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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">fM78gQXVK36dHCcphPpYNwp</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00475</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2021000400475</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20190577</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190577</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Altera&#231;&#245;es da Rigidez Arterial em Pacientes com Estenose A&#243;rtica Grave Submetidos &#224; Cirurgia de Troca Valvar</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1884-7707</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Raimundo</surname>
            <given-names>Renata</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Saraiva</surname>
            <given-names>Francisca</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Raquel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Soraia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Filipa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4471-4019</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cerqueira</surname>
            <given-names>Rui J.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Amorim</surname>
            <given-names>Mario Jorge</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pinho</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barros</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#243;nio Sousa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Louren&#231;o</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leite-Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Adelino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">University of Porto</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculty of Medicine</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Surgery and Physiology</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Cardiovascular Research and Development Center, Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto - Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Hospitalar Universit&#225;rio S&#227;o Jo&#227;o</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Centro Hospitalar Universit&#225;rio S&#227;o Jo&#227;o, Porto - Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Hospitalar Universit&#225;rio S&#227;o Jo&#227;o</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Anesthesiology</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Department of Anesthesiology, Centro Hospitalar Universit&#225;rio S&#227;o Jo&#227;o, Porto - Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Renata Melo Raimundo</bold> &#8226; Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto - Departamento de Cirurgia e Fisiologia - Alameda Prof. Hern&#226;ni Monteiro Porto <postal-code>4200-319</postal-code> &#8211; Portugal. E-mail: <email>rmrcardio@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos Autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Raimundo R, Saraiva F, Moreira R, Moreira S, Ferreira AF, Cerqueira RJ, Amorim MJ, Louren&#231;o AP, Leite-Moreira A; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Raimundo R, Saraiva F, Moreira R, Moreira S, Ferreira AF; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Raimundo R, Saraiva F, Moreira R, Barros AS, Louren&#231;o AP, Leite-Moreira A; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Raimundo R, Saraiva F, Moreira R, Moreira S, Ferreira AF, Cerqueira RJ, Amorim MJ, Pinho P, Barros AS, Louren&#231;o AP, Leite-Moreira A.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>23</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>116</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>475</fpage>
      <lpage>482</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Pouco se sabe sobre o impacto da estenose a&#243;rtica (EA) grave na rigidez a&#243;rtica e se ocorre alguma altera&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s a remo&#231;&#227;o da barreira de EA com a cirurgia de substitui&#231;&#227;o da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica (SVA).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Estimar as mudan&#231;as na velocidade de onda de pulso carot&#237;deo-femoral (VOP) ap&#243;s a cirurgia de SVA e definir os preditores de VOP alta em pacientes com EA grave.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo de coorte retrospectivo unic&#234;ntrico, incluindo pacientes com EA grave submetidos &#224; cirurgia de SVA com biopr&#243;tese, entre fevereiro de 2017 e janeiro de 2019, e medi&#231;&#245;es da VOP (Complior&#174;) antes e depois do procedimento (2&#177;1 meses). Antes e depois da SVA, os valores da VOP foram comparados por meio de testes pareados. foram analisadas as associa&#231;&#245;es de VOP com dados cl&#237;nicos, bem como aplicados modelos de regress&#227;o linear multivariada para estimar os preditores independentes da VOP pr&#233;- e p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia foi estabelecido em 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos na amostra 150 pacientes, com m&#233;dia de idade de 72&#177;8 anos, sendo 51% deles do sexo masculino. Identificamos um aumento estatisticamente significativo nos valores de VOP ap&#243;s a cirurgia (9,0 &#177; 2,1 m/s vs. 9,9 &#177; 2,2, p&lt;0,001, antes e depois da SVA, respectivamente) e uma associa&#231;&#227;o inversa com as vari&#225;veis de gravidade da EA. No modelo de regress&#227;o linear multivariada, idade e press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) foram estabelecidas como preditores independentes da VOP pr&#233;- e p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria mais alta, enquanto o gradiente valvar m&#233;dio mais alto foi considerado um determinante da VOP pr&#233;-SVA mais baixa.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Identificamos uma correla&#231;&#227;o inversa da rigidez arterial com a gravidade da EA em pacientes acometidos, e um aumento significativo nos valores da VOP ap&#243;s a cirurgia de SVA. Idade avan&#231;ada e PAS elevada foram associadas a valores mais altos da VOP, embora as medidas de fun&#231;&#227;o arterial estivessem dentro da normalidade. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021; 116(3):475-476)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Valva A&#243;rtica/cirurgia</kwd>
        <kwd>Estenose da Valva A&#243;rtica/cirurgia</kwd>
        <kwd>Substitui&#231;&#227;o da Valva A&#243;rtica/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>An&#225;lise de Onda de Pulso</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>DOCnet</funding-source>
          <award-id>NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000003</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>NETDIAMOND</funding-source>
          <award-id>POCI-01-0145-FEDER-016385</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Programa de Bolsas de Doutorado</funding-source>
          <award-id>Norte-08-5369-FSE-000024</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>Este trabalho foi apoiado pelo projeto DOCnet (NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000003), pelo Programa Operacional Regional do Norte de Portugal (NORTE 2020), no &#226;mbito do Acordo de Parceria PORTUGAL 2020, pelo Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional (FEDER), projeto NETDIAMOND (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-016385), apoiado pelos Fundos Europeus Estruturais e de Investimento, Programa Operacional Regional de Lisboa 2020 e fundos nacionais da Funda&#231;&#227;o Portuguesa para a Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia. R. Raimundo e F. Saraiva foram apoiados pelo Programa de Bolsas de Doutorado (Norte-08-5369-FSE-000024), financiados pelo Programa Operacional Regional do Norte de Portugal (NORTE 2020), por meio da CCDRN, PORTUGAL 2020 e da Rede Social Europeia Fundo (ESF).</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="32"/>
        <page-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A estenose a&#243;rtica degenerativa (EA) &#233; a valvulopatia card&#237;aca (VPC) mais prevalente em pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos e a mais comumente adquirida no mundo, sendo moderada ou grave em 5% dos pacientes com mais de 75 anos nos EUA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> O tratamento padr&#227;o-ouro para sua forma sintom&#225;tica grave &#233; a substitui&#231;&#227;o da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica (SVA).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
			</p>
      <p>O processo degenerativo da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica (VA), que resulta em EA, apresenta altera&#231;&#245;es fisiopatol&#243;gicas semelhantes ao processo ateroscler&#243;tico respons&#225;vel pelo aumento da rigidez arterial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> A comunidade cient&#237;fica, portanto, &#233; levada a postular que, na EA, algum grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o vascular e, consequentemente, rigidez arterial tamb&#233;m podem estar presentes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref>
			</p>
      <p>O envelhecimento tamb&#233;m contribui para o enrijecimento vascular, aumentando a press&#227;o a&#243;rtica. A medida da velocidade de onda de pulso a&#243;rtica (VOP) &#233; o m&#233;todo padr&#227;o-ouro, n&#227;o invasivo e mais reprodut&#237;vel para avaliar a rigidez arterial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> Basicamente, avalia a capacidade de recuo el&#225;stico da aorta, que &#233; diminu&#237;da em uma aorta mais r&#237;gida, traduzindo-se em um valor de VOP mais alto.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> Portanto, em um paciente com EA, espera-se uma VOP pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria mais elevada, que pode ser recuperada ap&#243;s a SVA. No entanto, alguns estudos t&#234;m mostrado que essa associa&#231;&#227;o pode n&#227;o ser linear,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> ou seja, mesmo ap&#243;s o procedimento que alivia a obstru&#231;&#227;o valvar, uma medida de VOP elevada pode ser observada (ou at&#233; maior do que a da avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-interven&#231;&#227;o), representando um aumento na carga vascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref>
