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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">bckFNLpKbBWCgY8KBCG6MFz</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00504</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2021000400504</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200327</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200327</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta Cient&#237;fica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Compara&#231;&#227;o entre a Rela&#231;&#227;o Neutr&#243;filo-Linf&#243;cito Precoce e Tardia na Predi&#231;&#227;o de Eventos Adversos em Pacientes com IAMCSST submetidos &#224; ICP Prim&#225;ria</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5514-2562</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Machado</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme Pinheiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Araujo</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Neves de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3572-440X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Maltauro</surname>
            <given-names>Daniele</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Custodio</surname>
            <given-names>Julia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Milan</surname>
            <given-names>Victoria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wainstein</surname>
            <given-names>Marco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre Faculdade de Medicina, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Guilherme Pinheiro Machado</bold> &#8226; Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre - Rua Domingos Crescencio, 545. CEP <postal-code>90650-090</postal-code>, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>gpmachado89@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Machado GP, Maltauro D, Custodio J, Milan V; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Maltauro D, Custodio J, Milan V; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Machado GP, Araujo GN; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Machado GP, Araujo GN, Wainstein M; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Araujo GN, Wainstein M.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>23</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>116</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>504</fpage>
      <lpage>506</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Angioplastia</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>rela&#231;&#227;o neutr&#243;filo-linf&#243;cito</kwd>
        <kwd>Inflama&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="12"/>
        <page-count count="3"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A rela&#231;&#227;o neutr&#243;filo-linf&#243;cito (NLR) na admiss&#227;o hospitalar j&#225; se mostrou capaz de prever eventos adversos em pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supra desn&#237;vel do segmento ST (IAMCSST).1-3 Evid&#234;ncias recentes demonstraram que a NLR continua aumentando no per&#237;odo de 48 a 72 horas nos pacientes que apresentam resultados piores.4 Portanto, nosso objetivo foi comparar a capacidade progn&#243;stica da NLR na admiss&#227;o e tardia para eventos adversos em pacientes com IAMCSST submetidos &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea prim&#225;ria (ICPp).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Este foi um estudo coorte prospectivo com pacientes consecutivos admitidos com IAMCSST que passaram por ICPp e foram acompanhados durante 12 meses. A NLR foi calculada dividindo-se o n&#250;mero de neutr&#243;filos pelo n&#250;mero de linf&#243;citos obtidos da mesma amostra sangu&#237;nea. A NLR foi avaliada na admiss&#227;o e no per&#237;odo de 48 a 72 horas ap&#243;s o procedimento (NLR tardia) como parte do tratamento de rotina. Outros detalhes sobre informa&#231;&#245;es procedimentais, coleta de dados, defini&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o e diretrizes &#233;ticas est&#227;o descritos em outros locais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> A NLR alta foi definida como acima do tercil superior. A an&#225;lise da curva de caracter&#237;stica de opera&#231;&#227;o do receptor (ROC) foi realizada para calcular a &#225;rea sob a curva (AUC) para a ocorr&#234;ncia de mortalidade em curto e longo prazo e de eventos card&#237;acos adversos maiores (MACE) Foram realizadas an&#225;lises multivariadas pela regress&#227;o de Poisson com vari&#226;ncia robusta para avaliar o valor preditivo independente da NLR tardia. Para o modelo multivariado, os fatores de risco que foram preditores univariados (p &lt;0,05) foram considerados inicialmente como fatores ou covari&#225;veis. As an&#225;lises de concord&#226;ncia foram comparadas pelo teste de De Long, enquanto os m&#233;todos de Kaplan-Meier foram comparados com testes de Log-Rank, realizados utilizando-se o software MedCalc Statistical, vers&#227;o 14.8.1 (MedCalc Software, Ostend, B&#233;lgica). Todas as demais an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas utilizando-se o software SPSS Statistics for Windows, v.21.0. (IBM Corp., Armonk, NewYork, EUA).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Entre mar&#231;o de 2011 e dezembro de 2018, 864 pacientes compareceram &#224; nossa institui&#231;&#227;o, diagnosticado com IAMCSST, e 779 deles foram inclu&#237;dos na an&#225;lise. A m&#233;dia de idade foi de 60,68 (&#177;12), 66,4% dos pacientes eram do sexo masculino, 62,1% tinham hipertens&#227;o e 24% tinham diabetes.</p>
