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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">PKqxkzSJkGL7xNp3sZHgKGQ</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00454</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2021000400454</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2021005003201</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20190501</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190501</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Valida&#231;&#227;o de um Algoritmo Simples para Detec&#231;&#227;o de Taquicardia Ventricular no Eletrocardiograma</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pisani</surname>
            <given-names>Cristiano F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Darrieux</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco Carlos da Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cirino</surname>
            <given-names>Celia M. F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hachul</surname>
            <given-names>Denise Tessariol</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Astrid M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4948-538X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>P&#233;rez-Riera</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;s Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa-Barros</surname>
            <given-names>Raimundo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7327-2275</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Scanavacca</surname>
            <given-names>Mauricio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label> 1 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Messejana - Dr. Carlos Alberto Studart Gomes (HM) Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">CE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Messejana - Dr. Carlos Alberto Studart Gomes (HM) Hospital , Fortaleza , CE - Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label> 2 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Faculdade de Medicina Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, S&#227;o Paulo , SP - Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label> 3 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Medicina do ABC</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Faculdade de Medicina do ABC , S&#227;o Paulo , SP &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01">Correspond&#234;ncia: Mauricio Scanavacca &#8226; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Faculdade de Medicina Hospital das Clinicas Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o &#8211; Cardiologia - Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. CEP 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>mauricio.scanavacca@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Santos Neto F, Pisani CF, Darrieux FCC, Cirino CMF, P&#233;rez-Riera AR, Barbosa-Barros R, Scanavacca M; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Santos Neto F; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Santos Neto F, Cirino CMF, Santos AM, Scanavacca M; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Santos Neto F, Darrieux FCC, Hachul DT, Scanavacca M.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesses</p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>08</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>116</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>454</fpage>
      <lpage>463</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p>O diagn&#243;stico diferencial de taquicardia de QRS largo, entre taquicardia ventricular (TV) ou taquicardia supraventricular com condu&#231;&#227;o aberrante (TSV-A) &#233; algumas vezes dif&#237;cil de ser feito na sala de emerg&#234;ncia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p>Avaliar a acur&#225;cia de um algoritmo novo e simples para a detec&#231;&#227;o de TV no eletrocardiograma (ECG) em pacientes com taquicardia de QRS largo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p>ECGs de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es para detec&#231;&#227;o de taquicardia de QRS largo foram obtidos prospectivamente de 120 pacientes durante estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico. Seis m&#233;dicos com diferentes experi&#234;ncias analisaram os ECGs, e fizeram o diagn&#243;stico com base no algoritmo D12V16, que envolve a an&#225;lise da polaridade predominante do complexo QRS nas deriva&#231;&#245;es I, II, V1 e V6. O diagn&#243;stico foi comparado com os obtidos pelo algoritmo tradicional de Brugada e pelo estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico, o qual &#233; considerado padr&#227;o ouro. Adotou-se um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5% (p&lt;0,05) nas an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p>De acordo com o estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico, 82 ECGs eram de TV e 38 de TSV-A. Doen&#231;as card&#237;acas estruturais estavam presentes em 71 (86,6%) dos pacientes com TV e em oito (21,1%) com TSV-A. O algoritmo de Brugada teve uma maior sensibilidade global (87,2%), enquanto o algoritmo D12V16 apresentou maior especificidade global (85,1%) para TV. Tanto o algoritmo D12V16 como o de Brugada apresentou um alto valor preditivo positivo (90,9% vs. 85,8%, respectivamente) e acur&#225;cia similar (73,8% vs. 81,4%, respectivamente) para o diagn&#243;stico de TV. Nos avaliadores experientes, a acur&#225;cia foi maior utilizando o algoritmo de Brugada que o algoritmo D12V16, mas a acur&#225;cia dos dois algoritmos foi similar segundo os avaliadores menos experientes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p>O algoritmo simplificado pode ser um m&#233;todo &#250;til para reconhecer TV no ECG, principalmente para m&#233;dicos menos experientes. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Taquicardia Supraventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>Taquicardia Ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>Arritmias Card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>Eletrocardiografia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="10"/>
        <table-count count="10"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="25"/>
        <page-count count="NaN"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>O reconhecimento da taquicardia ventricular (TV) como mecanismo de taquicardia de QRS largo &#233; uma importante quest&#227;o, uma vez que uma an&#225;lise incorreta do eletrocardiograma (ECG) pode levar &#224; terapia inadequada. O diagn&#243;stico de TV tamb&#233;m permite o manejo agudo e de longo prazo mais apropriado do paciente e previne interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares e exames desnecess&#225;rios. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Desde os anos 60, muitos crit&#233;rios eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos foram propostos na tentativa de se diferenciar TV de taquicardia supraventricular com condu&#231;&#227;o aberrante (TSV-A). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Muitos deles consideram que medidas espec&#237;ficas em milissegundos resultam em dificuldade de memoriza&#231;&#227;o, baixa reprodutibilidade da acur&#225;cia, e baixa aplicabilidade cl&#237;nica. Ainda, na medicina de emerg&#234;ncia, h&#225; uma alta taxa de discord&#226;ncia entre observadores, com uma baixa acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> que poderia levar &#224; uma terapia prejudicial. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Assim, o desenvolvimento de um m&#233;todo simples, preferivelmente visual e de f&#225;cil memoriza&#231;&#227;o por m&#233;dicos residentes do departamento de emerg&#234;ncia, independentemente de experi&#234;ncia em arritmia, poderia melhorar as decis&#245;es cl&#237;nicas.</p>
      <p>O poder discriminat&#243;rio das deriva&#231;&#245;es I, II, V1 e V6 para identificar os mecanismos da taquicardia de QRS largo foi inicialmente proposto por Nagi et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> mas n&#227;o foi validado prospectivamente. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica de um m&#233;todo simples, de f&#225;cil memoriza&#231;&#227;o, para o diagn&#243;stico diferencial da taquicardia de QRS largo.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>O protocolo de pesquisa foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; Cient&#237;fico do do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) do HC-FMUSP, e pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica em pesquisa do Messejana - Dr. Carlos Alberto Studart Gomes (HM) - Hospital sob o protocolo n&#250;mero 336.107.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Pacientes e ECGs</title>
        <p>N&#243;s selecionamos eletrocardiogramas de 120 pacientes consecutivos (um de cada paciente) que apresentaram taquicardia de QRS largo no estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico (EEF) realizado em nosso centro entre janeiro de 2007 e dezembro de 2013. O padr&#227;o ouro para definir o mecanismo da taquicardia foi o estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico (EEF).</p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s receberem informa&#231;&#245;es sobre o estudo, os pacientes que aceitaram a participar do estudo assinaram um termo de consentimento. O estudo foi conduzido de acordo com os princ&#237;pios &#233;ticos em pesquisa envolvendo humanos.</p>
        <p>A taquicardia de QRS largo foi definida por EEF, como uma frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#8805; 100 bpm, na aus&#234;ncia de onda P sinusal conduzida vis&#237;vel e dura&#231;&#227;o do complexo QRS &#8805; 120ms. Esses tra&#231;ados foram registrados no EEF e obtidos de maneira prospectiva e consecutiva. Pacientes com taquicardia de QRS largo em uso de medicamentos antiarr&#237;tmicos, pacientes com taquicardia pr&#233;-excitada, e pacientes com marca-passos artificiais foram exclu&#237;dos. Ap&#243;s sele&#231;&#227;o dos ECGs de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es, n&#243;s coletamos as seguintes vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas de cada paciente: idade, sexo, e presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca estrutural.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Algoritmo D12V16 baseado na an&#225;lise das deriva&#231;&#245;es I, II, V1 e V6</title>
        <p>Todos os ECGs foram analisados de acordo com o algoritmo simplificado, em tr&#234;s etapas ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ): (1) na primeira etapa, TV foi considerada se as quatro deriva&#231;&#245;es (I, II, V1 e V6) apresentassem uma polaridade predominantemente negativa (raz&#227;o R/S &lt;1). Na aus&#234;ncia desses achados, n&#243;s prosseguimos para a etapa seguinte. (2) Na segunda etapa, a TV foi diagnosticada se pelo menos tr&#234;s das quatro deriva&#231;&#245;es apresentassem polaridade predominantemente negativa. Se essa etapa n&#227;o fosse completada, n&#243;s prosseguimos para a etapa seguinte. (3) Na terceira etapa, o diagn&#243;stico de TV foi definido se pelo menos duas das quatro deriva&#231;&#245;es apresentassem polaridade predominantemente negativa (I ou V6 necessariamente inclu&#237;das). Se essas etapas n&#227;o fossem totalmente completadas, assumia-se o diagn&#243;stico de TSV-A. As <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figuras 2</xref> , <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">3</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">4</xref> apresentam todas as etapas do algoritmo.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Algoritmo simplificado das deriva&#231;&#245;es I, II, V1 e V6. An&#225;lise de 120 eletrocardiograma para taquicardia com QRS largo realizada pelos seis avaliadores (total de 720 an&#225;lises). Cada avaliador analisou 82 taquicardias ventriculares e 38 taquicardias ventriculares com condu&#231;&#227;o aberrante. Para cada etapa, s&#227;o apresentados sensibilidade, especificidade e n&#250;mero de eletrocardiogramas que preencheram o diagn&#243;stico; TV: taquicardia ventricular; TSV-A: taquicardia supraventricular de condu&#231;&#227;o aberrante.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-03-0454-90501-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Exemplos das quatro deriva&#231;&#245;es com polaridade predominantemente negativa (Etapa 1). Esses achados t&#234;m 100% de especificidade para o diagn&#243;stico de taquicardia ventricular.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-03-0454-90501-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Taquicardia de QRS largo, usando o algoritmo simplificado; observa-se polaridade predominantemente negativa de tr&#234;s das quatro deriva&#231;&#245;es, sugerindo taquicardia ventricular.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-03-0454-90501-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Exemplo de duas polaridades predominantemente negativas (etapa 3) em quatro deriva&#231;&#245;es (DI, DII, V1 e V6), com inclus&#227;o de DI e/ou V6 (neste caso, ambas negativas).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-03-0454-90501-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avaliadores e an&#225;lise dos ECGs</title>
