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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">ZXnnsfBx3zVkpBqv5ZBmNZs</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00659</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2021000400659</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210133</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210133</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Posicionamento</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Posicionamento sobre Indica&#231;&#245;es e Reintrodu&#231;&#227;o dos M&#233;todos de Imagem Cardiovascular de Forma Segura no Cen&#225;rio da COVID-19 &#8211; 2021</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Beck</surname>
            <given-names>Adenalva Lima de Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0711-7995</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barberato</surname>
            <given-names>Silvio Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Luiz Cerqueira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Grau</surname>
            <given-names>Claudia R. Pinheiro de Castro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7302-7448</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Marly Maria Uellendahl</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
            <sup>9</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Ronaldo de Souza Le&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
            <sup>10</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3913-7181</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cerci</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo J&#250;lio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Albricker</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Cristina Lopes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">
            <sup>11</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barros</surname>
            <given-names>Fanilda Souto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">
            <sup>12</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Alessandra Joslin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13">
            <sup>13</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lira</surname>
            <given-names>Edgar Bezerra de</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13">
            <sup>13</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3314-9712</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Miglioranza</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Haertel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14">
            <sup>14</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff15">
            <sup>15</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vieira</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Luiz Campos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13">
            <sup>13</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pena</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Luiz Barros</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff16">
            <sup>16</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff17">
            <sup>17</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1955-1008</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Strabelli</surname>
            <given-names>T&#226;nia Mara Varej&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1919-164X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bihan</surname>
            <given-names>David Costa de Souza Le</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
            <sup>9</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff18">
            <sup>18</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2449-0764</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Tsutsui</surname>
            <given-names>Jeane Mike</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4505-3344</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rochitte</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff19">
            <sup>19</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff20">
            <sup>20</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Cardiologia do Distrito Federal</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia do Distrito Federal - Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia, Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital S&#237;rio-Liban&#234;s</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#237;rio-Liban&#234;s, Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">CardioEco - Centro de Diagn&#243;stico</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">CardioEco - Centro de Diagn&#243;stico Cardiovascular, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>4</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Quanta Diagn&#243;stico e Terapia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Quanta Diagn&#243;stico e Terapia, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>5</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Feira de Santana</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Feira de Santana</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, BA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>6</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor)</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HCFMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff7">
          <label>7</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Grupo Fleury</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Grupo Fleury, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff8">
          <label>8</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff9">
          <label>9</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Diagn&#243;sticos da Am&#233;rica</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Diagn&#243;sticos da Am&#233;rica SA (Dasa), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff10">
          <label>10</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff11">
          <label>11</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Mineiro de Ultrassonografia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Mineiro de Ultrassonografia (IMEDE), Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff12">
          <label>12</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Vit&#243;ria</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">ES</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Vascular Vit&#243;ria S/C LTDA., Vit&#243;ria, ES &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff13">
          <label>13</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff14">
          <label>14</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital M&#227;e de Deus</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Prevencor &#8211; Hospital M&#227;e de Deus, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff15">
          <label>15</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul &#8211; Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff16">
          <label>16</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Minas Gerais</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff17">
          <label>17</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Fel&#237;cio Rocho</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Fel&#237;cio Rocho, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff18">
          <label>18</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff19">
          <label>19</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o (HCor), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff20">
          <label>20</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold> Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia &#8211; Av. Marechal C&#226;mara, 360/330 &#8211; Centro &#8211; Rio de Janeiro &#8211; CEP: <postal-code>20020-907</postal-code>. E-mail: <email>diretrizes@cardiol.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>23</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>116</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>659</fpage>
      <lpage>678</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="10"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="54"/>
        <page-count count="20"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <table-wrap id="t7">
      <caption>
        <title>Declara&#231;&#227;o de potencial conflito de interesses dos autores/colaboradores do Posicionamento sobre Indica&#231;&#245;es e Reintrodu&#231;&#227;o dos M&#233;todos de Imagem Cardiovascular de Forma Segura no Cen&#225;rio da COVID-19 &#8211; 2021</title>
      </caption>
      <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
        <colgroup width="13%">
          <col/>
          <col/>
          <col/>
          <col/>
          <col/>
          <col/>
          <col/>
          <col/>
        </colgroup>
        <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
          <tr>
            <th align="center" colspan="8" valign="middle">Se nos &#250;ltimos 3 anos o autor/colaborador do posicionamento:</th>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <th align="left" valign="middle">Nome do integrante do posicionamento</th>
            <th align="center" valign="middle">Participou de estudos cl&#237;nicos e/ou experimentais subvencionados pela ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica ou de equipamentos relacionados ao posicionamento em quest&#227;o</th>
            <th align="center" valign="middle">Foi palestrante em eventos ou atividades patrocinadas pela ind&#250;stria relacionados ao posicionamento em quest&#227;o</th>
            <th align="center" valign="middle">Foi (&#233;) membro do conselho consultivo ou diretivo da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica ou de equipamentos</th>
            <th align="center" valign="middle">Participou de comit&#234;s normativos de estudos cient&#237;ficos patrocinados pela ind&#250;stria</th>
            <th align="center" valign="middle">Recebeu aux&#237;lio pessoal ou institucional da ind&#250;stria</th>
            <th align="center" valign="middle">Elaborou textos cient&#237;ficos em peri&#243;dicos patrocinados pela ind&#250;stria</th>
            <th align="center" valign="middle">Tem a&#231;&#245;es da ind&#250;stria</th>
          </tr>
        </thead>
        <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Adenalva Lima de Souza Beck</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Alessandra Joslin Oliveira</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Ana Cristina Lopes Albricker</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Andr&#233; Luiz Cerqueira de Almeida</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Carlos Eduardo Rochitte</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Claudia R. Pinheiro de Castro Grau</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">David Costa de Souza Le Bihan</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Edgar Bezerra de Lira Filho</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Fanilda Souto Barros</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Jeane Mike Tsutsui</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Jos&#233; Luiz Barros Pena</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Marcelo Haertel Miglioranza</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Marcelo Luiz Campos Vieira</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Marly Maria Uellendahl Lopes</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Rodrigo J&#250;lio Cerci</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Ronaldo de Souza Le&#227;o Lima</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Silvio Henrique Barberato</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">T&#226;nia Mara Varej&#227;o Strabelli</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
          </tr>
        </tbody>
      </table>
    </table-wrap>
    <sec>
      <title>Carta de Apresenta&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>O objetivo deste posicionamento &#233; informar cl&#237;nicos, cardiologistas e imaginologistas sobre procedimentos, fluxos e protocolos recomendados para o per&#237;odo da pandemia do SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19), visando &#224; prote&#231;&#227;o mais eficiente de profissionais de sa&#250;de e pacientes. As recomenda&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o baseadas na melhor evid&#234;ncia cient&#237;fica dispon&#237;vel no momento e no consenso de especialistas com grande experi&#234;ncia na &#225;rea. Desde o primeiro caso de COVID-19 no Brasil, passamos por in&#250;meras mudan&#231;as nas recomenda&#231;&#245;es e grande debate cient&#237;fico sobre algumas delas nas diversas fontes de conhecimento cient&#237;fico. Isso se deve ao conhecimento incompleto da doen&#231;a COVID-19, incluindo processos fisiopatol&#243;gicos e de transmiss&#227;o do SARS-CoV-2. Outro motivo da variabilidade das recomenda&#231;&#245;es est&#225; relacionado &#224; fase epidemiol&#243;gica em que se encontra a pandemia em determinada regi&#227;o do pa&#237;s. &#201; not&#243;rio que, em um pa&#237;s continental como o Brasil, a pandemia poder&#225; estar em fases distintas de transmiss&#227;o em um momento espec&#237;fico, requerendo, portanto, medidas particularizadas para cada regi&#227;o e fase da pandemia.</p>
      <p>No in&#237;cio da pandemia, em fase de grande aten&#231;&#227;o e desconhecimento do que o futuro nos reservaria, o Departamento de Imagem Cardiovascular (DIC) da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (SBC) publicou um posicionamento em vers&#227;o abreviada e essencial para aquele momento da pandemia, fornecendo, de maneira r&#225;pida e pr&#225;tica, orienta&#231;&#245;es fundamentais de seguran&#231;a nos procedimentos de imagem cardiovascular n&#227;o invasiva. Esse documento foi absolutamente essencial naquele instante para preservar ao m&#225;ximo nossos profissionais da &#225;rea. Ap&#243;s a publica&#231;&#227;o de documento sum&#225;rio na fase inicial da pandemia, o DIC/SBC e seus especialistas julgaram oportuna a atualiza&#231;&#227;o daquele posicionamento (agora na forma de publica&#231;&#227;o cient&#237;fica oficial), que incluiu n&#227;o somente uma vis&#227;o muito mais ampla dos procedimentos &#224; luz do conhecimentos adquiridos desde ent&#227;o, mas tamb&#233;m uma orienta&#231;&#227;o customizada &#224; fase epidemiol&#243;gica da pandemia e que poder&#225; ser &#250;til aos profissionais de imagem n&#227;o invasiva cardiovascular para os poss&#237;veis meses e anos &#224; frente, em que provavelmente conviveremos com a COVID-19.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>1. Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Diante da pandemia da COVID-19 e sua alta transmissibilidade, fez-se necess&#225;ria uma urgente reorganiza&#231;&#227;o dos servi&#231;os de imagem cardiovascular para minimizar a exposi&#231;&#227;o ao novo coronav&#237;rus (SARS-CoV-2) e assegurar a prote&#231;&#227;o de pacientes, m&#233;dicos e equipe de trabalho, sem, entretanto, comprometer a assist&#234;ncia ao paciente. Foi recomendado postergar exames eletivos ambulatoriais (quando considerados n&#227;o essenciais), a fim de minimizar exposi&#231;&#227;o e risco de transmiss&#227;o cruzada, al&#233;m de racionalizar o uso de equipamentos de prote&#231;&#227;o individual (EPI).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> A utiliza&#231;&#227;o de EPI passou a ser imprescind&#237;vel para todos os que circulam na &#225;rea de trabalho, incluindo recepcionistas, t&#233;cnicos de enfermagem, enfermeiros, tecn&#243;logos, biom&#233;dicos e m&#233;dicos. O uso de m&#225;scaras pelos pacientes passou a ser obrigat&#243;rio. Os especialistas passaram a discutir conjuntamente com seus m&#233;dicos solicitantes a real necessidade da urg&#234;ncia dos exames e qual a modalidade de imagem cardiovascular mais adequada naquela situa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica espec&#237;fica. Por outro lado, sabe-se que (a) o exame de imagem cardiovascular &#233; muitas vezes necess&#225;rio para preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria, manejo cl&#237;nico e diagn&#243;stico diferencial em v&#225;rias situa&#231;&#245;es, e postergar cronicamente a sua realiza&#231;&#227;o pode ser prejudicial; (b) a COVID-19 pode gerar manifesta&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares graves, especialmente nos indiv&#237;duos mais vulner&#225;veis, tais como idosos, imunossuprimidos ou com doen&#231;a cardiovascular pr&#233;via e/ou fatores de risco cardiovasculares (hipertens&#227;o, diabetes, obesidade);<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> (c) quando os pulm&#245;es s&#227;o gravemente acometidos pela COVID-19, pode haver maior impacto na fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, especialmente no ventr&#237;culo direito. No momento em que os registros de casos da doen&#231;a apresentarem relativo decaimento da curva, os servi&#231;os poder&#227;o progressivamente ampliar os seus hor&#225;rios de atendimento de acordo com a tend&#234;ncia da pandemia e a orienta&#231;&#227;o das autoridades p&#250;blicas de cada local. Contudo, a reintrodu&#231;&#227;o dos exames de imagem cardiovascular deve seguir v&#225;rios protocolos de seguran&#231;a, discutidos a seguir.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>2. Protocolos de Seguran&#231;a para Reintrodu&#231;&#227;o de Exames de Imagem Cardiovascular na Era COVID-19</title>
      <p>O agendamento ambulatorial deve ser progressivo, considerando as indica&#231;&#245;es de uso apropriado,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> a prioridade da indica&#231;&#227;o, o risco de o indiv&#237;duo ter COVID-19 e a fase da pandemia. Nos locais que est&#227;o no pico da pandemia, deve-se priorizar a realiza&#231;&#227;o daqueles exames considerados essenciais (alta prioridade), ou seja, onde se espera que o resultado traga benef&#237;cio cl&#237;nico ou mudan&#231;a de conduta.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> Indica&#231;&#245;es consideradas de m&#233;dia prioridade s&#227;o aquelas em que a realiza&#231;&#227;o dos exames, apesar de eletivos, ou em pacientes assintom&#225;ticos, pode auxiliar na implementa&#231;&#227;o de medidas de preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria ou secund&#225;ria, ajuste de medica&#231;&#245;es em uso ou mudan&#231;a de conduta a m&#233;dio prazo, com potencial de obter impacto no desfecho cl&#237;nico. Indica&#231;&#245;es consideradas de baixa prioridade s&#227;o aquelas em que o agendamento do exame pode ser postergado para ap&#243;s o pico da pandemia e reintroduzido gradualmente com a redu&#231;&#227;o do n&#250;mero de casos.</p>
      <p>A realiza&#231;&#227;o de exames de imagem em pacientes com COVID-19, principalmente se forem ambulatoriais, deve ser postergada, sempre que poss&#237;vel, para quando forem obtidos os crit&#233;rios de cura. No momento em que escrevemos esse posicionamento, o Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) considera que existem dois crit&#233;rios para liberar pacientes do isolamento ap&#243;s COVID-19: a &#8220;estrat&#233;gia baseada em sintomas&#8221;, que considera liberados os pacientes 10 dias ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio dos sintomas e pelo menos 72 horas assintom&#225;ticos, e a estrat&#233;gia baseada em tempo&#8221;, que considera liberados os pacientes 10 dias ap&#243;s do exame positivo (RT-PCR SARS-Cov-2).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> Esses crit&#233;rios podem ser ajustados conforme as orienta&#231;&#245;es da comiss&#227;o de infec&#231;&#227;o local. Se o exame for considerado essencial, deve ser direcionado para a quest&#227;o cl&#237;nica (focado), por&#233;m completo o suficiente para evitar a repeti&#231;&#227;o, e seguir todas as recomenda&#231;&#245;es quanto &#224;s medidas de prote&#231;&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, testes redundantes ou raramente apropriados podem gerar impacto financeiro adicional ao causado pela pandemia. Essas recomenda&#231;&#245;es sobre indica&#231;&#245;es e prioriza&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o v&#225;lidas enquanto perdurar a pandemia e est&#227;o resumidas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Prioriza&#231;&#227;o de indica&#231;&#245;es para reagendamento de exames de imagem cardiovascular de acordo com a fase da pandemia e o risco de COVID-19</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="50%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="middle">N&#237;vel de prioridade</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Racional para prioriza&#231;&#227;o</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Alta prioridade<break/> (Considere realizar o exame nas pr&#243;ximas horas ou em at&#233; 2 a 4 semanas)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">
                <list list-type="bullet">
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Sintomas cardiovasculares agudos ou com piora recente</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Avalia&#231;&#227;o antes de terapia cl&#237;nica urgente</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Planejamento de interven&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular urgente</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Monitoramento da seguran&#231;a de terapia cl&#237;nica</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Controle ap&#243;s terapia cir&#250;rgica ou invasiva recente</p>
                  </list-item>
                </list>
                <p>
                  <bold>Realizar independentemente da fase da pandemia</bold>
                </p>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Moderada prioridade</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">
                <list list-type="bullet">
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Monitoramento da progress&#227;o de doen&#231;a cr&#244;nica mioc&#225;rdica ou valvar grave assintom&#225;tica</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Terapia cl&#237;nica que requer monitoramento</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Monitoramento do resultado de terapia</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial de novo sopro inexplicado, mesmo que assintom&#225;tico</p>
                  </list-item>
                </list>
                <p>
                  <bold>Postergar para a fase de desacelera&#231;&#227;o da pandemia e preferencialmente para pacientes com baixo risco de COVID-19</bold>
                </p>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Baixa prioridade</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">
                <list list-type="bullet">
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Avalia&#231;&#227;o de rotina de doen&#231;a cr&#244;nica em indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o eleg&#237;veis para terapia cl&#237;nica, cir&#250;rgica ou invasiva</p>
                  </list-item>
                </list>
                <p>
                  <bold>Postergar para a fase de controle da pandemia e em pacientes com baixo risco de COVID-19</bold>
                </p>
