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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">VZj8BnpLTM9WBc5ZRdQffkD</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021000500682</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20190586</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190586</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Complica&#231;&#245;es Neurol&#243;gicas em Pacientes com Endocardite Infecciosa: Perspectivas de um Centro Terci&#225;rio</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8745-3541</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Alegria</surname>
            <given-names>Sofia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8341-6412</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Marques</surname>
            <given-names>Ana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cruz</surname>
            <given-names>In&#234;s</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Broa</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Lu&#237;sa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8644-5446</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Rita F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jo&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Isabel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sim&#245;es</surname>
            <given-names>Ot&#237;lia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>H&#233;lder</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Garcia de Orta EPE &#8211; Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Almada</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Garcia de Orta EPE &#8211; Cardiologia,<sup>1</sup> Almada &#8211; Portugal.</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Sofia Alegria</bold> &#8226; Hospital Garcia de Orta EPE &#8211; Cardiologia - Avenida Torrado da Silva. <postal-code>2805-267</postal-code> Almada - Portugal. E-mail: <email>asofia.alegria@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Os autores declaram n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Alegria S, Marques A, Cruz I, Broa AL, Pereira ARF; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Alegria S; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual: Alegria S, Cruz I, Jo&#227;o I, Sim&#245;es O, Pereira H.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>16</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>116</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>682</fpage>
      <lpage>691</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Complica&#231;&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas s&#227;o comuns em pacientes com endocardite infecciosa (EI). Dados recentes sugerem que os eventos neurol&#243;gicos s&#227;o os principais determinantes do progn&#243;stico e que a cirurgia &#233; cr&#237;tica para melhorar o resultado.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Caracterizar pacientes com EI e complica&#231;&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas e determinar preditores de emboliza&#231;&#227;o para o sistema nervoso central (SNC) e mortalidade.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>An&#225;lise retrospectiva de pacientes internados em centro terci&#225;rio com diagn&#243;stico de EI no per&#237;odo de 2006 a 2016. Signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi definida por um valor de p &lt;0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Identificamos 148 epis&#243;dios de EI, 20% dos quais tinham evid&#234;ncias de emboliza&#231;&#227;o do SNC. Em pacientes com emboliza&#231;&#227;o do SNC, 76% apresentaram acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico. Durante o seguimento, 35% foram submetidos &#224; cirurgia e a mortalidade hospitalar e em um ano foi de 39%. Esses pacientes tiveram hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es mais longas, mas n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; mortalidade em pacientes com e sem emboliza&#231;&#227;o do SNC. Os preditores independentes de complica&#231;&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas foram diabetes (p = 0,005) e aus&#234;ncia de febre na apresenta&#231;&#227;o (p = 0,049). A cirurgia foi associada a menor mortalidade (0 vs. 58%; p = 0,003), enquanto os pacientes com choque s&#233;ptico tiveram pior progn&#243;stico (75 vs. 25%; p = 0,014). Na regress&#227;o multivariada de Cox, a infec&#231;&#227;o pelo v&#237;rus da imunodefici&#234;ncia humana (HIV) foi o &#250;nico preditor independente de mortalidade hospitalar e de 1 ano (p = 0,011 em ambos).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Nessa popula&#231;&#227;o, a emboliza&#231;&#227;o para o SNC foi comum, mais frequentemente apresentada como acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico, e esteve associada a maior tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o, embora sem diferen&#231;as significativas na mortalidade. Nos pacientes com emboliza&#231;&#227;o do SNC, os submetidos &#224; cirurgia tiveram boa evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, enquanto os pacientes com choque s&#233;ptico e infec&#231;&#227;o pelo HIV tiveram pior evolu&#231;&#227;o. Esses resultados devem ser interpretados com cautela, levando em considera&#231;&#227;o que os pacientes com complica&#231;&#245;es mais graves ou mais fr&#225;geis foram provavelmente menos considerados para a cirurgia, resultando em vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Endocardite Infeciosa/cirurgia</kwd>
        <kwd>Endocardite Infecciosa/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Sistema Nervoso Central/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Acidente Vascular Cerebral</kwd>
        <kwd>Emboliza&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Progn&#243;stico</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="12"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="40"/>
        <page-count count="10"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Complica&#231;&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas s&#227;o ocorr&#234;ncias comuns na endocardite infecciosa (EI), presente em 15-30% dos pacientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> A apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica &#233; vari&#225;vel e pode incluir v&#225;rios sintomas ou sinais, embora os sinais focais sejam predominantes e os acidentes vasculares isqu&#234;micos diagnosticados com mais frequ&#234;ncia. Tamb&#233;m s&#227;o observados: ataque isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio, hemorragia intracerebral ou subaracnoide, abscesso cerebral, meningite e encefalopatia t&#243;xica, e h&#225; fortes evid&#234;ncias de que embolias cerebrais clinicamente silenciosas adicionais ocorrem em 35-60% dos pacientes com EI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> A encefalopatia relacionada &#224; sepse, definida por confus&#227;o aguda ou del&#237;rio, com v&#225;rios n&#237;veis de consci&#234;ncia, tamb&#233;m pode contribuir para as manifesta&#231;&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas de EI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Diante disso, deve-se sempre considerar a EI no diagn&#243;stico diferencial de um paciente que apresente evento cerebral agudo e sinais de infec&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica ou hist&#243;ria de s&#237;ndrome febril indeterminada, lembrando que o diagn&#243;stico precoce e a implementa&#231;&#227;o de antibioticoterapia adequada podem reduzir o risco de emboliza&#231;&#227;o recorrente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Os fatores de risco para emboliza&#231;&#227;o do sistema nervoso central (SNC) s&#227;o bem conhecidos e incluem tamanho e mobilidade da vegeta&#231;&#227;o,<sup>2,8-10</sup> infec&#231;&#227;o por <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> e envolvimento da v&#225;lvula mitral.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> No entanto, o risco de eventos emb&#243;licos do SNC na EI diminui drasticamente ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio de terapia antimicrobiana eficaz para menos de 1,71/1.000 pacientes-dia na segunda semana.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref></p>
      <p>As manifesta&#231;&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas ocorrem antes ou no momento do diagn&#243;stico da EI na maioria dos casos, mas eventos novos ou recorrentes tamb&#233;m podem ocorrer mais tarde no curso da EI. As complica&#231;&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas est&#227;o associadas ao excesso de mortalidade, assim como &#224;s sequelas, principalmente no caso de acidente vascular cerebral<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> e afetam tanto a terapia medicamentosa<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> quanto o momento ideal para a cirurgia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> O diagn&#243;stico r&#225;pido e o in&#237;cio de terapias antibi&#243;ticas apropriadas s&#227;o de grande import&#226;ncia para prevenir uma complica&#231;&#227;o neurol&#243;gica prim&#225;ria ou recorrente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> A cirurgia precoce em pacientes de alto risco &#233; o segundo pilar da preven&#231;&#227;o de embolia, enquanto os medicamentos antitromb&#243;ticos n&#227;o t&#234;m fun&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> Dados recentes sugerem que os eventos neurol&#243;gicos s&#227;o um importante determinante do progn&#243;stico e que a cirurgia tem um papel central na otimiza&#231;&#227;o do resultado.</p>
      <p>No entanto, a ocorr&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas levanta quest&#245;es quanto ao momento da cirurgia, uma vez que a seguran&#231;a da circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea em pacientes com esses eventos permanece controversa. A decis&#227;o deve ser individualizada ap&#243;s avalia&#231;&#227;o multidisciplinar, envolvendo cardiologistas, cirurgi&#245;es card&#237;acos, neurologistas e especialistas em doen&#231;as infecciosas. Se poss&#237;vel, a cirurgia deve ser adiada em pacientes com eventos isqu&#234;micos grandes ou eventos hemorr&#225;gicos. Foi sugerido que a cirurgia deve ser considerada nas primeiras 72 horas em pacientes com eventos isqu&#234;micos e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca grave, caso contr&#225;rio, ap&#243;s quatro semanas. A cirurgia precoce parece segura em pacientes com ataques isqu&#234;micos transit&#243;rios ou eventos silenciosos.</p>
      <p>Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar pacientes com EI e complica&#231;&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas e determinar preditores de emboliza&#231;&#227;o para o SNC e de mortalidade associada.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Estudo retrospectivo e observacional baseado na an&#225;lise dos prontu&#225;rios de pacientes internados em um centro terci&#225;rio de 500 leitos sem cirurgia card&#237;aca <italic>in loco</italic> e com diagn&#243;stico de EI no per&#237;odo de 2006 a 2016. Foi realizada uma compara&#231;&#227;o entre pacientes com e sem complica&#231;&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas. Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da institui&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho do Estudo e Pacientes</title>
        <p>V&#225;rias vari&#225;veis foram analisadas para o presente estudo, incluindo a data do diagn&#243;stico da EI; idade e sexo do paciente; fatores de risco; tipo de endocardite (v&#225;lvula nativa, v&#225;lvula prot&#233;tica ou associada a dispositivo); v&#225;lvulas afetadas; micro-organismos infecciosos; data, tipo e recorr&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas; realiza&#231;&#227;o de cirurgia; e resultados. A endocardite prot&#233;tica da v&#225;lvula foi considerada precoce se ocorresse dentro de 1 ano ap&#243;s o implante da v&#225;lvula e tardia se ocorresse posteriormente.</p>
        <p>Os epis&#243;dios de EI foram avaliados retrospectivamente de acordo com os crit&#233;rios de Duke modificados. Foram inclu&#237;dos apenas pacientes com crit&#233;rios para EI definida ou poss&#237;vel EI e nenhuma outra explica&#231;&#227;o para o quadro cl&#237;nico. As recidivas foram consideradas como um &#250;nico epis&#243;dio, enquanto epis&#243;dios distintos ocorrendo em um &#250;nico paciente foram inclu&#237;dos. A ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica foi realizada em todos os pacientes, enquanto a ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica foi realizada na maioria dos deles. As informa&#231;&#245;es microbiol&#243;gicas foram obtidas a partir de culturas de sangue e amostras de tecido card&#237;aco intraoperat&#243;rias, bem como de estudos sorol&#243;gicos no caso de hemoculturas negativas.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Defini&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>As complica&#231;&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas foram classificadas nas seguintes categorias: complica&#231;&#245;es isqu&#234;micas, hemorragia cerebral, aneurisma mic&#243;tico, meningite e abscesso cerebral. O diagn&#243;stico de complica&#231;&#245;es isqu&#234;micas e hemorr&#225;gicas baseou-se em dados cl&#237;nicos e radiol&#243;gicos, derivados de tomografia computadorizada (TC) de cr&#226;nio ou resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica (RM), realizados de acordo com a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. O diagn&#243;stico de aneurisma mic&#243;tico tamb&#233;m foi apoiado por angiotomografia de cr&#226;nio.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Indica&#231;&#227;o para Cirurgia</title>