        <p>Os ECGs foram analisados por tr&#234;s pares de investigadores: (1) dois cardiologistas com expertise em arritmia cl&#237;nica; (2) dois cardiologistas cl&#237;nicos; e (3) dois m&#233;dicos residentes do departamento de emerg&#234;ncia. O uso de lente de aumento foi permitido se necess&#225;rio.</p>
        <p>Os ECGs foram analisados pelos seis examinadores em quatro est&#225;gios diferentes: (A) usando o algoritmo de Brugada; <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> (B) usando o algoritmo D12V16; (C) repetindo-se a an&#225;lise usando o algoritmo de Brugada com informa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica; e (D) repetindo-se a an&#225;lise usando o algoritmo D12V16 com informa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica.</p>
        <p>Todos os ECGs foram distribu&#237;dos aleatoriamente, e todos os examinadores eram cegos quanto ao diagn&#243;stico feito pelo EEF. Informa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas de cada ECG foram reveladas aos examinadores ap&#243;s completarem os est&#225;gios A e B.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>As caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes est&#227;o descritas de acordo com o diagn&#243;stico por EEF usando frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas. A associa&#231;&#227;o entre cada caracter&#237;stica e o diagn&#243;stico foi confirmada pelo teste do qui-quadrado. A idade do paciente foi descrita por m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o e comparada segundo o diagn&#243;stico pelo teste <italic>t</italic> n&#227;o pareado de Student.</p>
        <p>Os diagn&#243;sticos foram descritos de acordo com as quatro etapas de an&#225;lise do ECG, e os resultados obtidos foram comparados com o EEF. Os seguintes par&#226;metros diagn&#243;sticos foram calculados &#8211; sensibilidade (S), especificidade (Es), valor preditivo positivo (VPP), valor preditivo negativo (VPN) e acur&#225;cia. A concord&#226;ncia de cada etapa com o EEF foi avaliada pelo coeficiente kappa. Calculamos, ainda, o intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% (IC95%) para todas as medidas estimadas.</p>
        <p>As an&#225;lises foram repetidas somente para os diagn&#243;sticos finais, e os grupos separados de acordo com a experi&#234;ncia do examinador. Para an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica de S e Es, usamos o total de ECGs (n=120) interpretados pelos seis examinadores. Concord&#226;ncia e discord&#226;ncia com o EEF, considerado o m&#233;todo padr&#227;o-ouro, foram estabelecidas para cada procedimento, enquanto a associa&#231;&#227;o marginal entre os m&#233;todos foi avaliada pelo teste de McNemar. Concord&#226;ncia e discord&#226;ncia entre avaliadores foram determinadas em ambos os m&#233;todos e esses procedimentos comparados pelo teste de McNemar Comparamos ambos os m&#233;todos entre os grupos de avaliadores (variabilidade do m&#233;todo tradicional entre diferentes avaliadores). O teste Kolmogorov-Smirnov confirmou a normalidade da distribui&#231;&#227;o da idade. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia foi estabelecido em 5% (p&lt;0,05). As an&#225;lises foram realizadas usando o programa IBM-SPSS para Windows, vers&#227;o 20.0.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes</title>
        <p>As caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes est&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> . Segundo o EEF, 82 pacientes apresentaram TV (68%), e 38 apresentaram TSV-A; 81 pacientes eram do sexo masculino, e 69,5% desses apresentaram TV e 63,2% TSV-A. A idade m&#233;dia dos pacientes foi 49,1 &#177; 17,5 anos. Os pacientes com TV eram mais velhos que os pacientes com TSV-A (52,7&#177;16,3 vs. 41,4&#177;17,8 anos; p= 0,001). Doen&#231;a card&#237;aca estrutural foi detectada em 79 (65,8%) dos 120 pacientes, em 71(86,6%) dos 82 pacientes com TV, e oito (21,1%) dos 38 pacientes com TSV-A. As caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes est&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> .</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes diagnosticados com taquicardia supraventricular com aberr&#226;ncia de condu&#231;&#227;o (TSV-A) e taquicardia ventricular (TV) de acordo com estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th>TSV-A (n=38)</th>
                  <th>TV (n=82)</th>
                  <th>Total (n=120)</th>
                  <th>P</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sexo masculino, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (63,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">57 (69,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">81 (67,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,489</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Doen&#231;a card&#237;aca, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (21,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">71 (86,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">79 (65,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade, anos</td>
                  <td align="center">41,4&#177;17,8</td>
                  <td align="center">52,7&#177;16,3</td>
                  <td align="center">49,1&#177;17,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001*</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>
                  <italic>Teste do qui-quadrado; *teste t de Student.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise global dos algoritmos</title>
        <p>Valores de S, Es, VPP, VPN e de acur&#225;cia, de acordo com cada etapa do algoritmo, s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> . Os seis examinadores realizaram um total de 2880 an&#225;lises (720 usando o algoritmo simplificado e o algoritmo de Brugada, independentemente das informa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas). A S do algoritmo de Brugada foi maior que a do algoritmo simplificado (87,2% vs. 68,7%), ao passo que a Es do algoritmo D12V16 foi maior que a do algoritmo de Brugada (85,1% vs. 68,9%). O VPP para TV foi alto para ambos os m&#233;todos (90,9% no algoritmo D12V16 e 85,8% no algoritmo de Brugada). A acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica foi de 73,8% usando o algoritmo D12V16 (k = 0,471; IC 95% 0,41&#8211;0,53), e de 81,4% usando o algoritmo de Brugada (k = 0,566; IC95%, 0,5&#8211;0,63). Apesar de n&#227;o significativo, observou-se um aumento na Es na presen&#231;a de informa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica (90,8% para o algoritmo simplificado, 73,7% para o algoritmo de Brugada). Houve um pequeno aumento na acur&#225;cia quando o algoritmo de Brugada foi aplicado na presen&#231;a de informa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica (k = 0,607; IC 95%, 0,54&#8211;0,67). N&#227;o se observou aumento na acur&#225;cia do algoritmo D12V16 na presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de informa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica (k = 0,471; IC95%, 0,41&#8211;0,53; e k = 0,474; IC95%, 0,42&#8211;0,53, respectivamente).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo (VPP), valor preditivo negativo (VPN), e acur&#225;cia de cada etapa do algoritmo de Brugada e do algoritmo D12V16, com e sem caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Crit&#233;rio</th>
                  <th>Etapa</th>
                  <th>Sensibilidade para diagn&#243;stico de TV, % (IC95%)</th>
                  <th>Especificidade para diagn&#243;stico de TV, % (IC95%)</th>
                  <th>VPP para diagn&#243;stico de TV, % (IC95%)</th>
                  <th>VNP para diagn&#243;stico de TV, % (IC95%)</th>
                  <th>Acur&#225;cia, % (IC95%)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="4">Algoritmo de Brugada</td>
                  <td align="center">Etapa 1</td>
                  <td align="center">19,7 (16,3-23,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">91,7 (87,3-94,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">83,6 (75,6-89,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">34,6 (30,8-38,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">42,5 (38,9-46,1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Etapa 2</td>
                  <td align="center">48,0 (43,5-52,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">86,8 (81,8-90,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">88,7 (84,3-92,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">43,6 (39,0-48,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">60,3 (56,7-63,9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Etapa 3</td>
                  <td align="center">61,8 (57,3-66,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">83,8 (78,3-88,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">89,1 (85,4-92,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">50,4 (45,2-55,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">68,7 (65,3-72,1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Etapa 4</td>
                  <td align="center">87,2 (83,9-90,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">68,9 (62,4-74,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">85,8 (82,4-88,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">71,4 (64,9-77,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">81,4 (78,6-84,2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">Algoritmo D12V16</td>
                  <td align="center">Etapa 1</td>
                  <td align="center">1,0 (0,3-2,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">100 (98,4-99,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">100 (47,8-100,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">31,9 (28,5-42,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">32,4 (29,0-35,8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Etapa 2</td>
                  <td align="center">28,0 (24,1-32,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">97,4 (94,4-99,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">95,8 (91,2-98,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">38,5 (34,5-42,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">50,0 (46,3-53,7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Etapa 3</td>
                  <td align="center">68,7 (64,4-72,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">85,1 (79,8-89,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">90,9 (87,5-93,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">55,7 (50,4-61,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">73,8 (70,6-77,0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="4">Brugada com informa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas</td>
                  <td align="center">Etapa 1</td>
                  <td align="center">28,0 (24,1-32,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">89 (84,2-92,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">84,7 (78,2-89,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">36,4 (32,4-40,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">47,4 (43,8-51,0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Etapa 2</td>
                  <td align="center">49,4 (44,9-53,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">87,3 (82,2-91,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">89,3 (85,0-92,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">44,4 (39,8-49,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">61,4 (57,8-65,0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Etapa 3</td>
                  <td align="center">62,0 (57,5-66,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">83,8 (78,3-88,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">89,2 (85,4-92,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">50,5 (45,4-55,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">68,9 (65,5-72,3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Etapa 4</td>