              </td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p><italic>Tabela adaptada das recomenda&#231;&#245;es da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia</italic>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup><italic>10</italic></sup></xref></p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Definir &#8220;em quem&#8221;, &#8220;quando&#8221; e &#8220;como&#8221; o exame de imagem cardiovascular deve ser utilizado &#233; fundamental para diminuir os riscos de contamina&#231;&#227;o para o paciente e profissionais de sa&#250;de e, ao mesmo tempo, garantir assist&#234;ncia de alta qualidade. Esses cuidados s&#227;o descritos a seguir.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>2.1. Infraestrutura e Pol&#237;ticas de Seguran&#231;a</title>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>Question&#225;rio de triagem para definir o risco de COVID-19 deve ser aplicado no momento do agendamento, na confirma&#231;&#227;o e no dia da realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame (sintomas respirat&#243;rios e contato com caso confirmado de COVID-19). Na admiss&#227;o, realizar tamb&#233;m a checagem de temperatura. Mesmo protocolo de triagem deve ser aplicado diariamente aos profissionais.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Instru&#231;&#245;es devem ser dadas no momento do agendamento quanto a medidas de distanciamento social, uso de m&#225;scaras e higiene das m&#227;os, e refor&#231;adas no momento da admiss&#227;o.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Implanta&#231;&#227;o de estrutura de telemedicina.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Alertas visuais quanto &#224;s medidas de prote&#231;&#227;o devem estar colocados em salas de espera e em locais estrat&#233;gicos (em mais de um idioma).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Higienizadores com &#225;lcool em gel amplamente dispon&#237;veis.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Pacientes devem ser orientados a chegar pontualmente ou aguardar em seus carros at&#233; serem convocados, e &#233; necess&#225;rio limitar o n&#250;mero de acompanhantes.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Bloqueio ou redu&#231;&#227;o de assentos na sala de espera, a fim de manter o distanciamento social.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Barreiras de acr&#237;lico ou cones de distanciamento entre paciente e equipe de atendimento.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Aumentar o tempo de agendamento entre os exames para evitar aglomera&#231;&#245;es e facilitar a higieniza&#231;&#227;o. Deve-se considerar abertura de hor&#225;rios extracomerciais ou em fins de semana.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Protocolos de higieniza&#231;&#227;o de equipamentos e superf&#237;cies a cada exame devem ser seguidos de acordo com pol&#237;ticas locais de controle de infec&#231;&#227;o e tipo de exame.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Priorizar comunicados aos pacientes ou opera&#231;&#245;es financeiras por meios digitais.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>&#201; recomendado haver dois fluxos de atendimento: um para os pacientes com suspeita ou presen&#231;a de COVID-19 e outro para os pacientes sem a doen&#231;a. Deve-se dispor de salas, equipamentos dedicados e &#225;reas de circula&#231;&#227;o separadas para pacientes com COVID-19.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Idealmente dispor de salas bem ventiladas, com press&#227;o negativa, para realiza&#231;&#227;o de procedimentos que gerem emiss&#227;o de aeross&#243;is (ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica [ETE], exames sob estresse com exerc&#237;cio).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Monitorar e adequar continuamente os estoques de EPI.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Realizar descarte de material contaminado de acordo com as politicas dos &#243;rg&#227;os de vigil&#226;ncia sanit&#225;ria.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>2.2. Prioriza&#231;&#227;o das Indica&#231;&#245;es e Escolha do Exame de Imagem Cardiovascular</title>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>Definir a prioridade da realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame (de acordo com a fase da pandemia em que a regi&#227;o se encontra e o risco de COVID-19 [<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>]).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Escolher o melhor teste que ofere&#231;a informa&#231;&#227;o essencial para a condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Considerar substituir um teste por outro com acur&#225;cia similar, por&#233;m com menor risco de exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; COVID-19.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Evitar realiza&#231;&#227;o de m&#250;ltiplos testes ou repeti&#231;&#227;o inapropriada do mesmo exame.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>2.3. Prote&#231;&#227;o dos Profissionais</title>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>Praticar higiene frequente das m&#227;os e uso constante de m&#225;scaras.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Fazer uso apropriado de EPI de acordo com o n&#237;vel de prote&#231;&#227;o necess&#225;rio (para got&#237;culas ou para aeross&#243;is). A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> resume o uso dos EPI de acordo com o n&#237;vel de prote&#231;&#227;o requerido para cada tipo de exame, risco de COVID-19 e local da realiza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Receber treinamento institucional frequente na coloca&#231;&#227;o, retirada, tempo de uso e acondicionamento de EPI, bem como higieniza&#231;&#227;o das m&#227;os. H&#225; evid&#234;ncias de que a maior chance de infec&#231;&#227;o do profissional ocorre no momento da remo&#231;&#227;o inadequada dos EPI. O fluxo e as orienta&#231;&#245;es para coloca&#231;&#227;o e retirada dos EPI est&#227;o demonstrados nas <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figuras 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">2</xref>.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Limitar o n&#250;mero de profissionais na sala de exame e na sala de laudos.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Para exames com contato pr&#243;ximo entre profissional e examinador, como ecocardiografia e ultrassonografia vascular, considerar o uso de barreira de acr&#237;lico ou de pl&#225;stico entre paciente e profissional.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Limitar o tempo de exame optando por protocolos mais objetivos ou focados. No caso de pacientes internados com suspeita ou doen&#231;a ativa, os exames de ultrassom/ecocardiografia dever&#227;o ser realizados &#224; beira do leito, sem monitoramento eletrocardiogr&#225;fico, e deve-se obter as imagens e realizar as medidas ap&#243;s sa&#237;da do quarto/sala de exame e higieniza&#231;&#227;o do aparelho.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Concentrar a realiza&#231;&#227;o de pacientes internados com suspeita ou confirma&#231;&#227;o de COVID-19, se poss&#237;vel dentro de um mesmo per&#237;odo para minimizar a exposi&#231;&#227;o e racionalizar o uso de EPI.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Uso de equipamentos de prote&#231;&#227;o individual durante a realiza&#231;&#227;o de exames de imagem cardiovascular na era COVID-19 de acordo com o risco de exposi&#231;&#227;o</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="33%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">ETT, TCC/RMC, estresse farmacol&#243;gico (Eco/SPECT/PET/RMC)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">ETE, estresse com exerc&#237;cio (Eco/SPECT/cintilografia)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Baixo risco de COVID-19</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <p>N&#237;vel de prote&#231;&#227;o padr&#227;o</p>
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Higieniza&#231;&#227;o obrigat&#243;ria das m&#227;os</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>M&#225;scara cir&#250;rgica</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle">
                  <p>N&#237;vel de prote&#231;&#227;o para aeross&#243;is:<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">**</xref>
									</p>
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Higieniza&#231;&#227;o obrigat&#243;ria das m&#227;os</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>M&#225;scara N-95/PFF2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
											</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Avental de isolamento (imperme&#225;vel, de prefer&#234;ncia)</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Luvas de procedimento</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Touca cir&#250;rgica</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Protetor facial (<italic>face shield</italic>) ou &#243;culos de prote&#231;&#227;o, se n&#227;o houver protetor facial dispon&#237;vel</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Em pacientes portadores de COVID-19, realizar idealmente em sala com press&#227;o negativa</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Tentar substituir por m&#233;todo alternativo</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Suspeitos e portadores de COVID-19</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <p>N&#237;vel de prote&#231;&#227;o para got&#237;culas</p>
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Higieniza&#231;&#227;o obrigat&#243;ria das m&#227;os</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>M&#225;scara N-95/PFF2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
											</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Avental de isolamento</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Gorros</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Luvas de procedimento</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#211;culos de prote&#231;&#227;o</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <label>*</label>
              <p><italic>Na indisponibilidade total de m&#225;scara N-95 ou similares, utilizar m&#225;scara cir&#250;rgica de uso &#250;nico acompanhado de protetor facial (face shield)</italic>.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <label>**</label>
              <p><italic>Aplicar tamb&#233;m a qualquer exame realizado em paciente internados em unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI), com ventila&#231;&#227;o invasiva e n&#227;o invasiva. Essas recomenda&#231;&#245;es devem ser aplicadas a todos os profissionais diretamente envolvidos no procedimento (m&#233;dicos, t&#233;cnicos de enfermagem, tecn&#243;logos etc.). Eco: ecocardiograma; ETE: ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica; ETT: ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica; RMC: resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca; SPECT: tomografia computadorizada por emiss&#227;o de f&#243;ton &#250;nico; TCC: tomografia computadorizada card&#237;aca</italic>.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Fluxo de paramenta&#231;&#227;o com equipamentos de prote&#231;&#227;o individual.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-03-0659-10133-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Fluxo de desparamenta&#231;&#227;o com equipamentos de prote&#231;&#227;o individual.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-03-0659-10133-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>2.4. Cuidados com Equipamentos</title>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>Restringir o n&#250;mero de acess&#243;rios aos minimamente necess&#225;rios &#224; execu&#231;&#227;o do exame para reduzir a necessidade de limpeza e desinfec&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s o procedimento, o risco de contamina&#231;&#227;o e a transmiss&#227;o cruzada.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Considerar o uso de capa protetora envolvendo equipamento e transdutor (no caso de aparelhos de ultrassom), contanto que n&#227;o dificulte o manuseio do aparelho e aumente o tempo de exame.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Todos os equipamentos e acess&#243;rios devem ser limpos e desinfectados ap&#243;s cada uso de acordo com as diretrizes de desinfec&#231;&#227;o de equipamentos. Exames sob estresse e ETE ou aqueles feitos em pacientes com emiss&#227;o de aeross&#243;is (em unidade de terapia intensiva [UTI] ou sob ventila&#231;&#227;o invasiva ou n&#227;o invasiva) necessitam de um intervalo de agendamento maior, porque a desinfec&#231;&#227;o ser&#225; mais demorada. Protocolos de limpeza e desinfec&#231;&#227;o est&#227;o detalhados no Material Suplementar.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>2.5. Cuidados Especiais para Exames sob Estresse</title>
        <p>O exame sob estresse &#233; essencial na avalia&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com doen&#231;a coronariana suspeita ou confirmada. Isso inclui estresse com exerc&#237;cio ou estresse farmacol&#243;gico com qualquer uma das imagens de modalidades de cardiologia nuclear [Tomografia computadorizada por emiss&#227;o de f&#243;ton &#250;nico (SPECT)/tomografia por emiss&#227;o de p&#243;sitron (PET)], ecocardiografia ou resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca (RMC). No entanto, o exame sob estresse f&#237;sico pode aumentar o risco de contamina&#231;&#227;o por got&#237;culas e deve ser adiado (em pacientes com baixo risco de COVID-19) ou n&#227;o realizado (em pacientes com COVID-19 suspeita ou confirmada). Deve ser dada prefer&#234;ncia ao estresse farmacol&#243;gico. Na fase de recrudescimento da pandemia, quando clinicamente apropriado, o estresse sob exerc&#237;cio deve incluir precau&#231;&#245;es dicionais, tais como:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref>
				</p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>Conhe&#231;a os padr&#245;es de circula&#231;&#227;o de ar do laborat&#243;rio &#8211; comsulte a engenharia sobre equipamento/equipe otimizados. Dada a incerteza em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; capacidade de gerar aeross&#243;is durante o teste de esfor&#231;o, &#233; recomend&#225;vel utilizar uma sala dedicada para teste de exerc&#237;cio, com press&#227;o negativa, se poss&#237;vel.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Evite a medi&#231;&#227;o manual da press&#227;o arterial, se poss&#237;vel. A medi&#231;&#227;o de press&#227;o arterial automatizada &#233; comumente usada e razoavelmente precisa tanto em pacientes estacion&#225;rios quanto em pacientes submetidos a estresse farmacol&#243;gico.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>A equipe que supervisiona o teste deve manter dist&#226;ncia (2 metros) do paciente sempre que poss&#237;vel.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>O pessoal envolvido deve incluir o uso de m&#225;scara facial (<italic>face shield</italic>) (particularmente durante ecocardiografia sob estresse com exerc&#237;cio) e luvas, al&#233;m dos EPI comuns a todos os m&#233;todos.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Quando poss&#237;vel, o paciente deve ser encorajado a usar uma m&#225;scara enquanto se exercita.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Se o exerc&#237;cio for considerado necess&#225;rio, considere rastrear a COVID-19 antes do teste de esfor&#231;o.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Deve ser feita uma escolha criteriosa do protocolo de exerc&#237;cio, pois os mais lentos aumentam o tempo de intera&#231;&#227;o com o paciente. O protocolo de bicicleta est&#225; associado a ventila&#231;&#245;es de pico mais baixas por minuto.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>2.6. Cuidados Especiais para Ecocardiografia Transesof&#225;gica</title>
        <p>Dentre todas as modalidades ecocardiogr&#225;ficas, o estudo transesof&#225;gico (ETE) provavelmente &#233; o que implica maior risco de contamina&#231;&#227;o da equipe, em fun&#231;&#227;o do manuseio das vias a&#233;reas, do contato com secre&#231;&#245;es, da proximidade do examinador da boca do paciente e do est&#237;mulo da tosse que pode acontecer durante a passagem da sonda para o es&#244;fago. Dessa forma, sua indica&#231;&#227;o deve ser avaliada criteriosamente, e recomenda-se o n&#237;vel m&#225;ximo de precau&#231;&#227;o para todos os exames, mesmo naqueles realizados no centro cir&#250;rgico ou em pacientes que n&#227;o s&#227;o positivos ou suspeitos de COVID-19<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> (ver <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>). Idealmente, deve haver uma sala espec&#237;fica para ETE que precisar&#225; ter, al&#233;m de prote&#231;&#227;o para o equipamento de ecocardiografia (isolamento ou cobertura com material imperme&#225;vel) e para todo o material necess&#225;rio para o procedimento, um protocolo estrito e demorado de desinfec&#231;&#227;o do ambiente entre os exames (cerca de 1 hora).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>2.7. Cuidados Especiais para Ecocardiografia Pedi&#225;trica</title>
        <p>Considerando a possibilidade aumentada de crian&#231;as assintom&#225;ticas ou infectadas com sintomas m&#237;nimos, as medidas de triagem aplicadas ao paciente adulto podem ser insuficientes, o que implica ajustes na realiza&#231;&#227;o da ecocardiografia ambulatorial ou hospitalar. O m&#233;dico ecocardiografista deve ser preferencialmente o &#250;nico em contato com a crian&#231;a, no caso de uma crian&#231;a ativa e cooperativa. Crian&#231;as menores de 2 anos de idade t&#234;m dificuldade para usar a m&#225;scara, o que leva a maior risco de exposi&#231;&#227;o ao v&#237;rus. Al&#233;m da principal forma de transmiss&#227;o de SARS-CoV-2 por meio de got&#237;culas respirat&#243;rias, a transmiss&#227;o atrav&#233;s de f&#244;mites &#233; assumida como plaus&#237;vel.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> Portanto, troca de fraldas deve ser evitada, se poss&#237;vel, durante o exame, e, caso necess&#225;rio, realizado com higiene adequada. Devido ao maior risco da forma assintom&#225;tica da COVID-19 em crian&#231;as, alguns centros localizados em regi&#245;es end&#234;micas optam por testar as novas admiss&#245;es pedi&#225;tricas hospitalares para SARS-CoV-2.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>2.8. Cuidados Especiais para Ecocardiografia Fetal</title>
        <p>Nas institui&#231;&#245;es na qual a ecocardiografia fetal (EF) &#233; realizada no setor de cardiologia, sugere-se que a gestante se mantenha em &#225;rea separada do paciente pedi&#225;trico, tanto na sala de espera quanto na sala do procedimento. Diferentemente dos surtos virais anteriores (H1N1, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV), que foram associados a complica&#231;&#245;es graves em gestantes, atualmente, as informa&#231;&#245;es, embora limitadas, sugerem que as mesmas n&#227;o s&#227;o mais suscet&#237;veis &#224; infec&#231;&#227;o por SARS-CoV-2 ou, se infectadas, mais propensas a desenvolver complica&#231;&#245;es graves.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> No entanto, dada a incerteza e a possibilidade de aumento do risco &#224; medida que mais dados se tornam dispon&#237;veis, os CDC alertam que &#233; sempre importante que as mulheres gr&#225;vidas se protejam da doen&#231;a. Recomenda-se no m&#225;ximo um acompanhante, que deve passar pelo mesmo processo de triagem da gestante; entretanto, o ideal &#233; que a sala do ecocardiograma seja limitada a gestante e ao m&#233;dico executor para minimizar a exposi&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>3. Utiliza&#231;&#227;o da Ecocardiografia em Adultos na Era COVID-19</title>
      <p>A ecocardiografia &#233; o m&#233;todo de primeira linha no diagn&#243;stico, avalia&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica e orienta&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica em diversas doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. Durante o surto do novo coronav&#237;rus, permanece como m&#233;todo crucial de imagem, principalmente pela sua portabilidade em rela&#231;&#227;o aos outros m&#233;todos de imagem, o que permite a realiza&#231;&#227;o &#224; beira do leito em pacientes isolados e/ou cr&#237;ticos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> Entretanto, como implica contato pr&#243;ximo entre o examinador e o paciente, traz alto risco de infec&#231;&#227;o por COVID-19.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref>
			</p>
      <sec>
        <title>3.1. Prioriza&#231;&#227;o e Indica&#231;&#245;es de Ecocardiografia Transtor&#225;cica em Pacientes Adultos de Baixo Risco para COVID-19</title>
        <p>Mesmo em pacientes com baixo risco de COVID-19, a reintrodu&#231;&#227;o dos exames ambulatoriais deve ser progressiva, levando em considera&#231;&#227;o os crit&#233;rios de prioridade e a fase da pandemia (ver <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> A seguir, est&#227;o descritas indica&#231;&#245;es de cada n&#237;vel de prioridade.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>3.1.1. Exames de Alta Prioridade (Essenciais)</title>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Indiv&#237;duos com sintomas cardiovasculares agudos ou com piora recente. Exemplo: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca classe funcional (CF) III ou IV, s&#237;ncope de prov&#225;vel origem card&#237;aca, dor tor&#225;cica, arritmias, acidente vascular cerebral (AVC); suspeita de doen&#231;a valvar aguda (regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral ou a&#243;rtica); sintomas agudos em portador de pr&#243;tese valvar; suspeita de estenose a&#243;rtica grave sintom&#225;tica sem diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref>
							</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Avalia&#231;&#227;o antes de terapia cl&#237;nica urgente, mesmo em paciente assintom&#225;tico. Exemplo: ecocardiograma basal antes do in&#237;cio de quimioterapia; avalia&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) antes de implante de cardiodesfibrilador para preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Planejamento de interven&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular urgente: plastia de valva mitral, implante da valva a&#243;rtica transcateter (TAVI), oclus&#227;o de ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Monitoramento da seguran&#231;a de terapia cl&#237;nica. Exemplo: seguimento da quimioterapia em paciente com alto risco de cardiotoxicidade, mesmo que assintom&#225;tico.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Controle ap&#243;s terapia cir&#250;rgica ou invasiva recente. Exemplo: suspeita de derrame peric&#225;rdico ap&#243;s implante de dispositivo ou cirurgia card&#237;aca, mesmo que assintom&#225;tico.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Suspeita de endocardite infecciosa com alta probabilidade pr&#233;-teste.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Suspeita de doen&#231;a peric&#225;rdica ou de progress&#227;o de derrame peric&#225;rdico.</p>
              <p>Em pacientes internados, as indica&#231;&#245;es de ecocardiograma de urg&#234;ncia (ou alta prioridade) geralmente s&#227;o as mesmas que antes da pandemia (tais como complica&#231;&#245;es mec&#226;nicas ap&#243;s infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, tamponamento, dissec&#231;&#227;o de aorta entre outras).</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>3.1.2. Exames de M&#233;dia Prioridade</title>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Monitoramento da progress&#227;o de doen&#231;a cr&#244;nica mioc&#225;rdica ou valvar grave assintom&#225;tica. Exemplo: cardiomiopatia, estenose a&#243;rtica, insufici&#234;ncia mitral prim&#225;ria, pr&#243;tese valvar disfuncionante.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Surgimento de sintomas em pacientes com doen&#231;a card&#237;aca ou pulmonar conhecida.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com FEVE reduzida (ICFEr), quando a FEVE determina terapia m&#233;dica ou implante de dispositivo.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Avalia&#231;&#227;o antes de procedimento ou terapia de rotina. Exemplo: cirurgia n&#227;o urgente.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Monitoramento do resultado de terapia. Exemplo: tratamento de cardiomiopatia dilatada em regress&#227;o, tratamento de rejei&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s transplante card&#237;aco, Takotsubo (cardiomiopatia de estresse), doen&#231;a de Kawasaki, disfun&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo direito (VD) ap&#243;s embolia pulmonar, pericardiocentese, avalia&#231;&#227;o de dispositivo de assist&#234;ncia ventricular.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial de novo sopro inexplicado.</p>
              <p>Esses exames podem ser reintroduzidos em &#225;reas em que se observa um recrudescimento da pandemia.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>3.1.3. Exames de Baixa Prioridade</title>
          <p>S&#227;o exames eletivos, geralmente solicitados anualmente ou bianualmente, para seguimento de doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas assintom&#225;ticas ou sem mudan&#231;a do estado pr&#233;vio, em que o resultado do exame n&#227;o mudar&#225; o tratamento e/ou o desfecho a curto prazo. Esses exames podem ser adiados para per&#237;odo de menor transmissibilidade ou quando as restri&#231;&#245;es tiverem sido suspensas ou flexibilizadas, especialmente se j&#225; h&#225; ecocardiograma pr&#233;vio dos &#250;ltimos 12 meses.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>3.2. Prioriza&#231;&#227;o e Indica&#231;&#245;es de Ecocardiografia Transtor&#225;cica em Pacientes Adultos com COVID-19 Suspeita ou Confirmada</title>
        <p>Do ponto de vista cardiovascular, os pacientes acometidos pelo novo coronav&#237;rus (SARS-CoV-2) podem cursar com evid&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (tanto esquerda quanto direita), altera&#231;&#245;es vasculares, arritmias, fen&#244;menos tromboemb&#243;licos e derrame peric&#225;rdico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> Dessa forma, a ecocardiografia tamb&#233;m pode auxiliar no julgamento cl&#237;nico de pacientes com COVID-19, em situa&#231;&#245;es como:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref>
				</p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>Dispneia incapacitante. A dispneia &#233; muito comum em pacientes com pneumonia secund&#225;ria &#224; COVID-19 (situa&#231;&#227;o em que a troponina tamb&#233;m eleva, podendo levar &#224; falsa hip&#243;tese de miocardite). Nesse caso, um BNP normal (mesmo com troponina elevada) pode excluir a necessidade de ecocardiografia. Ultrassonografia de pulm&#227;o, em m&#227;os experientes, pode auxiliar no diagn&#243;stico diferencial entre insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) e pneumonia.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Pacientes com pr&#233;via doen&#231;a card&#237;aca com mudan&#231;a no estado hemodin&#226;mico ou sinais e sintomas de envolvimento desproporcional do pulm&#227;o.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Cardiomegalia na radiografia de t&#243;rax.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Arritmias clinicamente significativas ou de in&#237;cio agudo.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Dor tor&#225;cica com altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas e/ou eleva&#231;&#227;o de troponinas. Se houver forte suspeita de miocardite e a resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica for indicada por ser considerada crucial para o tratamento em determinado caso, pode-se inicialmente prescindir da ecocardiografia.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica, fal&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria e/ou choque de etiologia incerta.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Suspeita de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar e/ou disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>Em janelas ac&#250;sticas dif&#237;ceis, o uso de contraste ecocardiogr&#225;fico pode ser empregado para possibilitar a realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame, reduzir o tempo de realiza&#231;&#227;o, e evitar diagn&#243;stico inadequado ou outros exames desnecess&#225;rios.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref>
