<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">XdvxtwbRW6LDfCGfJR6b6qz</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00443</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2021000400443</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.202190703</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.202190703</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efeitos da Terapia com Anti-TNF alfa na Press&#227;o Arterial em Pacientes com Hipertens&#227;o Resistente: Um Estudo Piloto Randomizado, Duplo-Cego e Controlado por Placebo</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8585-7238</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Faria</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Paula de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ritter</surname>
            <given-names>Alessandra M. V.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santa-Catharina</surname>
            <given-names>Arthur</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>D&#233;bora P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Naseri</surname>
            <given-names>Estephania P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bertolo</surname>
            <given-names>Manoel B.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8840-4805</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pioli</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Caio C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Modolo</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreno</surname>
            <given-names>Heitor</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Campinas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Campinas</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Ribeir&#227;o Preto</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Ana Paula de Faria &#8226;</bold> Laborat&#243;rio de Farmacologia Cardiovascular. Edif&#237;cio FCM 10, 1&#186; andar. Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas - Universidade Estadual de Campinas (FCM-UNICAMP). CEP: <postal-code>13083-970</postal-code>. Campinas, SP-Brasil. E-mail: <email>ana.cabralfaria@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Faria AP, Modolo R, Moreno H; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Faria AP, Ritter AMV, Santa-Catharina A, Souza DP, Naseri EP, Bertolo MB, Pioli MR, Carvalho CC, Modolo R, Moreno H; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Faria AP, Ritter AMV, Santa-Catharina A, Modolo R; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Faria AP; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Faria AP, Bertolo MB, Moreno H.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>23</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>116</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>443</fpage>
      <lpage>451</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A citocina fator de necrose tumoral alfa (TNF-&#945;) &#233; elevada na hipertens&#227;o resistente (HAR), mas os efeitos dos inibidores de TNF-&#945; nessa popula&#231;&#227;o ainda s&#227;o desconhecidos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar se uma &#250;nica dose de infliximabe controlada por placebo reduz a press&#227;o arterial (PA) de forma aguda em pacientes com HAR.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Realizamos um estudo cruzado, randomizado, duplo-cego e controlado por placebo em que pacientes com HAR receberam infliximabe ou placebo. O desfecho prim&#225;rio foi a altera&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de PA m&#233;dia em rela&#231;&#227;o ao basal imediatamente ap&#243;s a infus&#227;o, obtida por avalia&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica n&#227;o invasiva cont&#237;nua, batimento a batimento. Os desfechos secund&#225;rios inclu&#237;ram altera&#231;&#245;es em medidas de PA central, ambulatorial e em consult&#243;rio, na fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, e nos biomarcadores inflamat&#243;rios ap&#243;s 7 dias. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia aceito foi alfa=0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos dez portadores de HAR. O resultado do desfecho prim&#225;rio demonstrou uma redu&#231;&#227;o aguda dos n&#237;veis de PA m&#233;dia (m&#233;dia das diferen&#231;as &#177; desvio padr&#227;o = -6,3 &#177; 7,2 mmHg, p=0,02) em rela&#231;&#227;o ao basal, ap&#243;s o uso de infliximabe, em compara&#231;&#227;o com o placebo. Os n&#237;veis de PA diast&#243;lica (-4,9 &#177; 5,5 mmHg, p=0,02), mas n&#227;o os n&#237;veis de PA sist&#243;lica (-9,4 &#177; 19,7 mmHg, p=0,16), reduziram ap&#243;s a infus&#227;o de infliximabe. N&#227;o foram identificadas diferen&#231;as significativas nos demais par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos, nem nos resultados dos desfechos secund&#225;rios, com exce&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de TNF-&#945;, que aumentaram continuamente ap&#243;s o uso de infliximabe. N&#227;o foram relatados eventos adversos durante o protocolo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Uma dose &#250;nica de infliximabe reduziu os n&#237;veis de PA m&#233;dia e diast&#243;lica imediatamente ap&#243;s sua infus&#227;o, em compara&#231;&#227;o com placebo em HAR. A terapia com anti-TNF-&#945; foi considerada segura e bem tolerada. Os resultados desse estudo prova de conceito s&#227;o geradores de hip&#243;tese e precisam ser investigados em maior detalhe. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021; 116(3):443-451)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Press&#227;o Arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>Infliximab/uso terap&#234;utico</kwd>
        <kwd>Ensaio Cl&#237;nico Controlado Randomizado</kwd>
        <kwd>Inflama&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPESP</funding-source>
          <award-id>2015/17151-7</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>O presente estudo foi financiado pela FAPESP (2015/17151-7) e parcialmente financiado pelo CNPq e CAPES.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="36"/>
        <page-count count="9"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>&#201; sabido que a inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica de grau baixo &#233; subjacente &#224; fisiopatologia da hipertens&#227;o resistente (HAR) devido &#224; falta de controle de press&#227;o arterial (PA), juntamente com condi&#231;&#245;es coexistentes, tais como obesidade, diabetes tipo 2 (DT2) e s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica. Recentemente, nosso grupo de pesquisa explorou o papel das citocinas inflamat&#243;rias nessa popula&#231;&#227;o de alto risco. Um escore inflamat&#243;rio alto, incluindo, entre outros, a citocina pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;ria fator de necrose tumoral alfa (TNF-&#945;), foi proposto a pacientes obesos com HAR em compara&#231;&#227;o com pacientes obesos com hipertens&#227;o controlada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> Al&#233;m disso, altos n&#237;veis de TNF-&#945; foi associado a danos vasculares nesses pacientes com HAR.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
			</p>