                  <td align="center">87,2 (83,9-90,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">73,7 (67,5-79,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">87,7 (84,5-90,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">72,7 (66,5-78,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">82,9 (80,1-85,7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">D12V16 com informa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas</td>
                  <td align="center">Etapa 1</td>
                  <td align="center">1,4 (0,6-2,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">100 (98,4-100,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">100 (59,0-100,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">32,0 (28,6-35,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">32,7 (29,3-36,1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Etapa 2</td>
                  <td align="center">27,4 (23,5-31,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">98,7 (96,2-99,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">97,8 (93,8-99,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">38,7 (34,7-42,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">50,0 (46,3-53,7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Etapa 3</td>
                  <td align="center">65,0 (60,6-69,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">90,8 (86,3-94,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">93,8 (90,7-96,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">54,6 (49,5-59,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">73,1 (69,9-76,3)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>
                  <italic>Valores expressos em % (intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%), TV: taquicardia ventricular.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Resultados das an&#225;lises por grupos de examinadores</title>
        <p>Valores de S, Es, VPP, VPN e de acur&#225;cia, de acordo com cada grupo de avaliadores est&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> . Em todos os tr&#234;s grupos, observou-se uma maior S para o algoritmo de Brugada em compara&#231;&#227;o ao algoritmo D12V16, sem diferen&#231;a entre os grupos. No entanto, a Es foi bem mais evidente no grupo de m&#233;dicos residentes do departamento de emerg&#234;ncia (grupo 3) em compara&#231;&#227;o aos outros grupos. Uma maior acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica foi obtida quando avaliadores especialistas em cardiologia (grupos 1 e 2) usaram o algoritmo de Brugada comparativamente ao algoritmo D12V16 (84,6% e 85.8% vs. 74,2% e 74,6%, respectivamente). Para o grupo 3, a acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica dos dois m&#233;todos foi similar (73,7% usando o algoritmo de Brugada, 72,9% usando o algoritmo simplificado). Para esses avaliadores, o algoritmo D12V16 mostrou maior Es que o algoritmo de Brugada (85,5% e 65,8%, respectivamente). Esses valores n&#227;o foram significativamente diferentes na presen&#231;a de informa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo (VPP), valor preditivo negativo (VPN), e acur&#225;cia de cada grupo de avaliadores</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Crit&#233;rio</th>
                  <th>Grupo</th>
                  <th>Sensibilidade para diagn&#243;stico de TV, % (IC95%)</th>
                  <th>Especificidade para diagn&#243;stico de TV, % (IC95%)</th>
                  <th>VPP para diagn&#243;stico de TV, % (IC95%)</th>
                  <th>VNP para diagn&#243;stico de TV, % (IC95%)</th>
                  <th>Accuracy, % (95% CI)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">Brugada</td>
                  <td align="center">I &#8211; Expertise em arritmias</td>
                  <td align="center">88,4 (82,5-92,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">76,3 (65,2-85,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">89,0 (83,1-93,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">75,3 (64,2-84,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">84,6 (82,0-87,2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">II &#8211; Cardiologistas cl&#237;nicos</td>
                  <td align="center">95,7 (91,4-98,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">64,5 (52,7-75,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">85,3 (79,4-90,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">87,5 (75,9-94,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">85,8 (83,3-88,3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">III- M&#233;dicos residentes de Emerg&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">77,4(70,3-83,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">65,8 (54,0-76,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">83,0 (76,1-88,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">57,5 (46,4-68,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">73,7 (70,5-76,9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">D12V16 Algorithm</td>
                  <td align="center">I &#8211; Expertise em arritmias</td>
                  <td align="center">68,9 (61,2-75,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">85,5 (75,6-92,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">91,1 (84,7-95,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">56,0 (46,5-65,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">74,2 (71,0-77,4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">II &#8211; Cardiologistas cl&#237;nicos</td>
                  <td align="center">70,1 (62,5-77,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">84,2 (74,0-91,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">90,6 (84,1-95,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">56,6 (47,0-65,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">74,6 (71,4-77,8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">III- M&#233;dicos residentes de Emerg&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">67,1 (59,3-74,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">85,5 (75,6-92,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">90,9 (84,3-95,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">54,6 (45,2-63,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">72,9 (69,7-76,1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">Brugada com informa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica</td>
                  <td align="center">I &#8211; Expertise em arritmias</td>
                  <td align="center">86 (79,7-90,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">81,6 (71,0-89,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">91,0 (85,3-95,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">72,9 (62,2-82,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">84,6 (82,0-87,2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">II &#8211; Cardiologistas cl&#237;nicos</td>
                  <td align="center">98,2 (94,7-99,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">72,4 (60,9-82,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">88,5 (82,9-92,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">94,8 (85,6-98,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">90,0 (87,8-92,2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">III- M&#233;dicos residentes de Emerg&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">77,4 (70,3-83,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">67,1 (55,4-77,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">83,6 (76,7-89,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">58,0 (47,0-68,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">74,1 (70,9-77,3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">D12V16 com Informa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica</td>
                  <td align="center">I &#8211; Expertise em arritmias</td>
                  <td align="center">65,2 (57,4-72,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">94,7 (87,1-98,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">96,4 (91,0-99,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">55,8 (46,8-64,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">74,6 (71,4-77,8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">II &#8211; Cardiologistas cl&#237;nicos</td>
                  <td align="center">70,1 (62,5-77,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">88,2 (78,7-94,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">92,7 (86,7-96,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">57,8 (48,2-66,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">75,8 (72,7-78,9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">III- M&#233;dicos residentes de Emerg&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">59,8 (51,8-67,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">89,5 (80,3-95,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">92,5 (85,7-96,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">50,7 (42,0-59,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">69,1 (65,7-72,5)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>
                  <italic>Valores expressos em % (intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%).</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Concord&#226;ncia e discord&#226;ncia entre os diagn&#243;sticos feitos com o algoritmo de Brugada e o algoritmo D12V16</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Avalia&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th>Brugada</th>
                  <th>D12V16</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Sem informa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="4">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Concord&#226;ncia para TSV-A, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">157 (21,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">194 (26,9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Concord&#226;ncia para TV, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">429 (59,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">338 (46,9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Discord&#226;ncia, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">134 (18,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">188 (26,2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Com informa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="4">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Concord&#226;ncia para TSV-A, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">168 (23,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">207 (28,7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Concord&#226;ncia para TV, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">429 (59,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">320 (44,4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Discord&#226;ncia, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">123 (17,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">193 (26,9)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>
                  <italic>Resultados obtidos pelo teste de McNemar; TV: taquicardia ventricular; TSV-A: taquicardia supraventricular com condu&#231;&#227;o aberrante.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Concord&#226;ncia diagn&#243;stica entre avaliadores e m&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Dados sobre concord&#226;ncia diagn&#243;stica entre os seis avaliadores, baseada na an&#225;lise dos 120 ECGs s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 5</xref> . A porcentagem de discord&#226;ncia usando o algoritmo de Brugada e o algoritmo D12V16 foi de 60,8% e 30%, respectivamente. Na presen&#231;a de informa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, esses valores foram 51,7% e 30,8%, respectivamente. Essa diferen&#231;a foi estatisticamente significativa (p&lt;0,001), com ou sem informa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 5</xref> mostra a discord&#226;ncia entre os algoritmos.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Tabela 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Concord&#226;ncia e discord&#226;ncia nos diagn&#243;sticos realizados por seis avaliadores que analisaram 120 eletrocardiogramas usando o algoritmo de Brugada e o algoritmo D12V16</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Avalia&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th align="left">Brugada</th>
                  <th align="left">D12V16</th>
                  <th align="left">p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Sem informa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td rowspan="4">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Concord&#226;ncia para TSV-A, n (%)</td>
