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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">RGtML5CHGZydjM4kRQwG94q</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00485</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2021000400485</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2021005001204</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20190758</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190758</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Doen&#231;a de Kawasaki: Preditores de Resist&#234;ncia &#224; Imunoglobulina Intravenosa e Complica&#231;&#245;es Card&#237;acas</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7047-4170</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Faim</surname>
            <given-names>Diogo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7506-0647</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Henriques</surname>
            <given-names>Cl&#225;udio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brett</surname>
            <given-names>Ana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Francisco</surname>
            <given-names>Andreia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pires</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#243;nio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Hospitalar e Universit&#225;rio de Coimbra EPE</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Coimbra</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Centro Hospitalar e Universit&#225;rio de Coimbra EPE - Cardiologia Pedi&#225;trica, Coimbra - Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Hospitalar e Universit&#225;rio de Coimbra EPE</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Coimbra</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Centro Hospitalar e Universit&#225;rio de Coimbra EPE - Urg&#234;ncia e Unidade de Infeciologia, Coimbra - Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Diogo Faim &#8226;</bold> Centro Hospitalar e Universit&#225;rio de Coimbra EPE - Praceta, R. Prof. Mota Pinto, 3075 Coimbra <postal-code>3000-075</postal-code> &#8211; Portugal. E-mail: <email>diogofaim92@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos Autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Faim D, Henriques C, Brett A, Francisco A, Rodrigues F, Pires A; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Faim D, Henriques C; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Faim D, Brett A, Francisco A; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Faim D; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Faim D, Brett A, Francisco A, Rodrigues F, Pires A.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Os autores declaram n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>23</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>116</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>485</fpage>
      <lpage>491</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A doen&#231;a de Kawasaki (DK) &#233; a principal causa de cardiopatia adquirida em idade pedi&#225;trica nos pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Identificar fatores preditores de resist&#234;ncia &#224; imunoglobulina intravenosa (IGIV), calcular a efic&#225;cia dos modelos preditores japoneses e caracterizar as complica&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>An&#225;lise retrospectiva dos casos de DK entre janeiro de 2006 e julho de 2018 em um hospital pedi&#225;trico portugu&#234;s. Foram constru&#237;das curvas ROC para encontrar fatores preditores de resist&#234;ncia e utilizada regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada para elaborar o modelo preditor. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia utilizado foi de 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos 48 pacientes com mediana de idade de 36 meses. Verificou-se resist&#234;ncia &#224; IGIV em 21%. Ocorreram altera&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas em 46%, com envolvimento coron&#225;rio em 25%. Como vari&#225;veis preditoras de resist&#234;ncia, a prote&#237;na C-reativa (PC-R) apresentou uma AUC ROC = 0,789, ponto de corte = 15,1 mg/dL, sensibilidade (S) = 77,8% e especificidade (E) = 78,9%. A velocidade de sedimenta&#231;&#227;o (VS) apresentou uma AUC ROC = 0,781, ponto de corte = 90,5 mm/h, S = 66,7% e E = 85,7%. O modelo com as duas vari&#225;veis apresentou valor p = 0,042 e AUC ROC = 0,790. O modelo Kobayashi apresentou S = 63,6% e E = 77,3%; Egami, S = 66,7% e E = 73,1%; e Sano, S = 28,6% e E = 94,1%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>A PC-R e a VS s&#227;o vari&#225;veis independentes que mostraram tend&#234;ncia preditora de resist&#234;ncia &#224; IGIV com pontos de corte &#243;timos de 15,1 mg/dL e 90,5 mm/h, respectivamente. Cerca de metade dos pacientes teve algum tipo de envolvimento card&#237;aco. Os modelos japoneses n&#227;o t&#234;m utilidade nessa popula&#231;&#227;o. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021; 116(3):485-491)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a de Kawasaki/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome de Linfonodos Mucocut&#226;neos/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Resist&#234;ncia &#224; Medicamentos</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as da Art&#233;ria Coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>Imunoglobulina</kwd>
        <kwd>Crian&#231;a</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="10"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="25"/>
        <page-count count="7"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A doen&#231;a de Kawasaki (DK) &#233; uma vasculite aguda e autolimitada que afeta os vasos de m&#233;dia dimens&#227;o, sendo a principal causa de cardiopatia adquirida em idade pedi&#225;trica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
			</p>
      <p>A sua etiologia continua incerta, mas v&#225;rios fatores t&#234;m sido associados &#224; doen&#231;a, nomeadamente gen&#233;ticos, ambientais e inflamat&#243;rios.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> Embora com distribui&#231;&#227;o mundial, a sua maior preval&#234;ncia &#233; no Jap&#227;o, com incid&#234;ncia crescente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> Em Portugal, um estudo epidemiol&#243;gico realizado em 2017 descreveu uma incid&#234;ncia anual m&#233;dia de 6,5 por 100.000 crian&#231;as com menos de 5 anos de idade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
			</p>
      <p>Com base nos crit&#233;rios da American Pediatric Academy de 2004,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> considera-se DK cl&#225;ssica se febre &#8805; 5 dias e presen&#231;a de pelo menos 4 de 5 crit&#233;rios cl&#237;nicos adicionais: conjuntivite bilateral n&#227;o exsudativa, altera&#231;&#245;es dos l&#225;bios e da mucosa oral, exantema polimorfo, altera&#231;&#245;es das extremidades e linfadenopatia cervical n&#227;o supurativa. Se febre &#8805; 5 dias e apenas 2 ou 3 crit&#233;rios adicionais, considera-se DK at&#237;pica e &#233; necess&#225;rio recorrer a dados laboratoriais e ecogr&#225;ficos para melhor sustentar o diagn&#243;stico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
			</p>
      <p>Se n&#227;o tratada atempadamente, a DK pode complicar-se com aneurismas das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias (AAC) em at&#233; 25% dos casos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> Apesar de o envolvimento coron&#225;rio ser a consequ&#234;ncia mais temida da doen&#231;a, s&#227;o poss&#237;veis outras complica&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> O tratamento com imunoglobulina intravenosa (IGIV) na fase aguda continua a ser a principal terap&#234;utica e, se administrada nos primeiros 10 dias de doen&#231;a, diminui a incid&#234;ncia de AAC para 4%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> A resist&#234;ncia &#224; IGIV ocorre em 10% a 20% dos casos, aumentado a probabilidade de envolvimento coron&#225;rio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> H&#225; diferentes abordagens poss&#237;veis quando h&#225; resist&#234;ncia, nomeadamente uma segunda dose de IGIV, corticosteroides e/ou anticorpos monoclonais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> N&#227;o h&#225; descri&#231;&#227;o de benef&#237;cio na administra&#231;&#227;o inicial de corticosteroide juntamente com a IGIV a todos os pacientes, sendo atualmente tal terap&#234;utica reservada para os casos refrat&#225;rios.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> Com o objetivo de identificar os casos que potencialmente poderiam ser resistentes ao tratamento com IGIV, e como tal beneficiar de outras terap&#234;uticas na fase inicial, foram desenvolvidos modelos com base em um sistema de escores, nomeadamente os de Kobayashi,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> Egami<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> e Sano,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> que foram validados para a popula&#231;&#227;o japonesa. No entanto, diversos estudos mostraram que esses modelos s&#227;o fracos preditores em diversas popula&#231;&#245;es ocidentais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref>
			</p>
      <p>O objetivo desse estudo foi identificar fatores preditores cl&#237;nicos e anal&#237;ticos de resist&#234;ncia &#224; IGIV e de envolvimento coron&#225;rio e construir um modelo preditor de resist&#234;ncia mais adequado para essa popula&#231;&#227;o. Como objetivos adicionais, pretendeu-se caracterizar os casos de DK em um hospital pedi&#225;trico de n&#237;vel III nos &#250;ltimos anos, calcular a efic&#225;cia dos escores japoneses nessa amostra e analisar as complica&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas n&#227;o coron&#225;rias da DK.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Amostra</title>
        <p>Estudo retrospectivo dos casos diagnosticados com DK desde 1&#186; de janeiro de 2006 a 30 de junho de 2018 no Hospital Pedi&#225;trico &#8211; Centro Hospitalar e Universit&#225;rio de Coimbra (HP-CHUC). Foram inclu&#237;das todas as crian&#231;as e adolescentes com idades entre 30 dias e &lt; 18 anos, com diagn&#243;stico e terap&#234;utica de fase aguda realizados no HP-CHUC. Foram exclu&#237;dos todos os pacientes transferidos para o HP-CHUC j&#225; com diagn&#243;stico e/ou terap&#234;utica realizados em outro hospital.</p>
        <p>Foram utilizados os crit&#233;rios da <italic>American Academy of Pediatrics</italic> para diagn&#243;stico de DK cl&#225;ssica e de DK at&#237;pica. Considerou-se D1 de febre o dia inaugural de febre, definida como temperatura axilar &#8805; 38&#176;C. Considerou-se resist&#234;ncia &#224; IGIV se a febre persistiu 36 horas ap&#243;s a sua administra&#231;&#227;o, tendo sido exclu&#237;dos todos os casos em que foi administrado corticosteroide concomitantemente com a primeira dose de IGIV.</p>
