HbA1c %</td>
                    <td align="center">5.7&#177;0.9</td>
                    <td align="center">5.5&#177;0.3</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>Descriptive statistics only; no formal comparison was made between the groups because of patient duplicity. Continuous data expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation, except for triglycerides, expressed as median and quartiles; categorical data expressed as frequencies (%). ASCVD: atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; FH: familial hypercholesterolemia; HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Central Illustration summarizes main study results in the entire study population (n = 200) and in those suspected of FH (n = 29). FH: familial hypercholesterolemia; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-04-0706-90516-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Although 42.5% (n = 85) reported having a first-degree relative with a previous manifestation of ASCVD, only 19 (9.5%) recalled such event occurring before the age of 55 years. Overall, despite very high cholesterol levels, only 18% (n = 36) considered themselves as being at high ASCVD risk, while 43.5% (n = 87) believed to be at low risk for the next 10 years. When asked about the health implications of having high cholesterol, only 11% (n = 22) considered high cholesterol more important than diabetes or hypertension as risk factors for ASCVD, while 71% (n = 139) considered diabetes as the most severe of the three conditions.</p>
          <p>Most interviewed individuals attended regular medical consultations; 72.5% (n = 145) consulted their physicians and 73% (n = 146) had their cholesterol levels determined in the past year. However, only 34.5% (n = 69) reported knowing their last cholesterol test results. Only 29.5% (n = 59) reported knowledge about their recommended LDL-C goal according to individual ASCVD risk status. Interestingly, of those, only 1 (1.7%), 9 (15%), 4 (6.8%), and 3 (5.1%) individuals identified LDL-C values &lt; 70 mg/dL, &lt; 100 mg/dL, &lt; 130 mg/dL, and &lt; 160 mg/ dL as possible recommended goals according to risk, respectively.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref> , <xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref> </sup></p>
          <p>Thirty-nine percent (n = 78) underwent a dietary change before pharmacological lipid-lowering therapy was initiated, and the therapy was being used by 62.6% (n = 125). Of those using lipid-lowering medications, 78% (n = 100) reported taking their medications on a daily basis. Eighty-five percent (n = 110) had changed medication doses to further increase cholesterol lowering, while 15% (n = 19) reported adverse events. Reported reasons for stopping medications were patients&#8217; own decision (54.8%), adverse events (22.6%), medical orientation (19.4%), and others (3.2%).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Individuals with suspected FH</title>
          <p>Only 24.5% (n = 49) of hypercholesterolemic subjects had ever heard about FH and, of those, 29 (59%) had been previously identified as suspected of having FH by their healthcare providers. Mean age (SD) when suspected FH was diagnosed was 35&#177;12 years. <xref rid="f02001" ref-type="fig">Figure 2</xref> shows the distribution of age when FH was diagnosed; 79% and 31% were diagnosed, respectively, after the age of 30 and 40 years. Genetic diagnosis was performed only in 5 (17.2%) of those suspected of having FH, and only 2 individuals (4%) had ever heard about xanthomas. Importantly, although 27 (93%) individuals with suspected FH reported having been told that other family members could have this disease, only 5 (17%) recalled having their relatives invited to test their blood cholesterol. Treatment was started on average after the age of 35 years ( <xref rid="t1001" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref> ), and 17% (n = 5) of those suspected of having FH were not in use of pharmacological lipid-lowering therapy.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Frequency of age when FH was suspected/diagnosed. FH: familial hypercholesterolemia.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-04-0706-90516-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>There are no data for the Brazilian population on patient awareness of implications of hypercholesterolemia, especially severe forms such as FH. Most studies thus far evaluated overall awareness of hypercholesterolemia diagnosis and not specific knowledge of the severe forms and their consequences.<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref> , <xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref> </sup>This survey, performed in a highly educated, predominantly male population with severe hypercholesterolemia attending a health evaluation program in S&#227;o Paulo, suggests that awareness of implications of very high blood cholesterol and, especially, FH and its related aspects is low.</p>
        <p>Most striking were the findings of patient misperception or lack of knowledge about the high risk associated with severe hypercholesterolemia, as only one in five individuals recognized being at high ASCVD risk, despite medical guideline recommendations stating otherwise.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref> , <xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref> , <xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref> </sup>In addition, there was a lack of knowledge regarding recommended LDL-C goals for their level of risk and no use of pharmacological treatment in almost 40% of the study participants. Another concerning finding was that, among those who stopped their medications, almost 75% did so by their personal decision or medical orientation rather than occurrence of adverse events. One possible explanation for these findings is that only one in 10 of the study participants considered high cholesterol as the most important risk factor in comparison with diabetes and hypertension. Despite the role played by the latter, there is no doubt about the central and causal role of hypercholesterolemia and consequent elevated risk attributed to the severe forms, especially FH, in coronary heart disease.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref> , <xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref> , <xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref> </sup>These findings suggest the need for improvement in literacy about the role played by cholesterol in ASCVD. As previously shown, lack of literacy about chronic diseases such as hypercholesterolemia is associated with inadequate use of pharmacological treatment in low-income countries, where medication costs have important implications.<sup><xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref> , <xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref> </sup>This is even more concerning considering the elevated social and educational level of the study participants.</p>
