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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">RH8Mq8qQZ4QYhMs9cJfnMRD</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00507</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2021000400507</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200086</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200086</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta Cient&#237;fica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Impress&#227;o de Prot&#243;tipo Tridimensional (P3d) de Cora&#231;&#227;o para Aplica&#231;&#227;o na Cardiologia Pedi&#225;trica: Uma Experi&#234;ncia Inicial</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3802-808X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Basso</surname>
            <given-names>Ma&#237;ra Levorato</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gebran</surname>
            <given-names>Alessandra M&#246;bius</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Julia Dullius</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gebran</surname>
            <given-names>Katrin M&#246;bius</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bonatto</surname>
            <given-names>Let&#237;cia Carlota</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Farah</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Cec&#237;lia Knoll</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Pequeno Pr&#237;ncipe</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Pequeno Pr&#237;ncipe, Curitiba, PR - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdades Pequeno Principe</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdades Pequeno Principe, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Ma&#237;ra Levorato Basso</bold> &#8226; Hospital Pequeno Principe - Rua Desembargador Motta, 1070. CEP <postal-code>80250-060</postal-code>, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>mairalevorato@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos Autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Basso ML, Farah MCK; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Gebran AM, Oliveira JD, Gebran KM, Bonatto LC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>23</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>116</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>507</fpage>
      <lpage>509</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Cardiopatias Cong&#234;nitas</kwd>
        <kwd>Angiografia Coron&#225;ria/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Impress&#227;o Tridimensional/tend&#234;ncias</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="11"/>
        <page-count count="3"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A tecnologia de impress&#227;o de prot&#243;tipos tridimensionais (P3D) desenvolve-se rapidamente na medicina. Estudos recentes mostram a import&#226;ncia de sua aplicabilidade na cardiologia pedi&#225;trica.</p>
      <p>Profissionais, cl&#237;nicos e cirurgi&#245;es fazem uso de tecnologias bidimensionais como a ecocardiografia, a angiotomografia computadorizada (ATC) e a resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica para caracterizar estruturas e entender a complexidade das doen&#231;as. De modo geral, essas imagens s&#227;o projetadas e estendidas em tela plana, de modo a n&#227;o representarem o tamanho real das estruturas, a percep&#231;&#227;o de profundidade ou a proximidade entre elas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
			</p>
      <p>As cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas t&#234;m preval&#234;ncia de 9,1/1.000 nascidos vivos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> e geram consequ&#234;ncias hemodin&#226;micas e funcionais significativas, sendo respons&#225;veis por 6% dos &#243;bitos de crian&#231;as no primeiro ano de vida no Brasil.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> A diversidade e a complexidade das cardiopatias exigem do profissional a compreens&#227;o detalhada da anatomia no plano terap&#234;utico, uma conduta adequada e a explica&#231;&#227;o did&#225;tica aos familiares sobre a doen&#231;a.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref>
			</p>
      <p>Este estudo fez a impress&#227;o em P3D de cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas a partir de imagens de arquivo de ATC e tamb&#233;m como experi&#234;ncia inicial visando a construir uma maior evid&#234;ncia cient&#237;fica.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Trata-se de um estudo descritivo e observacional no qual n&#227;o foi aplicado um instrumento de compara&#231;&#227;o num&#233;rica. No entanto, visa a ressaltar uma experi&#234;ncia inicial, considerando a evid&#234;ncia presente na literatura m&#233;dica sobre o uso da tecnologia 3D e os benef&#237;cios na compreens&#227;o das patologias card&#237;acas cong&#234;nitas e sua import&#226;ncia em nosso meio. Imagens representativas das cardiopatias foram obtidas de arquivos de ATC, escolhidas dentre as que apresentavam maior complexidade anat&#244;mica e de acordo com a obten&#231;&#227;o de melhores informa&#231;&#245;es estruturais com a reprodu&#231;&#227;o tridimensional. As cardiopatias selecionadas foram: atresia pulmonar com comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular (APu+CIV) e colaterais sist&#234;mico pulmonares, e hipoplasia do cora&#231;&#227;o esquerdo (SHCE) ap&#243;s a coloca&#231;&#227;o de <italic>stent</italic> no canal arterial e cerclagem dos ramos da art&#233;ria pulmonar.</p>