        <p>A indica&#231;&#227;o de cirurgia card&#237;aca foi determinada pelos m&#233;dicos assistentes de acordo com as diretrizes da <italic>European Society of Cardiology.</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> Todos os pacientes com indica&#231;&#227;o de cirurgia eram discutidos pela equipe card&#237;aca (incluindo cardiologistas, cirurgi&#245;es card&#237;acos e, quando considerado necess&#225;rio, outras especialidades, como neurologistas e especialistas em doen&#231;as infecciosas), sendo tomada a decis&#227;o sobre a realiza&#231;&#227;o e o momento da cirurgia. Quando indicada, a cirurgia foi realizada em centro de refer&#234;ncia em cirurgia card&#237;aca definido pelo sistema nacional de sa&#250;de (Servi&#231;o de Cirurgia Card&#237;aca, Hospital Universit&#225;rio de Santa Maria, CHULN, Lisboa, Portugal).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</title>
      <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas s&#227;o descritas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou mediana e intervalo interquartil (IQR), de acordo com a avalia&#231;&#227;o da normalidade com o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas s&#227;o relatadas como porcentagens e n&#250;meros absolutos. A compara&#231;&#227;o entre as vari&#225;veis em diferentes grupos de pacientes foi realizada com o teste X<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> de Pearson para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas ou o teste <italic>t</italic> de amostras independentes ou o teste U de Mann-Whitney para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas. A an&#225;lise das caracter&#237;sticas basais, tipo de endocardite, etiologia, complica&#231;&#245;es e tratamento foi realizada por epis&#243;dio, enquanto a an&#225;lise da mortalidade foi realizada por paciente.</p>
      <p>Vari&#225;veis associadas ou com tend&#234;ncia de associa&#231;&#227;o com emboliza&#231;&#227;o do SNC (p &lt;0,10) foram testadas atrav&#233;s de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica uni- e multivariada, a fim de identificar preditores independentes de emboliza&#231;&#227;o na popula&#231;&#227;o geral. Na amostra de pacientes com emboliza&#231;&#227;o do SNC, as vari&#225;veis associadas ou com tend&#234;ncia a associa&#231;&#227;o com mortalidade intra-hospitalar e em um ano (p &lt;0,10) foram testadas com regress&#227;o de Cox univariada e multivariada por m&#233;todo <italic>stepwise</italic>, para identificar preditores independentes de progn&#243;stico. As curvas de sobrevida de Kaplan Meier foram usadas para identificar preditores de desfecho, que foram comparados com o teste de log-rank.</p>
      <p>Todos os testes foram bilaterais e a signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi definida como p &lt;0,05. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada no IBM SPSS Statistics, vers&#227;o 24.0 (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, EUA).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Identificamos 148 epis&#243;dios de EI (ocorrendo em 142 pacientes; quatro pacientes tiveram dois epis&#243;dios e um paciente teve tr&#234;s epis&#243;dios; as recidivas foram consideradas como um &#250;nico epis&#243;dio). O total de epis&#243;dios est&#225; detalhado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>. O acompanhamento m&#233;dio foi de 161 dias (IQR 34-1.358).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Caracteriza&#231;&#227;o de todos os epis&#243;dios de interna&#231;&#245;es por endocardite (n = 148)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="20%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Caracter&#237;stica</th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center">Epis&#243;dios gerais (n=148)</th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center">Com emboliza&#231;&#227;o do SNC (n=29)</th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center">Sem emboliza&#231;&#227;o do SNC (n=119)</th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center">p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref></th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Idade (anos) &#8211; mediana (IQR)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">64 (51-75)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">65 (53-69)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">63 (50-75)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,631</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Idade &#8804; 75 anos &#8211; n (%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">117 (79,1)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">27 (93,1)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">90 (75,6)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,038</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Sexo masculino &#8211; n (%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">111 (75,0)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">22 (75,9)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">89 (74,8)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,905</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="5">
                <bold>Hist&#243;rico pr&#233;vio &#8211; n (%)</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Doen&#231;a valvular card&#237;aca conhecida</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">72 (49,0)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">15 (51,7)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">57 (48,3)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,741</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Hipertens&#227;o arterial</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">76 (51,4)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">16 (55,2)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">60 (50,4)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,646</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Diabetes mellitus</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">28 (19,2)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">11 (37,9)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">17 (14,5)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,004</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Doen&#231;a arterial coronariana</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">21 (14,2)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">6 (20,7)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">15 (12,6)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,263</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">40 (27,0)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">4 (13,8)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">36 (30,3)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,074</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">22 (14,9)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">4 (13,8)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">18 (15,1)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,856</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Usu&#225;rios de drogas intravenosas</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">19 (12,9)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">3 (10,3)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">16 (13,6)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,644</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Infec&#231;&#227;o por HIV</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">20 (13,6)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">2 (6,9)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">18 (15,3)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,240</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Procedimento invasivo nos 3 meses anteriores</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">54 (45,0)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">10 (43,5)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">44 (45,4)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,870</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="5">
                <bold>Tipo de endocardite - n (%)</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Endocardite associada a cuidados de sa&#250;de</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">34 (23,3)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">9 (31,0)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">25 (21,4)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,270</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Endocardite de v&#225;lvula prot&#233;tica</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">37 (25,0)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">9 (31,0)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">28 (23,5)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,403</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Endocardite de dispositivo card&#237;aco implantado</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">5 (3,4)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">1 (3,4)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">4 (3,4)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,981</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="5">V&#225;lvula afetada &#8211; n (%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">A&#243;rtica</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">84 (56,8)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">19 (65,5)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">65 (54,6)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,288</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Mitral</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">58 (39,2)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">13 (44,8)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">45 (37,8)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,488</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Tric&#250;spide</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">20 (13,5)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0 (0,0)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">20 (16,8)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,018</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="5">
                <bold>Sintomas na apresenta&#231;&#227;o &#8211; n (%)</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Febre</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">102 (70,3)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">16 (55,2)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">86 (74,1)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,045</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Sopro card&#237;aco</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">81 (56,3)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">14 (50,0)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">67 (57,8)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,458</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="5">
                <bold>Micro-organismo &#8211; n (%)</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Staphylococcus sp</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">49 (33,1)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">8 (27,6)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">41 (34,5)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,481</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Staphylococcus aureus</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">36 (24,3)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">6 (20,7)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">30 (25,2)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,611</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Streptococcus sp</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">43 (29,1)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">9 (31,0)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">34 (28,6)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,793</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Streptococcus bovis</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">14 (9,5)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">3 (10,3)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">11 (9,2)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,856</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Grupo Streptococcus viridans</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">18 (12,2)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">2 (6,9)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">16 (13,4)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,333</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Enterococcus sp</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">18 (12,2)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">3 (10,3)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">15 (12,6)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,738</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Bact&#233;rias Gram negativas</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">6 (4,1)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">1 (3,4)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">5 (4,2)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,854</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Fungi</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">3 (2,0)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">1 (3,4)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">2 (1,7)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,545</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">EINH</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">30 (20,3)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">6 (20,7)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">24 (20,2)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,950</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="5">