			</p>
      <p>H&#225; uma forte associa&#231;&#227;o entre uma VOP mais alta e hipertens&#227;o sist&#243;lica, bem como outros fatores de risco cardiovascular (CV) e doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> A VOP tamb&#233;m tem sido sugerida para prever eventos CV fatais e n&#227;o fatais, como acidente vascular cerebral ou s&#237;ndromes a&#243;rticas e coron&#225;rias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref>
			</p>
      <p>H&#225; evid&#234;ncias conflitantes em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s altera&#231;&#245;es da fun&#231;&#227;o arterial ap&#243;s SVA e se a VOP pode ser um marcador de gravidade de EA ou n&#227;o. Tendo isso em vista, este estudo teve como objetivo esclarecer essa associa&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Objetivo</title>
      <p>O objetivo principal deste estudo foi avaliar a rigidez arterial antes e ap&#243;s a cirurgia de SVA em pacientes com EA grave, usando um equipamento de medi&#231;&#227;o da VOP. Tamb&#233;m objetivamos identificar os preditores de resultados da VOP pr&#233;- e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias nesses pacientes.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho do Estudo e Pacientes</title>
        <p>Estudo retrospectivo unic&#234;ntrico, incluindo 150 pacientes com EA grave submetidos &#224; cirurgia SVA com biopr&#243;teses entre fevereiro de 2017 e janeiro de 2019, com medi&#231;&#245;es de VOP pr&#233;- e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias. Pacientes com regurgita&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica moderada ou grave concomitante ou procedimentos m&#250;ltiplos foram exclu&#237;dos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Coleta de Dados e Vari&#225;veis</title>
        <p>Dados pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios, cir&#250;rgicos e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios foram coletados de prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos e bancos de dados. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s vari&#225;veis pr&#233;-operat&#243;rias, al&#233;m dos valores de VOP, tamb&#233;m coletamos dados sobre press&#227;o arterial, informa&#231;&#245;es demogr&#225;ficas, fatores de risco cardiovascular, terapia m&#233;dica em andamento, estado funcional, sintomas e ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico. Cross-clamp (XCT) e tempo de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea (TCEC), etiologia da doen&#231;a valvar a&#243;rtica e tipo de pr&#243;tese foram as principais vari&#225;veis cir&#250;rgicas. As vari&#225;veis de seguimento foram os resultados do ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico (m&#233;dia de 3,9&#177;1,6 meses de seguimento) e a avalia&#231;&#227;o da VOP.</p>
        <p>O comit&#234; de &#233;tica local aprovou o estudo, e todos os dados foram an&#244;nimos para an&#225;lise.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Medi&#231;&#227;o da VOP</title>
        <p>Um m&#233;todo n&#227;o invasivo (Complior<sup>&#174;</sup> Analyze) foi usado para avaliar a rigidez arterial por meio da VOP carot&#237;deo-femoral antes e depois da cirurgia de SVA. Ap&#243;s alguns minutos em posi&#231;&#227;o supina de repouso, para estabilizar a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e a press&#227;o arterial, a press&#227;o arterial foi avaliada por meio de um esfigmoman&#244;metro padr&#227;o. A dist&#226;ncia car&#243;tido-femoral foi medida com fita m&#233;trica e os dados foram digitados em software espec&#237;fico. Os sensores femoral e carot&#237;deo foram mantidos at&#233; que o software atingisse linhas estabilizadas e a melhor qualidade de sinal (acima de 90%). Cada paciente foi submetido a pelo menos duas medi&#231;&#245;es de VOP em cada sess&#227;o. Essas medi&#231;&#245;es foram feitas na admiss&#227;o dos pacientes no Departamento de Cirurgia Cardiotor&#225;cica, no dia anterior ou no mesmo dia da cirurgia. A avalia&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria ocorreu em m&#233;dia 2,2&#177;1,4 meses ap&#243;s a cirurgia.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>A distribui&#231;&#227;o de dados cont&#237;nuos foi verificada por meio da an&#225;lise visual dos histogramas e confirmada pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk. Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas s&#227;o apresentadas como m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressadas em frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas. O teste t de amostras pareadas foi usado para comparar vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas em dois momentos distintos. As correla&#231;&#245;es entre a VOP e outras vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram avaliadas por meio do teste de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson. Os valores de VOP foram comparados entre os grupos usando o teste t independente. Um modelo de regress&#227;o linear multivariada foi constru&#237;do para estimar os preditores da VOP com base em vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas relevantes para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da rigidez arterial. Os pressupostos da regress&#227;o foram verificados, os res&#237;duos foram normalmente distribu&#237;dos e as vari&#225;veis independentes n&#227;o foram altamente correlacionadas. Foi utilizado n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%. As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas no Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) vers&#227;o 24 e no ambiente de linguagem R vers&#227;o 3.6 (R Core Team - 2018. R: Uma linguagem e ambiente para computa&#231;&#227;o estat&#237;stica. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Viena, &#193;ustria. URL <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.R-project.org/">https://www.R-project.org/</ext-link>. Frank E Harrell Jr - 2019. rms: Estrat&#233;gias de modelagem de regress&#227;o. Pacote R vers&#227;o 5.1-3.1).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Amostra</title>
        <p>A caracteriza&#231;&#227;o da amostra est&#225; representada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>. A idade m&#233;dia dos sujeitos foi 72&#177;8 anos, sendo 51% deles do sexo masculino. Hipertens&#227;o arterial estava presente em 125 pacientes (83%), dislipidemia em 114 (76%), diabetes em 52 (35%) e hist&#243;rico de tabagismo em 36 (24%). Quarenta (27%) pacientes foram admitidos com classe funcional &#8805; III da New York Heart Association (NYHA). A maioria dos indiv&#237;duos (91%) fazia uso de medicamentos anti-hipertensivos na admiss&#227;o.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas de base</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="50%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">n=150</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Idade, em anos, m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">72,5 (7,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Sexo masculino, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">77 (51,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">NYHA &#8805; III, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">40 (26,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Hipertens&#227;o, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">125 (83,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Atualmente em uso de medicamentos anti-hipertensivos (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">136 (90,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Diabetes, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">52 (34,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Dislipidemia, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">114 (76,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Hist&#243;rico de tabagismo, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">36 (24,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&#205;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea, kg/m<sup>2</sup>, m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">28,6 (4,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Obesidade (IMC &#8805;30.00 kg/m&#178;), n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">55 (36,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">19 (12,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Arteriopatia extracard&#237;aca, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">22 (14,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica (DC &lt;85ml/min), n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">87 (58,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Depura&#231;&#227;o de creatinina (DC), ml/min, m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">83,7 (29,7)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea; min: minuto; NYHA: New York Heart Association; DP: desvio-padr&#227;o. Arteriopatia extracard&#237;aca foi considerada se o paciente tinha claudica&#231;&#227;o, oclus&#227;o carot&#237;dea ou estenose &gt;50%, amputa&#231;&#227;o devido a doen&#231;a arterial, interven&#231;&#227;o anterior ou planejada na aorta abdominal, art&#233;rias dos membros ou car&#243;tidas, ou hist&#243;rico de acidente vascular cerebral. A doen&#231;a arterial coronariana foi definida quando os pacientes haviam sido submetidos a interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea no passado, ou tinham estenose coronariana &gt;50%, mas sem indica&#231;&#227;o de cirurgia.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Durante a cirurgia, 12% dos pacientes tiveram etiologia cong&#234;nita confirmada (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Dados pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="50%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">n=150</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Etiologia da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Degenerativa</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">132 (88,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Cong&#234;nita</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">18 (12,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Tempo de CEC, minutos, m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">78 (26)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Tempo de <italic>clamp</italic> a&#243;rtico, minutos, m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">57 (20)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>CEC: circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea; DP: desvio-padr&#227;o.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>VOP Pr&#233;- e P&#243;s-operat&#243;ria</title>