                  <td>8 (6,7)</td>
                  <td>40 (33,3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Concord&#226;ncia para TV, n (%)</td>
                  <td>39 (32,5)</td>
                  <td>44 (36,7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Discord&#226;ncia, n (%)</td>
                  <td>73 (60,8)</td>
                  <td>36 (30,0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Com informa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td rowspan="4">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Concord&#226;ncia para TSV-A, n (%)</td>
                  <td>18 (15,0)</td>
                  <td>43 (35,8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Concord&#226;ncia para TV, n (%)</td>
                  <td>40 (33,3)</td>
                  <td>40 (33,4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Discord&#226;ncia, n (%)</td>
                  <td>62 (51,7)</td>
                  <td>37 (30,8)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5">
                <p>
                  <italic>Resultados obtidos pelo teste de McNemar; TV: taquicardia ventricular; TSV-A: taquicardia supraventricular com condu&#231;&#227;o aberrante.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f05">
            <label>Figura 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Exemplo de taquicardia de QRS largo com discord&#226;ncia quanto ao diagn&#243;stico &#8211; enquanto o algoritmo simplificado sugere taquicardia supraventricular com aberra&#231;&#227;o de condu&#231;&#227;o (TSV-A) (etapa 3), o algoritmo de Brugada sugere taquicardia ventricular (etapa 4).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-03-0454-90501-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Muitos dos crit&#233;rios usados para o diagn&#243;stico diferencial de taquicardia de QRS largo s&#227;o baseados em aspectos peculiares do ECG, os quais s&#227;o de dif&#237;cil memoriza&#231;&#227;o, comprometendo a aplicabilidade cl&#237;nica e consequentemente levando a uma falta de reprodutibilidade. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Sempre que poss&#237;vel, recomenda-se a consulta a especialistas para reduzir erros diagn&#243;sticos e consequ&#234;ncias adversas. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Contudo, n&#227;o se pode contar com a presen&#231;a de especialistas em todos os departamentos de emerg&#234;ncia.</p>
      <p>Em 1999, Nagi et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> propuseram valores de deriva&#231;&#245;es bipolares (I-II) e de deriva&#231;&#245;es precordiais (V1-V6) para o diagn&#243;stico diferencial de taquicardia de QRS largo, guiado por um software, para an&#225;lise do ECG. A predomin&#226;ncia de polaridade negativa de pelo menos duas das quatro deriva&#231;&#245;es, com inclus&#227;o da deriva&#231;&#227;o I ou V6, fez o diagn&#243;stico de VT em 89,2% dos casos. Apesar de ser uma t&#233;cnica facilmente aplicada por n&#227;o especialistas, o m&#233;todo n&#227;o foi avaliado sistematicamente. Em nosso estudo, comparamos o diagn&#243;stico obtido por an&#225;lise da polaridade das deriva&#231;&#245;es DI, DII, V1 e V6 (algoritmo D12V16) com o algoritmo mais usado para o diagn&#243;stico de taquicardia de QRS (algoritmo de Brugada), em um n&#250;mero significativo de pacientes. Tamb&#233;m avaliamos o papel da informa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica para melhorar a taxa de diagn&#243;stico correto, aplicado pelos m&#233;dicos, independentemente de sua expertise em arritmia. A Es do m&#233;todo D12V16 foi maior para o diagn&#243;stico de TV e houve coeficientes de discord&#226;ncia menores (maior reprodutibilidade) entre observadores, com acur&#225;cia similar &#224; do algoritmo de Brugada. Deve-se enfatizar que a inclus&#227;o das etapas 1 e 2, diferentemente do estudo original de Nagi et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> aumentou a Es do algoritmo simplificado (100% e 97%, respectivamente), fornecendo, assim, resultados compar&#225;veis com a presen&#231;a de dissocia&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> e com as etapas 1 e 2 do algoritmo de Brugada, como relatado no trabalho original. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>N&#227;o &#233; de se surpreender que n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel reproduzir a elevada acur&#225;cia, S, e Es descrita por Brugada et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> como previamente relatado por outros autores. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Uma das raz&#245;es pode ser o fato de que os avaliadores que desenvolveram o algoritmo de Brugada eram bem mais experientes que os de outros estudos. Esses achados foram confirmados em nosso estudo, em que a acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica obtida por cardiologistas usando o algoritmo de Brugada foi maior que aquela obtida por m&#233;dicos menos experientes em arritmia ou cardiologia (84,6%; 85,8% e 73,7% para os grupos I, II, e III, respectivamente). No grupo III, os dois crit&#233;rios apesentaram resultados similares em termos de acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica (73,7% usando o algoritmo de Brugada e 72,9% usando o algoritmo simplificado). Al&#233;m disso, os ECGs tamb&#233;m em nosso estudo podem tamb&#233;m ser diferentes daqueles apresentados no estudo de Brugada et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> em que n&#227;o foram obtidas informa&#231;&#245;es sobre pacientes apresentado bloqueio de ramo pr&#233;vio, TV idiop&#225;tica, TSV pr&#233;-excitada, ou TSV-A, situa&#231;&#245;es que n&#227;o foram investigadas neste estudo. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Apesar de uma hist&#243;ria de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca estrutural (infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, angina pectoris, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva) ter resultado em um alto VPP para TV, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> n&#227;o houve aumento significativo na acur&#225;cia quando presen&#231;a de informa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica foi adicionada &#224; an&#225;lise usando ambos os m&#233;todos eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos. Ao se comparar com o algoritmo de Brugada segundo presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de informa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica (k = 0,566; IC95%, 0,5&#8211;0,63 e k = 0,607, IC95%, 0,54&#8211;0,67, respectivamente), n&#243;s observamos um pequeno aumento no diagn&#243;stico. Uma poss&#237;vel explica&#231;&#227;o &#233; o fato de que, quando a informa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica foi adicionada aos ECGs considerados &#8220;lim&#237;trofes&#8221; (&#8220; <italic>borderline</italic> &#8221;) pela an&#225;lise de Brugada, os avaliadores tiveram um refor&#231;o para o diagn&#243;stico final. Esse fato n&#227;o foi observado para o algoritmo simplificado, possivelmente porque a an&#225;lise da interpreta&#231;&#227;o proposta dos par&#226;metros eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos teve um apelo visual, que n&#227;o demandou uma an&#225;lise extensa.</p>
      <p>A TV &#233; predominante em pacientes com taquicardia de QRS largo. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Em nosso estudo, a preval&#234;ncia de TV foi de 68%, enquanto doen&#231;a card&#237;aca estrutural foi detectada em 87% dos pacientes, confirmando os resultados de outros estudos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Apesar de o algoritmo D12V16 e o algoritmo de Brugada terem apresentado acur&#225;cia similar para o diagn&#243;stico de TV (taxas de 73,8% e 81,4% respectivamente), eles divergiram em termos de S e Es. Assim, diferentes crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos para TV ou TSV-A t&#234;m diferentes valores diagn&#243;sticos. Por exemplo, um avaliador provavelmente n&#227;o errar&#225; no diagn&#243;stico de TV usando o algoritmo de Brugada, dada a sua alta S (87,2%). Por outro lado, &#233; improv&#225;vel que a TV seria diagnosticada erroneamente usando o algoritmo D12V16 dada sua alta Es (85,1%).</p>
      <p>A maior discrep&#226;ncia esteve relacionada com a Es do m&#233;todo de Brugada (68,9% em nosso estudo vs. 96,5% no estudo original publicado pelos autores). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Lau et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Vereckei et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> e Griffith et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> tamb&#233;m apresentaram menores valores de Es usando o algoritmo de Brugada (44%, 73.3%, e 67%, respectivamente) em compara&#231;&#227;o ao estudo de Brugada et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A maior S do algoritmo de Brugada tem implica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas importantes no manejo agudo, uma vez que diminui a possibilidade de que pacientes com TV sejam tratados como TSV-A, o que levaria a consequ&#234;ncias delet&#233;rias. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Por outro lado, o maior VPP (95,8%) da segunda etapa do algoritmo D12V16 poderia ter implica&#231;&#245;es futuras na tomada de decis&#245;es na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica e no desenvolvimento de outros algoritmos discriminat&#243;rios para melhorar o desempenho diagn&#243;stico. No entanto, deve-se enfatizar que, quando os crit&#233;rios do algoritmo D12V16 n&#227;o s&#227;o preenchidos para TV, n&#227;o se pode concluir que a TSV-A seja o diagn&#243;stico final, dada a relativa baixa S (68,7%) desse novo algoritmo.</p>
      <p>Herbert et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> investigaram a variabilidade entre observadores para diferenciar TV de TSV-A usando o algoritmo de Brugada na medicina de emerg&#234;ncia. Uma discrep&#226;ncia de 22% foi observada na preval&#234;ncia diagn&#243;stica. Em nosso estudo, entre os seis avaliadores, detectou-se uma maior porcentagem de discord&#226;ncia com o uso do algoritmo de Brugada em compara&#231;&#227;o ao algoritmo D12V16 (60,8% e 30%, respectivamente). Essa diferen&#231;a foi estatisticamente significativa (p&lt;0,001), e n&#227;o houve redu&#231;&#227;o na presen&#231;a de informa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica (51,7%, e 30,8% respectivamente; p &lt; 0,001). Esses resultados poderiam ser explicados pelo fato de o algoritmo D12V16 ser uma metodologia mais simples, de tr&#234;s etapas.</p>
      <p>Em resumo, este estudo avaliou um algoritmo simples para o diagn&#243;stico de taquicardia de QRS largo e o comparou com o tradicional algoritmo de Brugada. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Avaliadores com experi&#234;ncias distintas realizaram a an&#225;lise com ou sem informa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica. Tanto o algoritmo D12V16 como o algoritmo de Brugada apresentaram acur&#225;cia similar para o diagn&#243;stico diferencial de taquicardia de QRS largo. O algoritmo de Brugada mostrou-se mais eficiente quando aplicado por cardiologistas (grupos I e II) em compara&#231;&#227;o ao algoritmo D12V16, diferen&#231;a que n&#227;o foi observada na an&#225;lise dos m&#233;dicos residentes da emerg&#234;ncia (grupo III). As etapas 1 e 2 do algoritmo simplificado tiveram um alto VPP para diagn&#243;stico de TV. A Es e a concord&#226;ncia entre examinadores foram maiores ao usar o algoritmo D12V16. Ainda, a acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica dos dois m&#233;todos n&#227;o aumentou significativamente com a disponibilidade da informa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica (presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>Uma das principais limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo foi o fato de ter sido conduzido em um ambiente fora do contexto de emerg&#234;ncia, e os avaliadores n&#227;o tiveram restri&#231;&#227;o de tempo para fazer o diagn&#243;stico, eliminando, assim, fatores como estresse e decis&#245;es r&#225;pidas, situa&#231;&#245;es comuns na sala de emerg&#234;ncia. Os avaliadores tamb&#233;m analisaram todas as deriva&#231;&#245;es dos ECGs e n&#227;o somente deriva&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas, como as deriva&#231;&#245;es bipolares I-II e precordiais V1-V6, quando usaram o algoritmo simplificado, ou as deriva&#231;&#245;es V1-V6 quando usaram o algoritmo de Brugada. Apesar de esse ser o m&#233;todo usado no &#8220;mundo real&#8221;, essa vis&#227;o global do ECG poderia influenciar o diagn&#243;stico diferencial. Como a S final do algoritmo foi 68,7% para TV quando todos os tr&#234;s crit&#233;rios para TV foram negativos, o erro no diagn&#243;stico de TV como TSV-A poderia levar a um tratamento delet&#233;rio no contexto de emerg&#234;ncia se somente esse algoritmo fosse utilizado.</p>