                <bold>Complica&#231;&#245;es &#8211; n (%)</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Abscesso perivalvular</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">20 (14,8)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">4 (14,8)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">16 (14,8)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">1,000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Pseudoaneurisma</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">7 (5,2)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">2 (7,4)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">5 (4,6)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,560</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">F&#237;stula</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">6 (4,4)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">1 (3,7)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">5 (4,6)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,835</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aguda</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">71 (48,0)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">15 (51,7)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">56 (47,1)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,652</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Choque s&#233;ptico</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">31 (20,9)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">8 (27,6)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">23 (19,3)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,327</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="5">
                <bold>Tratamento</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Cirurgia &#8211; n (%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">48 (32,4)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">10 (34,5)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">38 (31,9)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,793</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Dura&#231;&#227;o da hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o (dias) &#8211; mediana (IQR)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">40 (26-54)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">51 (36-59)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">38 (25-52)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,011</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>compara&#231;&#227;o entre pacientes com e sem emboliza&#231;&#227;o do SNC. SNC: sistema nervoso central; IQR: intervalo interquartil; HIV: v&#237;rus da imunodefici&#234;ncia humana; EINH: endocardite infecciosa negativa para hemocultura.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Cerca de um ter&#231;o deles (34,5%; n = 51) apresentava evid&#234;ncias de emboliza&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica, sendo o local mais frequente o SNC (19,6%; n = 29). Outros locais de emboliza&#231;&#227;o inclu&#237;ram a circula&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica (4,1%, n = 6), os pulm&#245;es (2,7%, n = 4), as art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias (1,4%, n = 2) e o ba&#231;o (1,4%, n = 2). No entanto, apenas 34,5% (n = 51) realizaram TC ou RM de cr&#226;nio, de modo que a verdadeira incid&#234;ncia de emboliza&#231;&#227;o do SNC poderia ser subestimada. Considerando apenas os pacientes com EI do lado esquerdo, a incid&#234;ncia de emboliza&#231;&#227;o do SNC foi de 24,2% (n = 29). A caracteriza&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de emboliza&#231;&#227;o do SNC tamb&#233;m est&#225; detalhada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>. Esses pacientes eram predominantemente do sexo masculino, com mediana de idade de 65 anos; 48,3% tinham doen&#231;a valvar previamente conhecida, 10,3% eram usu&#225;rios de drogas intravenosas e 6,9% tinham infec&#231;&#227;o pelo v&#237;rus da imunodefici&#234;ncia humana (HIV). A endocardite valvar nativa foi a mais comum (69,0%, n = 20), enquanto a endocardite valvar prot&#233;tica ocorreu em 31,0%, com 33,3% das pr&#243;teses (n = 3) implantadas nos &#250;ltimos 12 meses.</p>
      <p>Entre os pacientes com infec&#231;&#227;o pelo HIV, 47,4% (n = 9) foram tratados com terapia antirretroviral, a contagem m&#233;dia de CD4 foi de 202,5 c&#233;lulas/l (intervalo interquartil 10 - 402,5 c&#233;lulas/&#181;l), 62,5% (n = 10) tinham carga viral indetect&#225;vel (carga viral mediana de 0 c&#243;pias/ml; intervalo interquartil 0 &#8211; 3.127 c&#243;pias/ml) e 46,7% (n = 7) atendiam crit&#233;rios para a s&#237;ndrome da imunodefici&#234;ncia adquirida (AIDS).</p>
      <p>Os pacientes com emboliza&#231;&#227;o do SNC apresentaram acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico em 75,9% (n = 22) dos casos (com transforma&#231;&#227;o hemorr&#225;gica em 27,3%; n = 6), acidente vascular cerebral hemorr&#225;gico em 17,2% (n = 5), aneurisma mic&#243;tico em 17,2% (n = 5), e meningite em 3,4% (n = 1). Na admiss&#227;o, os sintomas neurol&#243;gicos estavam presentes em 41,4% (n = 12), e houve recorr&#234;ncia de acidente vascular cerebral (AVC &#8211; incluindo isqu&#234;mico e hemorr&#225;gico) em 34,5% (n = 10) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Complica&#231;&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas em pacientes com endocardite (n = 29).</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-04-0682-90586-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      <sec>
        <title>Preditores de Emboliza&#231;&#227;o do SNC</title>
        <p>Pacientes com emboliza&#231;&#227;o do SNC, em compara&#231;&#227;o com aqueles sem, eram mais propensos a ter menos de 75 anos, ter diabetes e apresentar-se sem febre (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>). Al&#233;m disso, nenhum paciente com emboliza&#231;&#227;o do SNC teve envolvimento das v&#225;lvulas do lado direito, e suas hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es foram mais longas (mediana de 51 <italic>vs.</italic> 38 dias). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas em rela&#231;&#227;o ao agente etiol&#243;gico, ao envolvimento da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica ou mitral, &#224; propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia ou ao desfecho.</p>
        <p>Na regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada, os preditores independentes de emboliza&#231;&#227;o do SNC foram diabetes e aus&#234;ncia de febre (raz&#227;o de risco &#8211; RR 3,78 e 2,41, respectivamente) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Preditores de emboliza&#231;&#227;o do sistema nervoso central</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th valign="middle" align="left">Caracter&#237;stica</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">RR</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">IC 95%</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Diabetes mellitus</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">3,8</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1,5-9,6</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,005</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Aus&#234;ncia de febre na apresenta&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">2,4</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1,0-5,8</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,049</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>RR: raz&#227;o de risco; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Resultados em Pacientes com Complica&#231;&#245;es Neurol&#243;gicas</title>
        <p>Durante o acompanhamento (mediana de 493 dias, IQR 36-1.863), 34,5% dos pacientes com emboliza&#231;&#227;o do SNC (n = 10) foram submetidos a cirurgias. O tempo m&#233;dio da admiss&#227;o &#224; cirurgia foi de 41 dias (IQR 33-55) e do diagn&#243;stico da complica&#231;&#227;o neurol&#243;gica &#224; cirurgia foi de 36 dias (IQR 28-43). A mortalidade hospitalar e a mortalidade em 1 ano foram de 39,3% (n = 11) e a mortalidade por todas as causas durante o seguimento foi de 46,4% (n = 13) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Mortalidade de pacientes com endocardite (n=142)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th valign="middle" align="left">Caracter&#237;stica &#8211; n (%)</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">Popula&#231;&#227;o geral (n=142)</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">Pacientes com emboliza&#231;&#227;o do SNC (n=29)</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">Pacientes sem emboliza&#231;&#227;o do SNC (n=113)</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref></th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Mortalidade hospitalar</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">43 (30,3)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">11 (39,3)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">32 (28,1)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,247</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Mortalidade de um ano</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">55 (38,7)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">11 (39,3)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">44 (38,6)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,947</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Mortalidade geral</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">64 (45,1)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">13 (46,4)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">51 (44,7)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,872</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>compara&#231;&#227;o entre pacientes com e sem emboliza&#231;&#227;o do SNC. SNC: sistema nervoso central.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A cirurgia foi associada &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade, tanto intra-hospitalar quanto em 1 ano (mortalidade em 1 ano em pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia: 0 vs. 57,9%; p = 0,002). Al&#233;m da cirurgia, as demais vari&#225;veis associadas &#224; mortalidade intra-hospitalar foram a ocorr&#234;ncia de choque s&#233;ptico e procedimentos invasivos nos &#250;ltimos tr&#234;s meses (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>). Na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o multivariada de Cox, a infec&#231;&#227;o por HIV foi o &#250;nico preditor independente de mortalidade hospitalar e de um ano (RR 10,5 e 10,6, respectivamente) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabelas 5</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">6</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Associa&#231;&#245;es com mortalidade hospitalar em pacientes com emboliza&#231;&#227;o do sistema nervoso central</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th valign="middle" align="left">Caracter&#237;stica</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">OR</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">IC 95%</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Diabetes mellitus</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">3,9</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,8-20,0</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,094</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Infec&#231;&#227;o por HIV</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">N/A</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">N/A</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,068</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Procedimento invasivo nos 3 meses anteriores</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">4,5</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,7-27,7</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,096</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Choque s&#233;ptico</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">9,0</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1,4-59,8</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,014</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Cirurgia</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">N/A</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">N/A</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,003</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>OR: odds ratio; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; HIV: v&#237;rus da imunodefici&#234;ncia humana; N/A: n&#227;o aplic&#225;vel.