        <p>Observamos um aumento significativo nos valores de VOP p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria, variando de 9,0&#177;2,1 m/s a 9,9&#177;2,2 m/s ap&#243;s a cirurgia de SVA (p&lt;0,001, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1A</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Gr&#225;ficos em violino dos valores pr&#233;- (vermelho) e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio (azul) da velocidade da onda de pulso (A), press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (B), gradiente m&#233;dio da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica (C) e &#225;rea da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica (D).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-03-0475-90577-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Dados de Monitoramento</title>
        <p>Os valores de press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS), gradiente m&#233;dio da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica (GMV) e &#225;rea da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica (AVA) antes e depois da cirurgia de SVA est&#227;o representados na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref> (Pain&#233;is B, C e D, respectivamente).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Associa&#231;&#245;es da VOP</title>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref> mostra a an&#225;lise univariada considerando associa&#231;&#245;es da VOP com potenciais preditores. A VOP pr&#233;- e p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria teve correla&#231;&#245;es positivas com idade, PAS e press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia (PAM), mas foi inversamente associada com as vari&#225;veis de gravidade da estenose a&#243;rtica. N&#227;o encontramos diferen&#231;as na VOP de acordo com g&#234;nero, hipertens&#227;o arterial, diabetes, tabagismo ou VA bic&#250;spide.</p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Gr&#225;ficos de dispers&#227;o das rela&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;-operat&#243;rias (azul) e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias (vermelho) da VOP com idade, PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, press&#227;o m&#233;dia; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea, depura&#231;&#227;o de creatinina; AVA: &#225;rea da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica, volume sist&#243;lico, press&#227;o diast&#243;lica, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, gradiente valvar a&#243;rtico m&#233;dio e gradiente m&#225;ximo valvar a&#243;rtico.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-03-0475-90577-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>No modelo de regress&#227;o linear multivariada, idade e PAS foram preditores independentes de VOP pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria mais alta, enquanto o GVM mais alto foi preditor de VOP pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria mais baixa (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref>). Idade e PAS foram considerados preditores independentes de VOP p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria mais alta (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Resumo da an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o multivariada (vari&#225;vel dependente: VOP pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">&#946;</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">EP</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">b</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">
                  <italic>p</italic>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Intercep&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,593</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2,576</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,23</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,818</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,020</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,008</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2,42</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,017</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Diabetes</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,428</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,344</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,24</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,215</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Depura&#231;&#227;o de creatinina</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,001</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,007</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,14</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,889</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,531</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,498</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,07</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,288</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">IMC</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,059</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,040</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,46</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,147</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Idade</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,070</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,025</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2,87</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Sexo</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,244</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,336</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,73</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,469</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">GVM</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,029</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,011</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-2,75</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,007</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">V&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica bic&#250;spide</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,299</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,498</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,60</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,549</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea; &#946;: coeficiente de regress&#227;o n&#227;o padronizado; b: coeficiente padronizado; GVM: gradiente m&#233;dio da v&#225;lvula; EP: erro padr&#227;o do coeficiente.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Modelo de regress&#227;o linear multivariada de VOP pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria e valores estimados versus reais.</title>
            <p>VAB: v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica bic&#250;spide; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; GVM: gradiente m&#233;dio da v&#225;lvula; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea.</p>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-03-0475-90577-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Resumo da an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o multivariada (vari&#225;vel dependente: VOP p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">&#946;</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">EP</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">b</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Intercep&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-2,706</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2,391</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-1,13</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,260</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,037</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,009</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4,11</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Diabetes</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,448</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,352</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,27</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,205</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,837</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,508</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,65</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,102</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">IMC</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,023</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,040</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,58</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,564</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Idade</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,097</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,023</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4,13</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Sexo</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,287</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,351</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,82</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,415</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">GVM</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,056</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,038</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-1,46</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,146</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea; &#946;: coeficiente de regress&#227;o n&#227;o padronizado; b: coeficiente padronizado; GVM: gradiente m&#233;dio da v&#225;lvula; EP: erro padr&#227;o do coeficiente.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Modelo de regress&#227;o linear multivariada da VOP p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria e valores estimados versus reais.</title>