				</p>
        <p>Nesses pacientes com COVID-19, o exame deve ser direcionado para a quest&#227;o cl&#237;nica. Ecocardiografia seriada deve ser evitada, a n&#227;o ser que haja uma clara mudan&#231;a no estado cl&#237;nico (instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica). Entretanto, na UTI, muitas vezes, o ecocardiograma &#233; usado para monitorar a evolu&#231;&#227;o de pacientes cr&#237;ticos, especialmente quanto ao manejo de fluidos. Nesse caso, um ultrassom focado ou a ecocardiografia direcionada podem ser utilizados. Tais protocolos s&#227;o descritos a seguir.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>3.3. Protocolos de Ecocardiografia Transtor&#225;cica em Pacientes Adultos na era COVID-19</title>
        <sec>
          <title>3.3.1. Ecocardiografia Direcionada</title>
          <p>&#201; aquele exame direcionado &#224; quest&#227;o cl&#237;nica, por&#233;m completo o suficiente para abranger todas as hip&#243;teses cl&#237;nicas. Esse protocolo deve ser feito pelo ecocardiografista em indiv&#237;duos com COVID-19, sem monitoramento com eletrocardiograma . Deve incluir a avalia&#231;&#227;o dos seguintes par&#226;metros:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Ventr&#237;culo esquerdo: avalia&#231;&#227;o quantitativa da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica global (fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o), sinais de disfun&#231;&#227;o regional, dimens&#245;es da cavidade.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Ventr&#237;culo direito: fun&#231;&#227;o global, varia&#231;&#227;o fracional de &#225;rea (FAC) ou excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica do plano tric&#250;spide (TAPSE), dimens&#227;o da cavidade, velocidade e gradiente da regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide, se poss&#237;vel.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Valvas: avalia&#231;&#227;o grosseira da anatomia e Doppler colorido, por&#233;m, se houver sinais de disfun&#231;&#227;o, aprofundar a avalia&#231;&#227;o.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Peric&#225;rdio: presen&#231;a de espessamento e/ou derrame.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>3.3.2. Ultrassom Focado &#8211; Indica&#231;&#245;es, Protocolos e Principais Achados</title>
          <p>O ultrassom focado, tamb&#233;m conhecido como <italic>point of care</italic> est&#225; sendo largamente utilizado como forma de suporte ao diagn&#243;stico, manejo e acompanhamento seriado dos pacientes infectados por COVID-19.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref> As grandes vantagens do ultrassom focado na COVID-19 incluem a sua ampla disponibilidade nos ambientes de urg&#234;ncia/emerg&#234;ncias e terapia intensiva, elevada acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica, vasta quantidade de informa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas que fornece e facilidade de utiliza&#231;&#227;o e realiza&#231;&#227;o &#224; beira do leito &#8211; evitando o transporte de pacientes para a radiologia e a dissemina&#231;&#227;o do v&#237;rus dentro do hospital. O exame pode ser realizado tanto com equipamentos de ultrassom convencionais, como equipamentos port&#225;teis ou ultraport&#225;teis (de bolso), sendo esses &#250;ltimos prefer&#237;veis pela facilidade de desinfec&#231;&#227;o e uso &#224; beira do leito. Todos os cuidados de prote&#231;&#227;o pessoal e para o equipamento descritos anteriormente devem ser adotados. Dentre as aplica&#231;&#245;es do ultrassom focado nos pacientes com COVID-19, destacamos a ultrassonografia pulmonar e o ultrassom card&#237;aco.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>3.3.3. Ultrassonografia Pulmonar e Pleural Focada</title>
          <p>O ultrassom de pulm&#227;o consiste em uma alternativa &#225;gil para avaliar o grau de envolvimento pulmonar e acompanhar o resultado de interven&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas &#224; beira do leito. A acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica do ultrassom pulmonar (LUS) tem se mostrado similar &#224; da tomografia computadorizada (TC) de t&#243;rax em pacientes com queixas respirat&#243;rias, tais como dispneia e hipoxemia (sensibilidade 85%; especificidade 93% &#8211; para pneumonia n&#227;o COVID-19).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref> Achados normais ao LUS tamb&#233;m apresentam uma excelente correla&#231;&#227;o com TC de t&#243;rax livre de altera&#231;&#245;es parenquimatosas, tais como opacifica&#231;&#245;es em vidro fosco. Dessa forma, o LUS apresenta um elevado valor preditor negativo, possibilitando seu uso para a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco dos pacientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref> Assim, al&#233;m de atuar no diagn&#243;stico e estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco inicial, o LUS est&#225; sendo amplamente utilizado no monitoramento dos pacientes cr&#237;ticos com quadro de s&#237;ndrome respirat&#243;ria aguda grave pelo SARS-CoV-2.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref> O LUS ajuda na tomada de decis&#245;es sobre necessidade de ventila&#231;&#227;o pronada, oxigena&#231;&#227;o por membrana extracorp&#243;rea (ECMO) e desmame da ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica na insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria aguda.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref> &#201; &#250;til tamb&#233;m para excluir outras patologias, como pneumot&#243;rax, que pode ocorrer em indiv&#237;duos com ventila&#231;&#227;o e press&#227;o positiva.</p>
          <p>Diversos protocolos de exame de LUS s&#227;o descritos na literatura. No caso dos pacientes com COVID-19, recomendamos a avalia&#231;&#227;o de pelo menos seis campos pulmonares em cada hemit&#243;rax, nas regi&#245;es anterior, axilar anterior e axilar posterior, acima e abaixo da linha do 4&#176; espa&#231;o intercostal. Como o acometimento pulmonar na COVID-19 &#233; bilateral e multifocal, podendo n&#227;o ser uniforme, ressaltamos a import&#226;ncia de n&#227;o restringir a avalia&#231;&#227;o apenas em alguns pontos da parede tor&#225;cica e recomendamos explorar todo o t&#243;rax.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref> Os achados da LUS na COVID-19 acompanham a evolu&#231;&#227;o e a extens&#227;o do acometimento pulmonar identificado pela TC de t&#243;rax e est&#227;o descritos na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref>. &#201; importante ressaltar que derrame pleural n&#227;o &#233; um achado frequente da SARS-CoV-2, fato que ajuda a tornar pouco prov&#225;vel a infec&#231;&#227;o por COVID-19. Ao longo do processo de recupera&#231;&#227;o, a normaliza&#231;&#227;o do pulm&#227;o &#233; gradual, sendo poss&#237;vel observar o desaparecimento das consolida&#231;&#245;es subpleurais, normaliza&#231;&#227;o da linha pleural e reaparecimento das linhas A.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30"><sup>30</sup></xref>
					</p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Achados do ultrassom pulmonar na COVID-19 e correla&#231;&#227;o com gravidade e achados tomogr&#225;ficos</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-03-0659-10133-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>3.3.4. Ultrassom Cardiovascular Focado</title>
          <p>O ultrassom cardiovascular focado est&#225; sendo utilizado por m&#233;dicos emergencistas ou intensivistas na linha de frente, para avalia&#231;&#227;o r&#225;pida e rastreamento de doen&#231;as card&#237;acas e vaculares preexistentes, bem como para identifica&#231;&#227;o precoce de altera&#231;&#245;es mioc&#225;rdicas relacionadas &#224; COVID-19.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref> O objetivo do ultrassom card&#237;aco &#233; avaliar qualitativamente fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, tamanho e contratilidade do ventr&#237;culo direito, tamanho e colapsibilidade da veia cava inferior, anormalidades grosseiras valvares e derrame peric&#225;rdico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4</xref>). Em pacientes com COVID-19, o ultrassom est&#225; indicado na presen&#231;a de troponina e ou pept&#237;dio natriur&#233;tico tipo B (BNP) elevados, concomitante &#224;s altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas ou hemodin&#226;micas, ou diante da suspeita de embolia pulmonar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"><sup>31</sup></xref> Nesse caso, uma das grandes vantagens do ultrassom focado &#233; poder reduzir a necessidade de um exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico convencional, o que reduz a exposi&#231;&#227;o da equipe m&#233;dica e diminui a necessidade de descontamina&#231;&#227;o do equipamento ecocardiogr&#225;fico, al&#233;m de economizar EPI. N&#227;o equivale a um ecocardiograma, por&#233;m &#233; capaz de confirmar ou excluir um diagn&#243;stico espec&#237;fico, em uma r&#225;pida avalia&#231;&#227;o &#224; beira do leito, facilitando decis&#245;es terap&#234;uticas. Tamb&#233;m pode triar pacientes que necessitem de exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico. Por outro lado, se n&#227;o houver treinamento adequado, h&#225; o risco de aquisi&#231;&#227;o de imagens inadequadas que levem a diagn&#243;sticos falso-positivos ou falso-negativos. Com isso, podem ocorrer tratamentos desnecess&#225;rios e, por vezes, prejudiciais, indica&#231;&#227;o de ecocardiogramas inapropriados ou retardo no tratamento. Dessa forma, o uso do ultrassom card&#237;aco focado deve ser baseado em protocolos institucionais, e &#233; recomend&#225;vel certifica&#231;&#227;o interna de compet&#234;ncia e an&#225;lise constante de qualidade, tendo em vista que a metodologia para ensino e treinamento desse m&#233;todo &#233; altamente vari&#225;vel.</p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Protocolo do ultrassom cardiovascular focado. Janelas, principais achados e poss&#237;veis doen&#231;as. VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; PVC: press&#227;o venosa central.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-03-0659-10133-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>O ultrassom focado integrado (card&#237;aco e pulmonar) &#233; ideal para a caracteriza&#231;&#227;o adequada do estado vol&#234;mico, fun&#231;&#227;o subjacente dos ventr&#237;culos, monitoramento da resposta a fluidos e titula&#231;&#227;o do vasopressor no caso de suporte inotr&#243;pico. Na disfun&#231;&#227;o do VD, o ultrassom vascular focado para investiga&#231;&#227;o de trombose venosa profunda (TVP), pode complementar a avalia&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>3.4. Prioriza&#231;&#227;o e Indica&#231;&#245;es para Ecocardiografia sob Estresse na Era COVID-19</title>
        <p>Em pacientes de baixo risco para COVID-19 que enfrentam situa&#231;&#245;es em que a indica&#231;&#227;o &#233; apropriada e o adiamento n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel ou n&#227;o recomend&#225;vel (p. ex., pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia em paciente com c&#226;ncer e probabilidade pr&#233;-teste alta de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana obstrutiva), o ecocardiograma sob estresse farmacol&#243;gico deve ser preferido, por n&#227;o ser considerado gerador de aeross&#243;is. Outra alternativa para investiga&#231;&#227;o de casos selecionados de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana cr&#244;nica durante a pandemia &#233; priorizar a realiza&#231;&#227;o de angiotomografia coronariana.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> Quando for alcan&#231;ada uma preval&#234;ncia muito baixa de COVID-19 na comunidade, a ecocardiografia sob exerc&#237;cio pode novamente se tornar a primeira escolha, mas requer cuidados adicionais de seguran&#231;a, conforme previamente descrito.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>3.5. Prioriza&#231;&#227;o e Indica&#231;&#245;es para Ecocardiografia Transesof&#225;gica em Pacientes Adultos na Era COVID-19</title>
        <p>Preocupa&#231;&#227;o especial existe com ETE, pois o risco de contamina&#231;&#227;o do equipamento e dos profissionais de sa&#250;de por got&#237;culas e aeross&#243;is &#233; muito alto. Assim, o valor incremental de ETE sobre a ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica (ETT) deve ser cuidadosamente analisado, caso a caso, em conjunto com o m&#233;dico assistente, e, se poss&#237;vel, enquanto perdurar a pandemia, deve-se optar por m&#233;todos alternativos, especialmente em pacientes com COVID-19.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> Por exemplo, uma das principais indica&#231;&#245;es de ETE &#8211; a pesquisa de trombos intracavit&#225;rios &#8211; pode, durante a vig&#234;ncia da pandemia, ser substitu&#237;da pela angiotomografia, exame que tem menor potencial de contamina&#231;&#227;o da equipe. Obviamente, isso s&#243; ser&#225; vi&#225;vel nos casos com possibilidade de transporte e com fun&#231;&#227;o renal preservada. Sempre que poss&#237;vel, o diagn&#243;stico completo por meio de ETT deve ser tentado. Deve-se reservar ETE a situa&#231;&#245;es de cr&#237;tica import&#226;ncia em que possa haver mudan&#231;a de conduta, especialmente em UTI ou centro cir&#250;rgico, onde n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel utilizar outro m&#233;todo, e deve-se focar em responder &#224; quest&#227;o cl&#237;nica. Em locais em que est&#225; havendo o recrudescimento da epidemia, a reintrodu&#231;&#227;o dos servi&#231;os de ETE para pacientes ambulatoriais deve seguir crit&#233;rios estritos, e cada caso precisar&#225; de uma avalia&#231;&#227;o individual. Recomenda-se que a reintrodu&#231;&#227;o das agendas ambulatoriais seja realizada baseando-se na prioridade de execu&#231;&#227;o que deve considerar a posi&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via na fila de espera, indica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica (sintom&#225;tico ou n&#227;o) e o potencial impacto do exame na hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica (p. ex., exames necess&#225;rios para um agendamento de procedimento posterior).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> Cuidados adicionais de agendamento e seguran&#231;a espec&#237;ficos para ETE s&#227;o descritos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>. Dentre as v&#225;rias indica&#231;&#245;es de ETE, destacam-se, como alta prioridade:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32"><sup>32</sup></xref>
				</p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>Endocardite infecciosa com envolvimento valvar ou paravalvar.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Dissec&#231;&#227;o de aorta tipo A (Stanford) em paciente inst&#225;vel (se paciente est&#225;vel, preferir tomografia; se suspeita de insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica associada, avaliar em conjunto com ETT).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>In&#237;cio de suporte circulat&#243;rio mec&#226;nico.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com suspeita de complica&#231;&#245;es mec&#226;nicas n&#227;o detectadas por ETT (defeito do septo interventricular, ruptura da parede livre do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo ou de m&#250;sculo papilar).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Disfun&#231;&#227;o de pr&#243;tese mal definida &#224; ETT ou tomografia.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Monitoramento de instala&#231;&#227;o de ECMO venovenosa para tratamento de pneumonia por COVID.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Avalia&#231;&#227;o intraoperat&#243;ria de resultado de plastia mitral, miectomia septal ou para diagn&#243;stico e manejo de complica&#231;&#245;es.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica devido a choque indiferenciado em indiv&#237;duo com janela ac&#250;stica inadequada &#224; ETT (p. ex., per&#237;odo perioperat&#243;rio de cir&#250;rgica card&#237;aca; paciente sob ventila&#231;&#227;o pronada).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Pesquisa de trombo em ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo pr&#233;-cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica para restaura&#231;&#227;o de ritmo sinusal, em paciente inst&#225;vel ou com tomografia computadorizada card&#237;aca (TCC) indispon&#237;vel (TCC com baixa infus&#227;o de contraste &#233; a primeira op&#231;&#227;o em pacientes com COVID-19).</p>
            <p>N&#227;o est&#225; recomendado a realiza&#231;&#227;o de ETE para:</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Pesquisa de endocardite infecciosa (EI) em paciente com febre transit&#243;ria sem bacteremia ou novo sopro.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Bacteremia transit&#243;ria com identifica&#231;&#227;o de pat&#243;geno n&#227;o tipicamente associado a EI ou com fonte de infec&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o endovascular documentada.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Reavalia&#231;&#227;o de pr&#233;via imagem ecocardiogr&#225;fica de vegeta&#231;&#227;o em indiv&#237;duo est&#225;vel quando nenhuma mudan&#231;a de terapia &#233; prevista.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>4. Utiliza&#231;&#227;o da Ecocardiografia Pedi&#225;trica, Cong&#234;nita e Fetal na Era COVID-19</title>
      <p>O exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico em crian&#231;as pode criar um risco aumentado de exposi&#231;&#227;o para a equipe e a comunidade, tendo em vista que, apesar da menor ocorr&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a grave, paradoxalmente, um grande n&#250;mero de crian&#231;as infectadas pode ser assintom&#225;tico ou minimamente sintom&#225;tico, al&#233;m da necessidade da presen&#231;a de acompanhante adulto, implicando ajustes para o atendimento especializado. Considerando que a popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica e de portador de cardiopatia cong&#234;nita &#233; diferente da adulta, no que diz respeito ao risco de transmiss&#227;o e indica&#231;&#245;es para ecocardiografia, o objetivo deste t&#243;pico &#233; atualizar as indica&#231;&#245;es e protocolos para realiza&#231;&#227;o de ETT e de EF para essa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>4.1. Prioriza&#231;&#227;o e Indica&#231;&#245;es de Ecocardiografia Transtor&#225;cica em Pacientes Pedi&#225;tricos ou Cong&#234;nitos</title>
        <p>Na faixa et&#225;ria pedi&#225;trica e nos portadores de cardiopatia cong&#234;nita, as indica&#231;&#245;es absolutas incluem suspeita de cardiopatia cong&#234;nita, seguimento pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cardiopatia cong&#234;nita, crian&#231;as portadoras de cardiopatia adquirida, transplante card&#237;aco, crian&#231;as com risco aumentado de comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca (tratamento com quimioterapia) e complica&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas por infec&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33"><sup>33</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34"><sup>34</sup></xref> Essas indica&#231;&#245;es dever&#227;o ser categorizadas como alta, m&#233;dia ou baixa prioridade, conforme demonstrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>, para a reintrodu&#231;&#227;o dos exames em n&#237;vel ambulatorial, de acordo com a repercuss&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica e o julgamento cl&#237;nico.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>4.2. Otimiza&#231;&#227;o do Protocolo de Ecocardiografia Transtor&#225;cica em Pacientes Pedi&#225;tricos ou Cong&#234;nitos</title>
        <p>Recomenda-se que a ETT seja realizada da forma tradicional devido &#224; grande variabilidade anat&#244;mica e aos desafios, no que diz respeito &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica, reservando o estudo focado para utiliza&#231;&#227;o na unidade de emerg&#234;ncia e terapia intensiva pedi&#225;trica, assim como nos pacientes com suspeita ou confirma&#231;&#227;o de COVID-19. No caso de exame potencialmente complicado, recomenda-se direcion&#225;-lo ao ecocardiografista mais experiente, aumentando a probabilidade de realizar um exame adequadamente detalhado, preciso e r&#225;pido, sem necessidade de suporte pr&#225;tico adicional.</p>
        <p>Recentemente, foi emitido um alerta acerca da s&#237;ndrome inflamat&#243;ria multissist&#234;mica em crian&#231;as e adolescentes, descrita como uma apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica na maioria das vezes mais tardia e associada &#224; COVID-19, caracterizada pela presen&#231;a de manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas similares &#224;s observadas na s&#237;ndrome de Kawasaki t&#237;pica, s&#237;ndrome de Kawasaki incompleta e/ou s&#237;ndrome do choque s&#233;ptico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35"><sup>35</sup></xref> A faixa et&#225;ria mais acometida &#233; a escolar (idade m&#233;dia de 9 anos), crit&#233;rio que a diferencia da s&#237;ndrome de Kawasaki, sendo os sintomas gastrointestinais predominantes. H&#225; acometimento card&#237;aco com comprometimento da FEVE, descrita por diversos grupos, em praticamente 100% dos casos, choque cardiog&#234;nico e envolvimento das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias que podem apresentar grau vari&#225;vel de dilata&#231;&#227;o, e em alguns grupos s&#227;o descritos aneurismas. Os sintomas respirat&#243;rios s&#227;o leves e pode haver erup&#231;&#227;o cut&#226;nea e envolvimento das mucosas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35"><sup>35</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36"><sup>36</sup></xref>
				</p>
        <p>Na suspeita cl&#237;nica da s&#237;ndrome inflamat&#243;ria multissist&#234;mica em crian&#231;as e adolescentes, os principais objetivos da avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica consistem em identificar poss&#237;vel dilata&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, medir a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica por meio da FEVE, quantificar o grau de regurgita&#231;&#227;o valvar, avaliar o aspecto morfol&#243;gico das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias (dilata&#231;&#227;o e/ou aneurisma) e peric&#225;rdio.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>4.3. Prioriza&#231;&#227;o e Indica&#231;&#245;es de Ecocardiografia Fetal</title>
        <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o por EF apresenta desafios, considerando-se que existe um per&#237;odo finito da gesta&#231;&#227;o na qual &#233; necess&#225;rio o planejamento e a tomada de decis&#227;o perinatal e neonatal. A princ&#237;pio, dependendo do grau de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco, considerou-se nos casos de gestantes de baixo risco a n&#227;o realiza&#231;&#227;o de EF; no grupo de risco moderado, adiar a EF para uma data posterior quando o risco de SARS-CoV-2 estiver diminu&#237;do ou ap&#243;s 28 semanas de gesta&#231;&#227;o; e no grupo de alto risco, agendar e realizar o exame rapidamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> Entretanto, com o prolongamento da pandemia, considerando que a gravidez continuar&#225; e que as doen&#231;as card&#237;acas fetais podem ser cr&#237;ticas, recomenda-se que a EF seja realizada seguindo as recomenda&#231;&#245;es das diretrizes previamente publicadas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37"><sup>37</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38"><sup>38</sup></xref> A execu&#231;&#227;o deve ser realizada conforme os protocolos de EPI &#224; gestante e ao profissional de sa&#250;de. A avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica deve ser a mais completa poss&#237;vel, evitando-se reavalia&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        <p>A possibilidade de infec&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-natal ou perinatal deve ser considerada quando os neonatos s&#227;o transferidos para a unidade de terapia neonatal pedi&#225;trica ou card&#237;aca ap&#243;s o parto. Os dados sobre a transmiss&#227;o vertical do SARS-CoV-2 ainda s&#227;o escassos;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39"><sup>39</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40"><sup>40</sup></xref> no entanto, se a pu&#233;rpera testar positiva para o v&#237;rus dentro de 14 dias ap&#243;s o parto, o rec&#233;m-nascido deve ser tamb&#233;m testado e tratado como positivo, at&#233; que um resultado negativo seja confirmado.</p>
        <p>A presta&#231;&#227;o de servi&#231;os ecocardiogr&#225;ficos &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica e portadores de cardiopatia cong&#234;nita permanece crucial durante a pandemia de SARS-CoV-2 e devemos continuar os cuidados a esse grupo de pacientes sempre minimizando os riscos para a equipe profissional de sa&#250;de, pacientes e o p&#250;blico.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>4.4. Prioriza&#231;&#227;o e Indica&#231;&#245;es da Ecocardiografia Transesof&#225;gica em Pacientes Pedi&#225;tricos</title>
        <p>Em pacientes portadores de cardiopatia cong&#234;nita, a ETE &#233; considerada parte integrante do cuidado intraoperat&#243;rio, assim como durante as interven&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas. Nos casos ambulatoriais frente ao risco alto de exposi&#231;&#227;o ao SARS-CoV-2, recomenda-se adiar ou substitu&#237;-lo por uma modalidade de imagem alternativa, como, por exemplo, a realiza&#231;&#227;o de ETT associada &#224; inje&#231;&#227;o de contraste salino agitado, TCC e RMC contrastadas. Nas crian&#231;as, sempre devemos equilibrar os riscos e benef&#237;cios que podem ocorrer em procedimento de aerossol com o risco de transporte, necessidade de desinfec&#231;&#227;o da sala de TCC ou RMC, administra&#231;&#227;o de contraste ou radia&#231;&#227;o na TCC, al&#233;m do tempo mais prolongado para realiza&#231;&#227;o de RMC.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>4.5. Protocolo para Realiza&#231;&#227;o da Ecocardiografia Transesof&#225;gica em Pacientes Pedi&#225;tricos</title>