      <p>Na an&#225;lise multivariada, quando ajustada por idade, tempo dor-porta, doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica pr&#233;via, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (IM) pr&#233;vio, hipotens&#227;o na admiss&#227;o, acesso femoral, tempo de fluoroscopia, volume de contraste, classifica&#231;&#227;o de trombose no infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (TIMI), fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &#8804;40% antes da alta, a NLR continuou sendo um preditor independente da mortalidade hospitalar, MACE hospitalar e mortalidade ap&#243;s 1 ano (risco relativo [RR] = 14,9, 95% intervalo de confian&#231;a [95% IC]= 3,4 - 80,35, p= 0,001; RR= 3,4, 95% IC= 1,2 &#8211; 9,1, p= 0,01; RR= 7,6, 95% IC= 2,9 &#8211; 26,1, p= 0,01, respectivamente). O uso da NLR tardia aumentou significativamente a AUC de mortalidade hospitalar de 0,55 para 0,84 (Sensibilidade 81,2%, Especificidade 75,6%, Valor preditivo positivo 24,5 e Valor preditivo negativo 97,7). Os dados discriminados dos demais resultados est&#227;o descritos na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>. Ao final de 1 ano de acompanhamento, o &#237;ndice de mortalidade global foi de 28,6% no grupo de NLR alta, hazard ratio (HR) = 3,07 (95% IC= 1,9 - 4,8); p&lt; 0,0001; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Gr&#225;fico de caracter&#237;stica de opera&#231;&#227;o do receptor (ROC) mostrando as &#225;reas sob acurva (AUC) da rela&#231;&#227;o neutr&#243;filo-linf&#243;cito (NLR) na admiss&#227;o e NLR tardia para (A) mortalidade hospitalar, (B) eventos cardiovasculares maiores hospitalares (MACE), (C) mortalidade global ap&#243;s 1 ano e (D) MACE ap&#243;s 1 ano.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-03-0504-00327-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figura 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Curvas tempo-evento para mortalidade global ap&#243;s 1 ano de rela&#231;&#227;o neutr&#243;filo-linf&#243;cito (NLR). Os &#237;ndices de eventos foram calculados utilizando-se os m&#233;todos de Kaplan-Meier, e comparados com uso do teste Log-rank</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-03-0504-00327-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>No presente estudo coorte de pacientes de IAMCSST que passaram por ICPp, a NLR tardia foi fortemente associada &#224; mortalidade no curto e no longo prazo e aos MACE. Al&#233;m disso, a NLR tardia aumenta a capacidade da NLR na admiss&#227;o de eventos adversos nesses pacientes. At&#233; onde sabemos, esta foi a primeira vez em que a NLR tardia foi avaliada consistentemente nesse cen&#225;rio.</p>
      <p>A distribui&#231;&#227;o normal da NLR ainda exige debates. Forget et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> estudaram indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis, e os valores variaram entre 0,78 e 3,5, permanecendo est&#225;veis ap&#243;s 48 horas. Recentemente, Kim et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> observaram que a NLR aumenta ao longo do tempo em indiv&#237;duos com doen&#231;a cardiovascular, atingindo os valores de pico pr&#243;ximo ao momento de um evento adverso. Um estudo recente demonstrou que os pacientes que experimentaram resultados adversos durante o per&#237;odo de acompanhamento tiveram um aumento agudo dos valores de NLR 48 horas ap&#243;s o procedimento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> Esses resultados corroboram os achados de Kim et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> descritos acima.</p>
      <p>No presente estudo, quando os valores de NLR tardia foram usados para avaliar a capacidade de prever eventos adversos, houve um aumento significativo na AUC quando comparada &#224; NLR na admiss&#227;o. Isso pode ser explicado porque os neutr&#243;filos s&#227;o os primeiros leuc&#243;citos a infiltrarem o mioc&#225;rdio infartado, liberando uma variedade enzimas proteol&#237;ticas que causam ruptura de placa, expans&#227;o do infarto, ativa&#231;&#227;o da via da coagula&#231;&#227;o, e instabilidade el&#233;trica card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> Al&#233;m disso, h&#225; evid&#234;ncias do prolongamento da vida de neutr&#243;filos em placas inst&#225;veis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> Em contraste com o aumento de neutr&#243;filos nas &#225;reas lesionadas do mioc&#225;rdio, houve redu&#231;&#227;o dos linf&#243;citos devido ao aumento dos n&#237;veis de cortisol, catecolaminas e citocinas pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias no IAMCSST.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> Isso sugere que a resposta inflamat&#243;ria exacerbada ap&#243;s o evento define os piores resultados para esses pacientes.</p>