        <p>O n&#250;mero de avaliadores em cada grupo foi pequeno e cada um analisou cada ECG mais de uma vez. N&#243;s n&#227;o analisamos a variabilidade diagn&#243;stica entre os observadores dos mesmos grupos e entre os diferentes momentos da an&#225;lise do ECG. Tal fato poderia limitar a interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos resultados.</p>
        <p>Ainda, outras poss&#237;veis causas de taquicardia de complexo QRS largo foram exclu&#237;das, tais como a TSV antidr&#244;mica, TV mediada por marca-passo, hipercalemia ou outros dist&#250;rbios eletrol&#237;ticos, toxicidade a antiarr&#237;tmicos das classes IA e IC, e uso/abuso de antidepressivos tric&#237;clicos. Tamb&#233;m exclu&#237;mos pacientes pedi&#225;tricos com taquicardia de complexo QRS largo da an&#225;lise. N&#227;o comparamos o algoritmo D12V16 com outros algoritmos, tais como o crit&#233;rio de Pava, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> os dois algoritmos de Vereckei, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> a abordagem Bayesiana, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> e o mais recente escore de TV. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> A valida&#231;&#227;o externa desse algoritmo simplificado poderia trazer informa&#231;&#227;o adicional sobre a consist&#234;ncia desse algoritmo.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>O algoritmo D12V16 &#233; um algoritmo simples, de tr&#234;s etapas, que demonstrou alta Es e elevado VPP para o diagn&#243;stico de TV e pode representar um instrumento simples e &#250;til no reconhecimento de TV em pacientes com taquicardia de complexo QRS largo. Quando analisado por avaliadores menos experientes, o algoritmo mostrou acur&#225;cia similar em compara&#231;&#227;o ao algoritmo de Brugada. No entanto, deve-se enfatizar que, quando as etapas do algoritmo D12V16 n&#227;o s&#227;o preenchidas para TV, n&#227;o se pode concluir que a TSV-A seja o diagn&#243;stico final, dada sua baixa S (68,7%) e portanto, o risco de se &#8220;perder&#8221; alguns diagn&#243;sticos de TV. Outros estudos devem ser conduzidos para validar os resultados.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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          <lpage>926</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <label>25</label>
        <mixed-citation>25. Lau EW, Pathamanathan RK, Ng GA, Cooper J, Skehan JD, Griffith MJ. The Bayesian approach improves the electrocardiographic diagnosis of broad complex tachycardia. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2000;23(10 Pt 1):1519-26.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lau</surname>
              <given-names>EW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pathamanathan</surname>
              <given-names>RK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ng</surname>
              <given-names>GA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cooper</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Skehan</surname>
              <given-names>JD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Griffith</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Bayesian approach improves the electrocardiographic diagnosis of broad complex tachycardia</article-title>
          <source>Pacing Clin Electrophysiol</source>
          <year>2000</year>
          <volume>23</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <comment>Pt 1</comment>
          <fpage>1519</fpage>
          <lpage>1526</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Jos&#233; Henrique Cunha Figueiredo pela Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p><bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold> .O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Validation of a Simple Electrocardiographic Algorithm for Detection of Ventricular Tachycardia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pisani</surname>
            <given-names>Cristiano F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Darrieux</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco Carlos da Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cirino</surname>
            <given-names>Celia M. F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hachul</surname>
            <given-names>Denise Tessariol</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Astrid M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4948-538X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>P&#233;rez-Riera</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;s Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa-Barros</surname>
            <given-names>Raimundo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7327-2275</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Scanavacca</surname>
            <given-names>Mauricio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Messejana - Dr. Carlos Alberto Studart Gomes (HM) Hospital, Fortaleza, CE - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Faculdade de Medicina Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Mauricio Scanavacca &#8226;</bold> Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Faculdade de Medicina Hospital das Clinicas Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o &#8211; Cardiologia - Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. Postal Code 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: mauricio.scanavacca@gmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Santos Neto F, Pisani CF, Darrieux FCC, Cirino CMF, P&#233;rez-Riera AR, Barbosa-Barros R, Scanavacca M; Acquisition of data and Writing of the manuscript: Santos Neto F; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Santos Neto F, Cirino CMF, Santos AM, Scanavacca M; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Santos Neto F, Darrieux FCC, Hachul DT, Scanavacca M.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>The differential diagnosis of wide QRS complex tachycardia (WCT) between ventricular tachycardia (VT) or supraventricular tachycardia with aberrant conduction (SVT-A) is sometimes difficult in the emergency room.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of a new simple electrocardiographic algorithm to recognize VT in patients with wide complex tachycardia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>The 12-lead electrocardiograms (ECG) for WCT were prospectively obtained from 120 patients during electrophysiological study. Six physicians with different expertise analyzed the electrocardiographic recordings, and made the diagnosis based on the D12V16 algorithm, that involves the analysis of the predominant polarity of QRS in leads I, II, V1 and V6. The diagnosis was compared with that made using the traditional Brugada algorithm and the &#8220;gold-standard&#8221; electrophysiological study. Statistical analyses were performed with a significance level of 5% (p&lt;0.05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>According to the EPS study, 82 ECG recordings were VT and 38 SVT-A. Structural heart diseases were present in 71 (86.6%) patients with VT and in 8 (21.1%) with SVT-A. The Brugada algorithm had higher global sensitivity (87.2%), and the D12V16 algorithm had higher global specificity (85.1%) for VT. Both D12V16 and Brugada&#8217;s algorithms presented a high positive predictive value (90.9% vs 85.8%, respectively) and similar accuracy (73.8% vs 81.4%, respectively) for the diagnosis of VT. Experienced evaluators were more accurate using Brugada algorithm than the D12V16 algorithm, but the accuracy of both algorithms was similar according to less experienced examiners.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>The simplified algorithm may be a useful method to recognize VT in the ECG, especially for less experienced doctors. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Tachycardia Supraventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>Tachycardia Ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>Arrhythmias Cardiac</kwd>
        <kwd>Electrocardiography</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>The recognition of ventricular tachycardia (VT) as the mechanism of wide complex tachycardia (WCT) is an important issue, since an incorrect electrocardiographic (ECG) analysis may lead to inappropriate therapy. In addition, the VT diagnosis also allows more appropriate acute and long-term management of the patient and prevents hospitalizations and unnecessary exams.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Since the 1960s, many ECG criteria have been proposed in an attempt to differentiate VT from supraventricular tachycardia with aberrant conduction (SVT-A).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Many of them consider that specific measurements in milliseconds result in difficult memorization, low reproducibility of accuracy, and poor clinical applicability. Additionally, in emergency medicine, there is a high rate of discordance between observers, with a low diagnostic accuracy,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> that could lead to a harmful treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Therefore, the development of a simple method, preferably visual and easily memorized by resident physicians in the emergency department, regardless of expertise in arrhythmia, could improve clinical decisions.</p>
        <p>The discriminative power of ECG leads I, II, V1 and V6 to identify the mechanisms of WCT was initially proposed by Nagi et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> but it has not been prospectively validated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of a simplified, easily memorized method for the differential diagnosis of WCT.</p>
        <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
          <title>Material and Methods</title>
          <p>The research protocol was approved by the Scientific Committee of the Heart Institute, Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - HC-FMUSP, as well as by the Research Ethics Committee of the Messejana - Dr. Carlos Alberto Studart Gomes (HM) &#8211; Hospital, under protocol number 336.107.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>
            <italic>Patients and Electrocardiogram</italic>
          </title>
          <p>We selected ECG recordings from 120 consecutive patients (one per patient) presented with WCT in the electrophysiological study (EPS) performed in our center between January 2007 and December 2013.</p>
          <p>After receiving information about the study, patients willing to participate signed an informed consent form. The study was conducted according to the ethical principles in research involving humans.</p>
          <p>WCT was defined by EPS, as a heart rate &#8805; 100 bpm in the absence of visible conducted sinus P wave and a QRS duration &#8805; 120ms. These ECG tracings were recorded in the EPS and obtained prospectively and consecutively. Patients with WCTs who were taking antiarrhythmic medications, patients with pre-excited tachycardia, and those patients with artificial cardiac pacemakers were excluded. After selecting the 12-lead ECG, we collected the following clinical variables from each patient: age, gender, and presence or absence of structural heart disease.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>
            <italic>The D12V16 algorithm based on the analysis of leads I, II, V1 and V6</italic>
          </title>
