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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">K6SqfvGFJSKBYBnFvhrbHfh</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00492</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2021000400492</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20201353</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20201353</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Doen&#231;a de Kawasaki: Preditores de Resist&#234;ncia &#224; Imunoglobulina Intravenosa e Complica&#231;&#245;es Card&#237;acas: Novas Perspectivas?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3367-5779</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Guimar&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Isabel Cristina Britto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Bahia</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Bahia - Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Isabel Cristina Britto Guimar&#227;es</bold> &#8226; Universidade Federal da Bahia - Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia - Pra&#231;a Ramos de Queiros, s/n, CEP <postal-code>40026-010</postal-code>, Largo do Terreiro de Jesus, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>isabelcbguimaraes@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>23</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>116</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>492</fpage>
      <lpage>493</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome do Linfonodo Mucocut&#226;neo/tend&#234;ncias Doen&#231;a de Kawasaki</kwd>
        <kwd>Art&#233;ria Coron&#225;ria/anormalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Vasculite</kwd>
        <kwd>Crian&#231;as</kwd>
        <kwd>Imunoglobulinas, Intravenosas</kwd>
        <kwd>Resist&#234;ncia a Drogas</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="14"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A doen&#231;a de Kawasaki (DK) &#233; uma doen&#231;a inflamat&#243;ria aguda de origem desconhecida, associada &#224; vasculite que afeta vasos de m&#233;dio calibre. As anormalidades da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria (AAC) &#8211; aneurismas ou dilata&#231;&#245;es &#8211; representam as principais complica&#231;&#245;es da DK, sendo, na atualidade, a causa mais comum de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca adquirida em crian&#231;as em pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos. Durante a fase aguda, o tratamento padr&#227;o inicial recomendado &#233; o uso de imunoglobulina intravenosa (IGIV) e &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico, no intuito de reduzir o risco de danos &#224;s art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> Contudo, cerca de 10% a 20% das crian&#231;as com DK n&#227;o respondem ao tratamento padr&#227;o inicial, apresentando febre recorrente dentro de 36 a 48 horas ap&#243;s infus&#227;o da IGIV. Estudos demonstram que a probabilidade de pacientes com DK resistentes &#224; IGIV terem les&#245;es nas art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias &#233; nove vezes maior do que nos casos sens&#237;veis &#224; IGIV. Sugere-se existir uma janela cr&#237;tica para bloquear o processo inflamat&#243;rio e prevenir AAC a longo prazo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
		</p>
    <p>O estudo de Faim et al.,3 teve como objetivo identificar fatores preditores de resist&#234;ncia &#224; IGIV, calcular a efic&#225;cia dos modelos preditores japoneses e caracterizar as complica&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas dos pacientes acompanhados em uma &#250;nica institui&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
		</p>
    <p>Dos 48 pacientes com DK inclu&#237;dos no estudo entre 2006 a 2018, 17% tiveram diagn&#243;stico de DK at&#237;pica. A totalidade apresentava febre no dia da admiss&#227;o, com m&#233;dia de 5 dias, e todos fizeram tratamento na fase aguda com IGIV e &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico, com m&#233;dia de 6,5 dias. Resist&#234;ncia &#224; IGIV foi descrita em 9 casos (21%), dos quais um de DK at&#237;pica. S&#227;o achados compat&#237;veis com dados de literatura.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
		</p>
    <p>No intuito de identificar precocemente os casos resistentes ao tratamento com IGIV e, dessa forma, possibilitar a introdu&#231;&#227;o precoce de outras estrat&#233;gias de tratamento, estudos t&#234;m sido realizados tentando estabelecer crit&#233;rios cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais preditores de resist&#234;ncia &#224; IGIV, como idade, dosagem de albumina, transaminases, hemoglobina, prote&#237;na C-reativa (PC-R), velocidade de hemossedimenta&#231;&#227;o (VHS), plaquetas, bilirrubinas, s&#243;dio, entre outras.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> No presente estudo, os autores constru&#237;ram curvas ROC para encontrar fatores preditores de resist&#234;ncia e elaboraram modelo preditor utilizando regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada. Analisando as vari&#225;veis preditoras de resist&#234;ncia, a PC-R apresentou AUC ROC = 0,789; ponto de corte = 15,1 mg/dL; sensibilidade (S) = 77,8%; e especificidade (E) = 78,9%. A VHS apresentou AUC ROC = 0,781; ponto de corte = 90,5 mm/h; S = 66,7%; e E = 85,7%. O modelo preditor com as duas vari&#225;veis apresentou valor p = 0,042 e AUC ROC = 0,790.</p>