      <p>Apesar da indica&#231;&#227;o do uso de inibidores de TNF-&#945; ser bem estabelecida para o tratamento de algumas doen&#231;as autoimunes, estudos experimentais e cl&#237;nicos demonstraram seu uso efetivo para condi&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao sistema cardiovascular (CV), tais como a preven&#231;&#227;o da hipertens&#227;o,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> e a redu&#231;&#227;o de les&#227;o de &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo (LOA).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> O infliximabe apresentou benef&#237;cios cardiovasculares como um agente neutralizador de TNF-&#945; capaz de reduzir os n&#237;veis de PA sist&#243;lica (PAS) e o remodelamento card&#237;aco em ratos espontaneamente hipertensos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref>
			</p>
      <p>Como o processo inflamat&#243;rio &#233; parte da HAR e o TNF-&#945; est&#225; implicado em disfun&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares, o objetivo deste estudo piloto de prova de conceito foi avaliar se uma &#250;nica dose do inibidor de TNF-&#945;, infliximabe, controlada por placebo, reduz os n&#237;veis de PA em pacientes com HAR.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho do estudo</title>
        <p>Com o uso de um desenho cruzado de interven&#231;&#227;o, randomizado, duplo-cego e controlado por placebo, foram explorados os efeitos agudos do infliximabe, um inibidor de TNF-&#945;, e seu comparador, placebo constitu&#237;do de soro fisiol&#243;gico, como uma terapia adicional ao tratamento padr&#227;o para a popula&#231;&#227;o com HAR. Um esquema de randomiza&#231;&#227;o em blocos foi criado utilizando-se um c&#243;digo gerado por computador. Os pacientes com HAR foram designados aleatoriamente, na inclus&#227;o, a receber ou (1) infus&#227;o de placebo seguida de infus&#227;o de infliximabe depois de um per&#237;odo de wash-out de 40 dias, ou (2) infliximabe seguido de placebo depois de um per&#237;odo de wash-out de 40 dias. Um farmac&#234;utico alocou, de forma n&#227;o cega, os volunt&#225;rios do estudo e manteve consigo os c&#243;digos de tratamento at&#233; o encerramento do estudo. O enfermeiro que preparou as infus&#245;es tamb&#233;m o fez de forma n&#227;o cega. Nenhum dos dois profissionais estava envolvido na coleta, an&#225;lise ou interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados. Um m&#233;dico fez a inclus&#227;o de forma cega dos sujeitos no estudo. Os participantes, o m&#233;dico avaliador e os pesquisadores que avaliaram os resultados permaneceram de forma cega ap&#243;s a designa&#231;&#227;o das interven&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        <p>O estudo piloto foi de iniciativa do investigador, desenhado pelos investigadores e n&#227;o houve apoio de nenhuma entidade comercial. Todos os autores garantiram que os dados e an&#225;lises estivessem completos e acurados, e certificaram a ader&#234;ncia do estudo ao protocolo.</p>
        <p>O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa (n&#250;mero de aprova&#231;&#227;o 710.449, CAAE 30811214.9.0000.5404, da Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas da Universidade Estadual de Campinas-FCM/UNICAMP, Brasil), e registrado no clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02743390). O estudo foi realizado de acordo com princ&#237;pios &#233;ticos para pesquisas m&#233;dicas em seres humanos da Associa&#231;&#227;o M&#233;dica Mundial (Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki), e todos os participantes assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido antes de serem inclu&#237;dos no estudo. Tamb&#233;m foram seguidas as recomenda&#231;&#245;es do documento <italic>Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials</italic> (CONSORT).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Pacientes com diagn&#243;stico confirmado de HAR foram recrutados de uma popula&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-selecionada do Ambulat&#243;rio Especializado em Hipertens&#227;o Resistente do Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP, Campinas, Brasil). A HAR foi definida de acordo com a diretriz da <italic>American Heart Association</italic>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> Foi realizado um diagn&#243;stico preciso de HAR com um per&#237;odo de acompanhamento cl&#237;nico de 6 meses para a triagem e a exclus&#227;o de causas secund&#225;rias de hipertens&#227;o [estenose de art&#233;ria renal (US-Doppler), feocromocitoma (metanefrinas urin&#225;rias e tomografia computadorizada), hiperaldosteronismo prim&#225;rio (rela&#231;&#227;o aldosterona-renina&gt;20 ng dl<sup>&#8722;1</sup> por ng ml<sup>&#8722;1</sup> h<sup>&#8722;1</sup>), s&#237;ndrome de Cushing (cortisol e n&#237;veis de ACTH), apneia obstrutiva do sono (classificada como &#8220;alto risco&#8221; no question&#225;rio de Berlin)], e pseudorresist&#234;ncia (monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial (MAPA) e contagem de comprimidos para excluir a hipertens&#227;o do jaleco branco e a n&#227;o ader&#234;ncia &#224; medica&#231;&#227;o, respectivamente).</p>
        <p>Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram doen&#231;a card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica sintom&#225;tica, fun&#231;&#227;o renal comprometida, hist&#243;rico de acidente vascular, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e doen&#231;as vasculares perif&#233;ricas, diabetes tipo 1, gravidez, tabagismo, doen&#231;as autoimunes, ou contraindica&#231;&#227;o ao uso de infliximabe. Pacientes n&#227;o qualificados para o estudo tamb&#233;m inclu&#237;ram os que tinham testes tubercul&#237;nicos positivos ou inativos (latentes) ou com radiografia tor&#225;cica p&#243;stero-anterior anormal - avaliada por radiologista e reumatologista especialista em infus&#227;o de TNF-&#945; (EP).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Protocolo e avalia&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
        <p>O protocolo foi realizado com os participantes recebendo uma &#250;nica infus&#227;o de infliximabe (Remicade&#174;, 100 mg, Janssen-Cilag Farmac&#234;utica Ltda.) na dose de 3 mg/Kg, que foi primeiro reconstitu&#237;da com 10 mL de &#225;gua est&#233;ril para inje&#231;&#227;o e, em seguida, dilu&#237;da com 250 mL de cloreto de s&#243;dio 0,9% est&#233;ril para inje&#231;&#227;o, de acordo com as instru&#231;&#245;es do fabricante; ou recebendo uma &#250;nica infus&#227;o de placebo que consistia 250 mL de cloreto de s&#243;dio 0,9% est&#233;ril para inje&#231;&#227;o. Os pacientes receberam as infus&#245;es intravenosas em um per&#237;odo de 2 horas, com uma vaz&#227;o de 125 ml/h. N&#227;o foi coadministrada nenhuma outra medica&#231;&#227;o. O cruzamento para o bra&#231;o de tratamento seguinte (infus&#227;o de placebo ou infliximabe) foi feito depois de um per&#237;odo de wash-out de 40 dias.</p>
        <p>As avalia&#231;&#245;es do estudo inclu&#237;am 3 etapas (avalia&#231;&#227;o no basal, imediatamente ap&#243;s a infus&#227;o, e 7 dias ap&#243;s a infus&#227;o). Na visita para avalia&#231;&#227;o do basal (antes das infus&#245;es - T0) foram avaliados indicadores antropom&#233;tricos, as PA de consult&#243;rio, central (an&#225;lise de onda de pulso - AOP) e n&#237;veis de MAPA, e dilata&#231;&#227;o mediada por fluxo (DMF). Al&#233;m disso, foram coletadas amostras de sangue para determinar biomarcadores adicionais. Os registros hemodin&#226;micos n&#227;o invasivos cont&#237;nuos batimento a batimento foram avaliados por 15 minutos no basal (T0) e imediatamente ap&#243;s (T1) em ambas as infus&#245;es. A PA de consult&#243;rio e a coleta de sangue tamb&#233;m foram examinadas imediatamente ap&#243;s ambas as infus&#245;es (T1). Para avaliar a resposta de curto prazo devido &#224; meia-vida longa do infliximabe (aproximadamente 8 dias),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> 7 dias ap&#243;s as infus&#245;es (T2), as PA de consult&#243;rio, central e MAPA, DMF e a coleta de sangue foram reavaliadas (Figura suplementar).</p>