      <p>As imagens foram obtidas atrav&#233;s de tom&#243;grafo GE <italic>Revolution</italic> com 512 detectores e modula&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica, posteriormente tratadas no <italic>software Slic3r</italic> para segmenta&#231;&#227;o estrutural. Para a confec&#231;&#227;o dos prot&#243;tipos, foi utilizado um filamento termopl&#225;stico de &#225;cido poli&#225;tico com 0,2mm de espessura e apoios em PVA no equipamento de impress&#227;o <italic>ZMorph</italic> VX/E. Ap&#243;s a impress&#227;o, os P3D foram comparados visualmente pelos autores com as imagens de ATC.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Ao comparar visualmente as imagens da ATC com a impress&#227;o 3D, foi verificada a compatibilidade anat&#244;mica entre elas. Importante ressaltar que a percep&#231;&#227;o de detalhes importantes da anatomia no P3D foi evidenciada sob diversas perspectivas. No caso de APu+CIV, a compreens&#227;o da rela&#231;&#227;o espacial entre as art&#233;rias colaterais sist&#234;mico pulmonares originadas da aorta e os ramos pulmonares foi facilitada, bem como a observa&#231;&#227;o comparativa das cavidades ventriculares (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>). No caso de SHCE, foi visto o grau de hipoplasia da aorta ascendente e a presen&#231;a de estenose do ramo pulmonar, al&#233;m das rela&#231;&#245;es espaciais entre elas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>). O tamanho dos modelos reconstitu&#237;dos correspondeu &#224; anatomia dos pacientes, possibilitando o estudo comparativo das dimens&#245;es entre as estruturas, o que pode colaborar na estrat&#233;gia de tratamento cir&#250;rgico. A possibilidade de ter o P3D em m&#227;os e observar a anatomia sob diferentes &#226;ngulos tornou a compreens&#227;o das cardiopatias f&#225;cil e esclarecedora.</p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title><italic>Caso APu+CIV. &#192; esquerda: ATC - setas indicam a aorta e a presen&#231;a de art&#233;rias colaterais sist&#234;mico pulmonares emergindo da aorta ascendente. &#192; direita - P3D: vis&#227;o frontal e lateral direita; Ao: aorta; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito</italic>.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-03-0507-00086-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figura 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title><italic>Caso SHCE. &#192; esquerda: ATC - setas indicam a aorta e a art&#233;ria pulmonar. &#192; direita - P3D: vis&#227;o lateral; Ao: aorta; AD: &#225;trio direito; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito</italic>.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-03-0507-00086-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>A impress&#227;o 3D &#233; uma tecnologia que busca a complementa&#231;&#227;o dos exames convencionais, uma vez que torna poss&#237;vel compreender melhor a malforma&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. Ela proporciona o estudo detalhado sobre a localiza&#231;&#227;o, o comprimento, a extens&#227;o e a rela&#231;&#227;o entre as estruturas malformadas, o que auxilia no planejamento cir&#250;rgico e na identifica&#231;&#227;o de detalhes anat&#244;micos de pacientes submetidos a interven&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;vias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> Por conseguinte, beneficia profissionais na amplia&#231;&#227;o do conhecimento da cardiopatia e proporciona um maior grau de seguran&#231;a na escolha de t&#233;cnicas cir&#250;rgicas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> Estudos em pacientes com atresia pulmonar e defeito do septo ventricular mostraram que P3D possibilitou a visualiza&#231;&#227;o de 96% da maioria das art&#233;rias colaterais aortopulmonares, se comparada ao intraoperat&#243;rio. Dessa forma, focaliza a interven&#231;&#227;o por cateterismo e reduz o tempo de procedimento, de exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; anestesia, de fluidoterapia e do uso de contraste em procedimentos hemodin&#226;micos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref>
			</p>
      <p>A tecnologia P3D tamb&#233;m pode ser utilizada em simula&#231;&#245;es cir&#250;rgicas, visando a detectar a necessidade de adapta&#231;&#245;es no planejamento cir&#250;rgico, reduzir complica&#231;&#245;es, obter bons resultados nos p&#243;s-procedimentos e promover o treinamento de estudantes e m&#233;dicos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> Alguns prot&#243;tipos apresentam alta flexibilidade e n&#227;o exigem manuseio especial, podendo ser aplicados antes e durante a interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref>
			</p>
      <p>Na educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica, ela possibilita ao graduando e ao m&#233;dico-residente um maior entendimento da patologia e orienta&#231;&#227;o espacial das estruturas. Com as dificuldades crescentes na obten&#231;&#227;o de cad&#225;veres para estudo, o uso de P3D &#233; uma importante op&#231;&#227;o no ensino sobre a anatomia humana em escolas m&#233;dicas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref>
			</p>
      <p>No contexto da rela&#231;&#227;o entre m&#233;dico e paciente, a possibilidade de os pais segurarem o prot&#243;tipo em suas pr&#243;prias m&#227;os e visualizar os detalhes anat&#244;micos descritos pelo profissional de sa&#250;de proporciona um melhor entendimento tanto da fisiopatologia relacionada quanto dos sintomas observados no paciente quanto ao tratamento. &#201; descrito na literatura m&#233;dica que os P3D auxiliam no estreitamento desta rela&#231;&#227;o e s&#227;o &#250;teis na compreens&#227;o das informa&#231;&#245;es e aumentam o conhecimento e o engajamento de paciente e familiares no que diz respeito &#224; doen&#231;a.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref>
			</p>