            <p>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; GVM: gradiente m&#233;dio da v&#225;lvula; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica.</p>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-03-0475-90577-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Este estudo retrospectivo mostrou uma correla&#231;&#227;o inversa da rigidez arterial com a gravidade da EA e um aumento significativo nos valores de VOP ap&#243;s a cirurgia de SVA em pacientes com EA grave. Idade avan&#231;ada e PAS elevada foram associadas a valores mais altos de VOP, embora as medidas de fun&#231;&#227;o arterial estivessem dentro da normalidade.</p>
      <p>A VOP reflete o enrijecimento arterial devido &#224; perda das propriedades el&#225;sticas funcionais da aorta. Trata-se de uma das primeiras manifesta&#231;&#245;es de dano estrutural revers&#237;vel &#224; parede do vaso, e a VOP &#233; considerada uma t&#233;cnica com aplicabilidade cl&#237;nica tanto para identificar quanto para estratificar doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref>
			</p>
      <p>Avaliar o impacto da EA degenerativa na &#225;rvore arterial permanece um desafio, uma vez que os mecanismos subjacentes &#224; intera&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o vascular e valvar continuam quase desconhecidos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref>
			</p>
      <p>Liu, et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> mostraram associa&#231;&#227;o do aumento da VOP com maior escore de c&#225;lcio na VA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> Esses resultados sugerem que a deposi&#231;&#227;o de c&#225;lcio &#233; uma via importante no processo degenerativo da v&#225;lvula e da parede a&#243;rtica. Al&#233;m disso, mostraram associa&#231;&#227;o entre aumento da VOP e gradiente de press&#227;o AV avaliado por ecocardiografia. Altera&#231;&#245;es fisiopatol&#243;gicas semelhantes s&#227;o provavelmente compartilhadas entre a degenera&#231;&#227;o da VA e o enrijecimento das grandes art&#233;rias. Korkmaz et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref> estimaram o enrijecimento arterial usando o &#205;ndice Tornozelo-Braquial (ITB) e encontrou maior rigidez arterial em pacientes com esclerose da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref> sugerindo que a degenera&#231;&#227;o da VA e o enrijecimento das grandes art&#233;rias poderiam ter altera&#231;&#245;es fisiopatol&#243;gicas semelhantes. De fato, Emir Cantuk et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> relataram uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre a gravidade da EA e o aumento da VOP.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> Por outro lado, nosso estudo mostra uma correla&#231;&#227;o inversa entre os gradientes da VA e a VOP pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria. Isso pode ser parcialmente explicado pela obstru&#231;&#227;o que pode influenciar nas medidas das propriedades arteriais, mascarando os reais efeitos da carga vascular na aorta. El-Chilali et al,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> que estudaram pacientes mais velhos (&gt;70 anos) com EA grave e mediram a VOP de forma invasiva, observaram o mesmo: uma correla&#231;&#227;o inversa entre GVM e VOP.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> Essa hip&#243;tese &#233; refor&#231;ada pelo aumento da VOP observado ap&#243;s a cirurgia de SVA.</p>
      <p>Existe um n&#250;mero limitado de estudos que avaliaram a fun&#231;&#227;o vascular a&#243;rtica em pacientes com EA grave ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o at&#233; o momento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref> Canturk et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> n&#227;o encontraram diferen&#231;as significativas na VOP ap&#243;s a cirurgia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> Por outro lado, Nemes et al..<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref> demonstraram melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o vascular um ano ap&#243;s a SVA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref> Em nosso estudo, a VOP aumentou significativamente ap&#243;s a cirurgia de SVA. Alguns mecanismos s&#227;o considerados para explicar esse resultado: o al&#237;vio da obstru&#231;&#227;o valvar ap&#243;s a SVA leva a &#225;rvore arterial a operar em um n&#237;vel de press&#227;o mais elevado, aumentando a carga vascular. Inclusive, Yotti et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref> mostraram que o al&#237;vio da obstru&#231;&#227;o do fluxo de sa&#237;da aumenta imediatamente as press&#245;es arteriais e a imped&#226;ncia vascular, induzindo um comportamento vascular mais r&#237;gido.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref> De maneira geral, esses achados refletem-se na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, uma vez que &#233; comum iniciar tratamento com anti-hipertensivos ap&#243;s a corre&#231;&#227;o da EA, seja por implante de v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica transcateter (TAVI) ou por cirurgia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref>
			</p>
      <p>Outra explica&#231;&#227;o, apontada por Barbetseas,et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> seria que o aumento da rigidez arterial ap&#243;s a cirurgia de SVA ocorre devido &#224; les&#227;o da parede a&#243;rtica e destrui&#231;&#227;o de <italic>vasa vasorum</italic>, bem como altera&#231;&#227;o da composi&#231;&#227;o das fibras da parede a&#243;rtica, resultando em enrijecimento a&#243;rtico. No entanto, devemos refor&#231;ar que essa diminui&#231;&#227;o da distensibilidade a&#243;rtica foi avaliada uma semana ap&#243;s a SVA, enquanto seis meses ap&#243;s a cirurgia, a fun&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica melhorou, atingindo n&#237;veis semelhantes aos pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> Isso pode representar um efeito transit&#243;rio descrito pelos autores como &#8220;atordoamento da raiz a&#243;rtica&#8221;.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref>
			</p>
      <p>Um estudo que comparou TAVI e SVA mostrou altera&#231;&#245;es significativas na VOP apenas em pacientes cir&#250;rgicos, sugerindo que, em pacientes submetidos &#224; TAVI, as propriedades el&#225;sticas s&#227;o mantidas porque n&#227;o h&#225; manipula&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref>
			</p>
      <p>Em nosso estudo, a VOP tamb&#233;m apresentou associa&#231;&#227;o significativa com a idade, que foi considerada um preditor independente de valores mais elevados de VOP. A altera&#231;&#227;o da VOP em idosos j&#225; est&#225; bem estabelecida na literatura.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref> Estudos mostram um aumento da VOP com o envelhecimento, provavelmente relacionado &#224; dilata&#231;&#227;o e enrijecimento da aorta, uma vez que a imped&#226;ncia aumenta e a complac&#234;ncia arterial diminui com o envelhecimento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref> Nosso estudo d&#225; suporte a esses resultados, sendo que idade foi fortemente correlacionada com a VOP pr&#233;- e p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria.</p>
      <p>A hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica tamb&#233;m se mostrou um preditor de aumento da VOP,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref> o que est&#225; de acordo com nossos resultados, uma vez que PAS elevada foi associada a &#224; VOP elevada. Como mais de 80% da nossa amostra tinha hipertens&#227;o sist&#234;mica, n&#227;o encontramos diferen&#231;as substanciais entre os pacientes com e sem esse fator de risco, mas reconhecemos que a VOP tem sido amplamente utilizada para fins de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco como um fator de risco independente para mortalidade por todas as causas e por doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref>
			</p>
      <p>Considerando que a aterosclerose &#233; comumente associada ao envelhecimento arterial e doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC), seria de se esperar que pacientes com DAC apresentassem aumento na VOP.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30"><sup>30</sup></xref> De fato, nossos resultados mostraram uma VOP p&#243;s-SVA significativamente maior em pacientes com DAC em compara&#231;&#227;o a pacientes sem DAC. No entanto, essa diferen&#231;a estava ausente na VOP pr&#233;-SVA, o que sustenta a hip&#243;tese de um efeito de mascaramento pela EA, atenuando a manifesta&#231;&#227;o de enrijecimento a&#243;rtico por DAC.</p>
      <p>Estudos anteriores demonstraram disfun&#231;&#227;o vascular em pacientes obesos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"><sup>31</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32"><sup>32</sup></xref> mas, em nosso estudo, o &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) n&#227;o foi considerado um fator preditor independente para VOP pr&#233;- e p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria elevada.</p>