        <p>Depois das avalia&#231;&#245;es do ensaio, foi respeitado um per&#237;odo de wash-out de 40 dias. Em seguida, o tratamento foi trocado (o que significa que participantes que receberam a primeira infus&#227;o de soro fisiol&#243;gico, depois do per&#237;odo de wash-out de 40 dias, receberam infus&#227;o de infliximabe; e os participantes que receberam a primeira infus&#227;o de infliximabe, depois do per&#237;odo de wash-out de 40 dias, receberam infus&#227;o de soro fisiol&#243;gico), e as avalia&#231;&#245;es de ensaio foram repetidas. (Figura suplementar).</p>
        <p>Nenhum dos participantes alterou sua medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva durante o per&#237;odo do estudo. Todos os procedimentos iniciaram &#224;s 08:00, e os par&#226;metros foram avaliados ap&#243;s 8 horas de jejum noturno. Depois do protocolo, os pacientes ainda permaneceram sob observa&#231;&#227;o por 1 hora antes de serem liberados. Os participantes foram instru&#237;dos a relatar os efeitos colaterais comuns do infliximabe ou qualquer outro evento adverso que eles experimentassem em qualquer momento durante o estudo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Press&#227;o arterial, fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e avalia&#231;&#245;es bioqu&#237;micas</title>
        <p>A PAS e a PA diast&#243;lica (PAD) de consult&#243;rio foram avaliadas em 3 etapas do estudo &#8211; basal, imediatamente ap&#243;s a infus&#227;o, e 7 dias ap&#243;s a infus&#227;o (infliximabe e placebo) &#8211; por um profissional de sa&#250;de treinado, de acordo com as diretrizes europeias e brasileiras de hipertens&#227;o arterial. Utilizamos um esfigmoman&#244;metro digital validado (HEM-907XL, OMRON Healthcare Inc., Bannockburn, IL, EUA). A PA ambulatorial foi medida em 2 etapas do estudo &#8211; basal e 7 dias ap&#243;s a infus&#227;o (infliximabe e placebo) &#8211; e foi realizada utilizando-se um monitor oscilom&#233;trico autom&#225;tico (Spacelabs90207, Spacelabs Inc, Redmon, WA). Os pacientes foram instru&#237;dos a manter suas atividades normais di&#225;rias e a registrar suas atividades de 24 horas em um di&#225;rio pessoal.</p>
        <p>A PAS e PAD, e a press&#227;o de pulso foram avaliadas em 2 etapas do estudo &#8211; basal e 7 dias ap&#243;s a infus&#227;o (infliximabe e placebo) &#8211; e foram determinadas por AOP com o sistema Sphygmocor (Artcor, Sidney, Austr&#225;lia).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> A onda de pulso foi obtida pelo m&#233;todo de tonometria de aplana&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria radial. O equipamento tamb&#233;m fornece dados adicionais em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; medi&#231;&#227;o da rigidez arterial pelo &#237;ndice de incremento (AIx), al&#233;m do AIx corrigido para a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 75 bpm (AIx@75). O AIx &#233; definido pela raz&#227;o entre as ondas refletidas e de eje&#231;&#227;o (onda de pulso que percorre as art&#233;rias car&#243;tida e femoral).</p>
        <p>Os dados da avalia&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica n&#227;o invasiva cont&#237;nua, batimento a batimento, foram avaliados em 2 etapas do estudo &#8211; basal e imediatamente ap&#243;s a infus&#227;o (infliximabe e placebo) &#8211; e foram obtidos utilizando-se o dispositivo Finometer&#174; (Finapres Medical Systems; Amsterdam, Holanda) e o software Finometer&#174; Beatscope Easy vers&#227;o 02.10 (Finapres Medical Systems, Amsterdam, Holanda). Um manguito de dimens&#245;es apropriadas foi colocado no terceiro ou quarto dedo da m&#227;o esquerda e o bra&#231;o foi deixado em repouso sobre uma mesa, com o paciente sentado. Os n&#237;veis de PA sist&#243;lica (PAS em mmHg), diast&#243;lica (PAD em mmHg), e m&#233;dia (PAM em mm), d&#233;bito card&#237;aco (DC em l/min), e resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica total (RVPT em dyn.s/cm<sup>&#8722;5</sup>) foram registrados durante 15 minutos antes de imediatamente ap&#243;s o protocolo de infus&#245;es. Para as an&#225;lises, foram utilizadas as se&#231;&#245;es est&#225;veis de registros (os 10 minutos iniciais dos registros foram exclu&#237;dos das an&#225;lises). O dispositivo Finometer&#174; utiliza o m&#233;todo de fotopletismografia, e fornece medidas hemodin&#226;micas confi&#225;veis conforme mostrado anteriormente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref>
				</p>
        <p>A fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial foi avaliada em 2 etapas do estudo &#8211; basal e 7 dias ap&#243;s a infus&#227;o (infliximabe e placebo) &#8211; e foi determinada pelo m&#233;todo DMF, de acordo com as diretrizes atuais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> Foi utilizado um transdutor vascular linear (7&#8211;12MHz, Toshiba Powervision 6000, T&#243;quio, Jap&#227;o) sincronizado com sinal de eletrocardiograma (ECG) no protocolo. Os pacientes, em posi&#231;&#227;o supina, em uma sala silenciosa e com ar-condicionado (22&#8211;24 &#176;C), foram submetidos a oclus&#227;o da art&#233;ria braquial por cinco minutos, utilizando um esfigmoman&#244;metro aner&#243;ide. O di&#226;metro da art&#233;ria braquial foi registrado antes e depois da compress&#227;o com manguito. A altera&#231;&#227;o do di&#226;metro da art&#233;ria braquial foi expressa como uma porcentagem de altera&#231;&#227;o relativa ao di&#226;metro do vaso imediatamente antes da infla&#231;&#227;o do manguito. O exame da fun&#231;&#227;o vascular foi realizado por um &#250;nico examinador experiente, de forma cega. O coeficiente de varia&#231;&#227;o intraobservador foi de 1,6%.</p>
        <p>Foram coletadas amostras de sangue para avalia&#231;&#227;o em 3 etapas do estudo &#8211; basal, imediatamente ap&#243;s a infus&#227;o, e 7 dias ap&#243;s a infus&#227;o (infliximabe e placebo) &#8211; dos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de nitrato/nitrito, biomarcadores inflamat&#243;rios, tais como o TNF-&#945;, interleucinas-6 (IL-6) e -10 (IL-10), adiponectina, prote&#237;na quimiot&#225;tica de mon&#243;citos 1 (MCP-1), e os horm&#244;nios cortisol e aldosterona. Para as medi&#231;&#245;es de nitrato e nitrito, foi coletado plasma heparinizado e imediatamente misturado com uma solu&#231;&#227;o padr&#227;o de nitrito dilu&#237;da a 5:1 contendo 0.8M de ferricianeto e 1% de NP-40.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> As amostras foram desproteinizadas com metanol (1:1) e centrifugadas a 14.000 g por 5 min. Depois disso, foram injetados 300 &#956;l de sobrenadante na solu&#231;&#227;o de tri-iodeto acidificada, que foi purgada com nitrog&#234;nio com um analisador de quimiluminesc&#234;ncia em fase gasosa de &#243;xido n&#237;trico (ON) (Sievers Model 280i NO Analyzer, Boulder, CO, EUA). Biomarcadores inflamat&#243;rios e horm&#244;nios foram medidos em amostras de plasma coletada em EDTA e analisados pelo ensaio de imunoabsor&#231;&#227;o enzim&#225;tica (R&amp;D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, EUA), de acordo com as instru&#231;&#245;es do fabricante.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Desfechos prim&#225;rio e secund&#225;rios</title>