        <p>Para classificar o envolvimento coron&#225;rio, foram usados os <italic>escores z</italic> (desvios padr&#245;es) de Dallaire, definindo-se dilata&#231;&#227;o se <italic>escore z</italic> entre 2 e 2,4, aneurisma pequeno se <italic>escore z</italic> entre 2,5 e 4,9, aneurisma m&#233;dio se entre 5 e 9,9 e dimens&#227;o absoluta inferior a 8 mm, aneurisma gigante se <italic>escore z</italic> &#8805; 10 ou dimens&#227;o absoluta &#8805; 8 mm. Nos casos em que a informa&#231;&#227;o foi insuficiente para se calcular o <italic>escore z</italic>, utilizaram-se os valores absolutos, sendo aneurisma pequeno se &#8805; 2,5mm e &lt; 4mm, m&#233;dio se &#8805; 4mm e &lt; 8mm e gigante se &#8805; 8 mm.</p>
        <p>Nas complica&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas, os achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos de hiperecogenicidade e afunilamento das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias n&#227;o foram considerados.</p>
        <p>Para calcular a efic&#225;cia dos modelos, foram exclu&#237;dos todos os pacientes que n&#227;o apresentavam os dados necess&#225;rios para serem considerados como alto ou baixo risco de resist&#234;ncia para determinado modelo. A pontua&#231;&#227;o e a categoriza&#231;&#227;o em pacientes de alto ou baixo risco foram realizadas conforme evidenciado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Sistema de pontua&#231;&#227;o dos modelos avaliados</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="33%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Escore</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Pontos</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Alto risco</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Kobayashi</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" rowspan="8" valign="middle">&#8805; 4 pontos</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">AST &gt; 100 U/L</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Na &#8804; 133 mmol/L</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">IGIV com febre &#8804; D4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Neutr&#243;filos/Leuc&#243;citos &#8805; 80%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">PC-R &#8805; 10 mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Idade &#8804; 1 ano</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Plaquetas &#8804; 300.000/uL</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Egami</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" rowspan="6" valign="middle">&#8805; 3 pontos</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">ALT &#8805; 80 U/L</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">IGIV com febre &#8804; D4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">PC-R &#8805; 8 mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Idade &#8804; 6 meses</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Plaquetas &#8804; 300.000/uL</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Sano</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" rowspan="4" valign="middle">&#8805; 2 pontos</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">AST &gt; 200 U/L</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Bilirrubina total &#8805; 0,9 mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">PC-R &#8805; 7 mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>ALT: alanina aminotransferase; AST: aspartato aminotransferase; dL: decilitro; L: litro; mg: miligrama; IGIV: imunoglobulina intravenosa; mmol: milimole; Na: s&#243;dio plasm&#225;tico; PC-R: prote&#237;na C-reativa; U: unidade internacional; uL: microlitro.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica efetuada com recurso ao programa SPSS&#174; (IBM&#174;, SPSS&#174; Statistics Inc., Chicago), vers&#227;o 25.0. Para testar a normalidade da amostra, foi utilizado o teste de Shapiro-Wilk. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram descritas por meio de m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o, as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram descritas atrav&#233;s de mediana e amplitude interquartil (AIQ). Para compara&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, foi utilizado o teste exato de Fisher; das vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas param&#233;tricas, o teste de t-student n&#227;o pareado; e das vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas n&#227;o param&#233;tricas, o teste de Mann-Whitney. Foram constru&#237;das curvas <italic>receiver operating characteristic</italic> (ROC) para avaliar a capacidade discriminativa individual de cada vari&#225;vel e identificar pontos de corte para a predi&#231;&#227;o de resist&#234;ncia &#224; IGIV. As vari&#225;veis foram consideradas preditoras se com uma <italic>area under the curve</italic> (AUC) superior a 0,75. Para a elabora&#231;&#227;o de um modelo preditor de resist&#234;ncia, foi utilizada a regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia utilizado nesse estudo foi de 5%.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Cumpriram crit&#233;rios de DK 48 pacientes, sendo 32 (66,7%) do sexo masculino. A mediana de idades foi de 36 meses (AIQ 16,75-89,25), com 62,5% abaixo dos 5 anos de idade e 10,4% acima dos 9 anos. No dia de admiss&#227;o, a totalidade dos pacientes apresentava-se com febre, com uma mediana de 5 dias de febre (AIQ 4-8), m&#237;nimo de 1 e m&#225;ximo de 14 dias. Dos cinco crit&#233;rios cl&#237;nicos principais, observou-se conjuntivite n&#227;o purulenta em 94%, altera&#231;&#245;es orais em 90%, exantema em 84%, altera&#231;&#245;es das extremidades em 75% e linfadenopatia cervical em 69%. Dentre as altera&#231;&#245;es orais, as mais prevalentes foram a queilite (67%) e o eritema labial (67%), seguidos de eritema da orofaringe (50%) e l&#237;ngua em framboesa (48%). Entre as altera&#231;&#245;es das extremidades, a mais prevalente foi eritema (52%), seguido de edema duro (31%) e descama&#231;&#227;o (25%). Os sinais inflamat&#243;rios no local de inocula&#231;&#227;o da vacina <italic>Bacillus Calmette-Gu&#233;rin</italic> (BCG) foram descritos em 23%. Foi diagnosticada DK at&#237;pica em 17% dos casos. A mediana de dias de internamento foi de 2 dias (AIQ 1-6,75).</p>
      <p>A totalidade dos pacientes foi medicada em fase aguda com IGIV 2 g/kg com mediana do dia de administra&#231;&#227;o de 6,5 dias (AIQ 5-8). Foram medicados em fase aguda 47 pacientes com &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico (AAS) em doses entre 45 a 100mg/kg/dia. Cinco pacientes foram ainda medicados com corticosteroide juntamente com a primeira dose de IGIV. Ap&#243;s a fase aguda, todos os pacientes foram medicados com AAS em dose de 3 a 5 mg/kg/dia, tr&#234;s pacientes com clopidogrel e um com enoxaparina. Verificou-se resist&#234;ncia &#224; IGIV em nove casos (21%), dos quais havia um caso de DK at&#237;pica (p = 0,543). Dos nove pacientes resistentes &#224; terap&#234;utica, foi administrada uma segunda dose de IGIV 2 g/kg e a cinco destes, metilprednisolona na dose de 30 mg/kg/dia.</p>
      <p>Entre as diferentes vari&#225;veis avaliadas como preditoras de resist&#234;ncia (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>), a prote&#237;na C-reativa (PC-R) apresentou uma AUC ROC de 0,78 (IC95%: 0,632-0,947) e a velocidade de sedimenta&#231;&#227;o (VS) uma AUC ROC de 0,781 (IC95%: 0,585-0,977). O ponto de corte para a PC-R foi de 15,1 mg/dL com uma sensibilidade (S) de 0,778 e especificidade (E) de 0,789 [<italic>Odds ratio</italic> (OR) = 13,125 IC95%: 2,271-75,858]. O ponto de corte para a VS foi de 90,5 mm/h, verificando-se uma sensibilidade de 0,667 e especificidade de 0,857 (OR = 12,000 IC95%: 1,718-83,803). Foi ajustado um modelo log&#237;stico com as duas vari&#225;veis PC-R e VS, modelo este que apresentou um valor p de 0,042 e AUC ROC de 0,790 (IC95%: 0,589-0,992). No ponto de corte &#243;timo, a sensibilidade foi de 0,833 e a especificidade foi de 0,771. Apresentou ainda uma vari&#226;ncia de 25% (Nagelkerke R2 = 0,254).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Tabela 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>An&#225;lise ROC de diversas vari&#225;veis para predizer resist&#234;ncia &#224; IGIV</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="50%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Vari&#225;vel</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">AUC [IC 95%]</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Idade</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,542 [0,377; 0,708]</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Dia de administra&#231;&#227;o IGIV</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,595 [0,403; 0,787]</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Hemoglobina</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,611 [0,416; 0,806]</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Leuc&#243;citos</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,525 [0,331; 0,719]</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Neutr&#243;filos</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,637 [0,447; 0,828]</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Plaquetas</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,513 [0,295; 0,732]</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">VS</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,781 [0.585; 0,977]</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">PC-R</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,789 [0,632; 0,947]</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Na</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,715 [0,475; 0,955]</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">AST</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,648 [0,434; 0,862]</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">ALT</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,693 [0,486; 0,901]</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Bilirrubina total</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,500 [0,139; 0,861]</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Albumina</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,693 [0,459; 0,928]</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>ALT: alanina aminotransferase; AST: aspartato aminotransferase; AUC: &#225;rea abaixo da curva; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; IGIV: imunoglobulina intravenosa; Na: s&#243;dio plasm&#225;tico; PC-R: prote&#237;na C-reativa; ROC: receiver operating curve; VS: velocidade de sedimenta&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Ocorreu envolvimento coron&#225;rio em 12 casos (25%). Sete pacientes desenvolveram dilata&#231;&#227;o das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias e cinco, AAC. Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>, comparam-se os grupos sem e com envolvimento coron&#225;rio. Observaram-se diferen&#231;as apenas na dura&#231;&#227;o da febre e na utiliza&#231;&#227;o de corticosteroides. O tempo total de febre foi mais elevado no grupo com envolvimento coron&#225;rio (p = 0,038). Esse grupo recebeu mais vezes corticosteroide (p = 0,009). Quatro desses pacientes j&#225; tinham diagn&#243;stico de envolvimento coron&#225;rio pr&#233;vio &#224; administra&#231;&#227;o desse f&#225;rmaco. Dos pacientes com AAC, tr&#234;s cumpriram crit&#233;rios para aneurismas pequenos, um para aneurismas m&#233;dios e um para aneurismas gigantes. Esses pacientes est&#227;o caracterizados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Tabela 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos grupos com e sem envolvimento coron&#225;rio</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="25%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Vari&#225;veis</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Sem envolvimento coron&#225;rio (n =36)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Envolvimento coron&#225;rio (n = 12)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Corticosteroide (n = 10) N</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">6</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,009</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Resist&#234;ncia &#224; IGIV (n = 9) N</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">5</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,173</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Idade (meses) M&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">59,7 &#177; 57</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">47,5 &#177; 30,1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,35</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Dia de resolu&#231;&#227;o da febre M&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">7,4 &#177; 2,8</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">9,4 &#177; 3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,038</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Dia de administra&#231;&#227;o de IGIV M&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">6,5 &#177; 2,9</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">7,6 &#177; 3,5</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,283</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">DK at&#237;pica n</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">6</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,686</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Hemoglobina (g/dL) M&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">11,5 &#177; 1,3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">11,2 &#177; 1,3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,359</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Leuc&#243;citos (/uL) M&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">14.174 &#177; 6.010</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">15.216 &#177; 6.918</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,619</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Neutr&#243;filos (/uL) M&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">9.515 &#177; 4.770</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">10.994 &#177; 5.629</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,378</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Plaquetas (/uL) M&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">32.8389 &#177; 12.7125</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">36.2667 &#177; 28.2652</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,691</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">PC-R (mg/dL) M&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">10,4 &#177; 8,8</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">19,6 &#177;25</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,243</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">VS (mm/h) M&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">71,6 &#177; 19</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">76,7 &#177; 33,4</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,672</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Na (mmol/L) M&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">137 &#177; 4</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">137 &#177; 5</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,869</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">AST (U/L) M&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">64 &#177; 53</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">101 &#177; 91</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,222</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">ALT (U/L) M&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">99 &#177; 116</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">113 &#177; 86</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,712</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Bilirrubina total (mg/dL) M&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,9 &#177; 2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,8 &#177; 3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,538</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Albumina (g/L) M&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">35,6 &#177; 4,3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">34,9 &#177; 7,2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,77</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <p>AIQ: amplitude interquartil; ALT: alanina aminotransferase; AST: aspartato aminotransferase; dL: decilitro; DK: doen&#231;a de Kawasaki; DP: desvio padr&#227;o; g: grama; h: hora; IGIV: imunoglobulina intravenosa; L: litro; mg: miligrama; mmol: milimole; n: n&#250;mero absoluto; Na: s&#243;dio plasm&#225;tico; p: valor p; PC-R: prote&#237;na C-reativa; U: unidade internacional; uL: microlitro; VS: velocidade de sedimenta&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Tabela 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes com aneurismas das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="16%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Vari&#225;veis</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Paciente 1</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Paciente 2</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Paciente 3</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Paciente 4</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Paciente 5</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Idade de diagn&#243;stico (meses)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">12</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">60</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">108</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">63</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Sexo masculino</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Sim</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Sim</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Sim</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Sim</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Sim</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Dias de febre</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">7</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">6</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">8</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">9</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">14</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">DK cl&#225;ssico</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Sim</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Sim</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Sim</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Sim</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Dia de febre na 1&#7491; dose IGIV</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">7</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">6</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">6</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">14</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Resist&#234;ncia ao tratamento IGIV</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Sim</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Sim</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Dia de febre na 2&#7491; dose IGIV</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">6</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">8</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">MPDN (30mg/kg/dia) <break/>Com 1&#7491; dose IGIV <break/>Com 2&#7491; dose IGIV</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">N&#227;o <break/>NA <break/>NA</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">N&#227;o <break/>NA <break/>NA</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">N&#227;o <break/>N&#227;o <break/>Sim</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Sim <break/>N&#227;o <break/>Sim</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Sim <break/>Sim <break/>N&#227;o</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Classifica&#231;&#227;o AAC</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Pequenos</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Pequenos</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Pequenos</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">M&#233;dios</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Gigantes</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Z escore m&#225;ximo</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4,46</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3,56</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">6,94</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">13,81</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Art&#233;rias atingidas</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">ACD; TC</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">ACD; ACE</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">ACE</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">ACE; ACD</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">ACD; CIR; DAE</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <p>AAC: aneurismas das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias; ACD: art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita; ACE: art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda; CIR: art&#233;ria circunflexa; DAE: descendente anterior esquerda; DK: doen&#231;a de Kawasaki; IGIV: imunoglobulina intravenosa; MPDN: metilprednisolona; NA: n&#227;o aplic&#225;vel; TC: tronco comum.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Na fase aguda, para al&#233;m do envolvimento coron&#225;rio, observou-se derrame peric&#225;rdico em 10 casos, insufici&#234;ncia valvular mitral ligeira em tr&#234;s e disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular em tr&#234;s, um dos quais com choque cardiog&#234;nico. Um apresentou bloqueio atrioventricular (BAV) de 1&#186;grau vari&#225;vel. Ap&#243;s a fase aguda, um paciente manteve envolvimento do sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o e dilata&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) e um ficou com hipertrofia do VE.</p>