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Preditores independentes de mortalidade hospitalar em pacientes com emboliza&#231;&#227;o do sistema nervoso central</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th valign="middle" align="left">Caracter&#237;stica</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">RR</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">IC 95%</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Infec&#231;&#227;o por HIV</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">10,5</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1,7-64,2</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,011</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>RR: raz&#227;o de risco; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; HIV: v&#237;rus da imunodefici&#234;ncia humana.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Preditores independentes de mortalidade em um ano em pacientes com emboliza&#231;&#227;o do sistema nervoso central</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th valign="middle" align="left">Caracter&#237;stica</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">RR</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">IC 95%</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Infec&#231;&#227;o por HIV</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">10,6</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1,7-64,8</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,011</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <p>RR: raz&#227;o de risco; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; HIV: v&#237;rus da imunodefici&#234;ncia humana.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Curva de sobrevida de Kaplan-Meier de pacientes com endocardite e complica&#231;&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas de acordo com o estado de infec&#231;&#227;o pelo v&#237;rus da imunodefici&#234;ncia HIV: v&#237;rus da imunodefici&#234;ncia humana.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-04-0682-90586-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Este estudo retrospectivo observacional descreve a incid&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas em uma coorte de pacientes com EI de um &#250;nico centro durante um per&#237;odo de 10 anos.</p>
      <p>Complica&#231;&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas s&#227;o uma caracter&#237;stica comum e frequentemente predominante da EI<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref> e o advento da TC e da RM permite uma avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica mais confi&#225;vel desses eventos. No entanto, existem poucos dados dispon&#237;veis sobre o risco de AVC recorrente, a melhor abordagem em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; terapia antitromb&#243;tica ou as consequ&#234;ncias da cirurgia precoce.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref></p>
      <p>A frequ&#234;ncia geral de complica&#231;&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas na coorte do presente estudo foi em torno de 20%, mantendo os resultados de outras grandes coortes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref> No presente estudo, tamb&#233;m foi observado que pacientes mais velhos apresentaram taxas mais baixas desses eventos, conforme relatado anteriormente,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref> embora a causa dessa redu&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o seja totalmente compreendida. O uso de terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref> (frequentemente prescrita em pacientes idosos), um hipot&#233;tico decl&#237;nio da fun&#231;&#227;o hemost&#225;tica e um menor tamanho das vegeta&#231;&#245;es nessa popula&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o alguns dos motivos propostos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref> mas tamb&#233;m &#233; poss&#237;vel que esses eventos sejam simplesmente subdiagnosticados nessa popula&#231;&#227;o devido a sinais e sintomas cl&#237;nicos leves.</p>
      <p>Os exames de imagem da cabe&#231;a n&#227;o foram realizados de maneira rotineira em todos os pacientes, e a verdadeira incid&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es isqu&#234;micas est&#225; provavelmente subestimada na presente coorte. Estudos usando RM<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref> mostraram que emboliza&#231;&#245;es cerebrais agudas s&#227;o significativamente mais prevalentes do que foi relatado anteriormente em estudos baseados em achados cl&#237;nicos e tomografia computadorizada (30% dos eventos n&#227;o detectados). Levando isso em considera&#231;&#227;o, &#233; poss&#237;vel que alguns idosos menos sintom&#225;ticos do presente estudo tenham sido erroneamente classificados como sem complica&#231;&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas. No entanto, outros relatos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref> mostraram que pequenas complica&#231;&#245;es isqu&#234;micas n&#227;o t&#234;m impacto na evolu&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com EI e, portanto, as conclus&#245;es essenciais n&#227;o seriam alteradas.</p>
      <p>No presente estudo, os preditores de emboliza&#231;&#227;o do SNC foram o hist&#243;rico de diabetes mellitus e a aus&#234;ncia de febre na apresenta&#231;&#227;o. V&#225;rios estudos demonstraram que o envolvimento da v&#225;lvula mitral e o tamanho da vegeta&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o importantes preditores de AVC,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref> enquanto outros n&#227;o confirmaram essa observa&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32"><sup>32</sup></xref> Na presente coorte, o envolvimento da v&#225;lvula mitral n&#227;o foi associado a complica&#231;&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas. O tamanho da vegeta&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foi avaliado, pois as medidas n&#227;o estavam dispon&#237;veis para todos os pacientes e tamb&#233;m porque as medidas existentes n&#227;o eram padronizadas. Alguns autores enfatizam a import&#226;ncia do tamanho da vegeta&#231;&#227;o apenas quando outros fatores est&#227;o presentes, como a localiza&#231;&#227;o da v&#225;lvula mitral e o <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> como o agente etiol&#243;gico da EI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30"><sup>30</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33"><sup>33</sup></xref> Nesta coorte, &#233; poss&#237;vel hipotetizar que a influ&#234;ncia da localiza&#231;&#227;o e do tamanho da vegeta&#231;&#227;o no desenvolvimento de eventos emb&#243;licos foi provavelmente superada por fatores que levam a um atraso no diagn&#243;stico e in&#237;cio da terapia antibi&#243;tica, como a aus&#234;ncia de febre na apresenta&#231;&#227;o. At&#233; onde sabemos, o diabetes mellitus n&#227;o foi identificado anteriormente como fator de risco para emboliza&#231;&#227;o do SNC em pacientes com EI, embora esteja associado a um pior progn&#243;stico desta.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> No entanto, o diabetes est&#225; associado a um risco aumentado de eventos cerebrovasculares e imunossupress&#227;o, de modo que podemos especular que essa condi&#231;&#227;o possa facilitar o crescimento das vegeta&#231;&#245;es e aumentar a gravidade e o impacto cl&#237;nico da emboliza&#231;&#227;o, quando essa complica&#231;&#227;o ocorrer.</p>
      <p>O momento da cirurgia nesses pacientes ainda &#233; motivo de debate. A cirurgia imediata para preven&#231;&#227;o de eventos emb&#243;licos com base em um tamanho de vegeta&#231;&#227;o acima de 10 mil&#237;metros foi proposta em estudos ecocardiogr&#225;ficos iniciais,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34"><sup>34</sup></xref> mas taxas mais altas de recidiva e deisc&#234;ncia de pr&#243;tese ap&#243;s a cirurgia quando o tratamento antimicrobiano n&#227;o foi conclu&#237;do permanecem uma preocupa&#231;&#227;o. Nesse sentido, dois estudos recentes demonstraram que a cirurgia precoce diminui efetivamente a embolia sist&#234;mica sem aumentar a taxa de recidiva de EI ou problemas relacionados &#224; v&#225;lvula prot&#233;tica em compara&#231;&#227;o ao tratamento convencional.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35"><sup>35</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36"><sup>36</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Da mesma forma, h&#225; preocupa&#231;&#227;o com o risco de comprometimento neurol&#243;gico p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio quando a cirurgia valvar &#233; realizada logo ap&#243;s um epis&#243;dio isqu&#234;mico ou hemorr&#225;gico, e a literatura cont&#233;m resultados contradit&#243;rios. Alguns autores descobriram que o risco de exacerba&#231;&#227;o &#233; baixo quando a cirurgia &#233; realizada dentro de 72 horas,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37"><sup>37</sup></xref> enquanto outros relataram que o risco &#233; maior no in&#237;cio da cirurgia e diminui gradualmente &#224; medida que aumenta o atraso entre o evento neurol&#243;gico e a opera&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38"><sup>38</sup></xref> Considerando a falta de estudos controlados, as recomenda&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o baseadas nos resultados de relat&#243;rios publicados, e o conselho geralmente aceito &#233; atrasar a cirurgia por pelo menos duas semanas no caso de AVC isqu&#234;mico grave e quatro semanas para eventos hemorr&#225;gicos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38"><sup>38</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39"><sup>39</sup></xref> Os resultados do estudo de Garc&#237;a-Cabrera et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> est&#227;o de acordo com essas recomenda&#231;&#245;es, embora o risco de complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias fosse baixo ap&#243;s um pequeno evento isqu&#234;mico e, portanto, eventos menores n&#227;o devem ser um impedimento para a pl&#225;stica da v&#225;lvula cir&#250;rgica quando necess&#225;rio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Em nosso estudo, a cirurgia foi associada &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade, tanto intra-hospitalar quanto em um ano. Por&#233;m, este &#233; um estudo retrospectivo e n&#227;o houve pareamento entre os pacientes que foram ou n&#227;o submetidos &#224; cirurgia, portanto n&#227;o podemos concluir que a cirurgia diminui a mortalidade e podemos argumentar que esses pacientes, selecionados por uma equipe multidisciplinar, tiveram um progn&#243;stico melhor e perfil de risco mais favor&#225;vel em rela&#231;&#227;o aos n&#227;o submetidos &#224; cirurgia. Deve-se enfatizar que alguns pacientes com indica&#231;&#227;o de cirurgia provavelmente foram considerados muito fr&#225;geis ou muito inst&#225;veis para o procedimento e, portanto, os resultados do presente estudo devem ser interpretados como sugerindo que a melhora do progn&#243;stico provavelmente se deve &#224; sele&#231;&#227;o criteriosa dos pacientes, e n&#227;o &#224; presen&#231;a de indica&#231;&#227;o de cirurgia, ou &#224; sua realiza&#231;&#227;o <italic>per se</italic>.</p>
      <p>Al&#233;m disso, em nossa coorte, a mediana do tempo at&#233; a cirurgia desde o diagn&#243;stico de complica&#231;&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas foi de 36 dias, o que est&#225; de acordo com a maioria das recomenda&#231;&#245;es que apontam que deve ser adequado esperar entre duas a quatro semanas, principalmente nos casos de isquemia extensa ou derrames hemorr&#225;gicos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Ao contr&#225;rio da maioria da literatura publicada, em nosso estudo as complica&#231;&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas n&#227;o foram associadas a um aumento significativo na mortalidade, embora a mortalidade hospitalar tenha sido numericamente maior em pacientes com complica&#231;&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas (39,3 <italic>vs.</italic> 28,1%, p = 0,247).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref> Nossa hip&#243;tese &#233; que a associa&#231;&#227;o com a mortalidade depende do tipo e gravidade das complica&#231;&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas, embora a gradua&#231;&#227;o padronizada da gravidade das complica&#231;&#245;es cerebrovasculares (cl&#237;nicas ou radiol&#243;gicas) seja fornecida em muito poucos relatos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref> Por exemplo, no estudo de Garc&#237;a-Cabrera et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> apenas eventos isqu&#234;micos moderados a graves, particularmente hemorragias cerebrais, foram associados a um pior resultado, com complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas claramente relacionadas &#224; infec&#231;&#227;o por <italic>S. aureus</italic> e terapia anticoagulante, que foi usada principalmente em pacientes com pr&#243;teses mec&#226;nicas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Em nossa coorte, a mortalidade hospitalar foi de 30,3%, semelhante aos dados publicados que variam de 15 a 30%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> O progn&#243;stico na EI &#233; influenciado pelas caracter&#237;sticas do paciente, a presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas e n&#227;o card&#237;acas, o organismo infectante e os achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, com pacientes em maior risco de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, complica&#231;&#245;es perianulares e/ou infec&#231;&#227;o por <italic>S. aureus.