          <p>All ECG recordings were analyzed according to the simplified algorithm using three steps ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> ): (1) In the first step, VT was considered if the four leads (I, II, V1, and V6) had a predominantly negative polarity (R/S ratio &lt; 1). In the absence of these findings, we proceeded to the next step. (2) In the second step, VT was diagnosed if at least three of the four leads displayed a predominantly negative polarity. If this step was not fully completed, we proceeded to the next step. (3) In the third step, VT was diagnosed if at least two of the four leads displayed a predominantly negative polarity (I or V6 necessarily included). If all these steps were not fully completed, the diagnosis assumed was SVT-A. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figures 2</xref> , <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">3</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">4</xref> present all the steps of the algorithm.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; The simplified I, II, V1 and V6 algorithm. Analysis of 120 electrocardiograms for wide QRS tachycardia performed by six observers (total of 720 analyses); each observer analyzed 82 ventricular tachycardia (VT) and 38 supraventricular tachycardia with aberrant conduction (SVT-A); sensitivity, specificity and the number of ECGs that fulfilled the diagnosis are described in the figure.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-03-0454-90501-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Example of all four leads with predominantly negative polarity (step 1); these findings have 100% specificity for diagnosis of ventricular tachycardia.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-03-0454-90501-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Wide complex tachycardia, using the simplified algorithm; the predominantly negative polarity of three of the four leads suggests ventricular tachycardia.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-03-0454-90501-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f04001">
              <label>Figura 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Example of two predominantly negative polarities (step 3) in four leads (DI, DII, V1 and V6), with inclusion of DI and/or V6 (in this case, both negative).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-03-0454-90501-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>ECG Examiners and ECG Analysis</title>
          <p>The ECGs were analyzed by three pairs of examiners: (1) two cardiologists with expertise in clinical arrhythmia; (2) two general cardiologists; and (3) two resident physicians of the emergency department. The use of magnifying glasses was allowed if necessary.</p>
          <p>The electrocardiograms were analyzed by the six examiners in four different moments: (A) using the Brugada algorithm;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> (B) using the D12V16 algorithm; (C) repeating the analysis using the Brugada algorithm with clinical information; and (D) repeating the analysis using the D12V16 algorithm with clinical information.</p>
          <p>All ECGs recordings were scrambled, and all examiners were blinded to the EPS diagnosis. Clinical information of each electrocardiogram was revealed for the examiners after completing moments A and B.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
          <p>The patients&#8217; characteristics are described according to the EPS diagnosis using absolute and relative frequencies. The association between each characteristic and diagnosis was confirmed using chi-square tests. Age of patients was described by mean values and standard deviation and compared according to the diagnosis using unpaired Student&#8217;s t-test.</p>
          <p>The diagnoses were described according to the four steps of ECG analysis, and the results obtained were compared with the EPS. We calculated diagnostic parameters, e.g. sensitivity (Sn), specificity (Sp), positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV) and accuracy. The agreement of each step/method with the EPS was evaluated by the kappa coefficient. We calculated the corresponding 95% confidence intervals for all of the estimated measures.</p>
          <p>The analyses were repeated only for the final diagnoses and the groups were separated according to the examiner&#8217;s experience. For statistical analysis of Sn and Sp we used the total amount (n=120) of electrocardiograms interpreted by all the six examiners. Agreements and disagreements with the EPS, considered the gold standard method, were established for each procedure, while the marginal association between the methods was assessed using McNemar&#8217;s test. Agreements and disagreements between evaluators were also determined in both methods and these procedures were compared using McNemar&#8217;s test. We compared both methods between the groups of evaluators (variability of the traditional method between different evaluators). The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test confirmed the normality of age distribution. The significance level was established at 5% (p&lt;0.05). The software employed in the statistical analysis was the IBM-SPSS for Windows version 20.0.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Patient characteristics</title>
          <p>Patient characteristics are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> . According to the EPS, 82 patients presented with VT (68%) and 38 had SVT-A; 81 were men, 69.5% of them had VT and 63.2% had SVT-A. Mean age of the patients was 49.1&#177;17.5 years old. Patients with VT were older than SVT-A patients (52.7&#177;16.3 vs. 41.4&#177;17.8 years old; <italic>p</italic> = 0.001). Structural heart disease was detected in 79/120 (65.8%) patients; 71/82 (86.6%) patients with VT, and in 8/38 (21.1%) patients with SVT-A. Patient characteristics are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> .</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Clinical characteristics of patients diagnosed with supraventricular tachycardia with aberrant (SVT-A) conduction and ventricular tachycardia (VT) according to the electrophysiological study</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Variable</th>
                    <th align="left">SVT-A (n=38)</th>
                    <th align="left">VT (n=82)</th>
                    <th align="left">Total (n=120)</th>
                    <th align="left">p</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Male, n (%)</td>
                    <td>24 (63.2)</td>
                    <td>57 (69.5)</td>
                    <td>81 (67.5)</td>
                    <td>0.489</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Heart disease, n (%)</td>
                    <td>8 (21.1)</td>
                    <td>71 (86.6)</td>
                    <td>79 (65.8)</td>
                    <td>&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age, years</td>
                    <td>41.4&#177;17.8</td>
                    <td>52.7&#177;16.3</td>
                    <td>49.1&#177;17.5</td>
                    <td>0.001*</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="5">Chi-square test; *Student&#8217;s t-test</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Global analysis of the algorithms</title>
          <p>Values of Sn, Sp, PPV, NPV and accuracy, according to each algorithm step, are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> . Six examiners performed a total of 2,880 analyses (720 using the simplified algorithm and the Brugada algorithm, regardless of clinical information). The Sn of the Brugada algorithm was higher than that of the simplified algorithm (87.2% and 68.7%, respectively), while the Sp of the D12V16 algorithm was higher than the Brugada algorithm (85.1% and 68.9%, respectively). The PPV for VT was high for both methods (90.9% in the D12V16 algorithm, and 85.8% in the Brugada algorithm). The diagnostic accuracy was 73.8% using the D12V16 algorithm (k = 0.471; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.41&#8211;0.53), and 81.4% using the Brugada algorithm (k = 0.566; 95% CI, 0.5&#8211;0.63). Although not significant, an increase in Sp was observed in the presence of clinical information (90.8% for the simplified algorithm, 73.7% for the Brugada algorithm). A slight increase in accuracy was detected when the Brugada algorithm was applied in the presence of clinical information (k = 0.607; 95%CI, 0.54&#8211;0.67). No increase in accuracy was observed using the D12V16 algorithm in the presence or absence of clinical information (k = 0.471; 95% CI, 0.41&#8211;0.53; and k = 0.474; 95% CI, 0.42&#8211;0.53, respectively).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV) and accuracy of each step of the Brugada algorithm and the D12V16 algorithm with and without clinical characteristics</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Criterion</th>
                    <th>Step</th>
                    <th>Sensitivity for VT Diagnosis, % (95% CI)</th>
                    <th>Specificity for VT Diagnosis, % (95% CI)</th>
                    <th>PPV for VT Diagnosis, % (95% CI)</th>
                    <th>NPV for VT Diagnosis, % (95% CI)</th>
                    <th>Accuracy, % (95% CI)</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="4">Brugada</td>
                    <td align="center">Step 1</td>
                    <td align="center">19.7 (16.3-23.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">91.7 (87.3-94.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">83.6 (75.6-89.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">34.6 (30.8-38.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">42.5 (38.9-46.1)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Step 2</td>
                    <td align="center">48.0 (43.5-52.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">86.8 (81.8-90.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">88.7 (84.3-92.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">43.6 (39.0-48.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">60.3 (56.7-63.9)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Step 3</td>
                    <td align="center">61.8 (57.3-66.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">83.8 (78.3-88.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">89.1 (85.4-92.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">50.4 (45.2-55.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">68.7 (65.3-72.1)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Step 4</td>
                    <td align="center">87.2 (83.9-90.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">68.9 (62.4-74.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">85.8 (82.4-88.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">71.4 (64.9-77.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">81.4 (78.6-84.2)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="3">D12V16 Algorithm</td>
                    <td align="center">Step 1</td>
                    <td align="center">1.0 (0.3-2.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">100 (98.4-99.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">100 (47.8-100.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">31.9 (28.5-42.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">32.4 (29.0-35.8)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Step 2</td>
                    <td align="center">28.0 (24.1-32.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">97.4 (94.4-99.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">95.8 (91.2-98.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">38.5 (34.5-42.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">50.0 (46.3-53.7)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Step 3</td>
                    <td align="center">68.7 (64.4-72.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">85.1 (79.8-89.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">90.9 (87.5-93.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">55.7 (50.4-61.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">73.8 (70.6-77.0)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="4">Brugada with Clinical Data</td>
                    <td align="center">Step 1</td>
                    <td align="center">28.0 (24.1-32.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">89 (84.2-92.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">84.7 (78.2-89.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">36.4 (32.4-40.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">47.4 (43.8-51.0)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Step 2</td>
                    <td align="center">49.4 (44.9-53.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">87.3 (82.2-91.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">89.3 (85.0-92.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">44.4 (39.8-49.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">61.4 (57.8-65.0)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Step 3</td>
                    <td align="center">62.0 (57.5-66.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">83.8 (78.3-88.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">89.2 (85.4-92.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">50.5 (45.4-55.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">68.9 (65.5-72.3)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Step 4</td>