      <p>Os valores de S, E, valor preditivo positivo (VPP) e valor preditivo negativo (VPN) para os diferentes modelos est&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">tabela 5</xref>, sendo apenas inclu&#237;dos os pacientes a quem foi poss&#237;vel categorizar com alto ou baixo risco.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t5">
        <label>Tabela 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Sensibilidade, especificidade, valores preditivos positivos e negativos dos diferentes modelos</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="16%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Modelo</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">n</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">S</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">E</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">VPP</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">VPN</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Kobayasahi</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">34</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">63,6%</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">77,3%</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">53,8%</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">81%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Egami</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">39</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">66,7%</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">73,1%</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">50%</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">82,6%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Sano</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">25</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">28,6%</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">94,1%</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">66,7%</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">77,3%</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <p>E: especificidade; n: n&#250;mero de casos inclu&#237;dos; S: sensibilidade; VPN: valor preditivo negativo; VPP: valor preditivo positivo.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>A DK &#233; uma vasculite que, embora n&#227;o tendo uma incid&#234;ncia t&#227;o elevada como no Jap&#227;o, &#233;, ainda assim uma causa importante de doen&#231;a em idade pedi&#225;trica na nossa popula&#231;&#227;o. Um diagn&#243;stico e introdu&#231;&#227;o de terap&#234;utica precoces constituem dois fatores muito importantes para reduzir o risco de envolvimento card&#237;aco.</p>
      <p>O presente estudo revelou uma percentagem de casos resistentes &#224; IGIV coincidentes com os 10 a 20% descritos na literatura.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> Ao longo dos anos t&#234;m sido desenvolvidos esfor&#231;os no sentido de encontrar fatores cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais que possam prever esta resist&#234;ncia de modo a introduzir mais precocemente terap&#234;uticas coadjuvantes. Existem diversos par&#226;metros descritos na literatura tais como idade, albumina, transaminases, bilirrubina total, neutr&#243;filos, plaquetas, PC-R, VS, entre outros.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref> Neste estudo observou-se que a PC-R e a VS apresentaram capacidade preditora estatisticamente significativa de resist&#234;ncia &#224; IGIV. No caso da PC-R, o ponto de corte &#243;timo foi de 15,1 mg/dL, com uma sensibilidade de 0,778, especificidade de 0,789 e um OR de 13,125. Pacientes com PC-R superior a 15,1mg/dL apresentam uma probabilidade de resist&#234;ncia &#224; IGIV cerca de 13 vezes superior aos que t&#234;m valores inferiores. Relativamente &#224; VS, o ponto de corte &#243;timo foi de 90,5 mm/h, com uma sensibilidade de 0,667, especificidade 0,857 e OR 12,000. Pacientes com VS superior a 90,5 mm/h apresentam uma probabilidade de resist&#234;ncia &#224; IGIV cerca de 12 vezes superior aos que t&#234;m valores inferiores. Combinando estas duas vari&#225;veis independentes obteve-se um modelo estatisticamente significativo (p = 0,042), cujo ponto de corte apresenta uma sensibilidade de 0,833 e especificidade de 0,771. No entanto, a vari&#226;ncia explicada pelo modelo &#233; apenas de 25% (Nagelkerke R2 = 0,254), pelo que, embora seja estatisticamente significativo, n&#227;o pode ser validado, o que se deve em grande parte ao tamanho reduzido da amostra. Todavia, &#233; importante real&#231;ar esta tend&#234;ncia no sentido de que as duas vari&#225;veis poder&#227;o ser importantes para prever a resist&#234;ncia &#224; IGIV, antes da sua infus&#227;o. O fato destas vari&#225;veis terem sido preditoras de resist&#234;ncia, real&#231;a o papel da inflama&#231;&#227;o exuberante nesta doen&#231;a, etiologia que &#233; defendida como poss&#237;vel precipitante da resposta imunol&#243;gica que culmina numa vasculite.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref>
			</p>
      <p>A etiologia da DK continua incerta, no entanto v&#225;rios fatores s&#227;o apontados como predisponentes. Um deles &#233; a imaturidade do sistema imunit&#225;rio, condi&#231;&#227;o que &#233; apoiada pelo fato de afetar predominantemente crian&#231;as com idade inferior a cinco anos. Neste estudo 62,5% dos pacientes pertenciam a esta faixa et&#225;ria, o que, embora corresponda &#224; maioria da amostra, fica aqu&#233;m dos 80% descritos na literatura.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> Uma poss&#237;vel explica&#231;&#227;o para estes resultados &#233; a contribui&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica, sendo as percentagens reportadas baseadas em estudos com variedade &#233;tnica alargada, incluindo asi&#225;ticos.</p>
      <p>Verificou-se envolvimento coron&#225;rio em 25% dos casos, com sete a cumprir crit&#233;rios de dilata&#231;&#227;o e cinco de aneurismas das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias. Os 10% de incid&#234;ncia de AAC, foram superiores aos 4% reportados para os casos devidamente tratados. Comparando os grupos com e sem envolvimento coron&#225;rio, verificou-se diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa relativamente ao tempo total de febre (p = 0,038). Este resultado corrobora a ideia da persist&#234;ncia da febre ser delet&#233;ria e a necessidade da administra&#231;&#227;o de IGIV preferencialmente at&#233; ao 10&#186; dia para evitar sequelas card&#237;acas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> O uso de corticoster&#243;ide na DK continua a ser tema de debate e controv&#233;rsia. O mais consensual &#233; usar metilprednisolona por via intravenosa (MPDN iv) na dose de 15 a 30mg/kg/dia durante tr&#234;s dias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> A MPDN iv, nos pacientes com DK refrat&#225;ria &#224; IGIV, suprime os n&#237;veis de citocinas inflamat&#243;rias mais rapidamente que uma 2&#7491; dose de IGIV,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> no entanto n&#227;o est&#225; recomendada como primeira linha. Sleeper et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> avaliaram o uso de corticoster&#243;ide em diferentes momentos, observando-se diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa no aparecimento de AAC apenas nos pacientes refrat&#225;rios &#224; IGIV e que levaram a administra&#231;&#227;o de segunda dose.</p>
      <p>Neste estudo tamb&#233;m se avaliaram complica&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas e achados ecogr&#225;ficos que n&#227;o o envolvimento coron&#225;rio. Das complica&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas em fase aguda mais graves destacaram-se tr&#234;s casos de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, um com choque cardiog&#233;nico e um BAV de 1&#186; grau, complica&#231;&#245;es essas tamb&#233;m descritas na literatura.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> Na fase aguda, foi ainda poss&#237;vel observar 10 pacientes com derrame peric&#225;rdico sem compromisso hemodin&#226;mico e tr&#234;s com insufici&#234;ncia valvular mitral ligeira. Em Paris, Chbeir et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref> obtiveram rela&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa entre resist&#234;ncia &#224; IGIV, AAC e achados na ecografia card&#237;aca inicial, tais como derrame peric&#225;rdico, hiperecogenicidade das coron&#225;rias e dilata&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria. Os autores desse estudo n&#227;o consideraram a hiperecogenicidade e o afunilamento das coron&#225;rias como fatores relevantes, visto que s&#227;o achados subjetivos, pouco reprodut&#237;veis e podem ser encontrados tanto em doen&#231;as febris como em crian&#231;as saud&#225;veis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref> Na fase cr&#244;nica, um paciente manteve envolvimento do sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o e dilata&#231;&#227;o do VE e outro ficou com hipertrofia do VE. As repercuss&#245;es card&#237;acas a longo prazo na DK est&#227;o ainda pouco esclarecidas. Friedman et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> mostraram maior ocorr&#234;ncia de efeitos adversos card&#237;acos a longo prazo, tais como morte, transplante card&#237;aco, cirurgias de <italic>bypass</italic> coron&#225;rio e angioplastia prim&#225;ria em pacientes com DK que desenvolveram AAC com <italic>escores z</italic> superiores e que foram resistentes &#224; IGIV. Um estudo realizado por Holve et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> revelou baixa incid&#234;ncia de efeitos adversos card&#237;acos at&#233; os 21 anos de idade, mas uma maior probabilidade de desenvolver hipertens&#227;o arterial ap&#243;s os 15 anos de idade.</p>