      <p>O impacto estimado da EA na VOP continuar&#225; aberto para debate, pois nosso estudo teve v&#225;rias limita&#231;&#245;es: 1) estudo unic&#234;ntrico; 2) natureza retrospectiva, o que leva &#224; aus&#234;ncia de alguns dados (9% ausentes na an&#225;lise multivariada realizada), medi&#231;&#245;es de VOP p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias n&#227;o programadas sistematicamente e realizadas ao mesmo tempo ap&#243;s a cirurgia (2 pacientes cujas cirurgias foram adiadas para 12 e 65 dias ap&#243;s a medi&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio da VOP), e aus&#234;ncia de medi&#231;&#227;o de longo prazo; 3) a sele&#231;&#227;o da amostra n&#227;o foi aleat&#243;ria nem consecutiva e seu tamanho relativamente pequeno limita a generaliza&#231;&#227;o externa dos resultados; 4) As medidas de VOP tamb&#233;m apresentam limita&#231;&#245;es, como alta variabilidade de acordo com o estado do paciente; por exemplo, a press&#227;o arterial pode n&#227;o estar controlada na medi&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria (todos os pacientes em jejum e com descontinua&#231;&#227;o da terapia farmacol&#243;gica) em compara&#231;&#227;o com a p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria (todos os pacientes sem jejum e alguns deles com press&#227;o arterial controlada farmacologicamente).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Embora alguns estudos sugiram que a rigidez a&#243;rtica &#233; aumentada em EA devido a um componente ateroscler&#243;tico concomitante, nossos achados sugerem que EA pode atenuar a rigidez arterial real da parede a&#243;rtica, j&#225; que a gravidade de EA est&#225; inversamente relacionada &#224; VOP, enquanto um pequeno aumento na VOP foi observado ap&#243;s a cirurgia de SVA e al&#237;vio do gradiente de press&#227;o ventricular-a&#243;rtico. Como esperado, idade e PAS foram determinantes independentes de VOP mais alta em pacientes com EA grave e permaneceram os mesmos ap&#243;s a cirurgia. Mais estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para fornecer uma melhor compreens&#227;o da hist&#243;ria natural da EA e sua rela&#231;&#227;o com a fun&#231;&#227;o vascular.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este trabalho foi apoiado pelo projeto DOCnet (NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000003), pelo Programa Operacional Regional do Norte de Portugal (NORTE 2020), no &#226;mbito do Acordo de Parceria PORTUGAL 2020, pelo Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional (FEDER), projeto NETDIAMOND (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-016385), apoiado pelos Fundos Europeus Estruturais e de Investimento, Programa Operacional Regional de Lisboa 2020 e fundos nacionais da Funda&#231;&#227;o Portuguesa para a Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia. R. Raimundo e F. Saraiva foram apoiados pelo Programa de Bolsas de Doutorado (Norte-08-5369-FSE-000024), financiados pelo Programa Operacional Regional do Norte de Portugal (NORTE 2020), por meio da CCDRN, PORTUGAL 2020 e da Rede Social Europeia Fundo (ESF).</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo foi financiado parcialmente pelo Projeto Docmet (norte 01-0145 - FEDER, 000031- Netdiamond (POCI 01-0145 - FEDER 016385)</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Renata Melo Raimundo pela Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Arterial Stiffness Changes in Severe Aortic Stenosis Patients Submitted to Valve Replacement Surgery</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1884-7707</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Raimundo</surname>
            <given-names>Renata</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Saraiva</surname>
            <given-names>Francisca</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Raquel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Soraia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Filipa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4471-4019</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cerqueira</surname>
            <given-names>Rui J.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Amorim</surname>
            <given-names>Mario Jorge</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pinho</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barros</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#243;nio Sousa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Louren&#231;o</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leite-Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Adelino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Cardiovascular Research and Development Center, Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto - Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Centro Hospitalar Universit&#225;rio S&#227;o Jo&#227;o, Porto - Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Department of Anesthesiology, Centro Hospitalar Universit&#225;rio S&#227;o Jo&#227;o, Porto - Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Renata Melo Raimundo &#8226;</bold> Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto - Departamento de Cirurgia e Fisiologia - Alameda Prof. Hern&#226;ni Monteiro Porto <postal-code>4200-319</postal-code> &#8211; Portugal. E-mail: <email>rmrcardio@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author Contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Raimundo R, Saraiva F, Moreira R, Moreira S, Ferreira AF, Cerqueira RJ, Amorim MJ, Louren&#231;o AP, Leite-Moreira A; Acquisition of data: Raimundo R, Saraiva F, Moreira R, Moreira S, Ferreira AF; Analysis and interpretation of the data and Statistical analysis: Raimundo R, Saraiva F, Moreira R, Barros AS, Louren&#231;o AP, Leite-Moreira A; Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Raimundo R, Saraiva F, Moreira R, Moreira S, Ferreira AF, Cerqueira RJ, Amorim MJ, Pinho P, Barros AS, Louren&#231;o AP, Leite-Moreira A.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Little is known about the impact of severe aortic stenosis (AS) in aortic stiffness and if there is any change after removing AS barrier with aortic valve replacement (AVR) surgery.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To estimate carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV) changes after AVR surgery and to define PWV predictors in severe AS patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Single-center retrospective cohort, including patients with severe AS who underwent AVR surgery with bioprostheses, between February 2017 and January 2019 and performed PWV measurements (Complior&#174;) before and after the procedure (2&#177;1 months). Before and after AVR, PWV values were compared through paired tests. The associations of PWV with clinical data were studied and linear regression models were applied to estimate pre and postoperative PWV independent predictors. The significance level was set at 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>We included 150 patients in the sample, with mean age of 72&#177;8 years, and 51% being males. We found a statistically significant increase in PWV values after surgery (9.0&#177;2.1 m/s vs. 9.9&#177;2.2, p&lt;0.001, before and after AVR, respectively) and an inverse association with AS severity variables. In the linear regression model, age and systolic blood pressure (SBP) were established as independent predictors of higher pre- and postoperative PWV, while higher mean valvular gradient emerged as a determinant of lower pre-AVR PWV.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>We documented an inverse correlation of arterial stiffness with the severity of AS in patients with AS, and a significant increase in PWV values after AVR surgery. Advanced age and higher SBP were associated with higher PWV values, although arterial function measurements were within the normal range. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021; 116(3):475-482)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Aortic Valve/surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Aortic Valve Stenosis/surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Aortic Valve, Replacement /methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Pulse Wave Analysis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>DOCnet</funding-source>
          <award-id>NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000003</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>NETDIAMOND</funding-source>
          <award-id>POCI-01-0145-FEDER-016385</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>PhD Research Support Grant Program</funding-source>
          <award-id>Norte-08-5369-FSE-000024</award-id>
        </award-group>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Degenerative aortic stenosis (AS) is the most prevalent valvular heart disease (VHD) in developed countries and the world&#8217;s most commonly acquired VHD, being moderate or severe in 5% of patients older than 75 years in the USA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> The gold standard treatment for its severe symptomatic form is Aortic valve replacement (AVR).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</p>
        <p>The degenerative process of the aortic valve (AV), which results in AS, has pathophysiological changes that are similar to the atherosclerotic process responsible for increased arterial stiffness.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> The scientific community, therefore, is led to postulate that, in AS, some degree of vascular dysfunction and consequently arterial stiffness could also be present.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref>
				</p>