    <p>Os dados da literatura s&#227;o controversos, quanto ao uso da VHS como vari&#225;vel preditora de resist&#234;ncia &#224; IGIV. Em metan&#225;lise, Baeck et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> tendo como objetivo identificar fatores laboratoriais preditivos de resist&#234;ncia &#224; IGIV, inclu&#237;ram 12 estudos publicados entre 2006 e 2014, analisando 2.745 pacientes. Destes, sete estudos calcularam o tamanho do efeito da VHS como fator preditivo de DK resistente &#224; IGIV. A heterogeneidade entre esses estudos foi baixa (Q (6) = 11,001, P &gt;0,001, I2 = 45,459) e a metan&#225;lise demonstrou que o tamanho do efeito foi pequeno para VHS (efeitos aleat&#243;rios, 0,150).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref>
		</p>
    <p>Em metan&#225;lise realizada por Xuan Li et al., avaliando 28 estudos envolvendo 26.260 pacientes, cerca de 4.442 pacientes tinham diagn&#243;stico de DK resistente &#224; IGIV e 21.818 pacientes DK sens&#237;veis &#224; IGIV. A metan&#225;lise mostrou que a VHS no grupo resistente &#224; IGIV foi significativamente maior do que no grupo sens&#237;vel &#224; IGIV. Contudo, a forte associa&#231;&#227;o entre VHS e DK foi demonstrada somente em dois estudos em popula&#231;&#227;o chinesa, n&#227;o sendo evidenciados os mesmos resultados em coreanos, japoneses e n&#227;o asi&#225;ticos. Os demais estudos mostraram fraca associa&#231;&#227;o entre valores de VHS e resist&#234;ncia &#224; IGIV.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref>
		</p>
    <p>Na diretriz sobre doen&#231;a de Kawasaki publicada em 2017 pela American Heart Association,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> destaca-se que o valor do VHS aumenta com IGIV, n&#227;o devendo ser utilizada para avaliar resposta terap&#234;utica, e que a VHS persistentemente elevada isoladamente n&#227;o deve ser interpretada como sinal de resist&#234;ncia &#224; terapia com IGIV (Classe III, NE: C).</p>
    <p>Desse modo, devemos analisar com cautela o uso dos valores da VHS como preditor de risco independente para resist&#234;ncia &#224; IGIV na popula&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o asi&#225;tica.</p>
    <p>Quanto aos tr&#234;s modelos de escores de risco desenvolvidos &#8211; Kobaysahi et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> Sano et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> e Egami et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> validados para a popula&#231;&#227;o japonesa<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> &#8211;, eles n&#227;o apresentam desempenho adequado em popula&#231;&#245;es ocidentais, etnicamente mistas e chinesas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> Situa&#231;&#227;o semelhante foi observada por Faim et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> em que os respectivos modelos validados no Jap&#227;o tamb&#233;m n&#227;o apresentaram desempenho adequado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
		</p>
    <p>Vale destacar no estudo de Faim et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> que cerca de 25% dos pacientes apresentaram envolvimento coron&#225;rio, 40% destes com forma&#231;&#227;o de aneurismas, al&#233;m de outras complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares. AAC e outras complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares na fase aguda, como miocardite, choque cardiog&#234;nico e derrame peric&#225;rdico, s&#227;o descritas na literatura.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
		</p>
    <p>Independentemente do tamanho da amostra analisada e de ser estudo retrospectivo, os resultados s&#227;o compar&#225;veis aos dados da literatura, demonstrando a complexidade da doen&#231;a e da necessidade de novas pesquisas, tendo como objetivo definir o melhor modelo preditor de resist&#234;ncia &#224; IGIV e potencialmente reduzir a principal complica&#231;&#227;o da DK.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Doen&#231;a de Kawasaki: Preditores de Resist&#234;ncia &#224; Imunoglobulina Intravenosa e Complica&#231;&#245;es Card&#237;acas</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Kawasaki Disease: Predictors of Intravenous Immunoglobulin Resistance and Cardiac Complications: New Perspectives?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3367-5779</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Guimar&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Isabel Cristina Britto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Bahia - Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Isabel Cristina Britto Guimar&#227;es</bold> Universidade Federal da Bahia - Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia - Pra&#231;a Ramos de Queiros, s/n, Postal Code <postal-code>40026-010</postal-code>, Largo do Terreiro de Jesus, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: <email>isabelcbguimaraes@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome/trends</kwd>
        <kwd>Kawasaki Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery/abnormalities</kwd>
        <kwd>Vasculitis</kwd>
        <kwd>Children</kwd>
        <kwd>Immunoglobulins, Intravenous</kwd>
        <kwd>Drug Resistance</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute inflammatory disease of unknown origin and associated with vasculitis. It affects medium-sized vessels. Coronary artery abnormalities (CAA) &#8212; aneurysms or dilations &#8212; are the main complications of KD, and are currently the most common cause of heart disease acquired in children in developed countries. In the acute phase, the initial standard treatment recommended is intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) and aspirin, to reduce the risk of damage to the coronary arteries.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> However, 10 to 20% of children with KD do not respond to the initial standard treatment, with recurrent fever within 36 to 48 hours after IVIG infusion. Studies show that the likelihood of KD patients resistant to IVIG to have coronary artery lesions is nine times greater than those sensitive to IVIG. This suggests that there is a critical window to block the inflammatory process and prevent CAA in the long term.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