      <p>Na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica da maioria dos centros mundiais, a contagem de leuc&#243;citos &#233; realizada rotineiramente durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por evento coron&#225;rio agudo. No presente estudo, uma medi&#231;&#227;o de NLR no per&#237;odo de 48 a 72 horas foi um preditor forte dos resultados adversos, o que destaca a poss&#237;vel aplica&#231;&#227;o desses marcadores inflamat&#243;rios acess&#237;veis e prontamente dispon&#237;veis para a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco ap&#243;s o infarto do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Guilherme Pinheiro Machado pela Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p>
          <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 2018/0436. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Letter</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Early vs. Late Neutrophil-To-Lymphocyte Ratio for the Prediction of Adverse Outcomes in Patients with STEMI Undergoing Primary PCI</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5514-2562</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Machado</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme Pinheiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Araujo</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Neves de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3572-440X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Maltauro</surname>
            <given-names>Daniele</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Custodio</surname>
            <given-names>Julia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Milan</surname>
            <given-names>Victoria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wainstein</surname>
            <given-names>Marco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre Faculdade de Medicina, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Guilherme Pinheiro Machado</bold> &#8226; Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre - Rua Domingos Crescencio, 545. Postal Code <postal-code>90650-090</postal-code>, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: <email>gpmachado89@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Machado GP, Maltauro D, Custodio J, Milan V; Data acquisition: Maltauro D, Custodio J, Milan V; Analysis and interpretation of the data and Statistical analysis: Machado GP, Araujo GN; Writing of the manuscript: Machado GP, Araujo GN, Wainstein M; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Araujo GN, Wainstein M.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Angioplasty</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte Ratio</kwd>
        <kwd>Inflammation</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Admission neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) has proven to predict adverse events in patients with ST-elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> New evidence has shown that NLR continues to increase within 48-72 hours in patients who develop worse outcomes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> Therefore, this study sought to compare the prognostic capacity of admission and late NLR for adverse events in patients with STEMI undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>This was a prospective cohort study with consecutive patients admitted with STEMI, who underwent pPCI and were followed up for 12 months. NLR was calculated by dividing the neutrophil count by the lymphocyte count obtained from the same blood sample. NLR was assessed at admission and 48-72 hours post-procedure (late NLR), as a part of routine care. Other details about procedural information, data collection, clinical definitions, exclusion criteria, and ethical guidelines are described elsewhere.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> High NLR was defined as above upper tertile. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed to calculate the area under the curve(AUC) for the occurrence of short and long-term mortality and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). Multivariate analysis was performed by Poisson robust regression to evaluate the independent predictive value of late NLR. For the multivariate model, risk factors that were univariate predictors (at p &lt;0.05) were initially considered factors or covariates. C-statistic analyses were compared with the De Long test, while Kaplan&#8211;Meier methods were compared with log-rank tests, performed using the MedCalc Statistical Software version 14.8.1 (MedCalc Software, Ostend, Belgium). All remaining statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS Statistics for Windows, v.21.0. (IBM Corp., Armonk, NewYork, USA).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Between March 2011 and December 2018, 864 patients were admitted to our institution, diagnosed with STEMI, and 779 were included in the analysis. Mean age was 60.68 (&#177;12), 66.4% were male, 62.1% had hypertension, and 24% had diabetes.</p>