      <p>Os modelos validados no Jap&#227;o apresentaram fraca utilidade cl&#237;nica no presente estudo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>). O modelo com maior especificidade foi o de Sano, embora com sensibilidade muito baixa e apenas com um pequeno n&#250;mero de casos inclu&#237;do. O modelo de Egami foi o mais sens&#237;vel para esta amostra, mas, ainda assim, insuficiente para ser validado. Na base dessa diferen&#231;a de resultados, pode estar o componente gen&#233;tico. Ali&#225;s esses resultados v&#227;o ao encontro de outros trabalhos realizados fora do Jap&#227;o, em que nenhum deles conseguiu validar os modelos nas suas amostras.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref> &#201; necess&#225;rio levar em considera&#231;&#227;o ainda que existiram algumas diferen&#231;as no desenho do estudo relativamente aos modelos japoneses, nomeadamente aplicados apenas a pacientes com DK cl&#225;ssica. Um estudo japon&#234;s falhou em validar os modelos em uma amostra de pacientes apenas com DK at&#237;pica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref> O modelo de Kobayashi foi validado na popula&#231;&#227;o japonesa com uma sensibilidade de 0,86 e especificidade de 0,67.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> Ao contr&#225;rio do presente estudo, a IGIV foi administrada na dose de 1 g/kg em dois dias consecutivos e foi considerada resist&#234;ncia se febre persistente ap&#243;s 24 horas de in&#237;cio de terap&#234;utica, ou se recrudesc&#234;ncia com sintomas ap&#243;s per&#237;odo apir&#233;tico. O modelo de Egami foi validado com uma sensibilidade de 0,78 e especificidade de 0,76; no entanto, foi definida resist&#234;ncia se aus&#234;ncia de diminui&#231;&#227;o do valor de PC-R em mais de 50% e persist&#234;ncia da febre 48 horas ap&#243;s administra&#231;&#227;o de IGIV.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> Loomba et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref> n&#227;o conseguiram validar o modelo de Egami, mesmo aplicando-o separadamente &#224; DK cl&#225;ssica, at&#237;pica e por etnias. O modelo de Sano, validado com uma sensibilidade de 0,77 e especificidade de 0,86, foi o &#250;nico dos tr&#234;s a ajustar o tamanho dos AAC &#224; superf&#237;cie corporal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> No entanto, tamb&#233;m usou administra&#231;&#227;o de IGIV na dose de 1 g/kg em 2 dias consecutivos e definiu resist&#234;ncia se persist&#234;ncia de febre ap&#243;s 24 horas do t&#233;rmino da terap&#234;utica.</p>
      <p>Este trabalho apresenta as limita&#231;&#245;es inerentes ao fato de ser um estudo retrospectivo e com uma amostra de tamanho reduzido.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>A PC-R e a VS s&#227;o vari&#225;veis independentes que mostraram tend&#234;ncia preditora de resist&#234;ncia &#224; IGIV com pontos de corte &#243;timos de 15,1 mg/dL e 90,5 mm/h, respectivamente. Existe, no entanto, necessidade de um estudo com uma amostra de dimens&#245;es adequadas para validar um modelo baseado nesses dois dados anal&#237;ticos. As complica&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas n&#227;o se resumem &#224;s art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias, devendo ser mais abrangentes o estudo e o seguimento desses pacientes. Os modelos validados para a popula&#231;&#227;o japonesa apresentam utilidade muito limitada na amostra deste estudo, refor&#231;ando ainda mais a necessidade e a import&#226;ncia de novas abordagens.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o contou com fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p>
          <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e Consentimento Informado</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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        <mixed-citation>25. Loomba RS, Raskin A, Gudausky TM, Kirkpatrick E. Role of the egami score in predicting intravenous immunoglobulin resistance in Kawasaki disease among different ethnicities. Am J Ther. 2016;23(6):e1293-9.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Kawasaki Disease: Predictors of Resistance to Intravenous Immunoglobulin and Cardiac Complications</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7047-4170</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Faim</surname>
            <given-names>Diogo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7506-0647</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Henriques</surname>
            <given-names>Cl&#225;udio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brett</surname>
            <given-names>Ana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Francisco</surname>
            <given-names>Andreia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pires</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#243;nio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Coimbra</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Centro Hospitalar e Universit&#225;rio de Coimbra EPE - Cardiologia Pedi&#225;trica Coimbra - Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Coimbra</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Centro Hospitalar e Universit&#225;rio de Coimbra EPE - Urg&#234;ncia e Unidade de Infeciologia, Coimbra - Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Diogo Faim &#8226;</bold> Centro Hospitalar e Universit&#225;rio de Coimbra EPE - Praceta, R. Prof. Mota Pinto, 3075 Coimbra <postal-code>3000-075</postal-code> &#8211; Portugal. E-mail: <email>diogofaim92@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author Contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Faim D, Henriques C, Brett A, Francisco A, Rodrigues F, Pires A; Data acquisition: Faim D, Henriques C; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Faim D, Brett A, Francisco A; Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript: Faim D; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Faim D, Brett A, Francisco A, Rodrigues F, Pires A.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>The authors report no conflict of interest concerning the materials and methods used in this study or the findings specified in this paper.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Kawasaki disease (KD) is the leading cause of acquired cardiac disease in children, in developed countries.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>To identify predictive factors for resistance to intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), calculate the effectiveness of Japanese predictive models and characterize cardiac complications.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Retrospective analysis of KD cases admitted in a Portuguese paediatric hospital between january 2006 and july 2018. ROC curves were used to determine predictive factors for resistance and the multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to develop the predictive model. A significance level of 5% was used.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>48 patients with a median age of 36 months were included. The IVIG resistance was 21%. Echocardiographic anomalies were noted in 46%, with coronary involvement in 25% of the sample population. As predictive variable of resistance, the C-reactive protein (CRP) presented an AUC ROC = 0.789, optimal cut-off value 15.1 mg/dL, sensitivity (Sn) 77.8% and specificity (Sp) 78.9%. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) presented an AUC ROC = 0.781, optimal cut-off value 90.5 mm/h, Sn 66.7% and Sp 85.7%. The model with the two variables showed p = 0.042 and AUC ROC = 0.790. Predictive strength of Japanese models were: Kobayashi (Sn 63.6%, Sp 77.3%), Egami (Sn 66.7%, Sp 73.1%), Sano (Sn 28.6%, Sp 94.1%).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>CRP and ESR are independent variables that were related to IVIG resistance, with optimal cut-off points of 15.1 mg/dL and 90.5 mm/h, respectively. About half of the patients had some form of cardiac involvement. The Japanese models appeared to be inadequate in our population. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021; 116(3):485-491)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Kawasaki Disease/complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome/complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Drug Resistance</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Immunoglobulin</kwd>
        <kwd>Child</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute self-limiting vasculitis, which affects medium-sized vessels and is the leading cause of acquired cardiac disease in pediatric age groups.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</p>
        <p>Its etiology remains uncertain, but several factors have been associated to it, namely genetic, environmental, and inflammatory ones.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> Although with a worldwide distribution, its highest prevalence is in Japan, where the incidence is on the rise.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> In Portugal, an epidemiological study carried out in 2017 showed an mean annual incidence of 6.5 per 100,000 children under 5 years of age.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</p>
        <p>Based on the 2004 American Pediatric Academy criteria,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> classic KD is considered if fever persists for five days or more and if at least four of five additional clinical criteria are observed: nonexudative bilateral conjunctivitis, alterations of the lips and oral cavity, erythematous rash, changes in the extremities, and cervical lymphadenopathy. If fever lasts for five or more days and only two or three additional criteria are present, it is considered atypical KD, if supported by laboratory and echocardiographic data.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</p>
        <p>If not treated within an established period, KD can be complicated by coronary artery aneurysms (CAA) in up to 25% of cases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> Although coronary artery involvement is the most feared consequence of the disease, other cardiac complications are possible.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> Treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) in the acute phase administered in the first 10 days of illness reduces the incidence of CAA to 4%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> IVIG resistance occurs in 10-20% of cases, increasing the likelihood of coronary involvement.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> There are different possible approaches in case of IVIG resistance, such as a second dose of IVIG, corticosteroids and/or monoclonal antibodies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> No benefit has been described when corticosteroids are used in addition to IVIG in the first instance and this therapeutics is currently reserved for refractory cases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> In order to identify the cases that could potentially be resistant to treatment with IVIG, and benefit from adjuvant therapies in the initial phase, models based on a scoring system have been developed. Three have been validated in the Japanese population, namely the Kobayashi,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> Egami,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> and Sano scoring systems.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> However, several studies have shown that these models are poor predictors in many western populations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref>
				</p>