        <p>Aging also contributes to vascular stiffening, increasing aortic pressure. Aortic pulse wave velocity (PWV) is the gold standard, non-invasive, and most reproducible method to assess arterial stiffness.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> Essentially, it evaluates aortic elastic recoil capacity, which is diminished in a stiffer aorta, translating into a higher PWV value.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> So, in an AS patient, we expect to find a higher preoperative PWV, that may be recovered after AVR. However, some studies have shown that this association may not be linear,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> meaning that even after the procedure that reliefs valvular obstruction, a high PWV measurement may be seen (or even higher than the pre-intervention assessment), representing an increase in vascular load.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref>
				</p>
        <p>There is a strong association between a higher PWV and systolic hypertension, as well as other cardiovascular (CV) risk factors and atherosclerotic disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> PWV has also been suggested to predict fatal and nonfatal CV events, such as stroke or aortic and coronary syndromes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref>
				</p>
        <p>There is conflicting evidence regarding arterial function changes after AVR, and whether PWV can be a marker of AS severity or not. In this setting, this study aimed to clarify this association.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Objective</title>
        <p>The main goal of this study was to evaluate arterial stiffness before and after AVR surgery in patients with severe AS, using a PWV measurement equipment. We also aimed to identify the predictors of pre and postoperative PWV results in these patients.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study Design and Patients</title>
          <p>Single-center retrospective study, including 150 patients with severe AS who underwent AVR surgery with bioprostheses between February 2017 and January 2019, with pre and postoperative PWV measurements. Patients with concomitant moderate or severe aortic regurgitation or multiple procedures were excluded.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data Collection and Variables</title>
          <p>Preoperative, surgical, and postoperative data were collected from medical records and databases. Regarding preoperative variables, besides PWV values, we also collected data on blood pressure, demographic information, cardiovascular risk factors, ongoing medical therapy, functional status, symptoms, and transthoracic echocardiogram. Cross-clamp (XCT) and cardiopulmonary bypass time (CPBT), aortic valve disease etiology, and type of prosthesis were the main surgical variables. Follow-up variables were the results of transthoracic echocardiogram (mean at 3.9&#177;1.6 months of follow-up) and PWV evaluation.</p>
          <p>The local ethics committee approved this study, and all data were anonymized for analysis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>PWV Measurement</title>
          <p>A noninvasive method (Complior<sup>&#174;</sup> Analyse) was used to evaluate arterial stiffness through carotid-femoral PWV before and after AVR surgery. After a few minutes in supine resting position to stabilize heart rate and blood pressure, the blood pressure was assessed using a standard sphygmomanometer. Carotid to femoral distance was measured using a metric tape, and data were input in a specific software. Femoral and carotid sensors were held until the software reached stabilized lines and the best quality of signal (above 90%). Each patient was submitted to at least two PWV measurements in each session. These measurements were done at patients&#8217; admission to the Cardiothoracic Surgery Department on the day before or on the same day of the surgery. The postoperative evaluation occurred on average 2.2&#177;1.4 months after surgery.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
          <p>The distribution of continuous data was verified through visual analysis of the histograms and confirmed by Shapiro Wilk test. Continuous variables are presented as mean and standard deviation. Categorical variables are depicted in absolute and relative frequencies. Paired samples <italic>t</italic> test was used to compare continuous variables at two distinct moments. Correlations between PWV and other continuous variables were assessed through Pearson correlation test. PWV values were compared between groups using independent <italic>t</italic> test. A multivariable linear regression model was built to estimate PWV predictors based on clinical variables relevant to arterial stiffness evaluation. The regression&#8217;s assumptions were checked, residuals were normally distributed and the independent variables were not highly correlated. A significance level of 5% was used. Statistical analyses were performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 24 and the R language environment version 3.6 (R Core Team - 2018. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. URL <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.R-project.org/">https://www.R-project.org/</ext-link>. Frank E Harrell Jr - 2019. rms: Regression Modeling Strategies. R package version 5.1-3.1).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Sample</title>
          <p>Sample characterization is depicted in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 1</xref>. Mean age of subjects was 72&#177;8 years, and 51% of them were males. Arterial hypertension was present in 125 patients (83%), dyslipidemia in 114 (76%), diabetes in 52 (35%), and history of smoking in 36 (24%). Forty (27%) patients were admitted with New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class &#8805;III. Most patients (91%) were on anti-hypertensive drugs at admission.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Baseline characteristics</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup width="50%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">Variable</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">n=150</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Age, in years, mean (SD)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">72.5 (7.6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Male sex, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">77 (51.3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">NYHA &#8805; III, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">40&gt; (26.9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Hypertension, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">125 (83.3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Currently on anti-hypertensive drugs (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">136 (90.7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Diabetes, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">52 (34.9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Dyslipidemia, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">114 (76.0&gt;)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">History of smoking, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">36 (24.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Body mass index, kg/m<sup>2</sup>, mean (SD)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">28.6 (4.3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Obesity (BMI &#8805;30.00 kg/m&#178;), n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">55 (36.7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Coronary artery disease, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">19 (12.7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Extracardiac arteriopathy, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">22 (14.7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Chronic kidney disease (CC &lt;85ml/min), n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">87 (58.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Creatinine Clearance (CC), ml/min, mean (SD)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">83.7 (29.7)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5">
                <p>BMI: body mass index; min: minute; NYHA: New York Heart Association; SD: standard deviation. Extracardiac arteriopathy was considered if the patient had claudication, carotid occlusion or &gt;50% stenosis, amputation due to arterial disease, past or planned intervention on the abdominal aorta, limb arteries or carotids, or history of stroke. Coronary artery disease was defined when patients had undergone percutaneous coronary intervention in the past, or coronary stenosis &gt;50%, but without indication for surgery.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>During surgery, 12% of patients were confirmed for congenital etiology (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 2</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Perioperative data</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup width="50%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">Variable</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">n=150</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">
                    <bold>Aortic valve etiology, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Degenerative</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">132 (88.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Congenital</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">18 (12.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">CPB time, minutes, mean (SD)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">78 (26)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Aortic clamp time, minutes, mean (SD)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">57 (20)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN6">
                <p>CPB: cardiopulmonary bypass; SD: standard deviation.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Pre and Postoperative PWV</title>