        <p>O desfecho prim&#225;rio foi a altera&#231;&#227;o aguda (de T0 a T1) dos n&#237;veis de PA m&#233;dia em rela&#231;&#227;o ao basal imediatamente ap&#243;s a infus&#227;o, obtida por avalia&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica n&#227;o invasiva cont&#237;nua, batimento a batimento.</p>
        <p>Os desfechos secund&#225;rios inclu&#237;ram altera&#231;&#245;es em: (1) n&#237;veis de PA determinados em consult&#243;rio em todos os momentos de avalia&#231;&#227;o do protocolo, pela MAPA e PA central depois de 7 dias; (2) fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial ap&#243;s 7 dias; e (3) biomarcadores inflamat&#243;rios em todos os momentos de avalia&#231;&#227;o do protocolo, depois da infus&#227;o de infliximabe em compara&#231;&#227;o com placebo. Todos os resultados secund&#225;rios foram explorat&#243;rios, mas foram considerados relevantes para essa popula&#231;&#227;o devido &#224; natureza do ensaio &#8211; prova de conceito piloto.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas</title>
        <p>Foi estimada uma amostra m&#237;nima de 10 pacientes com HAR para se detectar uma diferen&#231;a cl&#237;nica na PA m&#233;dia de 10 mmHg (desvio padr&#227;o de 10 mmHg) &#8212; entre infliximabe e placebo &#8212; com poder de 80% e erro tipo alfa de 0,05.</p>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o (DP), devido &#224; distribui&#231;&#227;o normal avaliada pelo teste Kolmogorov&#8211;Smirnov. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram apresentadas como frequ&#234;ncias e porcentagens. O teste t de Student pareado foi aplicado para comparar os valores de delta (distribui&#231;&#227;o normal) entre o infliximabe e o placebo nos mesmos pacientes (desenho cruzado). Foi realizado o teste ANOVA de dois fatores para medidas repetidas seguido do teste de compara&#231;&#227;o m&#250;ltipla post hoc de Sidak para identificar as diferen&#231;as entre os tratamentos (infliximabe X placebo) nos valores delta dos momentos da avalia&#231;&#227;o (ou seja, T1-T0 &#8211; agudo, e T2-T0 &#8211; 7 dias).</p>
        <p>As an&#225;lises foram realizadas utilizando-se os softwares SPSS (IBM SPSS Statistics for Mac, Vers&#227;o 21.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp. Lan&#231;ado em 2012) e GraphPad Prism (vers&#227;o 7.00 para Windows, GraphPad Software, La Jolla California EUA, www.graphpad.com). O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia aceito foi alfa=0,05.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>De mar&#231;o de 2015 a julho de 2017, foram inclu&#237;dos, no total, 10 pacientes com HAR e todos os pacientes conclu&#237;ram este ensaio de prova de conceito - <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>. As caracter&#237;sticas basais dos pacientes com HAR s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>. A maioria dos participantes eram do sexo masculino e n&#227;o brancos. Como o esperado, a maioria era obesa com DT2 e estavam tomando diur&#233;ticos e uma grande propor&#231;&#227;o de &#946;-bloqueadores, antagonistas dos receptores de angiotensina II, e bloqueadores dos canais de c&#225;lcio.</p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Fluxograma do estudo.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-03-0443-90703-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas da linha de base da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="50%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">HAR (N=10)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>Dados cl&#237;nicos</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Idade (anos)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">61,8 &#177; 8,5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Sexo (feminino)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">40% (4)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">IMC (Kg/m&#178;)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">31,9 &#177; 5,9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Diabetes tipo 2, (n)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">70% (7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o brancos, (n)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">60% (6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>Medicamentos anti-HA</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#250;mero total</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4,4 &#177; 0,7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Diur&#233;ticos, (n)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">100% (10)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Espironolactona, (n)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">50% (5)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">&#946;-bloqueadores, (n)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">80% (8)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">IECA, (n)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">30% (3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">ARA II, (n)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">70% (7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">BCC, (n)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">90% (9)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Agonistas alfa-2, (n)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">12% (1)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>Os dados foram expressos como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o, ou porcentagem e n&#250;mero absoluto. HAR: hipertens&#227;o resistente; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; Anti-HA: anti-hipertensivos; IECA: inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina; ARA II: antagonistas dos receptores de angiotensina II; BCC: bloqueadores dos canais de c&#225;lcio.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>A an&#225;lise do resultado do desfecho prim&#225;rio demonstrou uma redu&#231;&#227;o aguda dos n&#237;veis de PA m&#233;dia em rela&#231;&#227;o ao basal, ap&#243;s o uso de infliximabe, em compara&#231;&#227;o com o placebo (m&#233;dia das diferen&#231;as &#177;DP foi -6,3 &#177;7,2 mmHg, p=0,02). Valores absolutos de delta de PA m&#233;dia em rela&#231;&#227;o ao basal imediatamente ap&#243;s as infus&#245;es de placebo e infliximabe nos pacientes estudados s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>, e os demais par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos, na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref>. Al&#233;m da redu&#231;&#227;o dos valores de PA m&#233;dios, tamb&#233;m foi identificada uma redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de PAD (-4,9&#177; 5,5 mmHg, p=0,02) em rela&#231;&#227;o ao basal, ap&#243;s o uso de infliximabe, em compara&#231;&#227;o com o placebo. N&#227;o foram identificadas diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas em PAS, DC e RVPT.</p>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figura 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Delta absoluto da press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia (&#916; PAM, 2,3 &#177; 12,6 versus -4,0 &#177; 12,5 mmHg, p=0,02) relativo ao basal imediatamente ap&#243;s (T1-T0) as infus&#245;es de placebo e infliximabe, respectivamente, nos pacientes estudados. Os dados foram expressos como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o. O teste t de Student pareado foi aplicado para comparar os valores de delta entre o infliximabe e o placebo,</title>