                    <td align="center">87.2 (83.9-90.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">73.7 (67.5-79.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">87.7 (84.5-90.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">72.7 (66.5-78.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">82.9 (80.1-85.7)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="3">D12V16 Algorithm with Clinical Data</td>
                    <td align="center">Step 1</td>
                    <td align="center">1.4 (0.6-2.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">100 (98.4-100.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">100 (59.0-100.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">32.0 (28.6-35.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">32.7 (29.3-36.1)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Step 2</td>
                    <td align="center">27.4 (23.5-31.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">98.7 (96.2-99.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">97.8 (93.8-99.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">38.7 (34.7-42.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">50.0 (46.3-53.7)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Step 3</td>
                    <td align="center">65.0 (60.6-69.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">90.8 (86.3-94.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">93.8 (90.7-96.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">54.6 (49.5-59.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">73.1 (69.9-76.3)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>values expressed in % (95% confidence interval, 95%CI); VT: ventricular tachycardia.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Analysis results by groups of observers</title>
          <p>Values of Sn, Sp, PPV, NPV and accuracy by each group of observers are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> . In all three groups, a higher Sn was observed with the Brugada algorithm compared with the D12V16 algorithm, with no difference between the groups. However, Sp was far more evident in the emergency resident physicians (group III) than in the other groups. Higher diagnostic accuracy was observed when cardiology specialized evaluators (groups I and II) used the Brugada algorithm compared to the simplified D12V16 algorithm (84.6% and 85.8% vs. 74.2% and 74.6%, respectively). For emergency medicine resident physicians (group III), the diagnostic accuracy of the two methods was similar (73.7% using the Brugada algorithm, 72.9% using the simplified algorithm). For these evaluators, the D12V16 algorithm showed a higher Sp than the Brugada algorithm (85.5% and 65.8%, respectively). These values were not significantly different in the presence of clinical information ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and accuracy of each group of observers</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Criterion</th>
                    <th>Group</th>
                    <th>Sensitivity for VT Diagnosis, % (95% CI)</th>
                    <th>Specificity for VT Diagnosis, % (95% CI)</th>
                    <th>PPV for VT Diagnosis, % (95% CI)</th>
                    <th>NPV for VT Diagnosis, % (95% CI)</th>
                    <th>Accuracy, % (95% CI)</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="3">Brugada</td>
                    <td align="center">I &#8211; Expertise in Arrhythmias</td>
                    <td align="center">88.4 (82.5-92.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">76.3 (65.2-85.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">89.0 (83.1-93.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">75.3 (64.2-84.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">84.6 (82.0-87.2)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">II &#8211; General Cardiologists</td>
                    <td align="center">95.7 (91.4-98.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">64.5 (52.7-75.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">85.3 (79.4-90.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">87.5 (75.9-94.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">85.8 (83.3-88.3)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">III- Emergency Resident Physicians</td>
                    <td align="center">77.4(70.3-83.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">65.8 (54.0-76.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">83.0 (76.1-88.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">57.5 (46.4-68.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">73.7 (70.5-76.9)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="3">D12V16 Algorithm</td>
                    <td align="center">I &#8211; Expertise in Arrhythmias</td>
                    <td align="center">68.9 (61.2-75.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">85.5 (75.6-92.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">91.1 (84.7-95.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">56.0 (46.5-65.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">74.2 (71.0-77.4)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">II &#8211; General Cardiologists</td>
                    <td align="center">70.1 (62.5-77.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">84.2 (74.0-91.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">90.6 (84.1-95.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">56.6 (47.0-65.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">74.6 (71.4-77.8)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">III &#8211; Emergency Resident Physicians</td>
                    <td align="center">67.1 (59.3-74.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">85.5 (75.6-92.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">90.9 (84.3-95.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">54.6 (45.2-63.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">72.9 (69.7-76.1)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="3">Brugada with Clinical Data</td>
                    <td align="center">I &#8211; Expertise in Arrhythmias</td>
                    <td align="center">86 (79.7-90.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">81.6 (71,0-89.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">91.0 (85.3-95.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">72.9 (62.2-82.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">84.6 (82.0-87.2)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">II &#8211; General Cardiologists</td>
                    <td align="center">98.2 (94.7-99.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">72.4 (60.9-82.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">88.5 (82.9-92.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">94.8 (85.6-98.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">90.0 (87.8-92.2)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">III &#8211; Emergency Resident Physicians</td>
                    <td align="center">77.4 (70.3-83.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">67.1 (55.4-77.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">83.6 (76.7-89.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">58.0 (47.0-68.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">74.1 (70.9-77.3)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="3">D12V16 Algorithm with Clinical Data</td>
                    <td align="center">I &#8211; Expertise in Arrhythmias</td>
                    <td align="center">65.2 (57.4-72.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">94.7 (87.1-98.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">96.4 (91.0-99.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">55.8 (46.8-64.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">74.6 (71.4-77.8)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">II &#8211; General Cardiologists</td>
                    <td align="center">70.1 (62.5-77.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">88.2 (78.7-94.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">92.7 (86.7-96.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">57.8 (48.2-66.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">75.8 (72.7-78.9)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">III &#8211; Emergency Resident Physicians</td>
                    <td align="center">59.8 (51.8-67.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">89.5 (80.3-95.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">92.5 (85.7-96.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">50.7 (42.0-59.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">69.1 (65.7-72.5)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>Values expressed in % (95% confidence interval, 95%CI).</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t4001">
              <label>Table 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Agreement and disagreement between the diagnoses made by the Brugada algorithm and the D12V16 algorithm</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Evaluation</th>
                    <th>Brugada</th>
                    <th>D12V16 Algorithm</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Without clinical information</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="4">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>SVT-A agreement, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">157 (21.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">194 (26.9)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>VT agreement, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">429 (59.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">338 (46.9)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Disagreement, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">134 (18.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">188 (26.2)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>With clinical information</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="4">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>SVT-A agreement, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">168 (23.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">207 (28.7)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>VT agreement, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">429 (59.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">320 (44.4)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Disagreement, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">123 (17.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">193 (26.9)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>Results obtained using McNemar&#8217;s test; SVT-A supraventricular tachycardia with aberrant conduction; VT: ventricular tachycardia.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Diagnosis agreement between evaluators and methods</title>
          <p>Data on diagnostic agreement between the six observers based on the analysis of 120 ECGs are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5001">Table 5</xref> . The percentage of disagreement using the Brugada algorithm and the D12V16 algorithm was 60.8% and 30%, respectively. In the presence of clinical information, these values were 51.7% and 30.8%, respectively. This difference was statistically significant (p &lt; 0.001), both with and without clinical information. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 5</xref> shows disagreement between algorithms.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t5001">
              <label>Table 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Agreement and disagreement in the diagnoses made by six evaluators who analyzed 120 electrocardiograms using the Brugada algorithm and the D12V16 algorithm</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Evaluation</th>
                    <th>Brugada</th>