</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> At&#233; onde sabemos, nenhum estudo publicado relatou os preditores de mortalidade em pacientes com EI e emboliza&#231;&#227;o do SNC. Em nosso estudo, o &#250;nico preditor de mortalidade hospitalar e de um ano foi a infec&#231;&#227;o pelo HIV, que costuma estar associada ao envolvimento do SNC, embora n&#227;o tenha sido associada a pior progn&#243;stico nessa popula&#231;&#227;o. De fato, um estudo de 77 pacientes sul-africanos com endocardite, 17 dos quais infectados pelo HIV, encontrou uma taxa semelhante de complica&#231;&#245;es em pacientes com e sem infec&#231;&#227;o pelo HIV.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40"><sup>40</sup></xref></p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>Devido &#224; natureza retrospectiva deste estudo, existem algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. Em primeiro lugar, como mencionado anteriormente, os exames de imagem da cabe&#231;a n&#227;o eram realizados rotineiramente em todos os pacientes, o que pode resultar em uma subestima&#231;&#227;o da real incid&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es emb&#243;licas, visto que frequentemente s&#227;o clinicamente silenciosos. Em segundo lugar, trata-se de um estudo observacional, com amostra relativamente pequena, e alguns resultados devem ser interpretados com cautela, a saber, a redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade em pacientes com complica&#231;&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas submetidos &#224; cirurgia valvar, uma vez que provavelmente pacientes com complica&#231;&#245;es mais graves ou mais fr&#225;geis tinham menor probabilidade de receberem proposta de cirurgia ou tiveram a mesma negada, resultando em vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Por outro lado, este estudo avaliou uma coorte de uma institui&#231;&#227;o com um &#250;nico centro de refer&#234;ncia cir&#250;rgica, sugerindo que as decis&#245;es quanto &#224; realiza&#231;&#227;o e ao momento da cirurgia ap&#243;s o evento foram aproximadamente as mesmas.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Nessa popula&#231;&#227;o, a emboliza&#231;&#227;o para o SNC era comum, mais frequentemente apresentada como AVC isqu&#234;mico, e estava associada a maior tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o, embora n&#227;o houvesse diferen&#231;as significativas na mortalidade. Este estudo est&#225; de acordo com dados recentes que mostram que a cirurgia deve ser a abordagem preferida em pacientes com emboliza&#231;&#227;o do SNC, ap&#243;s criteriosa sele&#231;&#227;o multidisciplinar. Tamb&#233;m mostra que os pacientes com choque s&#233;ptico e infec&#231;&#227;o pelo HIV t&#234;m um progn&#243;stico particularmente ruim, destacando o papel da equipe de endocardite com abordagem multidisciplinar.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o contou com fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p>
          <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Gabinete de Investiga&#231;&#227;o do Centro Garcia de Orta sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 31/2017. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Habib</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lancellotti</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Antunes</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bongiorni</surname>
              <given-names>MG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Casalta</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zotti</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>ESC Scientific Document Group. 2015 ESC Guidelines for the management of infective endocarditis: The Task Force for the Management of Infective Endocarditis of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Endorsed by: European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS), the European Association of Nuclear Medicine (EANM)</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>36</volume>
          <issue>44</issue>
          <fpage>3075</fpage>
          <lpage>3128</lpage>
        </element-citation>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Neurological Complications in Patients with Infective Endocarditis: Insights from a Tertiary Centre</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8745-3541</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Alegria</surname>
            <given-names>Sofia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8341-6412</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Marques</surname>
            <given-names>Ana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cruz</surname>
            <given-names>In&#234;s</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Broa</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Lu&#237;sa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8644-5446</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Rita F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jo&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Isabel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sim&#245;es</surname>
            <given-names>Ot&#237;lia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>H&#233;lder</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Almada</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Garcia de Orta EPE &#8211; Cardiologia, Almada &#8211; Portugal.</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Sofia Alegria</bold> &#8226; Hospital Garcia de Orta EPE &#8211; Cardiologia - Avenida Torrado da Silva <postal-code>2805-267</postal-code> Almada - Portugal. E-mail: <email>asofia.alegria@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author Contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Acquisition of data: Alegria S, Marques A, Cruz I, Broa AL, Pereira ARF; Analysis and interpretation of the data, Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript: Alegria S; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Alegria S, Cruz I, Jo&#227;o I, Sim&#245;es O, Pereira H.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Neurological complications are common in patients with infective endocarditis (IE). Recent data suggest that neurologic events are a major determinant of prognosis, and that surgery is critical in improving the outcome.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To characterize patients with IE and neurological complications and to determine predictors of embolization to the central nervous system (CNS) and mortality.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Retrospective analysis of patients admitted to a tertiary center with the diagnosis of IE from 2006 to 2016. Statistical significance was defined by a p-value &lt; 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>We identified 148 episodes of IE, 20% of which had evidence of CNS embolization. In patients with CNS embolization, 76% presented with ischemic stroke. During follow-up, 35% were submitted to surgery and both in-hospital and one-year mortality were 39%. These patients had longer hospitalizations, but there were no significant differences regarding mortality in patients with and without CNS embolization. The independent predictors of neurological complications were diabetes (p=0.005) and the absence of fever at presentation (p=0.049). Surgery was associated with lower mortality (0 vs. 58%; p=0.003), while patients with septic shock had a poorer prognosis (75 vs. 25%; p=0.014). In multivariate Cox regression, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection was the only independent predictor of in-hospital and 1-year mortality (p=0.011 in both).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>In this population, embolization to the CNS was common, more often presented as ischemic stroke, and was associated with longer hospitalization, although without significant differences in mortality. In patients with CNS embolization, those submitted to surgery had a good clinical evolution, while patients with septic shock and HIV infection had a worse outcome. These results should be interpreted with caution, taking into consideration that patients with more severe complications or more fragile were probably less often considered for surgery, resulting in selection bias.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Endocarditis</kwd>
        <kwd>Infectious/surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Endocarditis, Infectious/complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Central Nervous System/complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Stroke</kwd>
        <kwd>Embolization</kwd>
        <kwd>Prognosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortality</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Neurological complications are common in infective endocarditis (IE), occurring in 15&#8211;30% of patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> Clinical presentation is variable and may include multiple symptoms or signs, though there is a predominance of focal signs and ischemic strokes are more often diagnosed. Transient ischemic attack, intracerebral or subarachnoidal hemorrhage, brain abscess, meningitis, and toxic encephalopathy are also observed, and firm evidence supports that additional clinically silent cerebral embolisms occur in 35&#8211;60% of IE patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> Sepsis-related encephalopathy, defined by acute confusion or delirium, with varying levels of consciousness, may also contribute to neurological manifestations of IE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref></p>
        <p>According to this, one should always consider IE in the differential diagnosis of patients with acute cerebral event and signs of systemic infection or history of undetermined febrile syndrome, keeping in mind that early diagnosis and the implementation of adequate antibiotic treatment can reduce the risk of recurrent embolization.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Risk factors for central nervous system (CNS) embolization are well-known and include vegetation size and mobility,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> Staphylococcus aureus infection,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> and mitral valve involvement.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> Nevertheless, the risk of CNS embolic events in IE decreases dramatically after the initiation of effective antimicrobial therapy, to less than 1.71/1,000 patient-days in the second week.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Neurological manifestations occur before or at the time of IE diagnosis in a majority of cases, but new or recurrent events can also take place later in the course of IE. Neurological complications are associated with excess mortality, as well as sequelae, particularly in the case of stroke<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> and affect both medical therapy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> and the optimal timing for surgery.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> Rapid diagnosis and initiation of appropriate antibiotics are of major importance to prevent a first or recurrent neurological complication.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> Early surgery in high-risk patients is the second mainstay of embolism prevention, while antithrombotic drugs have no function.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> Recent data suggest that neurological events are a major determinant of prognosis, and that surgery has a central role in improving the outcome.</p>
        <p>However, the occurrence of neurological complications raises questions regarding the timing of surgery, as the safety of cardiopulmonary bypass in patients with these events remains controversial. The decision should be individualized after multidisciplinary assessment, involving cardiologists, cardiac surgeons, neurologists, and infectious disease specialists. If possible, surgery should be delayed in patients with large ischemic events or hemorrhagic events. It has been suggested that surgery should be considered within the first 72 hours in patients with ischemic events and severe heart failure, otherwise after four weeks. Early surgery appears safe in patients with transient ischemic attacksor silent events.</p>
        <p>Therefore, the aim of this study was to characterize patients with IE and neurological complications and to determine predictors of embolization to the CNS and of associated mortality.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>Retrospective, observational study based on the analysis of medical records of patients admitted to a 500-bed tertiary care center without on-site cardiac surgery and diagnosed with IE from 2006 to 2016. A comparison between patients with and without neurological complications was performed. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the institution.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Study Design and Patients</title>