          <p>*p&lt;0,05 versus placebo.</p>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-03-0443-90703-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="f3">
        <label>Figura 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Deltas absolutos dos par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos batimento a batimento relativos ao basal imediatamente ap&#243;s (T1-T0) as infus&#245;es de placebo e infliximabe, respectivamente, nos pacientes estudados. A. Delta press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (&#916;PAS, 6,1 &#177; 21,1 versus -3,3 &#177; 15,2 mmHg, p=0,16); B. Delta press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (&#916;PAD, 1,6 &#177; 9,9 versus -3,3 &#177; 9,8 mmHg, p=0,02); C. Delta d&#233;bito card&#237;aco (&#916;DC, -0,14 &#177; 0,98 versus 0,30 &#177; 1,21 mmHg, p=0,44); D. Delta resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica total (&#916;RVPT, -6,9 &#177; 615 versus -248 &#177; 543 mmHg, p=0,12). Os dados foram expressos como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o. O teste t de Student pareado foi aplicado para comparar os valores de delta entre o infliximabe e o placebo,</title>
          <p>*p&lt;0,05 versus placebo.</p>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-03-0443-90703-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Os resultados dos desfechos secund&#225;rios s&#227;o apresentados nas Tabelas suplementares 1 e 2. N&#227;o foram identificadas altera&#231;&#245;es em PA e FC em rela&#231;&#227;o aos tempos delta avaliados, T1-T0 e T2-T0, ap&#243;s os tratamentos. Da mesma forma, os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos n&#227;o apresentaram nenhuma altera&#231;&#227;o nem nos par&#226;metros inflamat&#243;rios nem nos hormonais, nos tempos delta avaliados, com exce&#231;&#227;o do TNF-&#945;, que aumentou continuamente ap&#243;s a dose &#250;nica de infliximabe, em compara&#231;&#227;o com o placebo (Tabela suplementar 1). N&#227;o foram identificadas altera&#231;&#245;es nos valores delta dos n&#237;veis de PA ambulatorial e central 7 dias ap&#243;s as infus&#245;es (T2-T0). A fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial avaliada por DMF tamb&#233;m permaneceu inalterada (Tabela suplementar 2).</p>
      <p>Por fim, n&#227;o foram relatados pelos volunt&#225;rios eventos adversos durante o protocolo das infus&#245;es, nem durante o per&#237;odo do ensaio. N&#227;o houve rea&#231;&#245;es al&#233;rgicas ao infliximabe, e nenhum paciente abandonou o estudo devido &#224; toxicidade.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O principal achado deste estudo piloto de prova de conceito foi que uma dose &#250;nica de infliximabe reduziu os n&#237;veis de PA m&#233;dia em compara&#231;&#227;o com placebo, em pacientes com HAR. Secundariamente, o infliximabe tamb&#233;m reduziu a PA diast&#243;lica. At&#233; onde sabemos, o presente estudo &#233; o primeiro a investigar os efeitos da infus&#227;o de um medicamento biol&#243;gico de anticorpos monoclonais em popula&#231;&#227;o portadora de HAR.</p>
      <p>V&#225;rios estudos cl&#237;nicos e experimentais demonstraram o papel da citocina pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;ria TNF-&#945; na hipertens&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> Uma rela&#231;&#227;o entre o TNF-&#945; e o sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona (SRAA) foi corroborada pela literatura destacando sua intera&#231;&#227;o na modula&#231;&#227;o da resposta hipertensiva e da LOA a ela relacionada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> Est&#225; bem estabelecido que a HAR com comorbidades existentes, tais como obesidade, DT2 e s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref> apresenta hiperativa&#231;&#227;o do sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico (SNS) e do SRAA. Portanto, presume-se que o TNF-&#945; seria aumentado nessa popula&#231;&#227;o de alto risco. Na verdade, este grupo de pesquisa j&#225; demonstrou anteriormente que os n&#237;veis de TNF-&#945; est&#227;o aumentados em HAR em compara&#231;&#227;o com normotensos, e que essa citocina estava associada ao aumento da rigidez arterial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> Recentemente, demonstrou-se tamb&#233;m que um escore inflamat&#243;rio elevado, combinando v&#225;rias citocinas circulantes, tais como o TNF-&#945;, est&#225; relacionado &#224; HAR de maneira dependente da obesidade, em compara&#231;&#227;o com sujeitos hipertensos controlados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
			</p>
      <p>O uso dos inibidores de TNF-&#945; j&#225; foi reconhecido mundialmente para tratamento de doen&#231;as autoimunes, especialmente no cen&#225;rio da reumatologia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref> O infliximabe &#233; um medicamento biol&#243;gico contendo anticorpo monoclonal quim&#233;rico humano-murino que neutraliza a atividade do TNF-&#945;. Ao realizar uma liga&#231;&#227;o com alta afinidade &#224;s formas sol&#250;veis e transmembranares do TNF-&#945;, o infliximabe consegue inibir a liga&#231;&#227;o do TNF-&#945; a seus receptores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref> Al&#233;m dos benef&#237;cios cl&#237;nicos observados ap&#243;s o uso do infliximabe para aliviar os sintomas ou evitar o avan&#231;o de doen&#231;as autoimunes, sua administra&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m revelou o potencial para reduzir risco cardiovascular. Por exemplo, resultados de estudos de coorte indicaram a redu&#231;&#227;o na incid&#234;ncia de eventos CV em sujeitos com artrite reumatoide (AR) em uso de terapia anti-TNF-&#945;.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref>
			</p>
      <p>Os efeitos da inibi&#231;&#227;o de TNF-&#945; para prevenir o aumento dos n&#237;veis de PA e les&#245;es a &#243;rg&#227;os foram relatados em modelos hipertensivos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref> Este grupo de pesquisa detectou a redu&#231;&#227;o na PAS e hipertrofia ventricular esquerda em ratos espontaneamente hipertensos ap&#243;s 8 semanas de tratamento com infliximabe (nas doses de 1,5 e 6mg/kg/semana). Esses benef&#237;cios cardiovasculares provavelmente foram alcan&#231;ados devido a um mecanismo dependente de vasodilata&#231;&#227;o, em que a neutraliza&#231;&#227;o de TNF-&#945; foi capaz de induzir a s&#237;ntese do NO.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> No cen&#225;rio cl&#237;nico, o infliximabe (inicialmente 3mg/Kg a cada 8 semanas durante o per&#237;odo de monitoramento de 1 ano) diminuiu os n&#237;veis de PAS e PAD em pacientes com AR rec&#233;m diagnosticada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref> Al&#233;m disso, depois de 2 semanas de terapia, o infliximabe (3mg/kg) reduziu a PA sist&#243;lica de 24 horas em pacientes com AR, especialmente durante o per&#237;odo diurno. Este estudo tamb&#233;m identificou a redu&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis de norepinefrina plasm&#225;tica e atividade de renina plasm&#225;tica, sugerindo altera&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao infliximabe no SNS e SRAA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref> Os achados do presente estudo s&#227;o, em parte, compat&#237;veis com os de estudos anteriores, pois revelam um efeito modesto de uma dose &#250;nica da terapia com infliximabe e de 3 mg/kg na redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de PA imediatamente ap&#243;s sua infus&#227;o em uma popula&#231;&#227;o de risco t&#227;o alto como os portadores de HAR. Entretanto, reconhecemos a impossibilidade de atingir a meta de diferen&#231;a cl&#237;nica de 10 mmHg projetada neste estudo.</p>