        <p>Devido &#224; falta de confiabilidade dos sintomas para prever o <italic>status</italic> da COVID-19 em crian&#231;as, foi proposta recomenda&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica para realiza&#231;&#227;o de ETE em crian&#231;as:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref>
				</p>
        <list list-type="order">
          <list-item>
            <p>Todos os pacientes na faixa et&#225;ria pedi&#225;trica devem ser considerados positivos para realiza&#231;&#227;o de ETE, a menos que tenham um teste COVID-19 negativo dentro de 48 a 72 horas. Se teste COVID-19 negativo, a ETE poder&#225; ser realizada usando as precau&#231;&#245;es-padr&#227;o (luvas, m&#225;scara e prote&#231;&#227;o para os olhos).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Em pacientes pedi&#225;tricos sem teste negativo para COVID-19 dentro 72 horas, intubados antes da chegada ao centro cir&#250;rgico, o risco de aerossoliza&#231;&#227;o &#233; considerado baixo. A introdu&#231;&#227;o da sonda pode ser realizada pelo anestesista ou ecocardiografista, de acordo com os procedimentos e precau&#231;&#245;es-padr&#245;es da institui&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Em pacientes assintom&#225;ticos sem teste negativo para COVID-19 dentro de 72 horas que requerem intuba&#231;&#227;o no centro cir&#250;rgico, recomenda-se que seja realizada pelo anestesista usando EPI apropriados e respiradores purificadores de ar. Esse processo deve ser seguido por um per&#237;odo de espera de aproximadamente 20 a 30 minutos, dependendo dos protocolos locais e dos fatores ambientais, permitindo a completa troca de ar na sala. Nesse per&#237;odo, n&#227;o deve ser permitido o tr&#226;nsito de pessoas na sala. A recomenda&#231;&#227;o &#233; que a sonda da ETE seja introduzida pelo anestesista imediatamente ap&#243;s a estabiliza&#231;&#227;o das vias a&#233;reas para minimizar o risco de exposi&#231;&#227;o de outras pessoas. Ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo de espera, a manipula&#231;&#227;o da sonda pode ser realizada pelo ecocardiografista, de acordo com os procedimento e precau&#231;&#245;es padronizadas.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Para crian&#231;as COVID-19 positivas ou sintom&#225;ticas, o isolamento estrito &#233; mandat&#243;rio. Deve-se considerar fortemente a introdu&#231;&#227;o da sonda pelo anestesista para minimizar o risco de exposi&#231;&#227;o de outros profissionais. A equipe de profissionais de sa&#250;de do centro cir&#250;rgico, sala de recupera&#231;&#227;o ou sala de procedimentos deve usar equipamento de isolamento rigoroso durante todo o tempo e estar treinada para vestir e retirar EPI. Somente o pessoal essencial &#233; permitido no centro cir&#250;rgico para atenuar o risco de exposi&#231;&#227;o (apenas uma pessoa de eco) e preservar EPI.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>5. Utiliza&#231;&#227;o da Ultrassonografia Vascular na Era COVID-19</title>
      <p>Uma das situa&#231;&#245;es que requer maior cuidado nos pacientes infectados por SARS-CoV-2 &#233; o desenvolvimento de coagulopatia, caracterizada, em grande parte, por tend&#234;ncia &#224; trombose dos sistemas venoso e arterial, bem como microvasculatura. Klok et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"><sup>31</sup></xref> avaliaram a incid&#234;ncia de tromboembolismo venoso (TEV) e complica&#231;&#245;es tromb&#243;ticas arteriais em 184 pacientes com COVID-19 internados em UTI. A despeito da profilaxia para TEV realizada em todos os pacientes, foi detectada 31% de incid&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es tromb&#243;ticas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"><sup>31</sup></xref> Por esse motivo, durante a pandemia, houve um aumento da demanda na ultrassonografia vascular (USV), em especial a USV venosa, nos pacientes com COVID-19, a maioria deles internados. Por esse motivo, discuss&#227;o mais aprofundada ser&#225; feita a seguir para esse exame.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>5.1. Prioriza&#231;&#227;o e Indica&#231;&#245;es de Ultrassonografia Vascular em Pacientes de Baixo Risco para COVID-19</title>
        <p>Em pacientes ambulatoriais sem COVID-19, &#233; necess&#225;rio subdividir os tipos de exames e categoriz&#225;-los de acordo com a prioridade da indica&#231;&#227;o (ver <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>). S&#227;o considerados exames de alta prioridade (essenciais), a USV venosa para pesquisa de TVP e a USV de car&#243;tidas e vertebrais em pacientes com suspeita de AVC. Na doen&#231;a obstrutiva perif&#233;rica, a prioridade da USV arterial depender&#225; da indica&#231;&#227;o do tratamento cir&#250;rgico.</p>
        <p>Demais exames devem ser categorizados como m&#233;dia ou baixa prioridade a crit&#233;rio do m&#233;dico assistente, desde que n&#227;o haja indica&#231;&#227;o de procedimento invasivo de urg&#234;ncia. Nesse contexto, pode-se incluir a USV de aorta e ramos, a USV para mapeamento venoso de varizes e a USV de car&#243;tidas para rastreamento de doen&#231;a obstrutiva carot&#237;dea no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia card&#237;aca.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>5.2. Prioriza&#231;&#227;o e Indica&#231;&#245;es da Ultrassonografia Vascular em Pacientes com COVID-19</title>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>Suspeita de tromboembolismo pulmonar (TEP): a USV tem baixa acur&#225;cia no diagn&#243;stico de TEP, por&#233;m poder&#225; ser indicada quando houver alto risco de sangramento, quando o resultado mudar a conduta ou quando a suspeita de TEP for alta e n&#227;o houver angiotomografia dispon&#237;vel.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41"><sup>41</sup></xref>
						</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Suspeita de TVP: nos indiv&#237;duos com alta suspeita cl&#237;nica de TVP e com risco de sangramento elevado, a USV do sistema venoso de membros est&#225; indicada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41"><sup>41</sup></xref>
						</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Suspeita de obstru&#231;&#227;o arterial aguda de membros superiores ou membros inferiores (USV arterial).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>AVC de causa a esclarecer (USV de car&#243;tidas e vertebrais).</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>5.3. Situa&#231;&#245;es em que a Ultrassonografia Vascular N&#227;o Est&#225; Recomendada para Pacientes com COVID-19</title>
        <p>A USV venosa n&#227;o deve ser utilizada como marcador para alterar o planejamento da terapia com anticoagulantes proposta para o paciente.</p>
        <p>Exames laboratoriais n&#227;o s&#227;o indicadores da necessidade de realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame; dessa forma, um valor alto de D-D&#237;mero n&#227;o justifica a realiza&#231;&#227;o da USV para investiga&#231;&#227;o de TVP. J&#225; em casos com D-D&#237;mero negativo, n&#227;o h&#225; necessidade da realiza&#231;&#227;o da USV para pesquisa de TVP.</p>
        <p>A TVP nos membros superiores tem baixa morbidade em pacientes criticamente enfermos, portanto, n&#227;o h&#225; recomenda&#231;&#227;o de rotina para a realiza&#231;&#227;o da USV venosa dessa regi&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Concluindo, a USV n&#227;o est&#225; recomendada em quaisquer situa&#231;&#245;es em que o resultado do exame n&#227;o determine mudan&#231;a de conduta ou n&#227;o seja um pr&#233;-requisito para cirurgia de urg&#234;ncia.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>5.4. Otimiza&#231;&#227;o dos Protocolos de Ultrassonografia Vascular</title>
        <p>O protocolo de USV venoso completo &#233; o mais recomendado para a investiga&#231;&#227;o de TVP; no entanto, a compress&#227;o de tr&#234;s ou dois pontos (<italic>point of care</italic>) em pacientes internados criticamente enfermos com COVID-19 parece ser uma op&#231;&#227;o razo&#225;vel, exceto se a queixa de dor do paciente for no segmento infrapatelar (nesse caso, deve-se fazer o protocolo completo). O protocolo de tr&#234;s pontos avalia a compressibilidade de todas as veias proximais do membro inferior investigado. O protocolo de dois pontos avalia a compressibilidade na veia femoral comum 1 a 2 cm acima e abaixo da jun&#231;&#227;o safenofemoral (na prega inguinal) e na veia popl&#237;tea at&#233; onde h&#225; a conflu&#234;ncia das veias da perna.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42"><sup>42</sup></xref> A aus&#234;ncia total ou parcial da compressibilidade da veia acometida, bem como a dilzata&#231;&#227;o do vaso devido &#224; presen&#231;a do trombo intraluminal detectada pelo modo bidimensional, s&#227;o sinais ultrassonogr&#225;ficos de TVP. A sensibilidade da compress&#227;o de tr&#234;s pontos &#233; considerada maior que o protocolo de compress&#227;o de dois pontos (90,57% <italic>vs</italic>. 82,76%) com especificidade semelhante (98,52%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43"><sup>43</sup></xref>
				</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m de demandar um tempo menor de exposi&#231;&#227;o do examinador, o protocolo de USV <italic>de point of care</italic> pode ser realizado pelo m&#233;dico emergencista desde que haja um treinamento pr&#233;vio. Para a fase p&#243;s-pandemia, sempre que poss&#237;vel, deve-se dar prefer&#234;ncia para realizar o protocolo completo.</p>
        <p>Os demais exames de USV, tais como USV de car&#243;tidas e vertebrais, USV arterial de membros, quando se fizerem necess&#225;rios, seguir&#227;o os protocolos de execu&#231;&#227;o j&#225; estabelecidos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44"><sup>44</sup></xref> Todas as medidas de prote&#231;&#227;o e uso de EPI devem ser seguidas conforme previamente discutido.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>6. Utiliza&#231;&#227;o da Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica Card&#237;aca na Era COVID-19</title>
      <sec>
        <title>6.1. Prioriza&#231;&#227;o e Indica&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>A pandemia da COVID-19 ocasionou uma importante redu&#231;&#227;o no n&#250;mero de solicita&#231;&#245;es ambulatoriais de RMC, sendo realizados apenas aqueles exames de alta prioridade, tais como na suspeita cl&#237;nica de miocardite e diagn&#243;stico diferencial de massas card&#237;acas, bem como outras situa&#231;&#245;es de exce&#231;&#227;o como avalia&#231;&#227;o de arritmias ventriculares complexas.</p>
        <p>A RMC est&#225; bem-definida como um m&#233;todo de excel&#234;ncia na avalia&#231;&#227;o fidedigna da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e volumes card&#237;acos, bem como de isquemia, viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica, detec&#231;&#227;o de &#225;reas de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica, estudo de doen&#231;as infiltrativas e de dep&#243;sito, avalia&#231;&#227;o estrutural do paciente com arritmias card&#237;acas e em casos espec&#237;ficos, complementando a avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica nas doen&#231;as valvares e nas cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas. Em pacientes com baixo risco de COVID-19, a prioriza&#231;&#227;o para realiza&#231;&#227;o deve seguir o racional apresentado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>. A sua realiza&#231;&#227;o tem a vantagem de em um &#250;nico exame obter uma avalia&#231;&#227;o global do cora&#231;&#227;o, oferecendo m&#250;ltiplas informa&#231;&#245;es funcionais e estruturais, evitando a ida do paciente ao hospital ou centro m&#233;dico para realizar diversos exames, diminuindo a circula&#231;&#227;o do paciente e otimizando recursos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45"><sup>45</sup></xref>Em pacientes com COVID-19, a RMC fornece informa&#231;&#245;es acuradas no diagn&#243;stico das miocardites, perimiocardites, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio sem doen&#231;a coronariana obstrutiva (MINOCA), quadros de Takotsubo e na diferencia&#231;&#227;o de quadros isqu&#234;micos de inflamat&#243;rios. Contudo, a sua realiza&#231;&#227;o na fase aguda deve ser criteriosamente avaliada quanto ao risco de transmissibilidade e grau de instabilidade do paciente, podendo ser postergada, sempre que poss&#237;vel, para quando forem atingidos os crit&#233;rios de cura. Por outro lado, um estudo recente que avaliou les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica em pacientes recuperados de COVID-19 evidenciou alta preval&#234;ncia de padr&#227;o de realce tardio n&#227;o isqu&#234;mico e fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica preservada, j&#225; sem evid&#234;ncia de edema, sugerindo dano mioc&#225;rdico permanente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46"><sup>46</sup></xref> A RMC pode ser, portanto, uma ferramenta importante para uma melhor compreens&#227;o dos mecanismos da les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e para avalia&#231;&#227;o da extens&#227;o do dano mioc&#225;rdico ap&#243;s a recupera&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>6.2. Otimiza&#231;&#227;o de Protocolos de Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica Card&#237;aca</title>
        <p>Os protocolos de RMC devem ser reduzidos e focados (m&#225;ximo de aproximadmente 30 minutos) em todas as indica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas; o foco deve ser a avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica atrav&#233;s das sequ&#234;ncias de cine-RM; e a caracteriza&#231;&#227;o tecidual deve ser feita por meio do realce tardio mioc&#225;rdico com gadol&#237;nio. A realiza&#231;&#227;o de uma sequ&#234;ncia anat&#244;mica ponderada em T2 poder&#225; ser realizada na tentativa de detectar edema mioc&#225;rdico nos casos de suspeita de processo inflamat&#243;rio agudo do mioc&#225;rdio. Havendo disponibilidade, os mapas de T1 e T2 e/ou T2* associados &#224;s sequ&#234;ncias de cine-RM e realce tardio constituem um protocolo otimizado e eficiente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> Na avalia&#231;&#227;o de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, a aquisi&#231;&#227;o de sequ&#234;ncias de perfus&#227;o sob estresse farmacol&#243;gico deve ser o foco, adicionando-se sequ&#234;ncias de cine e realce tardio ap&#243;s o estresse. A RMC tamb&#233;m pode ser empregada para o diagn&#243;stico de trombos intracavit&#225;rios, com um estudo r&#225;pido e direcionado com o uso do realce tardio com gadol&#237;nio, evitando a necessidade de ETE e reduzindo assim a exposi&#231;&#227;o do ecocardiografista. A avalia&#231;&#227;o de massas card&#237;acas &#233; realizada com alta sensibilidade pela RMC, podendo diferenciar caracter&#237;sticas de benignidade ou malignidade e bastante limitada no diagn&#243;stico de vegeta&#231;&#245;es devido &#224;s suas pequenas dimens&#245;es associadas &#224; caracter&#237;stica mobilidade. A caracteriza&#231;&#227;o de massas dever&#225; seguir o protocolo de rotina para este fim, utilizando-se as sequ&#234;ncias de cine-RM, sequ&#234;ncias anat&#244;micas ponderadas em T1 com e sem satura&#231;&#227;o de gordura, T2, perfus&#227;o em repouso e realce tardio, sempre focadas na localiza&#231;&#227;o da massa. Doen&#231;as cong&#234;nitas poder&#227;o ter sua avalia&#231;&#227;o otimizada com o uso de angioresson&#226;ncia 3D associadas a sequ&#234;ncias de cine-RM, e, na eventual necessidade de avalia&#231;&#227;o valvar complementar ao ecocardiograma, &#233; necess&#225;rio priorizar a avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular pela cine-RM e os protocolos direcionados para os aparelhos valvares com as sequ&#234;ncias de mapeamento de fluxo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47"><sup>47</sup></xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>7. Utiliza&#231;&#227;o da Tomografia Computadorizada Card&#237;aca na Era COVID-19</title>
      <sec>
        <title>7.1. Prioriza&#231;&#227;o e Indica&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>A TCC pode ser utilizada na avalia&#231;&#227;o de m&#250;ltiplas formas de doen&#231;as card&#237;acas em todas as fases da pandemia da COVID-19 de maneira r&#225;pida, eficiente e segura.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48"><sup>48</sup></xref> Para tanto, a depender da fase da pandemia em que a regi&#227;o se encontre, &#233; preciso balancear o risco da exposi&#231;&#227;o ao v&#237;rus decorrente da realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame, com o benef&#237;cio de seu resultado para a conduta e o tratamento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> prop&#245;e uma prioriza&#231;&#227;o de indica&#231;&#245;es durante a pandemia pela COVID-19.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Prioriza&#231;&#227;o das indica&#231;&#245;es da TCC durante a pandemia pela COVID-19</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Indica&#231;&#245;es de baixa prioridade</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Indica&#231;&#245;es de m&#233;dia prioridade</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Indica&#231;&#245;es de alta prioridade (considere realizar o exame nas pr&#243;ximas horas ou em at&#233; 2 a 4 semanas)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">DAC</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Escore de c&#225;lcio em assintom&#225;ticos</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Dor tor&#225;cica aguda com suspeita suficiente para DAC</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">Dor tor&#225;cica est&#225;vel sem alta suspeita para DAC</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Dor tor&#225;cica est&#225;vel com alto risco de eventos, ou quando se suspeita de anatomia de alto risco</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Doen&#231;a estrutural card&#237;aca</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Pacientes com doen&#231;a estrutural card&#237;aca est&#225;vel (TAVI, TMVR, oclus&#227;o de AAE em conjunto com o Heart Team)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Pacientes necessitando de interven&#231;&#227;o estrutural urgente (TAVI, TMVR, oclus&#227;o de AAE)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Avalia&#231;&#227;o de veias pulmonares para planejamento de abla&#231;&#227;o de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Avalia&#231;&#227;o do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo em arritmia atrial cr&#244;nica antes de restaura&#231;&#227;o do ritmo sinusal</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Avalia&#231;&#227;o do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo em arritmia atrial aguda antes de restaura&#231;&#227;o do ritmo sinusal</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Investiga&#231;&#227;o de DAC como causa de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em pacientes com cardiomiopatia est&#225;vel</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Paciente internado com cardiomiopatia aguda e probabilidade baixa ou intermedi&#225;ria para DAC em que TCC pode mudar a conduta</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Avalia&#231;&#227;o de disfun&#231;&#227;o de dispositivo de assist&#234;ncia ventricular esquerda</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Valvar</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Avalia&#231;&#227;o da import&#226;ncia de estenose a&#243;rtica</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Disfun&#231;&#227;o subaguda ou cr&#244;nica de pr&#243;tese valvar</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Disfun&#231;&#227;o aguda e sintom&#225;tica de pr&#243;tese valvar, endocardite, extens&#227;o perivalvar de endocardite ou poss&#237;vel abscesso valvar</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Massas/ cong&#234;nito</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">Massas card&#237;acas suspeitas benignas ou improv&#225;veis de necessitar de bi&#243;psia ou planejamento cir&#250;rgico</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Novas massas card&#237;acas suspeitas de ser malignas ou com necessidade de bi&#243;psia ou planejamento cir&#250;rgico</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">Avalia&#231;&#227;o eletiva de anatomia cong&#234;nita</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Afastar trombo no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo ap&#243;s ecocardiograma inconclusivo, quando m&#233;todos alternativos (resson&#226;ncia) n&#227;o est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p><italic>DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; TAVI: implante da valva a&#243;rtica transcateter; TMVR: implante da valva mitral transcateter; AAE: ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo; TCC: tomografia computadorizada card&#237;aca</italic>.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Quanto &#224;s indica&#231;&#245;es, as principais caracter&#237;sticas diagn&#243;sticas e progn&#243;sticas da TCC devem ser levadas em considera&#231;&#227;o no momento da decis&#227;o:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49"><sup>49</sup></xref>
				</p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>A habilidade da TCC em excluir com precis&#227;o doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) de alto risco pode prevenir admiss&#245;es e utiliza&#231;&#227;o de recursos, al&#233;m de indicar a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o naqueles nos quais DAC de alto risco for detectada, principalmente em pacientes relutantes &#224; procura de atendimento de urg&#234;ncia.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>O papel fundamental da TCC na avalia&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica pr&#233;-procedimento em doen&#231;as estruturais card&#237;acas, reduzindo o risco de complica&#231;&#245;es agudas e cr&#244;nicas associadas &#224;s interven&#231;&#245;es.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Pode-se preferir a TCC &#224; ETE para descartar trombos no ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo e intracavit&#225;rios, antes de cardiovers&#227;o, reduzindo o risco de tosse e aeroliza&#231;&#227;o relacionadas com ETE.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Nos pacientes suspeitos de infec&#231;&#227;o pela COVID-19 e nos confirmados, o benef&#237;cio da TCC na maioria dos cen&#225;rios cl&#237;nicos deve ser menor que o risco de exposi&#231;&#227;o e infec&#231;&#227;o dos funcion&#225;rios. &#201; necess&#225;rio avaliar caso a caso.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>8. Utiliza&#231;&#227;o da Cardiologia Nuclear na Era COVID-19</title>
      <p>A cardiologia nuclear tem uma s&#243;lida base de conhecimentos de experi&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica, tanto quanto seu valor diagn&#243;stico e progn&#243;stico. Todos os procedimentos usados nessa &#225;rea t&#234;m a vantagem de utilizar protocolos e m&#225;quinas amplamente automatizados, permitindo um tempo menor de contato dos profissionais com o paciente. Al&#233;m disso, &#224; exce&#231;&#227;o de cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica de exerc&#237;cio e cintilografia de ventila&#231;&#227;o perfus&#227;o, todos os demais m&#233;todos de medicina nuclear s&#227;o n&#227;o aerossolizantes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50"><sup>50</sup></xref> Isso pode minimizar a exposi&#231;&#227;o ao v&#237;rus e reduzir a propaga&#231;&#227;o de infec&#231;&#227;o, bem como conservar recursos preciosos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51"><sup>51</sup></xref>
			</p>
      <sec>
        <title>8.1. Indica&#231;&#245;es e Prioriza&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>A cardiologia nuclear tem um papel vantajoso no meio peripand&#234;mico em pacientes sem COVID-19. O racional para a prioriza&#231;&#227;o de realiza&#231;&#227;o deve ser o mesmo descrito previamente na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>. Dentre as indica&#231;&#245;es, destacam-se:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref>