          <p>Several variables were analyzed for the present study, including the date of IE diagnosis; patients&#8217; age and gender; risk factors; type of endocarditis (native valve, prosthetic valve or device-associated); valves affected; infecting microorganism; date, type, and recurrence of neurological complications; performance of surgery; and outcomes. Prosthetic valve endocarditis was considered early if it occurred within 1 year after valve implantation and late if it occurred thereafter.</p>
          <p>IE episodes were evaluated retrospectively according to the modified Duke criteria. Only patients with criteria for definite or possible IE and no other explanation for the clinical picture were included. Relapses were considered as a single episode, while distinct episodes occurring in a single patient were included. Transthoracic echocardiography was performed in all patients, while transoesophageal echocardiography was performed in the majority of patients. Microbiological information was obtained from blood cultures and intraoperative heart tissue specimens, as well as from serological studies when blood cultures were negative.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Definitions</title>
          <p>Neurological complications were classified into the following categories: ischemic complications, cerebral hemorrhage, mycotic aneurism, meningitis, and brain abscess. The diagnosis of ischemic and hemorrhagic complications was based on clinical and radiological data, derived from head computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), performed in accordance with clinical practice. The diagnosis of mycotic aneurysm was also supported by head CT angiography.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Indication for Surgery</title>
          <p>The indication for cardiac surgery was determined by the attending physicians according to the guidelines of the European Society of Cardiology.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> All patients with indication for surgery were discussed by the cardiac team (including cardiologists, cardiac surgeons and, when deemed necessary, other specialties, such as neurologists and infectious disease specialists), and the decision about the performance and timing of surgery was made. When indicated, surgery was performed in the referral cardiac surgery center defined by the national health care system (Department of Cardiac Surgery,Santa Maria University Hospital, CHULN, Lisbon, Portugal).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
          <p>Continuous variables are described as mean &#177; standard deviation or median and interquartile range (IQR), according to the assessment of normality with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Categorical variables are reported as percentages and absolute numbers. A comparison between variables in different patient groups was performed with the Pearson X<sup>2</sup> test for categorical variables or the independent samples t-test or Mann-Whitney U test for continuous variables. Analysis of baseline characteristics, type of endocarditis, etiology, complications, and management was performed per episode, while analysis of mortality was performed per patient.</p>
          <p>Variables associated or with a trend to association with CNS embolization (p &lt; 0.10) were tested with univariate and multivariate logistic regression, in order to identify independent predictors of embolization in the overall population. In the sample of patients with CNS embolization, variables associated or with a tendency to be associated with in-hospital and one-year mortality (p &lt; 0.10) were tested with univariate and multivariate forward stepwise Cox regression, to identify independent predictors of prognosis. Kaplan Meier survival curves were used to identify predictors of outcome, which were compared with the log-rank test.</p>
          <p>All tests were two-sided and statistical significance was defined as p &lt; 0.05. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics, version 24.0 (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>We identified 148 IE episodes (occurring in 142 patients; four patients had two episodes and one patient had three episodes; relapses were considered as a single episode). The characterization of the total episodes is detailed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table 1</xref>. The median follow-up was 161 days (IQR 34-1,358).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Characterization of all episodes of admissions due to endocarditis (n=148)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th valign="middle" align="left">Characteristic</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">Overall episodes (n=148)</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">With CNS embolization (n=29)</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">Without CNS embolization</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref></th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Age (years) &#8211; median (IQR)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">64 (51-75)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">65 (53-69)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">63 (50-75)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.631</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Age &#8804; 75 years &#8211; n (%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">117 (79.1)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">27 (93.1)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">90 (75.6)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.038</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Male &#8211; n (%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">111 (75.0)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">22 (75.9)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">89 (74.8)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.905</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="5">
                  <bold>Previous history &#8211; n (%)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Known valvular heart disease</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">72 (49.0)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">15 (51.7)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">57 (48.3)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.741</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Arterial hypertension</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">76 (51.4)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">16 (55.2)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">60 (50.4)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.646</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Diabetes mellitus</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">28 (19.2)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">11 (37.9)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">17 (14.5)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Coronary artery disease</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">21 (14.2)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">6 (20.7)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">15 (12.6)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.263</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Heart failure</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">40 (27.0)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">4 (13.8)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">36 (30.3)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.074</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Chronic kidney disease</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">22 (14.9)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">4 (13.8)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">18 (15.1)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.856</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Intravenous drug users</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">19 (12.9)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">3 (10.3)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">16 (13.6)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.644</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">HIV infection</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">20 (13.6)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">2 (6.9)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">18 (15.3)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.240</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Invasive procedure in the preceding 3 months</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">54 (45.0)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">10 (43.5)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">44 (45.4)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.870</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="5">
                  <bold>Type of endocarditis - n (%)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Health care-associated endocarditis</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">34 (23.3)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">9 (31.0)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">25 (21.4)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.270</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Prosthetic valve endocarditis</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">37 (25.0)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">9 (31.0)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">28 (23.5)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.403</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Implanted cardiac device endocarditis</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">5 (3.4)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1 (3.4)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">4 (3.4)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.981</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="5">
                  <bold>Affected valve &#8211; n (%)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Aortic</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">84 (56.8)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">19 (65.5)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">65 (54.6)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.288</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Mitral</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">58 (39.2)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">13 (44.8)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">45 (37.8)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.488</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Tricuspid</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">20 (13.5)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0 (0.0)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">20 (16.8)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.018</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="5">
                  <bold>Symptoms / signs at presentation &#8211; n (%)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Fever</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">102 (70.3)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">16 (55.2)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">86 (74.1)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.045</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Heart murmur</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">81 (56.3)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">14 (50.0)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">67 (57.8)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.458</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="5">
                  <bold>Microorganism &#8211; n (%)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Staphylococcus sp</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">49 (33.1)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">8 (27.6)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">41 (34.5)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.481</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Staphylococcus aureus</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">36 (24.3)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">6 (20.7)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">30 (25.2)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.611</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"><italic>Streptococcus</italic> sp</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">43 (29.1)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">9 (31.0)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">34 (28.6)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.793</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"><italic>Streptococcus</italic> bovis</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">14 (9.5)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">3 (10.3)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">11 (9.2)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.856</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"><italic>Streptococcus</italic> viridans group</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">18 (12.2)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">2 (6.9)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">16 (13.4)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.333</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"><italic>Enterococcus</italic> sp</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">18 (12.2)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">3 (10.3)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">15 (12.6)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.738</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Gram negative bacteria</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">6 (4.1)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1 (3.4)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">5 (4.2)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.854</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Fungi</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">3 (2.0)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1 (3.4)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">2 (1.7)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.545</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">BCNIE</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">30 (20.3)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">6 (20.7)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">24 (20.2)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.950</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="5">