			</p>
      <p>The study by Faim et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> aimed to identify predictive factors for resistance to intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), calculate the effectiveness of Japanese predictive models and characterize the cardiac complications of patients followed up at a single institution.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
			</p>
      <p>Of the 48 KD patients included in the study between 2006 and 2018, 17% were diagnosed with atypical KD. All had fever on the day of admission, with a median of five days, and all were treated in the acute phase with IVIG and aspirin, with a median of 6.5 days. Resistance to IVIG has been described in 9 cases (21%), one of which of atypical KD. These findings are consistent with literature data.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
			</p>
      <p>For the early identification of patients resistant to IVIG and to enable the early introduction of other treatment strategies, studies have been carried out trying to establish clinical and laboratory criteria that predict IVIG resistance, such as age, albumin dosage, transaminases, hemoglobin, C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), platelets, bilirubins, sodium, and others.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> In the study, the authors constructed ROC curves to find predictive factors for resistance and developed a predictive model using multivariate logistic regression. Analyzing the predictive variables of resistance, CRP presented an AUC ROC = 0.789, cut-off point = 15.1 mg/dL, sensitivity (S) = 77.8% and specificity (E) = 78.9%. The ESR presented an AUC ROC = 0.781, a cut-off point = 90.5 mm/h, S = 66.7% and E = 85.7%. The predictive model with the two variables showed p = 0.042 and AUC ROC = 0.790.</p>
      <p>Literature data are controversial regarding the use of ESR as a predictor of IVIG resistance. In a meta-analysis, Baeck et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> aiming to identify laboratory factors predictive of IVIG resistance, included twelve studies published between 2006 and 2014, analyzing 2,745 patients. Of these, seven studies calculated the ESR effect size as a predictive factor of IVIG-resistant KD. Heterogeneity between these studies was low (Q (6) = 11.001, P&gt;0.001, I2 = 45.459) and the meta-analysis found that the effect size was small for ESR (random effects, 0.150).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref>
			</p>
      <p>In a meta-analysis performed by Xuan Li et al., analyzing 28 studies involving 26,260 patients, about 4,442 patients were diagnosed with IVIG-resistant KD and 21,818 patients were diagnosed with IVIG-sensitive KD. The meta-analysis showed that ESR in the IVIG-resistant group was significantly higher than in the IVIG-sensitive group. However, the strong association between ESR and KD was demonstrated only in two studies in a Chinese population. The same findings were not shown in Koreans, Japanese and non-Asians. The other studies had a weak association between ESR and IVIG resistance.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref>
			</p>
      <p>The guideline on Kawasaki disease published in 2017 by the American Heart Association,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> points out that the ESR increases with IVIG and should not be used to assess therapeutic response, and persistently high ESR should not be interpreted as a sign of resistance to IVIG therapy (Class III, LE: C).</p>
      <p>Therefore, we must carefully analyze the use of ESR as an independent risk predictor for IVIG resistance in the non-Asian population.</p>
      <p>The three models of risk scores developed, namely Kobaysahi et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> Sano et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> and Egami et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> validated for the Japanese population,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> do not work properly in western, ethnically mixed and Chinese populations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> A similar situation was observed by Faim et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> where the respective models validated in Japan did not perform well either.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
			</p>
      <p>It is worth noting that in the study by Faim et al. about 25% of the patients had coronary involvement, 40% of them had aneurysm formation, in addition to other cardiovascular complications. CAA and other cardiovascular complications in the acute phase, including myocarditis, cardiogenic shock and pericardial effusion, are described in the literature.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
			</p>
      <p>Regardless of the size of the sample analyzed and its retrospective nature, the study findings are comparable to literature data, demonstrating the complexity of the disease and the need for further research aiming to define the best predictive model of IVIG resistance and potentially reduce the main KD complication.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>Short editorial related to the article: Kawasaki Disease: Predictors of Resistance to Intravenous Immunoglobulin and Cardiac Complications</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