                    <th>D12V16 Algorithm</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Without clinical information</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="4">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>SVT-A agreement, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (6.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">40 (33.3)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>VT agreement, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">39 (32.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">44 (36.7)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Disagreement, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">73 (60.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">36 (30.0)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>With clinical information</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="4">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>SVT-A agreement, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">18 (15.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">43 (35.8)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>VT agreement, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">40 (33.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">40 (33.4)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Disagreement, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">62 (51.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">37 (30.8)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN4001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>Results obtained using McNemar&#8217;s test; SVT-A supraventricular tachycardia with aberrant conduction; VT: ventricular tachycardia.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f05001">
              <label>Figure 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Example of wide complex tachycardia with diagnostic disagreement &#8211; while the simplified algorithm suggests supraventricular tachycardia with aberrant conduction (SVT-A) (step 3), the Brugada algorithm suggests ventricular tachycardia (step 4).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-03-0454-90501-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Many of the criteria used for the differential diagnosis of a wide QRS tachycardia are based on peculiar aspects of the electrocardiogram, which are quite difficult to memorize, compromising the clinical applicability and consequently leading to a lack of reproducibility.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> When available, consulting with experts is recommended to reduce diagnostic errors and adverse consequences.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> However, one cannot rely on the presence of &#8220;experts&#8221; in all emergency department facilities.</p>
        <p>In 1999, Nagi et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> proposed values of bipolar (I-II) and precordial (V1-V6) leads for the differential diagnosis of WCT, guided by computer software for ECG analysis. The predominance of negative polarity of at least two of the four leads, with lead I or V6 included, made the diagnosis of TV in 89.2% of cases. Although this is an easily applied technique by non-specialists, it has not been evaluated systematically. In our study, we compared the diagnosis obtained by a DI, DII, V1 and V6 polarity analysis (D12V16 algorithm) with the most frequently used algorithm for WCT diagnosis (Brugada Algorithm), in a significant number of patients. We also evaluated the role of clinical information to improve the correct diagnosis rate, which was applied by the physicians, regardless of their arrhythmia expertise. The Sp of the D12V16 method was higher for VT diagnosis and there were lower disagreement coefficients (greater reproducibility) among observers, with similar accuracy compared to the Brugada algorithm. It is of note that the inclusion of steps 1 and 2, differently from the study by Nagi et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> increased the Sp of the simplified algorithm (100% and 97%, respectively), thus providing results that are comparable to the presence of atrioventricular dissociation<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> and steps 1 and 2 of the Brugada algorithm as reported in the original work.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Not surprisingly, it was not possible to reproduce the high accuracy, Sn, and Sp described by Brugada et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> as previously reported by other authors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> One reason may rely on the fact that the evaluators who developed the Brugada algorithm were far more experienced than those in other studies. These findings were confirmed by our study, in which the diagnostic accuracy obtained by cardiologists using the Brugada algorithm was higher than that obtained by physicians who were less experienced in arrythmia or cardiology (84.6%, 85.8% and 73.7% by groups I, II, and III, respectively). In group III, the two criteria presented similar results in terms of diagnostic accuracy (73.7% using the Brugada algorithm and 72.9% using the simplified algorithm). In addition, the ECG recordings in our study may also differ from those presented in the paper by Brugada et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> where no information was obtained about patients showing pre-existing bundle branch block, idiopathic VT, pre-excited SVT, or SVT-A, situations that were not investigated in the present study.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Although a history of structural heart disease (prior myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, or congestive heart failure) has given a high PPV for VT,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> no significant increase in accuracy was obtained when the presence of clinical information was added to the analysis using both ECG methods. When comparing the Brugada algorithm according to the presence or absence of clinical information data (k = 0.566; 95% CI, 0.5&#8211;0.63 and k = 0.607, 95% CI, 0.54&#8211;0.67, respectively), we observed a slight increase in the diagnosis. One possible explanation is that when clinical information was added to &#8220;borderline&#8221; ECG recordings by the Brugada analysis, the examiners had a reinforcement for the final diagnosis. This fact was not observed for the simplified algorithm, possibly because the analysis of the proposed interpretation of ECG parameters had a &#8220;visual&#8221; appeal, not demanding extensive analysis.</p>
        <p>Ventricular tachycardia is predominant among patients with WCT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> In our study, the prevalence of VT was 68%, while structural heart disease was detected in 87% of patients, confirming the findings in other studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Although the D12V16 and the Brugada algorithms presented similar accuracy for VT diagnosis (rates of 73.8% and 81.4%, respectively), they diverged in terms of Sn and Sp. Therefore, different diagnostic criteria for VT or SVT-A have different diagnostic values. For instance, an evaluator is unlikely to misdiagnose VT using the Brugada algorithm due to its high Sn (87.2%). On the other hand, it is unlikely that VT would be misdiagnosed using the D12V16 algorithm due to its high Sp (85.1%).</p>
        <p>The greatest discrepancy was related to Sp of the Brugada method (68.9% in our study vs. 96.5% in the original work published by the authors).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Lau et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Vereckei et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> and Griffith et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> also showed lower Sp values using the Brugada algorithm (44%, 73.3%, and 67%, respectively) than the values originally reported.</p>
        <p>The greater Sn of the Brugada algorithm has important clinical implications in acute management, since it decreases the possibility that patients with VT are treated as having SVT-A, which would lead to deleterious consequences.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> On the other hand, the higher PPV (95.8%) of the second step of the D12V16 algorithm could have future implications for clinical practice decision-making and for the development of other discriminatory algorithms to improve diagnostic performance. However, it should be emphasized that when the D12V16 algorithm criteria are not met for VT, it is not possible to conclude that SVT-A is the final diagnosis, due to the relatively low Sn (68.7%) of this new algorithm.</p>
        <p>Herbert et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> investigated the variability between observers to differentiate VT from SVT-A using the Brugada algorithm in the emergency medicine scenario. A discrepancy of 22% was observed in the diagnostic prevalence. In our study, among the six evaluators, a higher percentage of disagreement was detected with the use of the Brugada algorithm compared with the D12V16 algorithm (60.8% and 30%, respectively). This difference was statistically significant (p &lt; 0.001) and no reduction was observed in the presence of clinical information (51.7%, and 30.8% respectively; p &lt; 0.001). These results could be explained because D12V16 algorithm has probably a simpler, three-step methodology.</p>
        <p>In summary, this study assessed a simple algorithm for the diagnosis of WCT and compared it with the traditional Brugada algorithm.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Evaluators with distinct experiences performed the analysis with or without clinical information. Both D12V16 and Brugada algorithms had similar accuracy for the differential diagnosis of wide QRS tachycardia. The Brugada algorithm proved more efficient when applied by cardiologists (groups I and II) as compared with the D12V16 algorithm, a difference that was not observed when it was used by emergency medicine resident physicians (group III). Steps 1 and 2 of the simplified algorithm had a high PPV for VT diagnosis. The Sp and agreement between examiners were higher using the D12V16 algorithm. Additionally, the diagnostic accuracy of the two methods did not increase significantly with the availability of clinical information (presence or absence of heart disease).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>One of the main limitations of the study is that it had conducted in a non-emergency environment and the evaluators had no time restrictions for performing the diagnosis, thus eliminating factors such as stress and quick decisions, which are common situations in the emergency room. The observers had all the leads of the ECGs recordings available and not only the specific ones, e.g. bipolar I-II and precordial V1-V6 leads, when using the simplified algorithm or V1&#8211;V6 when using the Brugada algorithm. Although this is the method used in the &#8220;real world,&#8221; this global vision of the electrocardiogram could influence the differential diagnosis. As the final Sn of the algorithm was 68.7% for VT if all three criteria were negative for VT, the misdiagnosis of VT as SVT-A could lead to a deleterious treatment in the emergency setting if only this algorithm is employed.</p>
          <p>The number of examiners in each group was small and each one analyzed each electrocardiogram more than one time. We did not analyze the diagnostic variability between observers of the same groups and between different moments of ECG analysis. This could limit the interpretation of the results.</p>
          <p>Additionally, other possible causes of WTC were excluded, such as antidromic pre-excited SVT, ventricular paced rhythm, hyperkalemia or other electrolytic disturbances, toxicity for IA and IC antiarrhythmic drugs, and use/abuse of tricyclic antidepressant medications. We also excluded pediatric WCT patients from the analysis. We did not compare the D12V16 algorithm with other algorithms, such as the Pava criterion<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> , both Vereckei algorithms,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> the Bayesian approach,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> and the most recent VT score.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> External validation of this modified algorithm could bring additional information about the consistence of this algorithm.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>This simple three-step D12V16 algorithm demonstrated high Sp and PPV for VT diagnosis and may represent a simple and useful tool to recognize VT in patients with WCT. The algorithm showed similar accuracy compared with the Brugada algorithm when analyzed by less experienced observers. However, it should be emphasized that when the steps of the D12V16 algorithm are not fulfilled for VT, it is not possible to conclude that SVT-A is the final diagnosis due to the relatively low Sn (68.7%), and thus the risk of &#8220;missing&#8221; some VT diagnoses. Further studies should be conducted to validate our results.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p><bold>Sources of Funding</bold> .There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