                  <bold>Complications &#8211; n (%)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Perivalvular abscess</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">20 (14.8)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">4 (14.8)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">16 (14.8)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1.000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Pseudoaneurism</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">7 (5.2)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">2 (7.4)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">5 (4.6)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.560</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Fistula</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">6 (4.4)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1 (3.7)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">5 (4.6)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.835</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Acute heart failure</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">71 (48.0)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">15 (51.7)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">56 (47.1)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.652</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Septic shock</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">31 (20.9)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">8 (27.6)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">23 (19.3)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.327</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="5">
                  <bold>Treatment</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Surgery &#8211; n (%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">48 (32.4)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">10 (34.5)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">38 (31.9)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.793</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Duration of hospitalization (days) &#8211; median (IQR)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">40 (26-54)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">51 (36-59)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">38 (25-52)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.011</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>comparison between patients with and without CNS embolization. CNS: central nervous system; IQR: interquartile range; HIV: human immunodeficiency virus; BCNIE: blood culture negative infective endocarditis.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>About one-third of them (34.5%; n = 51) presented evidence of systemic embolization, and the most frequent site was the CNS (19.6%; n = 29). Other embolization sites included peripheral circulation (4.1%, n=6), lungs (2.7%, n=4), coronary arteries (1.4%, n=2), and spleen (1.4%, n=2). Nevertheless, only 34.5% (n = 51) performed head CT or MRI, so the true incidence of CNS embolization could be underestimated. Considering only patients with left-sided IE, the incidence of CNS embolization was 24.2% (n=29). The characterization of patients with a diagnosis of CNS embolization is also detailed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table 1</xref>. These patients were predominantly male, with a median age of 65 years; 48.3% had previously known valvular disease, 10.3 % were intravenous drug users, and 6.9% had human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Native valve endocarditis was more common (69.0%, n = 20), while prosthetic valve endocarditis occurred in 31.0%, with 33.3% of prosthesis (n = 3) implanted in the preceding 12 months.</p>
        <p>Among patients with HIV infection, 47.4% (n = 9) were treated with antiretroviral therapy, the median CD4 count was 202.5 cells/&#181;l (interquartile range 10 &#8211; 402.5 cells/&#181;l), 62.5% (n = 10) had undetectable viral load (median viral load of 0 copies/ml; interquartile range of 0 &#8211; 3,127 copies/ml), and 46.7% (n = 7) had criteria for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).</p>
        <p>Patients with CNS embolization presented with ischemic stroke in 75.9% (n = 22) of cases (with hemorrhagic transformation in 27.3% of them; n = 6), hemorrhagic stroke in 17.2% (n = 5), mycotic aneurism in 17.2% (n = 5), and meningitis in 3.4% (n = 1). Upon admission, neurological symptoms were present in 41.4% (n = 12), and there were stroke recurrences (including both ischemic and hemorrhagic) in 34.5% (n=10) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Neurological complications in patients with endocarditis (n=29).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-04-0682-90586-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        <sec>
          <title>Predictors of CNS Embolization</title>
          <p>Patients with CNS embolization, compared to those without it, were more likely to be younger than 75 years, to have diabetes, and to present without fever (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table 1</xref>). In addition, no patients with CNS embolization had involvement of right-sided valves, and they had longer hospitalization periods (median 51 vs. 38 days). There were no significant differences regarding the etiologic agent, the involvement of aortic or mitral valve, the proportion of patients submitted to surgery, orthe outcome.</p>
          <p>In multivariate logistic regression, the independent predictors of CNS embolization were diabetes and the absence of fever (hazard ratio &#8211; HR 3.78, and 2.41, respectively) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Table 2</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t8">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Predictors of central nervous system embolization</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <th valign="middle" align="left">Characteristic</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">HR</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">95% CI</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Diabetes mellitus</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">3.8</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">1.5-9.6</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.005</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Absence of fever at presentation</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">2.4</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">1.0-5.8</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.049</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN8">
                <p>HR: hazard ratio; CI: confidence interval.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Outcomes in Patients with Neurological Complications</title>
          <p>During follow-up (median 493 days, IQR 36-1,863), 34.5% of patients with CNS embolization (n = 10)were submitted to surgery. The median time from admission to surgery was 41 days (IQR 33-55) and fromthe diagnosis of the neurological complication to surgery was 36 days (IQR 28-43). Both in-hospital mortality and 1-year mortality were 39.3% (n=11) and all-cause mortality during follow-up was 46.4% (n=13) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Table 3</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t9">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Mortality of patients with endocarditis (n=142)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <th valign="middle" align="left">Characteristic &#8211; n (%)</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">Overall population (n=142)</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">Patients with CNS embolization (n=29)</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">Patients without CNS embolization (n=113)</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref></th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">In-hospital mortality</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">43 (30.3)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">11 (39.3)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">32 (28.1)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.247</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">One-year mortality</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">55 (38.7)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">11 (39.3)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">44 (38.6)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.947</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Overall mortality</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">64 (45.1)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">13 (46.4)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">51 (44.7)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.872</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN9">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>comparison between patients with and without CNS embolization. CNS: central nervous system.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Surgery was associated with reduced mortality, both in-hospital and at 1 year (mortality at 1 yearin patients submitted to surgery: 0 vs. 57.9%; p=0.002). In addition to surgery, the other variables associated with in-hospital mortality were the occurrence of septic shock and invasive procedures in the preceding three months (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Table 4</xref>). In multivariate Cox regression analysis, HIV infection was the only independent predictor of both in-hospital and one-year mortality (HR 10.5 and 10.6, respectively) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t11">Tables 5</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t12">6</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t10">
            <label>Table 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Associations with in-hospital mortality in patients with central nervous system embolization</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <th valign="middle" align="left">Characteristic</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">OR</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">95% CI</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Diabetes <italic>mellitus</italic></td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">3.9</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.8-20.0</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.094</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">HIV infection</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">N/A</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">N/A</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.068</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Invasive procedure in the preceding 3 months</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">4.5</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.7-27.7</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.096</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Septic shock</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">9.0</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">1.4-59.8</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.014</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Surgery</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">N/A</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">N/A</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.003</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN10">
                <p>OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus; N/A: not applicable.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t11">