				</p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>Avalia&#231;&#227;o de isquemia em pacientes com DAC conhecida.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Avalia&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com s&#237;ndromes de dor no peito. &#201; particularmente &#250;til em pacientes que n&#227;o s&#227;o bons candidatos para imagens anat&#244;micas n&#227;o invasivas (p. ex., pacientes com <italic>stents</italic>, calcifica&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria, alergia a contraste, risco de agravamento da fun&#231;&#227;o renal).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Triagem para amiloidose.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Identifica&#231;&#227;o dos est&#225;gios inflamat&#243;rios da sarcoidose.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Identifica&#231;&#227;o de infec&#231;&#245;es em dispositivos implantados.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>Por outro lado, estudos de cardiologia nuclear geralmente n&#227;o s&#227;o necess&#225;rios no tratamento de doen&#231;as card&#237;acas agudas nos pacientes positivos para COVID-19. Os exames de ventila&#231;&#227;o ou com estresse f&#237;sico devem ser omitidos em comunidades que se encontram no pico da pandemia e/ou em qualquer paciente com infec&#231;&#227;o conhecida ou suspeita por COVID-19, pelo alto risco de emiss&#227;o de aeross&#243;is.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52"><sup>52</sup></xref> A seguir, s&#227;o descritas as considera&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas a respeito do protocolo de cintilografia de perfus&#227;o-ventila&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>8.2. Cintilografia de Perfus&#227;o-ventila&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O atual padr&#227;o-ouro para descartar embolia pulmonar (EP) em pacientes com COVID-19 &#233; uma angiotomografia pulmonar (angio-CTP). No entanto, em pacientes com contraindica&#231;&#245;es para meios de contraste iodados, a angio-CTP n&#227;o pode ser usada para descartar EP. Uma alternativa potencial &#233; a SPECT pulmonar de perfus&#227;o usando albumina macroagregada (MAA) marcada com <sup>99m</sup>Tc. Devido ao alto risco de produ&#231;&#227;o de aeross&#243;is associado &#224; cintilografia de ventila&#231;&#227;o (aeross&#243;is marcados com <sup>99m</sup>Tc), a Sociedade Norte-Americana de Medicina Nuclear desencorajou o uso da combina&#231;&#227;o cl&#225;ssica de imagens de perfus&#227;o-ventila&#231;&#227;o em pacientes com COVID.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53"><sup>53</sup></xref> Os exames de ventila&#231;&#227;o devem ser omitidos em qualquer paciente com infec&#231;&#227;o conhecida ou suspeita por COVID-19; portanto, foi proposto o uso da cintilografia pulmonar de perfus&#227;o, associada &#224; tomografia de t&#243;rax ou radiografia de t&#243;rax.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54"><sup>54</sup></xref>
				</p>
        <p>Para otimiza&#231;&#227;o dos protocolos em &#233;poca de pandemia, deve-se aderir as boas pr&#225;ticas de imagem que podem tornar o procedimento seguro e eficiente nesse per&#237;odo, como descrito previamente, em especial:</p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>Usar protocolos que minimizem o tempo de estudo sem afetar a precis&#227;o do teste; por exemplo, apenas imagens de estresse quando for indicado.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Evitar protocolos que podem aerossolizar &#8211; dar prefer&#234;ncia ao estresse farmacol&#243;gico em vez de exerc&#237;cio quando for poss&#237;vel.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 5</xref> &#233; uma proposta que resume o protocolo geral para a reintrodu&#231;&#227;o de exames de imagem cardiovascular. Em primeiro lugar, &#233; necess&#225;rio definir se o exame &#233; essencial naquele momento. Se for essencial (urgente ou alta prioridade), definir se o paciente &#233; ou n&#227;o de alto risco para COVID e, em seguida, qual m&#233;todo implicar&#225; menor risco de exposi&#231;&#227;o mesmo com o uso de EPI. Se o exame n&#227;o for essencial/urgente, avaliar em que fase de pandemia a regi&#227;o se encontra. Se o local est&#225; no pico da pandemia, postergar os de menor prioridade. Se a regi&#227;o est&#225; em desacelera&#231;&#227;o da pandemia, reintroduzir o agendamento dos exames de acordo com o risco para COVID e prioridade da indica&#231;&#227;o, dentro de crit&#233;rios de uso apropriado; por fim, quais EPI e fluxos devem ser utilizados de acordo com o risco de COVID e o exame escolhido. As <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabelas 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">2</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">3</xref> resumem a prioriza&#231;&#227;o das indica&#231;&#245;es, os protocolos de seguran&#231;a e EPI que devem ser utilizados de acordo com o tipo de exame e o diagn&#243;stico ou n&#227;o de COVID. Dentre os exames de imagem cardiovascular, a ecocardiografia &#233; o m&#233;todo de primeira linha. No entanto, tendo em mente a necessidade de minimizar a exposi&#231;&#227;o do ecocardiografista ao novo coronav&#237;rus (SARS-COV-2) e usar racionalmente os recursos dispon&#237;veis, h&#225; situa&#231;&#245;es em que m&#233;todos alternativos &#224; ecocardiografia podem responder &#224; quest&#227;o cl&#237;nica, especialmente em pacientes est&#225;veis, com sintomas duvidosos ou encaminhados para realizar outros exames de imagem.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref>
				</p>
        <fig id="f5">
          <label>Figura 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Fluxograma para reintrodu&#231;&#227;o de exames de imagem cardiovascular na era da Covid-19</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-03-0659-10133-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>9. Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>A pandemia por COVID-19 nos for&#231;ou a reconsiderar melhor a realiza&#231;&#227;o de exames de imagem cardiovascular. Adapta&#231;&#245;es e mudan&#231;as foram necess&#225;rias devido ao impacto mundial desencadeado pela pandemia. O restabelecimento da &#8220;normalidade&#8221; dos servi&#231;os de imagem cardiovascular dever&#225; ser progressivo e adaptado &#224;s diferen&#231;as regionais do pa&#237;s. Diante do impacto da doen&#231;a cardiovascular na morbidade e mortalidade da popula&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel negligenciar os sinais e sintomas cardiovasculares. Dessa maneira, mesmo em uma fase de pandemia, em que todas as aten&#231;&#245;es est&#227;o voltadas para o combate &#224; COVID-19, pacientes e m&#233;dicos devem ser encorajados a proceder &#224; investiga&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular, assegurando-os de que isso ser&#225; realizado em ambiente seguro. Tal posicionamento reflete a opini&#227;o de especialistas baseada em diretrizes nacionais e internacionais e evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas dispon&#237;veis at&#233; o momento, pois o conhecimento sobre a COVID-19 est&#225; em constante evolu&#231;&#227;o. Nesse cen&#225;rio, recomenda&#231;&#245;es podem nos orientar a proteger pacientes e profissionais sem comprometer a assist&#234;ncia. Aliado a essas recomenda&#231;&#245;es, o constante di&#225;logo entre m&#233;dicos imaginologistas, equipe cl&#237;nica e pacientes constitui a melhor e mais eficiente conduta de enfrentamento da pandemia por COVID-19.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p><bold>Realiza&#231;&#227;o:</bold> Departamento de Imagem Cardiovascular da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (DIC/SBC), endossado pelo Departamento de M&#233;todos n&#227;o Invasivos da Sociedade Brasileira de Angiologia e de Cirurgia Vascular (SBACV)</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p><bold>Conselho de Normatiza&#231;&#245;es e Diretrizes (2020-2021):</bold> Antonio Carlos Sobral Sousa, Aurora Felice de Castro Issa, Bruno Ramos Nascimento, Harry Corr&#234;a Filho, Marcelo Luiz Campos Vieira</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p><bold>Coordenador de Normatiza&#231;&#245;es e Diretrizes (2020-2021):</bold> Brivaldo Markman Filho</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
        <p><bold>Coordenador do Posicionamento:</bold> Carlos Eduardo Rochitte</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
        <p><bold>Editores Coordenadores:</bold> Adenalva Lima de Souza Beck e Silvio Henrique Barberato</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
        <p><bold>Coeditores:</bold> Marcelo Luiz Campos Vieira e Jos&#233; Luiz Barros Pena</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
        <p><bold>Este posicionamento dever&#225; ser citado como:</bold> Beck ALS, Barberato SH, Almeida ALC, Grau CRPC, Lopes MMU, Lima RSL, et al. Posicionamento sobre Indica&#231;&#245;es e Reintrodu&#231;&#227;o dos M&#233;todos de Imagem Cardiovascular de Forma Segura no Cen&#225;rio da COVID-19 &#8211; 2021. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021; 116(3):659-678</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
        <p><bold>Nota:</bold> Estes posicionamentos se prestam a informar e n&#227;o a substituir o julgamento cl&#237;nico do m&#233;dico que, em &#250;ltima an&#225;lise, deve determinar o tratamento apropriado para seus pacientes.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Beck</surname>
              <given-names>ALS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Almeida</surname>
              <given-names>ALC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>LBDC</surname>
              <given-names>S.</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Recomenda&#231;&#245;es DIC/SBC para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de exames de imagem cardiovascular durante a pandemia pela COVID-19</article-title>
          <source>Departamento de Imagem Cardiovascular 2020</source>
          <date-in-citation content-type="access-date">Citado em 12 de mar&#231;o de 2020</date-in-citation>
          <comment>Dispon&#237;vel em: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://dicsbc.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Recomendacoes-DICSBC-COVID-19-final.pdf">https://dicsbc.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Recomendacoes-DICSBC-COVID-19-final.pdf</ext-link>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Statement</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Position Statement on Indications and the Safe Reintroduction of Cardiovascular Imaging Methods in the COVID-19 Scenario &#8211; 2021</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Beck</surname>
            <given-names>Adenalva Lima de Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff21">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff22">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0711-7995</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barberato</surname>
            <given-names>Silvio Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff23">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff24">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Luiz Cerqueira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff25">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Grau</surname>
            <given-names>Claudia R. Pinheiro de Castro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff26">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff27">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7302-7448</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Marly Maria Uellendahl</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff28">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff29">
            <sup>9</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Ronaldo de Souza Le&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff30">
            <sup>10</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3913-7181</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cerci</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo J&#250;lio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff24">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Albricker</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Cristina Lopes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff31">
            <sup>11</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barros</surname>
            <given-names>Fanilda Souto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff32">
            <sup>12</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Alessandra Joslin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff33">
            <sup>13</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lira</surname>
            <given-names>Edgar Bezerra de</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff33">
            <sup>13</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3314-9712</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Miglioranza</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Haertel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff34">
            <sup>14</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff35">
            <sup>15</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vieira</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Luiz Campos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff26">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff33">
            <sup>13</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pena</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Luiz Barros</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff36">
            <sup>16</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff37">
            <sup>17</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1955-1008</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Strabelli</surname>
            <given-names>T&#226;nia Mara Varej&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff22">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff26">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1919-164X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bihan</surname>
            <given-names>David Costa de Souza Le</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff29">
            <sup>9</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff38">
            <sup>18</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2449-0764</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Tsutsui</surname>
            <given-names>Jeane Mike</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff26">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4505-3344</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rochitte</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff26">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff39">
            <sup>19</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff40">
            <sup>20</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff21">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia do Distrito Federal &#8211; Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia, Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff22">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#237;rio-Liban&#234;s, Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff23">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">CardioEco &#8211; Centro de Diagn&#243;stico Cardiovascular, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff24">
          <label>4</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Quanta Diagn&#243;stico e Terapia, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff25">
          <label>5</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Feira de Santana</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, BA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff26">
          <label>6</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HCFMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff27">
          <label>7</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Grupo Fleury, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff28">
          <label>8</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff29">
          <label>9</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Diagn&#243;sticos da Am&#233;rica SA (Dasa), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff30">
          <label>10</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff31">
          <label>11</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Mineiro de Ultrassonografia (IMEDE), Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff32">
          <label>12</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Vit&#243;ria</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">ES</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Vascular Vit&#243;ria S/C LTDA., Vit&#243;ria, ES &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff33">
          <label>13</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff34">
          <label>14</label>
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            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
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          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Prevencor &#8211; Hospital M&#227;e de Deus, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
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        <aff id="aff35">
          <label>15</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul &#8211; Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff36">
          <label>16</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff37">
          <label>17</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Fel&#237;cio Rocho, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff38">
          <label>18</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff39">
          <label>19</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o (HCor), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff40">
          <label>20</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspondence:</bold> Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia &#8211; Av. Marechal C&#226;mara, 360/330 &#8211; Centro &#8211; Rio de Janeiro &#8211; Postal Code: <postal-code>20020-907</postal-code>. E-mail: <email>diretrizes@cardiol.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <table-wrap id="t8">
        <caption>
          <title>Declaration of potential conflict of interests of authors/collaborators of the Position Statement on Indications and the Safe Reintroduction of Cardiovascular Imaging Methods in the COVID-19 Scenario &#8211; 2021</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="13%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="center" colspan="8" valign="middle">If, within the last 3 years, the author/collaborator of the statement:</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Names of statement collaborators</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Participated in clinical and/or experimental studies sponsored by pharmaceutical or equipment companies related to this statement</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Spoke at events or activities sponsored by industry related to this statement</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Was (is) a member of a board of advisors or a board of directors of a pharmaceutical or equipment industry</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Participated in normative committees of scientific research sponsored by industry</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Received personal or institutional funding from industry</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Wrote scientific papers in journals sponsored by industry</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Owns stocks in industry</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Adenalva Lima de Souza Beck</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Alessandra Joslin Oliveira</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Ana Cristina Lopes Albricker</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Andr&#233; Luiz Cerqueira de Almeida</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Carlos Eduardo Rochitte</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Claudia R. Pinheiro de Castro Grau</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">David Costa de Souza Le Bihan</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Edgar Bezerra de Lira Filho</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Fanilda Souto Barros</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Jeane Mike Tsutsui</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Jos&#233; Luiz Barros Pena</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Marcelo Haertel Miglioranza</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Marcelo Luiz Campos Vieira</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Marly Maria Uellendahl Lopes</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Rodrigo J&#250;lio Cerci</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Ronaldo de Souza Le&#227;o Lima</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Silvio Henrique Barberato</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">T&#226;nia Mara Varej&#227;o Strabelli</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <sec>
        <title>Cover Letter</title>
        <p>The objective of this position statement is to inform clinicians, cardiologists, and medical imaging specialists on the recommended procedures, flows, and protocols for the duration of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic aiming at a more efficient protection of health care professionals and patients. Recommendations are based on the best available scientific evidence at the moment and on the consensus among experienced specialists. Since the first case of the new coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in Brazil, many changes in recommendations and a large scientific debate regarding some of them have occurred within various sources of scientific knowledge. This is due to our currently incomplete knowledge on COVID-19, including its pathophysiological processes and aspects of SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Another reason for a variability in recommendations is related to the epidemiological phase of the pandemic in each region of the country. Notably, in a country with continental dimensions such as Brazil, the pandemic can reach different transmission phases in a specific moment, thus requiring particular measures for each region and phase of the pandemic.</p>
        <p>In the beginning of the pandemic, a phase of great attention and lack of knowledge on what the future held, the Cardiovascular Imaging Department (DIC) of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology (SBC) published a brief and essential version of a position statement. The document provided rapid and practical fundamental guidance regarding safety procedures during non-invasive cardiovascular imaging procedures. This document was absolutely essential at that moment for providing the best possible protection for health care professionals. After the publication of a summary document in the initial stage of the pandemic, DIC-SBC and its specialists have deemed timely to update that position statement (now published in the form of an official scientific publication); this should include not only a much wider view of the procedures in light of the data acquired since then, but also a customized orientation for each epidemiological phase of the pandemic that could be useful for professionals working in non-invasive cardiovascular imaging for the next months or possibly years of coexisting with COVID-19.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>1. Introduction</title>
        <p>In view of the new coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic and its high transmissibility, an urgent reorganization of cardiovascular imaging services was necessary for minimizing exposure to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and ensure the protection of patients, physicians, and personnel without compromising patient assistance. It was recommended that elective outpatient examinations be deferred (when deemed non-essential) for reducing exposure and risk of cross-contamination, and that personal protective equipment (PPE) be rationally used.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> The use of PPE became mandatory for all personnel in the workplace, including reception workers, nursing technicians, nurses, technologists, biomedical scientists, and doctors. All patients were instructed to use masks. Specialists discussed, along with the requesting doctors, the actual need for test urgency and the most suitable cardiovascular imaging modality for each specific clinical situation. On the other hand, it is known that: (a) Cardiovascular imaging is frequently necessary for primary prevention, clinical management, and differential diagnosis in many situations, and chronically postponing it can be harmful; (b) COVID-19 can cause severe cardiovascular manifestations, especially in vulnerable individuals such as older people, immunosuppressed patients, or those with previous cardiovascular disease and/or cardiovascular risk factors (hypertension, diabetes, obesity);<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref>(c) when the lungs are severely affected by COVID-19, the cardiac function can suffer greater impact, especially in the right ventricle. In a moment when the number of COVID-19 cases present a relative decrease, health care services will be able to progressively increase their working hours according to the pandemic tendency and guidance provided by local public authorities. Nevertheless, the reintroduction of cardiovascular imaging examinations should follow various safety protocols, as described in the next section.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>2. Safety Protocols for the Reintroduction of Cardiovascular Imaging Examinations in the COVID-19 Era</title>
        <p>Outpatient scheduling should be progressive and consider indications for appropriate use,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> the indication priority, risk of COVID-19, and the phase of the pandemic. Areas going through the peak transmission phase should prioritize essential examinations (high-priority cases), that is, where the results are expected to bring clinical benefits or a change in management.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> Medium-priority indications are those where examinations, although elective or in asymptomatic patients, can contribute to the implementation of primary or secondary prevention measures, in the adjustment of currently used medications, or in medium-term changes in management, potentially impacting the clinical outcome. Low-priority indications are those where tests could be deferred until after the peak of the pandemic and be gradually reintroduced once the number of cases is reduced.</p>