        <p>In a multivariate analysis, when adjusted by age, pain-to-door time, previous chronic kidney disease, previous myocardial infarction (MI), hypotension at admission, femoral access, fluoroscopy time, contrast volume thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) score, left ventricle ejection fraction &#8804;40% before discharge, late NLR remained an independent predictor of in-hospital death, in-hospital MACE, and one-year mortality (relative risk[RR] = 14.9, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]= 3.4 - 80.35, p= 0.001; RR= 3.4, 95% CI= 1.2 &#8211; 9.1, p = 0.01; RR= 7.6, 95% CI= 2.9 &#8211; 26.1, p= 0.01, respectively). The use of late NLR increased significantly the AUC of in-hospital mortality from 0.55 to 0.84 (Sensitivity 81.2%, Specificity 75.6%, Positive Predictive Value 24.5, and Negative Predictive Value 97.7). Discriminative data of other outcomes are described in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 1</xref>. At the end of a one-year follow-up, the rate of death from any cause was 28.6% in the high late NLR group, hazard ratio [HR] = 3.07 (95% CI = 1.9 - 4.8); p &lt; 0.0001; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) graph showing areas under the curve (AUC) of admission neutrophil&#8211;to&#8211;lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and late NLR for (A) in-hospital death, (B) in-hospital major cardiovascular outcomes (MACE), (C) one-year all-cause mortality, and (D) one-year MACE</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-03-0504-00327-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Time-to-Event Curves for one-year all-cause mortality for late neutrophil&#8211;to&#8211;lymphocyte ratio (NLR). Event rates were calculated by means of Kaplan&#8211;Meier methods and compared with the use of the log-rank test</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-03-0504-00327-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In this present cohort-based study of STEMI patients undergoing pPCI, late NLR was strongly associated with short and long-term mortality and MACE. Moreover, late NLR increased the admission NLR's prognostic capacity for adverse events in these patients. To the best of our knowledge, this was the first time late NLR was consistently evaluated in this setting.</p>
        <p>Normal distribution of NLR is still a matter of debate. Forget et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> have studied healthy individuals and values ranged between 0.78 and 3.5, remaining stable after 48 hours. Recently, Kim et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> observed that NLR increases over time in individuals with cardiovascular disease, reaching peak values around the time of an adverse event. A recent study showed that patients who experienced adverse outcomes during follow-up had an acute increase in NLR values 48h after the procedure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> These results support the findings of Kim et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> described above.</p>
        <p>In the present study, when late NLR values were used to assess the ability to predict adverse events, there was a significant increase in AUC when compared to admission NLR. This might be explained because neutrophils are the first leukocytes to infiltrate the infarcted myocardium, releasing a variety of proteolytic enzymes which cause plaque rupture, infarct expansion, coagulation pathway activation, and cardiac electrical instability.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> In addition, there is evidence of the prolongation of the lifespan of neutrophils in unstable plaques.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> In contrast to increased neutrophils in the damaged myocardial area, lymphocytes decrease due to increased levels of cortisol, catecholamines, and proinflammatory cytokines in acute STEMI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> This suggests that the exacerbated inflammatory response after the event defines the worse outcome for these patients.</p>
        <p>In the clinical practice of most centers worldwide, white blood counts are routinely obtained during hospitalization for an acute coronary event. In the present study, a measurement of 48-72h NLR was a strong predictor of adverse outcomes, which highlights a potential application of this inexpensive and readily available inflammatory marker for risk stratification of post-myocardial infarction.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Guilherme Pinheiro Machado, from Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <p>
            <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre under the protocol number 2018/0436. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