        <p>The aim of this study was to identify clinical and laboratory predictive factors regarding resistance to IVIG and coronary artery involvement, and to develop a more suitable predictor model of resistance in this population. Secondary objectives regard characterizing the KD cases admitted to a central pediatric hospital over a period of 13 years, to verify the effectiveness of the Japanese scoring systems in our population sample and to analyze the non-coronary cardiac complications of KD.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Sample</title>
          <p>Retrospective analysis of KD cases admitted to the Hospital Pedi&#225;trico &#8211; Centro Hospitalar e Universit&#225;rio de Coimbra (HP-CHUC) diagnosed from 01/01/2006 to 06/30/2018. All patients between 30 days and &lt;18 years with KD and treated with IVIG at diagnosis at HP-CHUC were included in the study. All the patients transferred from outlying centers with a diagnosis of KD and managed at these institutions were excluded.</p>
          <p>The diagnosis of typical and atypical KD was based on the American Academy of Pediatrics criteria. We considered day one of fever on the day the fever started, defined as axillar temperature &#8805; 38&#186;C.</p>
          <p>Resistance to IVIG was considered if the fever persisted 36 hours after its administration. All patients who received corticosteroids simultaneously with the first dose of IVIG were excluded from the resistance quantification.</p>
          <p>Dallaire z scores were used to classify the coronary artery morphology defining: coronary artery ectasia if z score between 2 and 2.4, small aneurysm if z score between 2.5 and 4.9, medium aneurysm if z score between 5 and 9.9 and absolute dimension &lt; 8 mm, and giant aneurysm if z score &#8805; 10 or absolute dimension &#8805; 8 mm. If unable to calculate the z score, the absolute dimensions were used, being small aneurysm if &#8805; 2.5 mm and &lt; 4mm, medium aneurysm if &#8805; 4 mm and &lt; 8 mm and giant aneurysm if &#8805; 8 mm.</p>
          <p>Regarding other cardiac complications, the coronary artery hyperechogenicity and lack of tapering on echocardiography were not considered as echocardiographic diagnostic criteria.</p>
          <p>To calculate the effectiveness of the Japanese models, all patients who did not have the necessary data to be considered as high or low risk of IVIG resistance were excluded. Scoring and categorization in high or low risk patients were performed as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 1</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Scoring system of the Japanese modelss</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup width="33%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">Model</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Score</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">High risk</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">
                    <bold>Kobayashi</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="8" valign="middle">&#8805; 4 points</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">AST &gt; 100 U/L</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Na &#8804; 133 mmol/L</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">IVIG with fever &#8804; 4 days</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Neutrophils/Leucocytes &#8805; 80%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">CRP &#8805; 10 mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Age &#8804; 1 year old</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Platelets &#8804; 300,000/&#181;L</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">
                    <bold>Egami</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="6" valign="middle">&#8805; 3 points</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">ALT &#8805; 80 U/L</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">IVIG with fever &#8804; 4 days</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">CRP &#8805; 8 mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Age &#8804; 6 months</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Platelets &#8804; 300,000/&#181;L</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">
                    <bold>Sano</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="4" valign="middle">&#8805; 2 points</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">AST &gt; 200 U/L</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Total bilirubin &#8805; 0.9 mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">CRP &#8805; 7 mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN6">
                <p>AST: aspartate transaminase; U: international unity; L: liter; Na: serum sodium; mmol: millimole; IVIG: intravenous immunoglobulin; CRP: C-reactive protein; mg: milligram; dL: deciliter; &#181;L: microliter; ALT: alanine transaminase.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
          <p>The SPSS&#174; (IBM&#174;, SPSS&#174; Statistics Inc., Chicago) program version 25.0 was used the performed the statistical analysis. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to test the normality of the variables. The continuous variables with normal distribution were described using mean and standard deviation (SD) and continuous variables without normal distribution were described using median and interquartile range (IQR). We used the Fisher&#8217;s exact test to compare categorical variables, the Student&#8217;s t-test to compare parametric variables and the Mann-Whitney test to compare the non-parametric ones. The Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves were used to evaluate the individual discriminative capacity of each variable and to identify the optimal cutoff points to predict resistance to IVIG. The variables were considered as good predictors if the area under the curve (AUC) &gt; 0.75. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to develop the predictive resistance model. A significance level of 5% was used.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Forty-eight patients met the KD criteria, of whom 32 (66.7%) were male. The median age was 36 months (IQR 16.75-89.25), 62.5% of patients were less than five years old and 10.4% over nine years old. On the day of admission, all the patients presented with fever, with a median duration of five days (IQR 4-8), minimum of one day and maximum of 14 days. Among the five main clinical criteria, nonexudative bilateral conjunctivitis was observed in 94% of cases, alterations of the lips and oral cavity in 90%, erythematous rash in 84%, changes in extremities in 75%, and cervical lymphadenopathy in 69%. The most common findings among oral alterations were cheilitis (67%) and lip erythema (67%), followed by erythema of the oropharynx (50%) and the strawberry tongue (48%). The most prevalent changes in the extremities were erythema (52%), followed by swelling (31%) and peeling (25%). Inflammatory signs at the Bacillus Calmette-Gu&#233;rin (BCG) vaccination site were observed in 23% of patients. Atypical KD was diagnosed in 17% of the cases. The median duration of hospital stay was two days (IQR 1-6.75).</p>
        <p>During the acute phase, IVIG 2g/kg was administered to all patients. The median day of illness of the administration was 6.5 (IQR 5-8). Simultaneously, 45-100mg/kg of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) were administered to 47 patients in the acute phase. Five children received corticosteroids together with the first dose of IVIG. After the acute phase, all patients were medicated with ASA 3-5 mg/kg/day, three patients with clopidogrel and one with enoxaparin. Nine patients were resistant to the IVIG (21%), of which one had atypical KD (p = 0.543). All nine repeated IVIG administration, five of which with methylprednisolone 30 mg/kg/day.</p>
        <p>Among the variables evaluated as predictors of IVIG resistance (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table 2</xref>), C-reactive protein (CRP) presented an AUC ROC of 0.78 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.632 &#8211; 0.947), and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), an AUC ROC of 0.781 (95%CI: 0.585 &#8211; 0.977). The optimal cut-off value for CRP was 15.1 mg/dL with sensitivity (Sn) of 77.8% and specificity (Sp) of 78.9% (Odds ratio (OR) = 13.125 95%CI: 2.271 &#8211; 75.858). The optimal cut-off value for ESR was 90.5 mm/h, with Sn of 66.7% and Sp of 85.7% (OR = 12.000 95%CI: 1.718 &#8211; 83.803). A logistic model was developed with these two variables, with a p-value of 0.042, AUC ROC of 0.79 (95%CI: 0.589 &#8211; 0.992), with Sn of 83.3% and Sp of 77.1%, but with a 25% variance (Nagelkerke R2 = 0.254).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Receiver operating characteristic analysis of several variables to predict resistance to intravenous hemoglobulin</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="50%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Characteristic</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">AUC [95%CI]</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Age</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.542 [0.377; 0.708]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">IVIG administration day</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.595 [0.403; 0.787]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Hemoglobin</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.611 [0.416; 0.806]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Leucocytes</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.525 [0.331; 0.719]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Neutrophils</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.637 [0.447; 0.828]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Platelets</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.513 [0.295; 0.732]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">ESR</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.781 [0.585; 0.977]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">CRP</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.789 [0.632; 0.947]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Na</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.715 [0.475; 0.955]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">AST</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.648 [0.434; 0.862]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">ALT</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.693 [0.486; 0.901]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Total bilirubin</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.500 [0,139; 0.861]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Albumin</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.693 [0.459; 0.928]</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <p>AUC: area under the curve; CI: confidence interval; IVIG: intravenous immunoglobulin; ESR: erythrocyte sedimentation rate; CRP: C-reactive protein; Na: serum sodium; AST: aspartate transaminase; ALT: alanine transaminase.