          <p>A significant postoperative increase in PWV values was observed, ranging from 9.0&#177;2.1 m/s to 9.9&#177;2.2 m/s after AVR surgery (p&lt;0.001, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 1A</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Violin plots for pre- (red) and post- (blue) operative values of pulse wave velocity (A), systolic blood pressure (B), aortic valve mean gradient (C) and aortic valve area (D).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-03-0475-90577-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Follow-up Data</title>
          <p>Systolic blood pressure (SBP), mean aortic valve gradient (MVG) and aortic valve area (AVA) values before and after AVR surgery are represented in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 1</xref> (Panels B, C and D, respectively).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>PWV Associations</title>
          <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 2</xref> depicts the univariate analysis considering PWV associations with potential predictors. Preoperative and postoperative PWV had positive correlations with age, SBP and mean blood pressure (MBP), but inversely associated with aortic stenosis severity variables. We found no differences in PWV according to gender, arterial hypertension, diabetes, smoking, or bicuspid AV subgroups.</p>
          <fig id="f6">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Scatter plots for pre- (blue) and post- (red) operative PWV relationships with age, SBP: systolic blood pressure, mean pressure, BMI: body mass index, clearance creatinine, AVA: aortic valve area, stroke volume, diastolic pressure, ejection fraction, aortic mean valve gradient and aortic valve maximum gradient.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-03-0475-90577-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>In the multivariable linear regression model, age and SBP were independent predictors of higher preoperative PWV, while higher MVG was a predictor of lower preoperative PWV (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 3</xref>). Age and SBP were considered independent predictors of higher postoperative PWV (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Table 4</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 4</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t7">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Summary of the multivariable regression analysis (dependent variable: preoperative PWV)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">Variable</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">&#946;</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">SE</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">b</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">
                    <italic>p</italic>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Intercept</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.593</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2.576</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.23</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.818</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Systolic blood pressure</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.020</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.008</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2.42</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.017</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Diabetes&gt;</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.428</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.344</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.24</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.215</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Clearance creatinine</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.001</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.007</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.14</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.889</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Coronary artery disease&gt;</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.531</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.498</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.07</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.288</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">BMI</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.059</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.040</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.46</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.147</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Age</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.070</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.025</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2.87</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.004</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Sex</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.244</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.336</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.73</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.469</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">MVG</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.029</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.011</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-2.75</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.007</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Bicuspid aortic valve</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.299</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.498</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.60</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.549</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN7">
                <p>BMI: body mass index; &#946;: unstandardized regression coefficient; b: standardized coefficient; MVG: mean valve gradient; SE: standard error of the coefficient.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <fig id="f7">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Multivariable linear regression model of preoperative PWV and estimated versus actual values.</title>
              <p>BAV: bicuspid aortic valve; BMI: Body mass; CAD: coronary artery disease; MVG: mean valve gradient; SBP: systolic blood pressure.</p>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-03-0475-90577-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
          <table-wrap id="t8">
            <label>Table 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Summary of the multivariable regression analysis (dependent variable: postoperative PWV)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">Variable</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">&#946;</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">SE</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">b</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Intercept</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-2.706</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2.391</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-1.13</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.260</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Systolic blood pressure</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.037</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.009</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">4.11</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Diabetes</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.448</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.352</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.27</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.205</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Coronary artery disease&gt;</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.837</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.508</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.65</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.102</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">BMI</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.023</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.040</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.58</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.564</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Age</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.097</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.023</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">4.13</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Sex</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.287</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.351</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.82</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.415</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">MVG</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.056</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.038</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-1.46</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.146</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN8">
                <p>BMI: body mass index; &#946;: unstandardized regression coefficient; b: standardized coefficient; MVG: mean valve gradient; SE: standard error of the coefficient.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <fig id="f8">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Multivariable linear regression model of postoperative PWV and estimated versus actual values.</title>
              <p>BMI: body mass index; CAD: coronary artery disease; MVG: mean valve gradient; SBP: systolic blood pressure.</p>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-03-0475-90577-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>This retrospective study showed an inverse correlation of arterial stiffness with severity of AS and a significant increase in PWV values after AVR surgery in patients with severe AS. Advanced age and higher SBP were associated with higher PWV values, although arterial function measurements were within the normal range.</p>