            <label>Table 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Independent predictors of in-hospital mortality in patients with central nervous system embolization</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <th valign="middle" align="left">Characteristic</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">HR</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">95% CI</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">HIV infection</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">10.5</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">1.7-64.2</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.011</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN11">
                <p>HR: hazard ratio, CI: confidence interval; HIV: human immunodeficiency virus.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t12">
            <label>Table 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Independent predictors of one-year mortality in patients with central nervous system embolization</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <th valign="middle" align="left">Characteristic</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">HR</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">95% CI</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">HIV infection</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">10.6</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">1.7-64.8</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.011</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN12">
                <p>HR: hazard ratio; CI: confidence interval; HIV: human immunodeficiency virus.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Kaplan-Meier survival curve of patients with endocarditis and neurological complications according to the status of human immunodeficiency virus infection. HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-04-0682-90586-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>This retrospective observational study describes the incidence of neurological complications in a cohort of patients with IE from a single center during a 10-year period.</p>
        <p>Neurological complications are a common and often predominant feature of IE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref> and the advent of CT and MRI enables a more reliable clinical assessment of these events. However, there are few available data about the risk of recurrent stroke, the best approach with regard to antithrombotic therapy, or the consequences of early surgery.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref></p>
        <p>The overall frequency of neurological complications in the present study cohort was around 20%, keeping up with the results from other large cohorts.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref> In the present study, it was also found that older patients had lower rates of these events, as previously reported,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref> although the cause of this reduction is not fully understood. Use of antiplatelet therapy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref> (often prescribed in aged patients), a hypothetical decline in hemostatic function, and smaller size of vegetations in this population are some of the reasons proposed,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref> but it is also possible that these events are simply underdiagnosed in this population due to mild clinical signs and symptoms.</p>
        <p>Head imaging exams were not routinely performed in all patients, and the true incidence of ischemic complications is probably underestimated in the present cohort. Studies using MRI<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref> have shown that acute brain embolizations are significantly more prevalent than it has been previously reported in studies based on clinical findings and CT scanning (30% of undetected events). With this taken into account, it is possible that some less symptomatic aged patients in the present study have been wrongly classified as having no neurological complications. However, other reports<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref> have shown that small ischemic complications have no impact on the outcome of patients with IE, and, therefore, the essential conclusions would not be changed.</p>
        <p>In the present study, the predictors of CNS embolization were a history of diabetes mellitus and the absence of fever at presentation. Several studies have shown mitral valve involvement and vegetation size to be important predictors of stroke,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref> whereas others have not confirmed this observation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32"><sup>32</sup></xref> In the present cohort, mitral valve involvement was not associated with neurological complications. Vegetation size was not assessed, since measurements were not available for all patients and also due to a lack of standardization of the existing measurements. Some authors have emphasized the importance of vegetation size only when other factors are present, such as mitral valve location, and Staphylococcus aureus as the etiologic agent of IE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30"><sup>30</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33"><sup>33</sup></xref> In this cohort, it is possible to hypothesize that the influence of vegetation location and size on the development of embolic events was probably outweighed by factors that lead to a delay in the diagnosis and initiation of antibiotic therapy, such as the absence of fever at presentation. To our knowledge, diabetes mellitus has not previously been identified as a risk factor for CNS embolization in patients with IE, although it is associated with a worse prognosis in IE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> Nevertheless, diabetes is associated with an increased risk of cerebrovascular events and immunosuppression, so we can speculate that this condition may facilitate the growth of vegetations and increase the severity and clinical impact of embolization, when this complication occurs.</p>
        <p>The timing of surgery in these patients is still a source of debate. Prompt surgery to prevent embolic events based on a vegetation size above 10 millimeters was proposed in early echocardiographic studies,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34"><sup>34</sup></xref> but higher rates of relapse and prosthesis dehiscence after surgery when antimicrobial treatment has not been completed remain a concern. In this regard, two recent studies have demonstrated that early surgery effectively decreases systemic embolism without increasing the IE relapse rate or prosthetic valve-related problems compared with the conventional treatment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35"><sup>35</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36"><sup>36</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Likewise, there is concern about the risk of postoperative neurological impairment when valve surgery is performed early after an ischemic or hemorrhagic episode, and the literature contains contradictory results. Some authors have found the risk of exacerbation to be low when surgery was performed within 72 hours,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37"><sup>37</sup></xref> whereas others have reported that the risk is higher in early surgery and gradually decreases as the delay between the neurological event and the operation increases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38"><sup>38</sup></xref> Considering the lack of controlled studies, recommendations are based on the results of published reports, and the generally accepted advice is to delay surgery for at least two weeks in the case of severe ischemic strokes and four weeks for hemorrhagic events.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38"><sup>38</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39"><sup>39</sup></xref> The results of the study by Garc&#237;a-Cabrera et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> are in line with these recommendations, although the risk of postoperative complications was low after a small ischemic event, and therefore, minor events should not be an impediment to surgical valve repair when necessary.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref></p>
        <p>In our study, surgery was associated with reduced mortality, both in-hospital and at one year. However, this is a retrospective study and there was no matching between patients who were submitted to surgery or not, so we cannot conclude that surgery decreases mortality and can argue that these patients, selected by a multidisciplinary team, had a better prognosis and a more favorable risk profile compared to those not submitted to surgery. It should be emphasized that some patients with indication for surgery were probably considered too fragile or too unstable to undergo surgery, thus the results of the present study should be interpreted as suggesting that the improvement of prognosis is likely due to the careful selection of patients, and not to the presence of an indication for surgery, or to the performance of surgery per se.</p>
        <p>Additionally, in our cohort, the median time to surgery since the diagnosis of neurological complications was 36 days, which is in line with most of the recommendations that point out that it should be appropriate to wait between two to four weeks, especially in extensive ischemic or hemorrhagic strokes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Contrary to most of the published literature, in our study, neurological complications were not associated with a significant increase in mortality, although in-hospital mortality was numerically higher in patients with neurological complications (39.3 vs. 28.1%, p=0.247).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref> We hypothesize that the association with mortality depends on the type and severity of neurological complications, although a standardized grading of the severity of cerebrovascular complications (clinical or radiological) is provided in very few reports.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref> For instance, in the study by Garc&#237;a-Cabrera et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> only moderate-to-severe ischemic events, particularly cerebral hemorrhages, were associated with a worse outcome, with hemorrhagic complications clearly related to S. aureus infection and anticoagulant therapy, which was mainly used in patients with mechanical prosthesis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref></p>
        <p>In our cohort, in-hospital mortality was 30.3%, similar to published data ranging from 15 to 30%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> Prognosis in IE is influenced by patient characteristics, the presence or absence of cardiac and non-cardiac complications, the infecting organism and the echocardiographic findings, with patients with heart failure, periannular complications and/or S. aureus infection at highest risk.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> To our knowledge, no published study reported the predictors of mortality in patients with IE and CNS embolization. In our study, the only predictor of both in-hospital and one-year mortality was HIV infection, which is often associated with involvement of the CNS, although it has not been associated with a worse prognosis in this population. Indeed, a study of 77 South African patients with endocarditis, 17 of which were HIV-infected, found a similar rate of complications in patients with and without HIV infection.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40"><sup>40</sup></xref></p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>Due to the retrospective nature of this study, there are some limitations. First, as previously mentioned, head imaging exams were not routinely performed in all patients, which may result in an underestimation of the true incidence of embolic complications, since they are frequently clinically silent. Second, this was an observational study, with a relatively small sample, and some results should be interpreted with caution, namely the reduction in mortality in patients with neurological complications submitted to valve surgery, since more fragile patients or with more severe complications were probably less likely to be proposed or were refused surgery, resulting in selection bias.</p>
          <p>On the other hand, this study assessed a cohort from an institution with a single surgical referral center, implying that the decisions regarding the performance and timing of surgery after the eventwere approximately the same.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>In this population, embolization to the CNS was common, more often presented as ischemic stroke, and was associated with longer hospitalization, although there were no significant differences in mortality. This study is in line with recent data that showed that surgery should be the favored approach in patients with CNS embolization, after careful multidisciplinary selection. It also shows that patients with septic shock and HIV infection have a particularly poor prognosis, highlighting the role of the endocarditis team with a multidisciplinary approach.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <p>
            <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Gabinete de Investiga&#231;&#227;o do Centro Garcia de Orta under the protocol number 31/2017. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