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Coronary artery changes were found in 12 children (25%), seven with ectasia and five with CAA. The comparison between groups with and without coronary artery involvement is shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Table 3</xref>. The duration of fever and the use of corticosteroids were the only significant differences between these two groups. Patients with coronary artery involvement had longer duration of fever (p = 0.038) and greater need for corticotherapy (p = 0.009). Four patients had CAA when methylprednisolone was started. Among the five patients with CAA, three met the criteria for small aneurysms, one for medium aneurysms and one for giant ones. These patients are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Table 4</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Characteristics of groups with and without coronary artery involvement</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Characteristics</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Without coronary involvement (n =36)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Coronary involvement (n= 12)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p - value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Corticoid (n=10) n</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.009</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Resistance to IVIG (n=9) n</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.173</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Age (months) Mean &#177; sd</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">59.7 &#177; 57</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">47.5 &#177; 30.1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.35</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Fever duration (days) Mean &#177; sd</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7.4 &#177; 2.8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">9.4 &#177; 3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.038</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">IVIG administration day Mean &#177; sd</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6.5 &#177; 2.9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7.6 &#177; 3.5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.283</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Atypical KD n</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.686</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Haemoglobin (g/dL) Mean &#177; sd</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">11.5 &#177; 1.3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">11.2 &#177; 1.3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.359</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Leucocytes (/&#181;L) Mean &#177; sd</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">14,174 &#177; 6,010</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">15,216 &#177; 6,918</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.619</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Neutrophils (/&#181;L) Mean &#177; sd</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">9,515 &#177; 4,770</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">10,994 &#177; 5,629</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.378</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Platelets (/&#181;L) Mean &#177; sd</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">328,389 &#177; 127,125</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">362,667 &#177; 282,652</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.691</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">CRP (mg/dL) Mean &#177; sd</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">10.4 &#177; 8.8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">19.6 &#177;25</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.243</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">ESR (mm/h) Mean &#177; sd</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">71.6 &#177; 19</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">76.7 &#177; 33.4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.672</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Na (mmol/L) Mean &#177; sd</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">137 &#177; 4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">137 &#177; 5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.869</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">AST (U/L) Mean &#177; sd</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">64 &#177; 53</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">101 &#177; 91</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.222</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">ALT (U/L) Mean &#177; sd</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">99 &#177; 116</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">113 &#177; 86</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.712</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Total bilirubin (mg/dL) Mean &#177; sd</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.9 &#177; 2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.8 &#177; 3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.538</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Albumin (g/L) Mean &#177; sd</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">35.6 &#177; 4.3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">34.9 &#177; 7.2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.77</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <p>n: absolute value; IVIG: intravenous immunoglobulin; sd: standard deviation; KD: Kawasaki disease; g: gram; dL: deciliter; &#181;L: microliter; CRP: C-reactive protein; mg: milligram; ESR: erythrocyte sedimentation rate; h: hour; Na: serum sodium; mmol: millimole; L: litre; AST: aspartate transaminase; U: international unity; ALT: alanine transaminase.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t9">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Characteristics of patients with coronary artery aneurysms</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="16%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Characteristics</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Patient 1</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Patient 2</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Patient 3</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Patient 4</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Patient 5</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Age (months)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">12</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">60</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">108</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">63</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Male</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Yes</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Yes</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Yes</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Yes</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Yes</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Fever duration (days)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">14</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Classic KD</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Yes</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Yes</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Yes</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Yes</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Day of fever in IVIG 1<sup>st</sup> dose</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">14</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Resistance to IVIG</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Yes</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Yes</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Day of fever in IVIG 2<sup>nd</sup> dose</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">MPDN (30mg/Kg/day) <break/>With IVIG 1<sup>st</sup> dose <break/>With IVIG 2<sup>nd</sup> dose</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">No <break/>NA <break/>NA</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">No <break/>NA <break/>NA</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Yes <break/>No <break/>Yes</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Yes <break/>No <break/>Yes</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Yes <break/>Yes <break/>No</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">CAA classification</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Small</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Small</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Small</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Medium</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Giant</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Maximum z score</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4.46</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3.56</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6.94</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">13.81</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Arteries involved</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">RCA; CT</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">RCA; LCA</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">LCA</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">RCA; LCA</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">RCA; LAD; LCX</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN9">
              <p>KD: Kawasaki disease; IVIG: intravenous immunoglobulin; MPDN: methylprednisolone; mg: milligram; Kg: kilogram; CAA: coronary artery aneurysms; RCA: right coronary artery, CT: common trunk; LCA: left coronary artery; LAD: left anterior descending artery; NA: not applicable; LCX: left circumflex artery.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>In the acute phase, in addition to coronary involvement, 10 patients presented with pericardial effusion, three with mild mitral valve regurgitation, two with left ventricular systolic dysfunction, one with cardiogenic shock and one with variable first degree atrioventricular (AV) block. After the acute phase, the patient with the AV block developed left ventricle (LV) dilation and another patient developed LV hypertrophy.</p>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Table 5</xref> summarizes Sn, Sp,and the positive (PPV) and negative predictive values (NPV) for the Japanese models in our sample.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t10">