        <p>PWV reflects arterial stiffening due to loss of aortic functional elastic properties. Arterial stiffness is one of the first manifestations of reversible structural damage to the vessel wall, and PWV is considered a technique with clinical applicability both to identify and stratify cardiovascular disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref>
				</p>
        <p>Assessing the impact of degenerative AS on the arterial tree remains a challenge, as the mechanisms underlying the interaction of vascular and valvular function remain mostly unknown.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref>
				</p>
        <p>Liu et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> showed the association of increased PWV with higher calcium score in the AV.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> These results suggest that calcium deposition is an important pathway in the degenerative process of the aortic valve and wall. In addition, they showed an association between increased PWV and AV pressure gradient assessed by echocardiography. Similar pathophysiological changes are probably shared between AV degeneration and large arteries stiffening. Korkmaz et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref> estimated arterial stiffening using the cardio-ankle vascular index and found higher arterial stiffness in patients with aortic valve sclerosis,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref> suggesting that AV degeneration and large arteries stiffening could share similar pathophysiological changes. Indeed, Emir Cantuk et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> reported a significant association between AS severity and increased PWV.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> Contrarily, our study shows an inverse correlation between AV gradients and preoperative PWV. This might partially be explained by the upstream obstruction that may influence measurements of arterial properties, masking the real effects of vascular load on the aorta. El-Chilali et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> who studied older patients (&gt;70 years old) with severe AS and measured PWV invasively, observed the same: an inverse correlation between MVG and PWV.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> This hypothesis is strengthened by the increase in PWV that we found after AVR surgery.</p>
        <p>Only a limited number of studies have evaluated aortic vascular function in patients with severe AS after intervention so far.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref> Canturk et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> did not find significant differences in PWV after surgery.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> On the other hand, Nemes et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref> demonstrated a vascular function improvement one year after AVR.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref> In our study, PWV increased significantly after AVR surgery. Some mechanisms are considered to possibly explain this result: the relief of valvular obstruction after AVR leads the arterial tree to operate at a higher-pressure level, increasing the vascular load. In fact, Yotti et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref> showed that the relief of the outflow obstruction immediately raises arterial pressures and vascular impedance, inducing a stiffer vascular behavior<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref>. Overall, these findings are reflected in clinical practice, since it is common to initiate anti-hypertensive drugs after AS correction, either by transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) or surgery.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref> Another explanation, stated by Barbetseas,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> suggests that the increase in arterial stiffness after AVR surgery occurs due to aortic wall injury and <italic>vasa vasorum</italic> destruction, as well as aortic wall fiber composition alteration, resulting in aortic stiffening. However, we should reinforce that this decrease in aortic distensibility was evaluated one week after AVR, whereas six months after AVR, the aortic function improved, reaching levels similar to preoperative ones.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> It may represent a transient effect described by the authors as &#8220;aortic root stunning&#8221;.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref>
				</p>
        <p>A study that compared TAVI and AVR showed significant changes in PWV only in surgical patients, suggesting that, in TAVI patients, the elastic properties are maintained because there is no surgical manipulation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref>
				</p>
        <p>In our study, PWV was also found to be significantly associated with age, which was considered an independent predictor of higher PWV values. PWV alteration in the elderly is already well established in the literature.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref> Studies have shown an increase in PWV with aging probably related to aortic dilation and stiffening, since impedance increases and arterial compliance decreases with aging.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref> Our study supports these results, with age proven to be strongly correlated with both pre- and postoperative PWV.</p>
        <p>Systemic hypertension was also shown to be a predictor of increased PWV,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref> which is in line with our results as higher SBP was associated with higher PWV. Since over 80% of our sample had systemic hypertension, we did not find substantial differences between patients with and without this risk factor, but we recognize that PWV has been widely used for risk stratification purposes as an independent risk factor for all-cause and CV mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref>
				</p>
        <p>Considering that atherosclerosis is commonly associated with arterial aging and coronary artery disease (CAD), it would be expected that patients with CAD had increased PWV.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30"><sup>30</sup></xref> In fact, our results showed a significantly higher post-AVR PWV in patients with CAD in comparison with non-CAD patients. However, this difference was absent in pre-AVR PWV, which supports the hypothesis of a masking effect in the presence of AS, blunting the manifestation of aortic stiffening induced by CAD.</p>
        <p>Previous studies have shown vascular dysfunction in obese patients,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"><sup>31</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32"><sup>32</sup></xref> but in our study, body mass index (BMI) was not considered an independent predictor factor for higher pre- and postoperative PWV.</p>
        <p>The estimated impact of AS in PWV will still be open to debate, as our study had several limitations: 1) single-center study; 2) retrospective nature, which leads to some missing data (9% missing in the multivariable analysis performed), postoperative PWV measurements not systematically programmed and performed at the same time after surgery (2 patients whose surgeries were postponed to 12 and 65 days after preoperative PWV measurement), and absence of long-term measurement; 3) the sample selection was neither randomized nor consecutive, and its relatively small size limits the external generalization of results; 4) PWV measurements also have limitations such as high variability according to patient status; for example, blood pressure could be not controlled in the preoperative measure (all patients fasting and with discontinuation of pharmacological therapy) compared to postoperative measure (all patients without fasting and some of them with pharmacologically-controlled blood pressure).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Although some studies suggest that aortic stiffness is increased in AS due to a concomitant atherosclerotic component, our findings suggest that AS may blunt the real arterial stiffness of the aortic wall, as the severity of AS is inversely related to PWV, while a small increase in PWV was observed after AVR surgery and ventricular-aortic pressure gradient relief. As expected, age and SBP were independent determinants of higher PWV in patients with severe AS and remained the same after surgery. Further studies will be needed to provide better insight into the natural history of AS and its relation to vascular function.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This work was supported by the project DOCnet (NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000003), by Norte Portugal Regional Operational Programme (NORTE 2020), under the PORTUGAL 2020 Partnership Agreement, through the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), the project NETDIAMOND (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-016385), supported by European Structural and Investment Funds, Lisbon&#8217;s Regional Operational Program 2020 and national funds from the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology. R. Raimundo and F. Saraiva were supported by the PhD Research Support Grant Program (Norte-08-5369-FSE-000024), financed by Norte Portugal Regional Operational Programme (NORTE 2020), through the CCDRN, PORTUGAL 2020 and the European Social Fund (ESF).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn5">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study was funded by Projeto Docmet (norte 01-0145 - FEDER, 000031- Netdiamond (POCI 01-0145 - FEDER 016385).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Renata Melo Raimundo, from Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