        <p>Imaging examinations of patients with COVID-19, especially in outpatient settings, should be deferred (when possible) until the patient reaches the criteria for cure. At the moment of elaboration of this position statement, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) considers 2 criteria for releasing patients from isolation after COVID-19: The &#8220;symptom-based strategy&#8221; states that patients should be released from isolation 10 days after symptom onset; the &#8220;time-based strategy&#8221; considers that patients should be released 10 days after the first positive test (RT-PCR SARS-CoV-2).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> These criteria can be adjusted according to orientations of the local infection committee. If the cardiovascular examination is considered essential, it should be directed to the clinical question (focused) but sufficiently complete to avoid repetition, and follow all recommendations regarding protective measures. In addition, redundant or rarely appropriate examinations can generate an additional financial impact to that caused by the pandemic. These recommendations on indications and prioritization are valid as long as the pandemic persists and are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Indication prioritization for rescheduling cardiovascular imaging examinations according to the phase of the pandemic and COVID-19 risk</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="50%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Level of priority</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Prioritization rationale</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>High priority</bold><break/> (Consider performing the examination in the next hours or the next 2 to 4 weeks)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Acute cardiovascular symptoms or with recent worsening</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Evaluation before urgent clinical therapy</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Planning of urgent cardiovascular interventions</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Safety monitoring of clinical therapy</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Monitoring after recent invasive or surgical therapy</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                  <p>
                    <bold>To be performed regardless of the pandemic phase</bold>
                  </p>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Medium priority</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Progression monitoring of chronic myocardial disease or asymptomatic severe chronic valvular disease</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Clinical therapies requiring monitoring</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Monitoring of therapy results</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Initial assessment of a new and unexplained heart murmur, even if asymptomatic</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                  <p>
                    <bold>Defer until the deceleration phase of the pandemic, preferably for patients at low risk for COVID-19</bold>
                  </p>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Low priority</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Routine evaluation of chronic disease in individuals not eligible for clinical, surgical, or invasive therapy</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                  <p>
                    <bold>Defer until the control phase of the pandemic for patients at low risk for COVID-19</bold>
                  </p>
                </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p><italic>Adapted from the recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography</italic>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup><italic>10</italic></sup></xref></p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Defining &#8220;who,&#8221; &#8220;when,&#8221; and &#8220;how&#8221; cardiovascular imaging examinations should be used is fundamental for reducing contamination risks for the patients and health care professionals while ensuring high-quality assistance. These measures are described below.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>2.1. Infrastructure and Safety Policies</title>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>A triage questionnaire for defining COVID-19 risk should be applied when scheduling an appointment, at confirmation, and on the day of the examination (respiratory symptoms and contact with confirmed COVID-19 case). At admission, temperature checks should also be performed. The same triage protocol should be applied to the staff.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Instructions regarding social distancing, mask use, and hand hygiene should be provided when scheduling an appointment and reinforced at admission.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Telemedicine applications should be implemented.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Visual displays containing information on protective measures should be placed on waiting rooms and strategic places (in more than one language).</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Hand sanitizer should be widely available.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Patients should be instructed to arrive on time or to wait for their turn inside the car; the number of accompanying persons should be limited.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>The number of seats in the waiting room should be reduced so as to guarantee social distancing.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Acrylic glass barriers or distancing cones should separate patients and the reception staff.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>The time between examinations should be extended for avoiding crowded rooms and allowing proper cleaning. Facilities should consider opening at non-business hours or weekends.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Equipment and surface cleaning protocols should be performed after each examination according to the local infection control policies and the type of examination.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Communication with patients or financial transactions should be preferably performed online.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>There should be 2 patient flows: One for patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 and another for patients without the disease. Rooms, equipment, and circulation areas should be separated for the 2 groups.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Ideally, rooms should be well-ventilated and have negative pressure when performing procedures that generate aerosols (transesophageal echocardiography [TEE], exercise stress tests).</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>PPE stocks should be continuously monitored and maintained.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Contaminated material should be disposed of according to health surveillance agency guidelines.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>2.2. Prioritizing Indications and Choosing the Cardiovascular Imaging Method</title>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Define the priority level of the examination (according to the local phase of the pandemic and the risk of COVID-19 [<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 1</xref>]).</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Select the best test for providing essential information on the patient's clinical condition.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Consider replacing an examination for another with similar accuracy, but lower risk of COVID-19.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Avoid performing multiple tests or inappropriately repeating the same examination.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>2.3. Personnel Protection</title>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Practice frequent hand hygiene and constant mask use.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Appropriately use PPE according to the required protection level (for droplets or aerosols). <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 2</xref> summarizes the use of PPE according to the protection level required by each type of examination, the risk of COVID-19, and location.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Participate in frequent institutional training on donning and doffing PPE, its duration of use and storage, as well as hand hygiene. Evidence shows that the highest chances of infection in professional settings occur at the moment of inadequate PPE removal. Steps and guidance for donning and doffing PPE are demonstrated in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figures 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">2</xref>.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Limit the number of professionals in the examination and report rooms.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>In case of examinations that require close contact between the professional and the patient, such as echocardiography and vascular ultrasonography, consider the use of a plastic or acrylic glass barrier.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Limit test duration by using more objective or focused protocols. In case of patients admitted with suspected or active COVID-19, ultrasound/echocardiography examinations should be performed at the bedside, without electrocardiographic monitoring. Images should be obtained first and measurements should be performed only after the professional leaves the room and the equipment is disinfected.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>If possible, concentrate appointments of patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 within a specific time frame for minimizing exposure and rationalizing the use of PPE.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Use of personal protective equipment during cardiovascular imaging examinations in the COVID-19 era according to exposure risks</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup width="33%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">TTE, CCT/CMR, pharmacological stress test (Echo/SPECT/PET/CMR)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">TEE, exercise stress test (Echo/SPECT/ scintigraphy)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Low risk for COVID-19</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Standard safety level</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Mandatory hand hygiene</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Surgical mask</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="top">
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Protection against aerosols:<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">**</xref>
												</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Mandatory hand hygiene</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>N-95/PFF2 respirator<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
												</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Isolation gown (preferably waterproof)</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Examination gloves</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Surgical cap</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Face shield; protection goggles when face shields not available</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Ideally, place patients with COVID-19 in negative pressure rooms</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Attempt to replace examination for an alternative method</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Suspected or confirmed COVID-19 cases</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Protection against droplets</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Mandatory hand hygiene</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>N-95/PFF2 respirator<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
												</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Isolation gown</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Head covering</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Examination gloves</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Safety goggles</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN6">
                <label>*</label>
                <p><italic>In case of complete unavailability of N-95 respirators or equivalents, wear a single-use surgical mask in addition to a face shield</italic>.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN7">
                <label>**</label>
                <p><italic>Also applicable to all examinations performed with patients admitted in intensive care units (ICUs), on invasive or non-invasive ventilation. These recommendations should be followed by all personnel directly involved in the procedure (physicians, nursing technicians, technologists, etc.). CCT: cardiovascular computed tomography; CMR: cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging; Echo: echocardiography; PET: positron emission tomography; SPECT: single-photon emission computed tomography; TEE: transesophageal echocardiography; TTE: transthoracic echocardiography</italic>.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <fig id="f6">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Sequence for donning personal protective equipment.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-03-0659-10133-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
          <fig id="f7">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Sequence for doffing personal protective equipment.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-03-0659-10133-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>2.4. Equipment Maintenance</title>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Restrict the PPE components to those minimally necessary for performing the examination in order to reduce the need for cleaning and disinfection after the procedure, as well as the risk of contamination and cross-transmission.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Consider the use of a protective cover for the equipment and transducer (in case of ultrasound equipment), as long as it does not hinder equipment use or prolong test duration.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>All equipment and accessories should be cleaned and disinfected after each use according to equipment disinfection guidelines. Stress tests and TEE, or examinations performed on patients with aerosol emission (in the intensive care unit [ICU], on invasive or non-invasive ventilation) require longer appointments, since disinfection should be prolonged. Cleaning and disinfection protocols are detailed on Supplementary Material.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>2.5. Special Precautions for Stress Tests</title>
          <p>Stress tests are essential in the evaluation of patients with suspected or confirmed coronary heart disease. They include exercise or pharmacological stress tests with any of the nuclear cardiology imaging modalities (single-photon emission computed tomography/positron emission tomography [SPECT/PET]), echocardiography, or cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMR). However, stress tests can increase the risk of contamination by droplets and should be deferred (for patients at low risk for COVID-19) or cancelled (for patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19). Pharmacological stress should have preference over exercise. Once the pandemic fades, when clinically appropriate, exercise stress tests should include additional precautions, such as:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Assess the facility's air circulation patterns &#8211; consult with the engineering department on optimized equipment/staff. Given the uncertainty regarding the aerosol generating capacity of a stress test, an exclusive room should be used for exercise tests, if possible, with negative pressure.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Avoid manual blood pressure measurement, if possible. Automatic blood pressure measurement is commonly used and reasonably precise both in stationary patients or those subjected to pharmacological stress.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>The supervising team should keep a distance (2 meters) from the patient, when possible.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>All staff involved in the test should wear a face shield (particularly during exercise stress echocardiography) and gloves, in addition to the PPE required for all examinations.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>When possible, the patient should be encouraged to wear a mask while exercising.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>If exercise is deemed necessary, consider testing for COVID-19 before the test.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>A careful choice of exercise protocol should be made since longer exercises increase the duration of patient-team interaction. The bicycle protocol is associated to lower levels of peak minute ventilation.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>2.6. Special Precautions for TEE</title>
          <p>Among all the echocardiography modalities, TEE is probably the one with the highest risk of health care team contamination due to the handling of the patient's airways, contact with fluids, close contact between the patient's mouth and the professional, and to the cough reflex that can happen during the probe passage towards the esophagus. Indications for this test should thus be carefully evaluated, and the highest precaution level is recommended (even for tests performed in the operating room or in patients that do not have suspected or confirmed COVID-19)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> (see <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 2</xref>). Ideally, TEE should be performed in an exclusive room containing protective covers for the echocardiography equipment (isolation or waterproof covering) and for all the necessary equipment, in addition to a strict and lengthy disinfection protocol for environmental surfaces between each test (approximately 1 hour).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>2.7. Special Precautions for Pediatric Echocardiography</title>
          <p>Considering that children have a higher possibility of being infected with COVID-19 and be asymptomatic or show minimum symptoms, the triage measures that apply to adult patients can be insufficient, requiring adjustments in outpatient or inpatient echocardiography. In case of an active and cooperative patient, the echocardiography physician should preferably be the only person in contact with the child. Children under 2 years old have difficulties wearing masks, which leads to a higher risk of exposure to the virus. In addition to the main form of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 (through respiratory droplets), transmission through fomites has been assumed plausible.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> Therefore, diaper changes should be avoided, if possible, during the examination and if necessary, performed with adequate hygiene. Due to the higher risk of an asymptomatic form of COVID-19 in children, some facilities located in endemic regions choose to test new pediatric hospital admissions for SARS-CoV-2.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>2.8. Special Precautions for Fetal Echocardiography</title>
          <p>In facilities where fetal echocardiography (FE) is performed within the cardiology sector, pregnant women should be separated from pediatric patients, both in waiting and procedure rooms. Differently from previous viral outbreaks (H1N1, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV), which were associated to severe complications in pregnant women, current information (although limited) suggests that these patients are not more susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infections or, if infected, are not more prone to developing severe complications.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> However, given the uncertainty and possibility of an increase in risk as new data become available, the CDC alerts that pregnant women should protect themselves. Up to one accompanying person is allowed; for reducing exposure, the echocardiography room should ideally be occupied only by the pregnant patient and the examining physician.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>3. Echocardiography in Adult Patients in the COVID-19 Era</title>
        <p>Echocardiography is the first-line method in the diagnosis, prognostic evaluation, and therapeutic guidance of various cardiovascular diseases. During the new coronavirus outbreak, it remains a crucial imaging method, mainly due to its portability in comparison to other methods; this allows bedside examinations for isolated and/or critically ill patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> However, since it entails a close contact between the physician and the patient, echocardiography poses a high risk of infection by COVID-19.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref>
				</p>
        <sec>
          <title>3.1. Prioritization and Indications for Transthoracic Echocardiography in Adult Patients at Low Risk for COVID-19</title>
          <p>Even in patients at low risk for COVID-19, the reintroduction of outpatient examinations should be progressive, considering priority criteria and the phase of the pandemic (see <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 1</xref>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> Next, we describe indications for each priority level.</p>
          <sec>
            <title>3.1.1. High-priority Examinations (Essential Procedures)</title>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>Individuals with acute cardiovascular symptoms or with recent worsening. Examples: New York Heart Association (NYHA) class III or IV heart failure, probable cardiac syncope, chest pain, arrhythmias, stroke, suspected acute valvular heart disease (mitral or aortic regurgitation), acute symptoms in patients with a prosthetic heart valve, or suspected symptomatic severe aortic stenosis with no previous diagnosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref>
								</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Evaluations before urgent clinical therapy, even in asymptomatic patients. Examples: baseline echocardiography prior to the initiation of chemotherapy or evaluation of left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF) prior to implantation of a cardioverter defibrillator for primary prevention.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Planning of urgent cardiovascular intervention: mitral valve repair, transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR), left atrial appendage occlusion.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Safety monitoring of clinical therapy. Example: chemotherapy follow-up in patients at high risk for cardiotoxicity, even if asymptomatic.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Follow-up after recent invasive or surgical therapy. Example: suspected pericardial effusion after device implantation or heart surgery, even if asymptomatic.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Suspected infective endocarditis with a high pre-test probability.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Suspected pericardial disease or progression of pericardial effusion.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
            <p>Indications for urgent (or high-priority) echocardiography in hospitalized patients are generally the same as before the pandemic (mechanical complications after acute myocardial infarction, tamponade, aortic dissection, and others).</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>3.1.2. Medium-priority Examinations</title>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>Monitoring of the progression of chronic myocardial disease or asymptomatic severe chronic valvular disease. Examples: cardiomyopathy, aortic stenosis, primary mitral regurgitation, prosthetic valve dysfunction.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>New symptoms in patients with known heart or lung disease.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Heart failure with reduced LVEF (HFrEF), when LVEF requires medical therapy or device implantation.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Assessment before a routine procedure or therapy. Example: non-urgent surgery.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Monitoring of therapy results. Example: treatment of regressing dilated cardiomyopathy or heart transplant rejection, Takotsubo syndrome (stress cardiomyopathy), Kawasaki disease, right ventricular (RV) dysfunction after pulmonary embolism (PE), pericardiocentesis, assessment of ventricular assistance device.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Initial assessment of new unexplained heart murmur.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
            <p>These examinations can be reintroduced in areas where the pandemic is waning.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>3.1.3. Low-priority Examinations</title>