      <p>A inibi&#231;&#227;o da via inflamat&#243;ria pelo infliximabe em nosso estudo pode ter evocado de forma aguda algumas altera&#231;&#245;es funcionais/bioqu&#237;micas, e, consequentemente, acarretado esses n&#237;veis de PA reduzidos. Como bem se sabe, o TNF-&#945; &#233; capaz de induzir a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref> (i) estimulando a libera&#231;&#227;o de micropart&#237;culas endoteliais e a produ&#231;&#227;o de esp&#233;cies reativas do oxig&#234;nio,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref> e (ii) reduzindo a express&#227;o de eNOS constitutiva,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref> que reduz a biodisponibilidade de NO. Neste estudo, os resultados de DMF n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;as estat&#237;sticas 7 dias ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o aguda de infliximabe, bem como os n&#237;veis de metab&#243;litos de NO (nitrato/nitrito) em qualquer um dos dois momentos de avalia&#231;&#227;o. Embora a inibi&#231;&#227;o de TNF-&#945; tenha sido relatada como poss&#237;vel estrat&#233;gia para melhorar a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref> os resultados negativos podem ser explicados, j&#225; que foi demonstrado anteriormente que os pacientes com HAR t&#234;m vasodilata&#231;&#227;o gravemente prejudicada associada a maior rigidez vascular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30"><sup>30</sup></xref> e a n&#237;veis mais altos de 8-isoprostano<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"><sup>31</sup></xref> &#8211; um marcador proposto de stress oxidativo <italic>in vivo</italic> &#8211; comparado com hipertensos controlados. Por outro lado, ainda &#233; poss&#237;vel que os n&#237;veis de NO imediatamente ap&#243;s o uso de infliximabe estivessem reduzidos em art&#233;rias de resist&#234;ncia - que este estudo n&#227;o conseguiu avaliar - causando as redu&#231;&#245;es de RVPT e PA, embora esse primeiro par&#226;metro n&#227;o tenha sido considerado significativo. Outra hip&#243;tese que corrobora nossos achados &#233; a rela&#231;&#227;o entre TNF-&#945; e SRAA, como mencionado acima. Essa citocina pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;ria pode estimular a express&#227;o de receptores de angiotensina tipo 1,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> e do gene angiotensinog&#234;nio no f&#237;gado,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32"><sup>32</sup></xref> este &#250;ltimo levando fisiologicamente n&#237;veis altos de angiotensina II, e a secre&#231;&#227;o de aldosterona. Apenas os n&#237;veis de aldosterona foram avaliados neste estudo. Embora o resultado tenha permanecido lim&#237;trofe e o horm&#244;nio possa agir na regula&#231;&#227;o de longo prazo da PA, foi poss&#237;vel observar uma tend&#234;ncia a uma maior redu&#231;&#227;o de aldosterona nos dois momentos de avalia&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s o uso do infliximabe, comparado ao placebo.</p>
      <p>&#201; interessante que os n&#237;veis de TNF-&#945; tenham aumentado gradualmente nos momentos da avalia&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s o uso do infliximabe, em compara&#231;&#227;o com o placebo. Da mesma forma, alguns estudos detectaram o aumento em seus n&#237;veis ap&#243;s a terapia anti-TNF-&#945;,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33"><sup>33</sup></xref> embora os mecanismos dessa eleva&#231;&#227;o ainda sejam desconhecidos. Ela possivelmente pode ser explicada pelo prolongamento da meia-vida do TNF-&#945; pelo tratamento &#8211; conforme previamente observado nos estudos que exploram outras terapias anti-TNF-&#945;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34"><sup>34</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35"><sup>35</sup></xref> &#8211; apesar de ter bloqueado a atividade do TNF-&#945;.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34"><sup>34</sup></xref> Por outro lado, um tratamento cr&#244;nico foi associado &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o de n&#237;veis do TNF-&#945;, atingindo um n&#237;vel de equil&#237;brio est&#225;vel mais baixo, o que pode refletir um equil&#237;brio entre a produ&#231;&#227;o de tecido e a elimina&#231;&#227;o do TNF-&#945;.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36"><sup>36</sup></xref> Curiosamente, foi observada uma diminui&#231;&#227;o aguda dos n&#237;veis de PA, que n&#227;o se manteve ap&#243;s 7 dias de acompanhamento. Como sabemos que neste estudo os n&#237;veis de TNF-&#945; aumentaram na semana seguinte &#224; infus&#227;o de infliximabe, e que o tratamento cr&#244;nico tende a diminuir seus n&#237;veis, &#233; razo&#225;vel pressupor que um tratamento cr&#244;nico poderia ser acompanhado da redu&#231;&#227;o sustentada dos n&#237;veis de PA. Entretanto, isso precisa ser provado em um per&#237;odo de acompanhamento mais longo ap&#243;s a infus&#227;o.</p>
      <p>O presente estudo tem v&#225;rias limita&#231;&#245;es inerentes aos estudos piloto de prova de conceito. A limita&#231;&#227;o mais importante &#233; o tamanho da amostra. &#201; importante mencionar que a popula&#231;&#227;o estudada representa um subconjunto muito espec&#237;fico de hipertensos com baixa preval&#234;ncia global.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> Al&#233;m disso, tivemos uma grande propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com resultados positivos nos testes de tuberculose e, ent&#227;o, foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo (n=9). Nossos achados negativos em desfechos secund&#225;rios nos dois momentos de avalia&#231;&#227;o podem ter acontecido por n&#227;o ter poder estat&#237;stico suficiente (erro tipo II). Uma dose &#250;nica de 3 mg/kg pode n&#227;o ter sido suficiente para causar o efeito cl&#237;nico esperado imediatamente ap&#243;s a infus&#227;o ou qualquer efeito na avalia&#231;&#227;o de curto prazo (7 dias ap&#243;s a infus&#227;o). Embora n&#227;o tenhamos alcan&#231;ado a meta de diferen&#231;a de 10 mmHg na PA m&#233;dia depois do infliximabe em compara&#231;&#227;o com o placebo [na verdade, a m&#233;dia das diferen&#231;as foi de -6,3 (DP=7,2)], o poder do estudo foi de 70%, e pode, portanto, ser considerado satisfat&#243;rio, j&#225; que este foi um estudo piloto. Um desenho cruzado pode, reconhecidamente, implicar a poss&#237;vel exist&#234;ncia de efeitos residuais da medica&#231;&#227;o. Na tentativa de superar esse problema, e considerando a meia-vida longa do infliximabe (a meia-vida de elimina&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia &#233; de cerca de 8 dias),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> um per&#237;odo de wash-out de 40 dias (5x meias-vidas) seria seguro. Como este estudo utilizou dose &#250;nica, n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel garantir que os efeitos da redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de PA sejam sustentados durante o per&#237;odo de uso cr&#244;nico do infliximabe. Por fim, para garantir as validades internas e externas, estudos de larga escala s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para estabelecer a seguran&#231;a cl&#237;nica e a efic&#225;cia de um inibidor de TNF-&#945; no manejo da HAR.