        <p>FH is severely underdiagnosed and undertreated,<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref> , <xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref> </sup>and late diagnosis (usually &gt; 40 years old)<sup><xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref></sup>and consequent late treatment are associated with elevated rates of coronary heart disease, as seen in index cases in Brazil<sup><xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref></sup>and other countries.<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup>Indeed, there is evidence that even in individuals with severe hypercholesterolemia, i.e., LDL-C &gt; 190 mg/dL, the presence of an autosomal dominant genetic defect implicates in a 4-fold greater relative risk of ASCVD.<sup><xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup>Considering the autosomal dominant trait of FH, an adequate model of care for this disease includes not only identification and treatment of index cases but cascade screening for affected relatives.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>This study suggests that there is a low level of FH awareness amongst individuals with severe hypercholesterolemia, as only 1 in 4 study participants reported knowledge about the disease. This occurs despite a high reported prevalence of elevated cholesterol in first-degree relatives. Moreover, in those with suspected FH, the disease was diagnosed late, which probably explains the elevated frequency of ASCVD in the population.</p>
        <p>There was a very low indication for cascade screening by attending physicians, and almost 20% of patients with suspected FH were not in use of pharmacological therapy. These findings do not differ much from those of a recent study of individuals undergoing molecular cascade screening due to FH suspicion in a tertiary center in Brazil.<sup><xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref></sup>In the study conducted by Souto et al., only 20% of either index cases or first-degree relatives participating in the cascade screening program reported a previous suspicion of FH diagnosis, while 71% where in use of pharmacological lipid-lowering treatment.</p>
        <p>In the US Cascade Screening for Awareness and Detection (CASCADE) of FH registry,<sup><xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref></sup>there was a median 6-year gap between diagnosis of hypercholesterolemia and start of lipid-lowering treatment and subsequent FH diagnosis. These results are compatible with the findings of the current study, in which severe hypercholesterolemia was diagnosed; pharmacological treatment was suggested/started in most study participants, but only one quarter had ever heard about FH from their physicians. Our results suggest an important gap in FH literacy not only among patients but also among physicians. Indeed, a poor knowledge about FH amongst either physicians<sup><xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref> - <xref rid="B27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref> </sup>or patients<sup><xref rid="B28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref></sup>has been reported in different parts of the world, including Brazil.</p>
        <p>Limitations of this study include the relatively small sample, but it is worth noting that LDL-C &gt; 190 mg/dL usually affects around 5% of the population; the cross-sectional design shows only associations and there was no formal investigation of the causes of our findings; the specific characteristics of the population, especially high educational level, does not allow that results to be extrapolated for the overall Brazilian population with lower educational level, but it may suggest that more severe findings may be encountered; a direct comparison of risk perception and management between those suspected or not of FH was not performed; finally, although study participants were actively questioned, results are subject to recall bias. Nonetheless, findings are remarkable and compatible with other investigations<sup><xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref> - <xref rid="B28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref> </sup>and show an important unmet need for education about the importance of severe hypercholesterolemia and, specifically, FH.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>An important gap in risk perception, cholesterol management, and aspects related to FH was encountered in individuals with severe hypercholesterolemia. Further and broader investigations are necessary to confirm the results, and development of education programs for both patients and physicians will be required to close this knowledge gap.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn_ast1001">
          <label>*</label>
          <p>Supplemental Materials</p>
          <p>For additional information, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2021/11602/2019-0516-material-suplementar.pdf">please click here</ext-link> .</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p><bold>Sources of Funding</bold> .This study was funded by Sanofi.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