            <p>These are elective examinations, requested annually or every two years for the follow-up of patients with asymptomatic chronic diseases or who have not shown changes in their health state, where the test result will not change treatment and/or short-term outcome. These examinations can be deferred to when virus transmission is reduced or restrictions are suspended or made flexible, especially if the patient has been subjected to echocardiography in the last 12 months.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref>
						</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>3.2. Prioritization and Indications for Transthoracic Echocardiography in Adult Patients with Suspected or Confirmed COVID-19</title>
          <p>From a cardiovascular point of view, patients affected by SARS-CoV-2 can display evidence of myocardial dysfunction (both left and right), vascular alterations, arrhythmias, thromboembolic phenomena, and pericardial effusion.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
					</p>
          <p>Therefore, echocardiography can also contribute to the clinical assessment of patients with COVID-19, in the following situations:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref>
					</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Incapacitating dyspnea. Dyspnea is very common in patients with pneumonia secondary to COVID-19 (a situation where troponine levels are also increased, possibly leading to a false hypothesis of myocarditis). In this case, normal levels of B natriuretic peptide (BNP), even with elevated troponine, can exclude the need for echocardiography. Lung ultrasonography, in experienced hands, can help in the differential diagnosis between heart failure and pneumonia.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Patients with previous heart disease with changes in hemodynamic state or signs and symptoms of disproportionate involvement of the lungs.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Cardiomegaly on chest X-ray.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Clinically significant arrhythmias or those with abrupt beginnings.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Chest pain with electrocardiographic alterations and/or elevated troponin levels. In case of strong myocarditis suspicion and if CMR is indicated as crucial for the treatment, echocardiography can be initially omitted.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Hemodynamic instability, respiratory failure, and/or shock of uncertain etiology.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Suspected pulmonary hypertension and/or right ventricular dysfunction.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>In difficult acoustic windows, the use of an echocardiographic contrast agent can be employed to ensure test results, reduce test duration, and avoid inadequate diagnosis or other unnecessary tests.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref>
					</p>
          <p>In patients with COVID-19, the examination should be focused on the clinical question. Serial echocardiography should be avoided unless there is clear change in the clinical state (hemodynamic instability). However, in the ICU, the echocardiogram is frequently used for monitoring the progression of critically ill patients, especially regarding fluid management. In this case, a focused ultrasound or focused echocardiography can be used. Protocols for these cases are described below.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>3.3. Protocols for Transthoracic Echocardiography in Adult Patients in the COVID-19 Era</title>
          <sec>
            <title>3.3.1. Focused Echocardiography</title>
            <p>This examination is focused on the clinical question, but is sufficiently complete for including all clinical hypotheses. The protocol should be performed by echocardiographers in individuals with COVID-19 without electrocardiographic monitoring, and include the assessment of the following parameters:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
						</p>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>Left ventricle: quantitative assessment of global systolic function (ejection fraction), signs of regional myocardial dysfunction, and cavity size.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Right ventricle: assessment of global function, fractional area change (FAC) or tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), cavity size, and tricuspid regurgitation velocity and pressure gradient, if possible.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Valves: basic anatomical assessment and color Doppler; in case of signs of dysfunction, evaluate further.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Pericardium: assessment of thickening or effusion.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>3.3.2. Focused Ultrasound &#8211; Indications, Protocols, and Main Findings</title>
            <p>The focused ultrasound, also known as point-of-care cardiac ultrasound, is widely used as a support tool in the diagnosis, management, and monitoring of patients with COVID-19.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref> The biggest advantages of this technique in patients with COVID-19 include its general availability in urgency/emergency settings and ICUs, its high diagnostic accuracy, and the wide range of clinical information that can be obtained through this examination. The focused ultrasound is also easily performed as a bedside examination &#8211; avoiding patient transportation to the radiology service and virus spread within the hospital. This test can be performed both with conventional ultrasound equipment or with portable or ultraportable (pocket-sized) devices; these are preferred due to easier disinfection and bedside use. All personal and equipment protective measures previously described should be performed. Among the applications of focused ultrasound in patients with COVID-19, we highlight lung and cardiac ultrasonography.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>3.3.3. Focused Lung and Pleural Ultrasonography</title>
            <p>Lung ultrasound (LUS) represents a fast alternative for evaluating the degree of pulmonary involvement and monitor the result of therapeutic interventions at the bedside. The diagnostic accuracy of LUS is similar to that of chest computed tomography (CT) in patients with respiratory complaints such as dyspnea and hypoxemia (85% sensitivity, 93% specificity for non-COVID-19 pneumonia).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref> Normal LUS findings have also presented an excellent correlation with chest CT results with no alterations of lung parenchyma such as ground-glass opacities. Therefore, LUS presents a high negative predictive value, allowing its use in patient risk stratification.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref> In addition to diagnosis and initial risk stratification, LUS is being widely used in the monitoring of critically ill patients COVID-19.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref> It contributes to decision-making on prone ventilation, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), and weaning from mechanical ventilation in acute respiratory failure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref> LUS is also useful for ruling out other pathologies such as pneumothorax, which can occur in individuals on positive pressure ventilation.</p>
            <p>Various LUS protocols are described in the literature. Regarding patients with COVID-19, at least 6 regions should be assessed in each hemithorax: anterior, anterior axillary and posterior axillary regions above and below a line at the fourth intercostal space. Since COVID-19 lung affections are bilateral, multifocal, and not necessarily uniform, we highlight the importance of not focusing on specific areas of the thoracic wall and recommend a full chest assessment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref> LUS findings in patients with COVID-19 are able to monitor the progression and extension of pulmonary affections identified by the chest CT and are described in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 3</xref>. Notably, pleural effusion is not a common finding of COVID-19, hence it indicates a low probability of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Throughout the recovery period, the lungs gradually return to normal; ultrasound assessment indicates that subpleural consolidations disappear, the pleural line normalizes, and A-lines reappear.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30"><sup>30</sup></xref>
						</p>
            <fig id="f8">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Lung ultrasound findings in patients with COVID-19 and their correlation with disease severity and tomography findings</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-03-0659-10133-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>3.3.4. Focused Cardiovascular Ultrasound</title>
            <p>Focused cardiovascular ultrasound is being used by emergency physicians or intensivists for rapid assessment and screening for pre-existing cardiac and vascular diseases, as well as in the early detection of COVID-19-related myocardial alterations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref> The objective of this ultrasound is to quantitatively assess left ventricular systolic function, right ventricular size and contractility, inferior vena cava size and collapsibility, in addition to severe vavular abnormalities and pericardial effusion.29 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figure 4</xref>). A brief screening of patients with COVID-19 is indicated in the presence of high troponin and BNP in addition to electrocardiographic or hemodynamic changes, or in the case of suspected PE.31 In this case, one of the main advantages of focused ultrasound is that it reduces the need for conventional echocardiography, thus also decreasing the physicians&#8217; exposure and the need for equipment decontamination while also saving PPE. This examination is not equivalent to echocardiography, but it is capable of confirming or excluding a specific diagnosis during a quick bedside evaluation, thus contributing to therapeutic decisions. The focused ultrasound can also be used in the triage of patients that need echocardiography. On the other hand, without proper training, there is a risk of acquiring inadequate images that lead to false positive or false negative diagnoses. This could in turn result in unnecessary treatments that can be harmful, in inappropriate echocardiography indications, or in treatment delays. Therefore, the use of focused cardiac ultrasound should be based on institutional protocols, and we recommend an internal competence-based certification as well as constant quality assessments, considering that teaching and training methodologies for this method vary greatly.</p>
            <fig id="f9">
              <label>Figure 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Protocols for the focused cardiovascular ultrasound. Windows, main findings, and possible diseases.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-03-0659-10133-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
            <p>Integrated (lung and cardiac) focused ultrasound is ideal for adequate characterization of volume status, subjacent ventricular function, monitoring of fluid state, and titration of vasopressor drugs in case of inotropic support. In patients with RV dysfunction, focused vascular ultrasound for investigating deep vein thrombosis (DVT) can complete the assessment.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>3.4. Prioritization and Indications for Stress Echocardiography in the COVID-19 Era</title>
          <p>In patients at low risk for COVID-19, with proper indication and when deferring is not possible or recommended (such as in preoperative cancer patients or those with a high pre-test probability of obstructive coronary artery disease [CAD]), pharmacological stress tests are preferred because they are not considered aerosol-generating. Another alternative for investigating selected cases of chronic coronary arterial disease during the pandemic is to prioritize computed tomography (CT) coronary angiography.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> Once a very low local prevalence of COVID-19 is reached, exercise echocardiography can return to being the first choice, but with additional safety procedures as previously described.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>3.5. Prioritization and Indications for Transesophageal Echocardiography in Adult Patients in the COVID-19 Era</title>
          <p>TEE causes additional concern, since the risk of equipment and professional contamination through droplets and aerosols is very high. Therefore, the incremental value of TEE in relation to transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) should be carefully evaluated on a case-by-case basis together with the assistant physician. For the duration of the pandemic, alternative methods should preferably be chosen, especially in patients with COVID-19.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> One of the main indications for TEE &#8212; screening for intracavitary thrombi &#8212; can be performed through CT angiography, which presents a lower risk of staff contamination. This alternative is obviously only available for patients who can be transported and with preserved renal function. Whenever possible, complete diagnosis should be achieved through TTE, leaving TEE for critical situations with possible changes in management, especially in the ICU or operation room where no other methods are available and the clinical question should be promptly answered. In areas where the pandemic is decreasing, the reintroduction of TEE for outpatients should follow strict criteria, and each case should require an individual evaluation. It is recommended that outpatient scheduling be restored based on patient priority, considering one's previous position on the waiting list, clinical indications and conditions (symptomatic or asymptomatic), and potential impact of the examination in the patient's clinical history (for example, tests required for further procedure scheduling).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> Additional measures for TEE scheduling and test safety are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 2</xref>. Among the various indications for TEE, high priority is given to the following:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32"><sup>32</sup></xref>
					</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Infective endocarditis with valvular or paravalvular involvement.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Type A aortic dissection (Stanford) in unstable patients (if stable, prefer CT; if associated with suspected aortic insufficiency, perform TTE).</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Beginning of mechanical circulatory support.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Acute myocardial infarction with suspected mechanical complications not detected by TTE (ventricular septal defect, left ventricular free wall rupture, or papillary muscle rupture).</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Prosthetic valve dysfunction poorly defined in TTE or CT.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Monitoring of patients on venovenous ECMO for treating COVID-19 pneumonia.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Intraoperative evaluation of the result of mitral valve repair, septal myectomy, or in the diagnostic and management of complications.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Hemodynamic instability due to undifferentiated shock in individuals with inadequate acoustic windows for TTE (such as those in the perioperative period of cardiac surgery or on prone ventilation).</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Screening for thrombi in the left atrial appendage prior to electrical cardioversion for restoring sinus rhythm in an unstable patient or with unavailable cardiovascular computed tomography (CCT) (CCT with low contrast infusion is the first choice for patients with COVID-19).</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>TEE is not recommended in the following cases:</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Screening for infective endocarditis in patients with transient fever and no bacteremia or new heart murmur.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Transient bacteremia with identified pathogen not typically associated to infective endocarditis or with documented non-endovascular source of infection.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Re-evaluation of a previous echocardiogram in stable individuals when no changes in therapy are being considered.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>4. Pediatric, Congenital, and Fetal Echocardiography in the COVID-19 Era</title>
        <p>The echocardiographic examination in children can result in increased risk for the staff and community, considering that although these patients have a reduced occurrence of severe COVID-19, many infected children can be asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic. In addition, pediatric care requires the company of an adult, thus demanding adjustments in specialized care. Since the pediatric population with congenital heart defects is different from the corresponding adult one regarding the risk of COVID-19 transmission and indications for echocardiography, the aim of this topic is to update indications and protocols for TTE and FE in this population.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>4.1. Prioritization and Indications for Transthoracic Echocardiography in Pediatric and Congenital Patients</title>
          <p>Within the pediatric age group and considering patients with congenital heart defects, absolute indications include suspected congenital heart defect, postoperative and preoperative evaluation of congenital heart defects, children with acquired heart disease, heart transplant, increased risk of impaired cardiac function (chemotherapy treatment), and cardiac complications associated with respiratory infections.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33"><sup>33</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34"><sup>34</sup></xref> These indications should be categorized as high, medium, or low priority, as demonstrated in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 2</xref>, when reintroducing examinations at the outpatient level according to the hemodynamic repercussions and clinical reasoning.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>4.2. Optimization of the Transthoracic Echocardiography Protocol in Pediatric and Congenital Patients</title>
          <p>TTE should be performed in the usual manner due to the wide anatomical variability and challenges regarding the evaluation of systolic and diastolic function, thus leaving focused assessment for other applications such as the emergency sector, pediatric intensive care, and in suspected of confirmed COVID-19 patients. In case of a potentially complicated examination, the patient should be referred to a more experienced physician; this increases the probability of an adequately detailed, precise, and quick examination without the need for additional practical support. Recently, an alert regarding multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children and teenagers has been released; this disorder has been described as a generally late clinical presentation associated with COVID-19, characterized by similar manifestations to those of the typical or incomplete Kawasaki syndrome and/or septic shock syndrome.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35"><sup>35</sup></xref> The most affected age range includes school-age children (mean age 9 years), which differentiates this disorder from the Kawasaki syndrome; symptoms are predominantly gastrointestinal. Virtually 100% of cases have heart affections with LVEF impairment, which has been described by various groups. In addition, patients present cardiogenic shock and coronary artery involvement with variable degrees of dilation, and some groups have reported aneurysms. Respiratory symptoms are mild, and skin rash and mucosal involvement may also occur.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35"><sup>35</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36"><sup>36</sup></xref> In case of clinical suspicion of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children and teenagers, the main objectives of echocardiography are to identify possible left ventricular dilation, measure systolic function through LVEF, quantify the valvular regurgitation, evaluate the morphological aspect of coronary arteries (dilation and/or aneurysm), and pericardium.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>4.3. Prioritization and Indications for Fetal Echocardiography</title>
          <p>FE assessment faces challenges in the final stage of pregnancy where perinatal and neonatal planning and decision-making are required. At first, patients with low-risk pregnancies were instructed to not perform FE; those with moderate-risk pregnancies should defer FE for when the COVID-19 risk was reduced or until 28 weeks of pregnancy; finally, women with high-risk pregnancies should promptly schedule and perform the examination.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref>However, as the pandemic progressed, considering that pregnancies would continue and fetal cardiac diseases can be critical, we recommend that FE be performed according to the previously published guidelines.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37"><sup>37</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38"><sup>38</sup></xref> The examination should be performed following PPE protocols for the pregnant patient and health care professional. Echocardiographic assessment should be as complete as possible, avoiding re-evaluations.</p>
          <p>The possibility of prenatal or perinatal infection should be considered when newborns are transferred to the pediatric or cardiac neonatal intensive care unit after birth. Data on the vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2 are still scarce;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39"><sup>39</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40"><sup>40</sup></xref> however, if the new mother tests positive for the virus in the 14 days after birth, the newborn should also be tested and managed as a positive case until a negative result is confirmed.</p>
          <p>Echocardiographic tests in the pediatric population and in patients with congenital heart defects remain crucial during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and their health care should be guaranteed, minimizing risks for the professional team, patients, and the general public.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>4.4. Prioritization and Indications for Transesophageal Echocardiography in Pediatric Patients</title>
          <p>In patients with congenital heart defects, TEE is considered a part of intraoperative care and hemodynamic interventions. In outpatient cases, considering the high risk of exposure to SARS-CoV-2, this examination should be deferred or substituted for an alternative modality such as TTE associated with agitated saline contrast, cardiovascular computed tomography (CCT) or CMR with contrast agents. As for children, the risks and benefits of aerosol-emitting procedures should be weighed along with those of patient transportation, disinfection of the CCT/CMR room, contrast administration or radiation in CCT, in addition to prolonged exposure in case of CMR.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>4.5. Protocol for Transesophageal Echocardiography in Pediatric Patients</title>
          <p>Due to the unreliability of using symptoms in the prediction of COVID-19 status in children, a specific recommendation has been proposed for TEE in these patients:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref>
					</p>
          <list list-type="order">
            <list-item>
              <p>All pediatric patients should be considered positive for COVID-19 in TEE, unless with negative tests in the last 48 to 72 hours. In case of a negative test, TEE can be performed using standard precautions (gloves, mask, and eye protection).</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>In pediatric patients without negative COVID-19 tests in the last 72 hours, who were intubated before arriving to the operation room, the risk of producing aerosols is considered low. The probe can be introduced by the anesthesiologist or examining physician, according to the institution's standard procedures and precautions.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>In asymptomatic patients without negative COVID-19 tests in the last 72 hours who require intubation in the operation room, this procedure should be performed by the anesthesiologist using appropriate PPE and air purifying respirators. This process should be followed by a 20- to 30-minute waiting period, depending on local protocols and environmental factors, for allowing complete room air exchange. During this period, people should not be allowed in the room. The TEE probe should ideally be introduced by the anesthesiologist immediately after airway stabilization for minimizing the exposure of other professionals. After the waiting period, the examining physician can manipulate the probe according to standardized procedures and precautions.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Children with positive COVID-19 tests or with symptoms should be isolated. Probe introduction by the anesthesiologist is strongly advised for minimizing the exposure of other professionals. The team of health care professionals in the operation, recovery, or procedure rooms should use strict isolation equipment at all times and be trained in PPE donning and doffing. Only essential personnel are allowed in the operation room (only one echocardiography physician) for reducing exposure risk and saving PPE.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>5. Vascular Ultrasonography in the COVID-19 Era</title>