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Este estudo piloto prova de conceito demonstrou que uma dose &#250;nica de infliximabe reduziu os n&#237;veis de PA m&#233;dia e diast&#243;lica imediatamente ap&#243;s sua infus&#227;o, em compara&#231;&#227;o com placebo. A terapia com anti-TNF-&#945; foi considerada segura e bem tolerada. Ela acrescenta uma perspectiva cl&#237;nica &#224;s terapias direcionadas ao processo inflamat&#243;rio para tratar da hipertens&#227;o de dif&#237;cil controle. Devido ao tamanho pequeno da amostra e ao poder abaixo do pr&#233;-especificado, os achados devem ser interpretados como explorat&#243;rios e geradores de hip&#243;tese.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela FAPESP (2015/17151-7) e parcialmente financiado pelo CNPq e CAPES.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p>
          <bold>*Material suplementar</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional, por favor, clique aqui.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Os autores agradecem ao Centro de Medicamentos de Alta Complexidade (CEDMAC) - Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas/Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) pelo apoio t&#233;cnico e por fornecer a medica&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    </ack>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Faria</surname>
              <given-names>AP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ritter</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gasparetti</surname>
              <given-names>CS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Correa</surname>
              <given-names>NB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brunelli</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Almeida</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A Proposed Inflammatory Score of Circulating Cytokines/Adipokines Associated with Resistant Hypertension, but Dependent on Obesity Parameters</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>112</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>383</fpage>
          <lpage>389</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>1. Faria AP, Ritter AM, Gasparetti CS, Correa NB, Brunelli V, Almeida A, et al. A Proposed Inflammatory Score of Circulating Cytokines/Adipokines Associated with Resistant Hypertension, but Dependent on Obesity Parameters. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2019; 112(4):383-9.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Barbaro</surname>
              <given-names>NR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fontana</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Modolo</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>De Faria</surname>
              <given-names>AP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sabbatini</surname>
              <given-names>AR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fonseca</surname>
              <given-names>FH</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Increased arterial stiffness in resistant hypertension is associated with inflammatory biomarkers</article-title>
          <source>Blood Press</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>24</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>7</fpage>
          <lpage>13</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>2. Barbaro NR, Fontana V, Modolo R, De Faria AP, Sabbatini AR, Fonseca FH, et al. Increased arterial stiffness in resistant hypertension is associated with inflammatory biomarkers. Blood Press 2015; 24(1):7-13.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Guzik</surname>
              <given-names>TJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hoch</surname>
              <given-names>NE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brown</surname>
              <given-names>KA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McCann</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rahman</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dikalov</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Role of the T cell in the genesis of angiotensin II induced hypertension and vascular dysfunction</article-title>
          <source>J Exp Med</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>204</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>2449</fpage>
          <lpage>2460</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>3. Guzik TJ, Hoch NE, Brown KA, McCann LA, Rahman A, Dikalov S, et al. Role of the T cell in the genesis of angiotensin II induced hypertension and vascular dysfunction. J Exp Med. 2007; 204(10):2449-60.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Maki-Petaja</surname>
              <given-names>KM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hall</surname>
              <given-names>FC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Booth</surname>
              <given-names>AD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wallace</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="given-only">
              <given-names>Yasmin</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bearcroft</surname>
              <given-names>PW</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Rheumatoid arthritis is associated with increased aortic pulse-wave velocity, which is reduced by anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha therapy</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>114</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>1185</fpage>
          <lpage>1192</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>4. Maki-Petaja KM, Hall FC, Booth AD, Wallace SM, Yasmin, Bearcroft PW, et al. Rheumatoid arthritis is associated with increased aortic pulse-wave velocity, which is reduced by anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha therapy. Circulation 2006; 114(11):1185-92.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Maki-Petaja</surname>
              <given-names>KM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Elkhawad</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cheriyan</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Joshi</surname>
              <given-names>FR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ostor</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hall</surname>
              <given-names>FC</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha therapy reduces aortic inflammation and stiffness in patients with rheumatoid arthritis</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>126</volume>
          <issue>21</issue>
          <fpage>2473</fpage>