          <label>Table 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Statistical values of the Japanese models in our study</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="16%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Model</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">n</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Sn (%)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Sp (%)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">PPV (%)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">NPV (%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Kobayasahi</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">34</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">63.6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">77.3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">53.8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">81</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Egami</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">39</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">66.7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">73.1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">50</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">82.6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Sano</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">25</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">28.6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">94.1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">66.7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">77.3</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <p>n: absolute value; Sn: sensitivity; Sp: Specificity; PPV: positive predictive value; NPV: negative predictive value.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Despite the lower incidence compared to Japan, KD is a vasculitis that is still an important cause of pediatric disease in our population. Early diagnosis and management are two important factors that appear to reduce cardiac involvement.</p>
        <p>Our study revealed an incidence of IVIG resistance similar to the 10 to 20% described in the literature.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> Over the years, efforts have been made to find clinical and laboratory factors that can predict this resistance in order to introduce adjuvant therapies at an early stage of the disease. There are several parameters in the literature that have been studied for this purpose, such as age, serum albumin, transaminases, total bilirubin, neutrophils count, platelet count, CRP, ESR, among others.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref> In our study, CRP and ESR presented a statically significant predictive capacity in relation to IVIG resistance. For CRP, the optimal cut-off point was 15.1 mg/dL (Sn 77.8%, Sp 78.9%, OR 13.125). Patients with CRP values above 15.1 mg/dL are about 13 times more likely to be resistant to IVIG than those with lower values. Concerning ESR, the optimal cut-off point was 90.5 mm/h (Sn 66.7%, Sp 85.7%, OR 12.000). Patients with ESR greater than 90.5 mm/h have a probability of resistance to IVIG approximately 12 times higher than those with lower values. Combining these two independent variables, a statistically significant model was obtained (p = 0.042), whose cut-off point has Sn of 83.3% and Sp of 77.1%. Despite these encouraging results, the variance explained by the model is only 25% (Nagelkerke R2 = 0.254). Thus, although statistically significant, it cannot be validated, which is largely due to the small sample size. Nevertheless, based on these trends, the base-line values for CRP and ESR should be known prior to IVIG administration. The resistance predictor capacity highlights the role of inflammation in this disease, a possible underlying trigger in KD vasculitis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref>
				</p>
        <p>The etiology of KD remains uncertain, however, predisposing factors have been put forward. One, is the immaturity of the immune system, a theory that is supported by the fact that KD predominantly affects children under the age of five. In our study, 62.5% of the patients belonged to this age group, which, although corresponding to the majority of the sample, is below the 80% described in the literature.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> A possible explanation for this result is genetic contribution, since the incidences described in the literature are from studies with a wide range of ethnicities, including Asian children.</p>
        <p>Coronary artery involvement occurred in 12 (25%) children, seven with ectasia and five with CAA. Therefore, the incidence of CAA was 10%, which is higher than the 4% reported in the literature. Comparing the groups with and without coronary artery involvement, a statistically significant difference was found regarding the duration of fever (p = 0.038). This result highlights the deleterious effects of persistent fever and the need for IVIG administration, preferably up to the tenth day of the disease, in order to avoid cardiac sequelae.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> The use of corticosteroids in KD is still a topic of debate and controversy. The most consensual is the use intravenous methylprednisolone (MPDN) at a dose of 15 to 30 mg/kg/day, for three days.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> In patients with refractory KD, MPDN supresses the inflammatory cytokine levels more quickly than a second dose of IVIG,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> although it is not recommended as a first-line treatment. Sleeper et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> evaluated the impact of corticosteroids at different times of the disease and showed that, with regards to the development of CAA, the only statistically significant difference was in those refractory to the first dose of IVIG which combined corticosteroids with the second dose of IVIG.</p>
        <p>The cardiac complications and echocardiographic findings, others than coronary artery involvement were also evaluated. Three cases of left ventricular systolic dysfunction were identified, one of which with cardiogenic shock, a complication also described in the literature.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> In the acute phase, ten patients presented with pericardial effusion without hemodynamic compromise, three patients with mild mitral valve regurgitation and one with first degree AV block. Chbeir et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref> found a relation between resistance to IVIG, CAA, and initial cardiac echocardiographic findings such as pericardial effusion, coronary hyperechogenicity, and coronary ectasia. The coronary hyperechogenicity and the lack of tapering on echocardiography were not considered as relevant factors, since they are subjective findings, poorly reproducible and can be found both in febrile illnesses and in healthy children.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref> During the chronic phase, one patient remained with conduction system impairment and developed LV dilation, and another patient developed LV hypertrophy. The long-term cardiac repercussions in KD remain unclear. Friedman et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> reported an increase in the occurrence of long-term adverse cardiac effects, leading to primary angioplasty, coronary bypass surgery, heart transplantation, and death, in patients who developed CAA with higher z scores and who were initially resistant to IVIG. A study by Holve et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> revealed a low incidence of adverse cardiac effects in subjects up to 21 years of age, but a greater likelihood of developing high blood pressure from the age of 15.</p>
        <p>Japanese predictive models presented poor clinical utility in this study (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Table 4</xref>). The model with the highest specificity was Sano&#8217;s, although with very low sensitivity and with only a small number of cases included. Egami&#8217;s model was the most sensitive, however, not powerful enough to be validated. The genetic component may be the explanation for these differences. In fact, the results presented here are similar to those of other studies carried out outside Japan, in which none were able to validate the models in their samples.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref> It is still important to note the differences in the study design in relation to the Japanese models, namely that they were applied only to patients with classical KD. Another Japanese study failed to validate the models in a sample exclusively composed of atypical KD cases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref> The Kobayashi model was validated for the Japanese population with Sn of 86% and Sp of 67%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> Contrary to the present study, IVIG was administered at a dose of 1 g/kg on two consecutive days and resistance was considered if fever persisted 24 hours after the beginning of the treatment, or in case of recurrence after a period without fever. The Egami model was validated with Sn of 78% and Sp of 76%, however, resistance was considered if the CRP value did not decrease by more than 50% and fever persisted for longer than 48 hours after IVIG administration.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> Loomba et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref> were not able to validate the Egami model even when applying it separately to classical and atypical KD, and by ethnicity. The Sano model, validated with Sn of 77% and Sp of 86%, was the only one of the three to adjust the size of the CAA to the body surface.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> However, it also used IVIG at a dose of 1 g/kg on two consecutive days and defined resistance if fever persisted 24 hours after the end of therapy.</p>
        <p>The main limitations of this analysis are related to its retrospective methodology and sample size.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>CRP and ESR are independent variables that showed a predictive trend regarding resistance to IVIG, with optimal cut-off values of 15.1 mg/dL and 90.5 mm/h, respectively. However, there is a need for a multicenter study with a sample of adequate dimensions to validate a model based on these two analytical parameters. Cardiac complications are not limited to coronary arteries, and the study and follow-up of these patients should be more widespread. The validated models for the Japanese population have very limited utility in our population, further reinforcing the need and importance of new approaches.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There was no external funding source for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <p>
            <bold>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