        <p>One of the situations requiring the biggest caution in patients infected by the SARS-CoV-2 virus is the development of coagulopathies, mostly characterized as a tendency for venous, arterial, and microvenous thrombosis. Klok et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"><sup>31</sup></xref> evaluated the incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) and arterial thrombotic complications in 184 patients with COVID-19 admitted to an ICU. Despite the VTE prophylaxis performed in all patients, a 31% incidence of thrombotic complications was observed.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"><sup>31</sup></xref> Accordingly, there was an increase in demand for vascular ultrasonography (VUS) during the pandemic, especially for the venous VUS in patients with COVID-19, most of which were hospitalized. For this reason, a deeper discussion on this examination is performed below.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>5.1. Prioritization and Indications for Vascular Ultrasonography in Patients at Low Risk for COVID-19</title>
          <p>Considering outpatients without COVID-19, the types of examinations should be categorized according to indication priority (see <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 1</xref>). High-priority (essential) examinations include venous VUS for DVT screening, as well as the carotid and vertebral artery VUS in patients with suspected stroke. Considering patients with peripheral obstructive disease, a priority for arterial VUS should depend on surgical treatment indications.</p>
          <p>Other examinations should be categorized as medium or low priority by the assistant physician, as long as there are no indications for urgent invasive treatments. These include VUS of the aorta and its branches, VUS for varicose vein assessment, and carotid artery VUS in screening for carotid artery disease in the preoperative period of cardiac surgery.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>5.2. Prioritization and Indications of Vascular Ultrasonography in Patients with COVID-19</title>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Suspected pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE): VUS has a low accuracy in diagnosing PTE, but can be indicated in case of high bleeding risk, when the result should change management, or when PTE suspicion is high and there is no available CT angiography.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41"><sup>41</sup></xref>
							</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Suspected DVT: In individuals with high clinical suspicion of DVT and bleeding risk, lower limb venous VUS is recommended.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41"><sup>41</sup></xref>
							</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Suspected acute arterial occlusion of upper or lower limb (arterial VUS).</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Stroke of unknown cause (carotid and vertebral artery VUS).</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>5.3. Situations Where Vascular Ultrasonography is Not Recommended for Patients with COVID-19</title>
          <p>Venous VUS should not be used as a marker for altering a patient's anticoagulant therapy management.</p>
          <p>Laboratory tests cannot indicate the need for this examination; hence, high D-dimer values do not justify VUS for DVT screening. In case of negative D-dimer results, there is no need for VUS in DVT screening.</p>
          <p>Upper limb DVT has low morbidity in critically ill patients, thus there is no routine recommendation for venous VUS in this region.</p>
          <p>In conclusion, VUS is not recommended in situations where its results will not determine changes in management or are not a prerequisite for urgent surgery.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>5.4. Optimization of Vascular Ultrasonography Protocols</title>
          <p>The complete venous VUS protocol is the recommended method for investigating DVT; however, point-of-care 3- or 2-point compression ultrasound in critically ill inpatients with COVID-19 seems to be a reasonable option, except if the pain reported by the patient is located in the infrapatellar segment (then, the complete protocol should be performed). The 3-point protocol assesses compressibility in all proximal veins of the evaluated lower limb. The 2-point protocol evaluates the compressibility of the common femoral vein 1 to 2 cm above and below the saphenofemoral junction (in the inguinal fold) and in the popliteal vein up to the confluence of the leg veins.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42"><sup>42</sup></xref> Total or partial absence of compressibility in the affected vein, as well as vascular swelling due to an intraluminal thrombus detected by 2-dimensional techniques, are ultrasonographic signs of DVT. The sensitivity of the 3-point compression method is considered greater than that of the 2-point method (90.57% vs 82.76%), with similar specificity (98.52%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43"><sup>43</sup></xref>
					</p>
          <p>In addition to a shorter exposure period for the professional, the point-of-care VUS protocol can be performed by the emergency physician, provided proper training is involved. After the pandemic, when possible, the complete protocol should be given preference.</p>
          <p>Other VUS examinations, such as the carotid and vertebral artery VUS and limb arterial VUS, when necessary, should follow previously established protocols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44"><sup>44</sup></xref> All protective and PPE measures should be followed as previously discussed.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>6. Cardiac Magnetic Resonance in the COVID-19 Era</title>
        <sec>
          <title>6.1. Prioritization and Indications</title>
          <p>The COVID-19 pandemic caused an important reduction in the number of outpatient requests for CMR, leaving only high-priority examinations: Clinical suspicion of myocarditis, differential diagnosis of cardiac masses, as well as other exceptional situations such as the assessment of complex ventricular arrhythmias.</p>
          <p>CMR is well-defined as the preferred method for the reliable assessment of ventricular function, cardiac volumes, ischemia, myocardial viability, as well as in the detection of areas of myocardial fibrosis, study of infiltrative and deposition diseases, structural evaluation of patients with cardiac arrhythmias, and in specific cases, for complementing the echocardiographic evaluation of valvular and congenital heart diseases. In patients with low risk for COVID-19, prioritization should follow the rationale presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 1</xref>. CMR has the advantage of providing, with one test, a global assessment of the heart with multiple functional and structural data, thus avoiding multiple trips to the hospital or clinic; this reduces patient circulation and optimizes resources.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45"><sup>45</sup></xref>In patients with COVID-19, CMR allows the diagnostic of myocarditis, perimyocarditis, acute myocardial infarction with no evidence of obstructive coronary artery disease (MINOCA), Takotsubo syndrome, and the differentiation between ischemic and inflammatory presentations. Conversely, the patient's risk of transmission and instability in the acute phase should be carefully evaluated and the examination could be deferred, whenever possible, until the criteria for cure are attained. On the other hand, a recent study evaluated myocardial injury in patients who had recovered from COVID-19 and showed a high prevalence of nonischemic delayed myocardial enhancement and preserved systolic function, already with no evidence of edema, suggesting permanent myocardial damage.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46"><sup>46</sup></xref> CMR can thus be an important tool for better comprehending the mechanisms of myocardial injury and for assessing myocardial damage after recovery from COVID-19.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>6.2. Optimizing Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Protocols</title>
          <p>CMR protocols should be reduced (maximum 30 minutes) for all clinical indications; the focus should be on evaluating myocardial function through cine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), while myocardial tissue characterization should be performed through late gadolinium enhancement. A T2 weighted anatomical sequence can be performed for detecting myocardial edema in case of suspected acute myocardial inflammation. When available, T1, T2, and/or T2* mapping associated with cine MRI sequences and late enhancement constitute an optimized and efficient protocol.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> When evaluating myocardial ischemia, the physician should focus on perfusion sequences under pharmacological stress, subsequently adding cine and late enhancement sequences after stress. CMR can also be employed in the diagnosis of intracavitary thrombi, with a fast and directed study using late gadolinium enhancement and avoiding the need for TEE, thus reducing the examining physician's exposure to potential contamination. The evaluation of cardiac masses is adequately performed with high sensibility using CMR and can identify benign or malignant characteristics; it is though quite limited in the diagnostic of vegetations due to their small dimensions and mobile characteristics. Mass characterization should follow the routine protocol, which uses cine MRI sequences, T1 weighted anatomical sequences with or without fat suppression, T2, rest perfusion, and late enhancement, always focused on mass localization. Congenital diseases can have optimized assessment with the use of 3D resonance angiography associated with cine MRI sequences, and in case valve assessment is needed for complementing the echocardiography, ventricular function assessment through cine MRI should be prioritized and protocols should be directed to the valvular apparatus with flow mapping sequences.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47"><sup>47</sup></xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>7. Cardiovascular Computed Tomography in the COVID-19 Era</title>
        <sec>
          <title>7.1. Prioritization and Indications</title>
          <p>CCT can be used in the evaluation of multiple forms of heart diseases in all stages of the COVID-19 pandemic in a fast, efficient, and safe manner.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48"><sup>48</sup></xref> For this, depending on the local stage of the pandemic, the risk of exposure to the virus in the examination should be weighed with the benefit of its results for patient management and treatment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref>
						<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 3</xref> proposes the prioritization of indications during the COVID-19 pandemic.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Prioritization of CCT indications during the COVID-19 pandemic</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Low-priority indications</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Medium-priority indications</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">High-priority indications (consider performing in the next hours or in up to 2 to 4 weeks)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">CAD</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">Calcium score in asymptomatic patients</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Acute chest pain with high enough suspicion of CAD</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Stable chest pain without high suspicion of CAD</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">Stable chest pain with high risk of cardiovascular events, or when high-risk anatomy is suspected</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Structural cardiac disease</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">Patients with stable structural cardiac disease (TAVR, TMVR, LAA occlusion, together with the Heart Team)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Patients requiring urgent structural intervention (TAVI, TMVR, LAA occlusion)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Atrial fibrillation</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Assessment of pulmonary veins for planning atrial fibrillation ablation</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Evaluation of the left atrial appendage in <underline><bold>chronic</bold></underline> atrial arrhythmia before restoring sinus rhythm</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Evaluation of the left atrial appendage in <underline><bold>acute</bold></underline> atrial arrhythmia before restoring sinus rhythm</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Heart failure</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Investigation of CAD as cause of heart failure in patients with stable cardiomyopathy</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Hospitalized patient with acute cardiomyopathy and low or intermediate probability of CAD, where CCT can change management</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Evaluation of left ventricular assist device malfunction</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Valvular</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Assessment of aortic stenosis severity</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Subacute or chronic prosthetic valve dysfunction</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Acute and symptomatic prosthetic valve dysfunction, endocarditis, perivalvular extension of endocarditis or possible abscess</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Masses/ congenital</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">Suspected benign cardiac masses or those unlikely to require biopsy or surgical planning</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">New suspected malignant cardiac masses or those requiring biopsy or surgical planning</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Elective assessment of congenital anomaly</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Ruling out left ventricle thrombus after inconclusive echocardiography, when alternative methods (magnetic resonance) are not available</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN8">
                <p>
                  <italic>CAD: coronary artery disease; TAVR: transcatheter aortic valve replacement; TMVR: transcatheter mitral valve replacement; LAA: left atrial appendage; CCT: cardiovascular computed tomography.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>As for indications, the main diagnostic and prognostic characteristics of CCT should be taken into consideration when making a decision:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49"><sup>49</sup></xref>
					</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>The ability of CCT to precisely exclude high-risk CAD can prevent admissions and save resources, as well as recommend hospitalization for patients with detected disease (especially those reluctant to seeking emergency care).</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>The fundamental role of CCT in the preoperative anatomical assessment of structural cardiac diseases reduces the risk of acute and chronic complications associated with interventions.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>CCT can be preferred over TEE for ruling out thrombi in the left atrial appendage and intracavitary thrombi before cardioversion, reducing chances of cough and aerosol generation related to TEE.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>In patients suspected or confirmed for COVID-19, the benefits of CCT in most clinical scenarios should not exceed the risks of exposure and infection of the personnel. Each case should be evaluated individually.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>8. Nuclear Cardiology in the COVID-19 Era</title>
        <p>Nuclear cardiology has a solid knowledge base on clinical experience, as well as diagnostic and prognostic values. All procedures in this area have the advantage of using widely automated protocols and equipment, which allows less contact between the health care professional and the patient. Moreover, except for exercise myocardial scintigraphy and ventilation/perfusion scintigraphy, no other nuclear medicine methods generate aerosols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50"><sup>50</sup></xref> These aspects could reduce exposure to the virus and infection propagation while also saving precious resources.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51"><sup>51</sup></xref>
				</p>
        <sec>
          <title>8.1. Prioritization and Indications</title>
          <p>Nuclear cardiology has a superior role in the pandemic scenario considering patients without COVID-19. The rationale for prioritizing examinations should be as described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 2</xref>. The main indications include:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref>
					</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Evaluating ischemia in patients with known CAD.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Evaluating patients with chest pain syndromes. It is particularly useful for patients who are poor candidates for non-invasive anatomical imaging (such as those with stents or coronary artery calcification, who are allergic to contrast agents, or have a risk of impaired renal function).</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Evaluation of myocardial viability.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Screening for amyloidosis.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Identification of the inflammatory stages of sarcoidosis.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Identification of infections in implanted devices.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>On the other hand, a nuclear cardiology assessment is generally not necessary in the treatment of acute heart disease in patients with COVID-19. Ventilation scans or exercise stress tests should be omitted in areas going through the peak phase of the pandemic and/or in any patient with a known or suspected COVID-19 infection due to the high risk of aerosol emission.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52"><sup>52</sup></xref> Specific considerations on the ventilation/perfusion scintigraphy protocol are described below.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>8.2. Ventilation/Perfusion Scintigraphy</title>
          <p>Currently, the gold standard for ruling out PE in patients with COVID-19 is the CT pulmonary angiography. However, this method cannot be used in patients with contraindications for iodinated contrast agents. A potential alternative relies in lung perfusion single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) using macroaggregated albumin tagged with <sup>99m</sup>Tc. Due to the high risk of aerosol production associated to ventilation scintigraphy (aerosols tagged with <sup>99</sup>mTc), the American Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging discouraged the classical combination of ventilation/perfusion images in patients with COVID-19.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53"><sup>53</sup></xref> Ventilation scans should be omitted in patients with known or suspected COVID-19; therefore, the use of perfusion lung scintigraphy associated with chest CT or X-ray has been proposed.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54"><sup>54</sup></xref>
					</p>
          <p>For optimizing protocols amidst the pandemic, one should follow good imaging practices that allow for a safe and efficient examination, as already described; these include mainly:</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Performing protocols that minimize the procedure duration without affecting test precision, eg, only using imaging stress tests when indicated.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Avoiding protocols that may generate aerosols &#8211; give preference to pharmaceutical stress over exercise stress whenever possible.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figure 5</xref> is a proposition that summarizes the general protocol for reintroducing cardiovascular imaging examinations. Firstly, it is necessary to define whether the test is essential at any given moment. If it is essential (urgent or high-priority), define whether the patient has a high risk for COVID-19 and which method would lead to the lowest risk of exposure, even with the use of PPE. In case the examination is not essential/urgent, evaluate the local stage of the pandemic: when the area is at the peak stage, defer lower priority examinations. If the pandemic is decelerating in the area in question, reintroduce test scheduling according to the patient's risk for COVID-19 and indication priority, within appropriate criteria; finally, define PPE and patient flow according to COVID-19 risk and type of test. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tables 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">2</xref>, and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">3</xref> summarize the indication prioritization, safety protocols, and PPE to be used according to the type of test and COVID-19 status. Among cardiovascular imaging examinations, echocardiography is considered first-line. However, in view of the need for minimizing the examining physician's exposure to SARS-COV-2 and rationally using available resources, alternative methods can be used to answer the clinical question, especially in stable patients or those with uncertain symptoms or who were referred to other imaging examinations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref>
					</p>
          <fig id="f10">
            <label>Figure 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Flowchart for reintroducing cardiovascular imaging examinations in the COVID-19 era</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-03-0659-10133-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>9. Conclusion</title>
        <p>The COVID-19 pandemic has forced the medical community to reconsider performing cardiovascular imaging examinations. Adaptations and changes were necessary due to the worldwide impact of this pandemic. The return to &#8220;normality&#8221; in cardiovascular imaging services should be progressive and adapted to regional differences within the country. Considering the impact of cardiovascular diseases in the population morbidity and mortality, cardiovascular signs and symptoms cannot be neglected. Therefore, even amid a pandemic situation where all attention is turned to fighting COVID-19, patients and physicians should be encouraged to perform cardiovascular investigations and be assured that these will happen in a safe environment. This position statement reflects the opinion of specialists based on national and international guidelines and the scientific evidence available at the moment, seeing that knowledge on COVID-19 is constantly evolving. In this environment, recommendations can guide the health care team and protect patients and professionals without compromising care. In addition, these recommendations, the constant dialog between medical imaging specialists, clinical staff, and patients constitutes the best and most efficient measure for facing the COVID-19 pandemic.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn9">
          <p><bold>Development:</bold> Cardiovascular Imaging Department of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology (DIC/SBC), supported by the Non-Invasive Methods Department of the Brazilian Society of Angiology and Vascular Surgery (SBACV)</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn10">
          <p><bold>Norms and Guidelines Council (2020-2021):</bold> Antonio Carlos Sobral Sousa, Aurora Felice de Castro Issa, Bruno Ramos Nascimento, Harry Corr&#234;a Filho, Marcelo Luiz Campos Vieira</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn11">
          <p><bold>Norms and Guidelines Coordinator (2020-2021):</bold> Brivaldo Markman Filho</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn12">
          <p><bold>Statement Coordinator:</bold> Carlos Eduardo Rochitte</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn13">
          <p><bold>Coordinating Editors:</bold> Adenalva Lima de Souza Beck e Silvio Henrique Barberato</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn14">
          <p><bold>Co-editors:</bold> Marcelo Luiz Campos Vieira e Jos&#233; Luiz Barros Pena</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn15">
          <p><bold>How to cite this statement:</bold> Beck ALS, Barberato SH, Almeida ALC, Grau CRPC, Lopes MMU, Lima RSL, et al. Position Statement on Indications and the Safe Reintroduction of Cardiovascular Imaging Methods in the COVID-19 Scenario &#8211; 2021. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021; 116(3):659-678</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn16">
          <p><bold>Note:</bold> These statements are for information purposes and should not replace the clinical judgment of a physician, who must ultimately determine the appropriate treatment for each patient.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