      <p>A impress&#227;o em P3D &#233; uma tecnologia em constru&#231;&#227;o. Ela ainda apresenta limita&#231;&#245;es e desafios para garantir melhor qualidade ao produto. Entre elas, podemos destacar a precis&#227;o da montagem, a constru&#231;&#227;o de modelos com mesmas propriedades mec&#226;nicas dos tecidos, o menor tempo de prepara&#231;&#227;o e o custo econ&#244;mico. A possibilidade de imprimir em cores facilitaria a identifica&#231;&#227;o de diferentes tipos de estruturas como ventr&#237;culos, art&#233;ria pulmonar, ramos e aorta, principalmente no tocante ao ensino de gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>As cardiopatias representadas pelos prot&#243;tipos satisfizeram as representa&#231;&#245;es tridimensionais fidedignas &#224;s imagens obtidas nos exames de ATC, que foram utilizados como base para o estudo. A realiza&#231;&#227;o do P3D card&#237;aco &#233; vi&#225;vel em nosso meio e pode ser uma ferramenta &#250;til. Ela &#233; capaz de auxiliar o cl&#237;nico e a equipe cir&#250;rgica na decis&#227;o terap&#234;utica, o aprendizado do aluno no ensino m&#233;dico de gradua&#231;&#227;o, na especializa&#231;&#227;o e na p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o, o treinamento de habilidades cir&#250;rgicas e o esclarecimento aos familiares da crian&#231;a sobre a cardiopatia em tratamento.</p>
      <p>Coment&#225;rio: na publica&#231;&#227;o deste texto, devemos levar em considera&#231;&#227;o que as imagens dos P3D perdem muito de seu impacto visual se comparadas com a observa&#231;&#227;o direta e real da pe&#231;a em m&#227;os.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn3">
        <p>
          <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Letter</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Three-Dimensional-Printed Heart Prototype for Application in Pediatric Cardiology: An Initial Experiment</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3802-808X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Basso</surname>
            <given-names>Ma&#237;ra Levorato</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gebran</surname>
            <given-names>Alessandra M&#246;bius</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Julia Dullius</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gebran</surname>
            <given-names>Katrin M&#246;bius</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bonatto</surname>
            <given-names>Let&#237;cia Carlota</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Farah</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Cec&#237;lia Knoll</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Pequeno Pr&#237;ncipe, Curitiba, PR - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdades Pequeno Principe, Curitiba, PR - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Ma&#237;ra Levorato Basso</bold> &#8226; Hospital Pequeno Principe - Rua Desembargador Motta, 1070. Postal Code <postal-code>80250-060</postal-code>, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>mairalevorato@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Basso ML, Farah MCK; Data acquisition, Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript: Gebran AM, Oliveira JD, Gebran KM, Bonatto LC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Heart Defects Congenital</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Angiography/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>TomographyX-Ray Computed/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>PrintingThree-Dimensional/trends</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Three-dimensional (3D) prototyping technology is developing rapidly in medicine, and recent studies have shown its important applicability in pediatric cardiology.</p>
        <p>Clinicians and surgeons use two-dimensional technologies, such as echocardiography, computed tomography (CT) angiography, and magnetic resonance imaging, to characterize structures and understand complex diseases. Because these images are often projected and extended on a flat screen, they may not represent the actual size of the structures, depth perception, or the proximity between them.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</p>
        <p>The prevalence of congenital heart disease is estimated at 9.1 per 1000 live births.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> It causes significant hemodynamic and functional consequences and accounts for 6% of all infant deaths in the first year of life in Brazil.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> The diversity and complexity of heart diseases require surgeons to have a detailed understanding of anatomy for proper treatment planning and management and for providing a didactic explanation of the disease to family members.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref>
				</p>
        <p>This study produced 3D-printed prototypes of congenital heart diseases from CT angiography image files as an initial experiment to increase scientific evidence.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>We conducted a descriptive observational study without the application of a numerical comparison tool. The study aimed to present our initial experience based on current evidence of the use of 3D technology and its benefits in understanding congenital heart diseases and their importance in our setting. Representative images of heart diseases were obtained from CT angiography image files and chosen among those of greater anatomical complexity in order to obtain better structural information with 3D printing. The selected heart diseases were pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect (PA-VSD) and systemic-to-pulmonary collaterals, and left ventricular hypoplasia (LVH) after ductus arteriosus stenting and cerclage of the branch pulmonary arteries. The images were obtained with a GE Revolution 512-slice CT scanner with electrocardiographic modulation and imported into Slic3r for structural segmentation. The prototypes were printed in a ZMorph VX/E 3D printer using 0.2-mm-thick polylactic acid thermoplastic filaments and PVA support. After printing, the 3D prototypes were visually compared with the CT angiography images by the authors.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Visual comparison of the CT angiography images with 3D-printed prototypes showed anatomical compatibility between them, and important anatomical details could be observed from different perspectives in the 3D prototypes. In the PA-VSD case, the 3D-printed prototype facilitated the understanding of the spatial relationship between the systemic-to-pulmonary collaterals originating from the aorta and the branch pulmonary arteries, as well as the comparative observation of the ventricular cavities (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 1</xref>).. In the LVH case, we could observe the degree of hypoplasia of the ascending aorta and the presence of branch pulmonary artery stenosis, in addition to the spatial relationships between them (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 2</xref>). The size of the 3D models corresponded to the anatomy of the patients, enabling a comparative study of the dimensions between the structures, which may contribute to the surgical treatment strategy. The possibility of having a hands-on 3D prototype to observe the anatomy from different angles allowed an easier and clearer understanding of heart diseases.</p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title><italic>PA-VSD case. Left: CT angiography: arrows indicate the aorta and the presence of systemic-to-pulmonary collateral arteries emerging from the ascending aorta. Right: 3D prototype &#8211; front and right-side view. Ao: aorta; LV: left ventricle; RV: right ventricle</italic>.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-03-0507-00086-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title><italic>LVH case. Left: CT angiography &#8211; arrows indicate the aorta and pulmonary artery. Right: 3D prototype &#8211; lateral view. Ao: aorta; RA: right atrium; RV: right ventricle</italic>.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-03-0507-00086-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Three-dimensional printing is a technology that aims to complement conventional tests, since it provides greater understanding of cardiac malformation. It allows a detailed study of the location, length, extension, and relationship between the malformed structures, thus assisting in surgical planning and in identifying anatomical details of patients who have undergone previous interventions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> Consequently, it benefits surgeons by increasing their knowledge of the heart disease and by providing a greater degree of safety when choosing the surgical technique.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> Studies of patients with PA-VSD have shown that 3D prototypes enable the visualization of 96% of the major aortopulmonary collateral arteries compared with intraoperative assessment. Thus, it focuses on catheterization and reduces operative time, exposure to anesthesia, fluid therapy time, and the use of contrast agents in hemodynamic procedures.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref>
				</p>
        <p>The 3D prototypes can also be used for surgical simulations, aiming to anticipate the need for adjustments to the surgical plan, to reduce complications, to obtain good postoperative results, and to train students and physicians.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> Some 3D prototypes are highly flexible and do not require special handling; therefore, they can be used both before and during surgery.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref>
				</p>
        <p>In medical education, 3D printing allows medical students and residents to better understand the pathology and spatial orientation of the structures. With the growing difficulties in obtaining cadavers for study, the use of 3D prototypes is an important option for the teaching of human anatomy in medical schools.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref>
				</p>
        <p>In the context of the doctor-patient relationship, the possibility that parents may hold the prototype in their own hands and visualize the anatomical details described by the physician provides a better understanding both of the pathophysiology related to the patient's symptoms and of the proposed treatment. The literature shows that 3D prototypes help to strengthen the doctor-patient relationship, are useful in understanding information, and increase the knowledge and engagement of patients and families in relation to the disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref>
				</p>
        <p>Three-dimensional printing is a developing technology that has limitations and challenges to ensure a better-quality product, including assembly accuracy, construction of models with the same mechanical properties of the tissues, shorter preparation time, and lower economic cost. The possibility of printing different colors would facilitate the identification of different types of structures, such as ventricles, pulmonary artery and branches, and aorta, especially in undergraduate medical education.</p>
        <p>The heart diseases represented by our 3D prototypes provided reliable 3D representations of the CT angiography images used as a basis for the study. Producing 3D-printed heart prototypes is feasible and can be a useful tool in our setting, as they can be used to assist clinicians and surgical teams in treatment decision-making, students&#8217; learning in undergraduate and graduate medical education, and surgical-skill education and to provide explanations to family members about the child's heart disease.</p>
        <p>Note: in the publication of this manuscript, it must be taken into account that the visual effect of the 3D prototypes is reduced on photographs, compared with the direct, actual handling of the product.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <p>
            <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