          <lpage>2480</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>5. Maki-Petaja KM, Elkhawad M, Cheriyan J, Joshi FR, Ostor AJ, Hall FC, et al. Anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha therapy reduces aortic inflammation and stiffness in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Circulation. 2012; 126(21):2473-80.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Filho</surname>
              <given-names>AG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kinote</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pereira</surname>
              <given-names>DJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Renno</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>dos Santos</surname>
              <given-names>RC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ferreira-Melo</surname>
              <given-names>SE</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Infliximab prevents increased systolic blood pressure and upregulates the AKT/eNOS pathway in the aorta of spontaneously hypertensive rats</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Pharmacol</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>700</volume>
          <issue>1-3</issue>
          <fpage>201</fpage>
          <lpage>209</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>6. Filho AG, Kinote A, Pereira DJ, Renno A, dos Santos RC, Ferreira-Melo SE, et al. Infliximab prevents increased systolic blood pressure and upregulates the AKT/eNOS pathway in the aorta of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Eur J Pharmacol. 2013;700(1-3): 201-9.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Calhoun</surname>
              <given-names>DA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jones</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Textor</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Goff</surname>
              <given-names>DC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Murphy</surname>
              <given-names>TP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Toto</surname>
              <given-names>RD</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Resistant hypertension: diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment</article-title>
          <source>A scientific statement from the American Heart Association Professional Education Committee of the Council for High Blood Pressure Research. Hypertension</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>51</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>1403</fpage>
          <lpage>1419</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>7. Calhoun DA, Jones D, Textor S, Goff DC, Murphy TP, Toto RD, et al. Resistant hypertension: diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment. A scientific statement from the American Heart Association Professional Education Committee of the Council for High Blood Pressure Research. Hypertension. 2008; 51(6):1403-19.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kavanaugh</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>St Clair</surname>
              <given-names>EW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McCune</surname>
              <given-names>WJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Braakman</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lipsky</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Chimeric anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha monoclonal antibody treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving methotrexate therapy</article-title>
          <source>J Rheumatol</source>
          <year>2000</year>
          <volume>27</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>841</fpage>
          <lpage>850</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>8. Kavanaugh A, St Clair EW, McCune WJ, Braakman T, Lipsky P. Chimeric anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha monoclonal antibody treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving methotrexate therapy. J Rheumatol. 2000; 27(4):841-50.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Laurent</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cockcroft</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Van Bortel</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Boutouyrie</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Giannattasio</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hayoz</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>European Network for Non-invasive Investigation of Large A, Expert consensus document on arterial stiffness: methodological issues and clinical applications</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>27</volume>
          <issue>21</issue>
          <fpage>2588</fpage>
          <lpage>2605</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>9. Laurent S, Cockcroft J, Van Bortel L, Boutouyrie P, Giannattasio C, Hayoz D, et al. European Network for Non-invasive Investigation of Large A, Expert consensus document on arterial stiffness: methodological issues and clinical applications. Eur Heart J.2006; 27(21):2588-605.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Imholz</surname>
              <given-names>BP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>van Montfrans</surname>
              <given-names>GA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Settels</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>van der Hoeven</surname>
              <given-names>GM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Karemaker</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wieling</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Continuous non-invasive blood pressure monitoring: reliability of Finapres device during the Valsalva manoeuvre</article-title>
          <source>Cardiovasc Res</source>
          <year>1988</year>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>390</fpage>
          <lpage>397</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>10. Imholz BP, van Montfrans GA, Settels JJ, van der Hoeven GM, Karemaker JM, Wieling W. Continuous non-invasive blood pressure monitoring: reliability of Finapres device during the Valsalva manoeuvre. Cardiovasc Res. 1988; 22(6):390-7.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Imholz</surname>
              <given-names>BP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Langewouters</surname>
              <given-names>GJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>van Montfrans</surname>
              <given-names>GA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Parati</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>van Goudoever</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wesseling</surname>
              <given-names>KH</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Feasibility of ambulatory, continuous 24-hour finger arterial pressure recording</article-title>
          <source>Hypertension</source>
          <year>1993</year>
          <volume>21</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>65</fpage>
          <lpage>73</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>11. Imholz BP, Langewouters GJ, van Montfrans GA, Parati G, van Goudoever J, Wesseling KH, et al. Feasibility of ambulatory, continuous 24-hour finger arterial pressure recording. Hypertension 1993; 21(1):65-73.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Corretti</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Anderson</surname>
              <given-names>TJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Benjamin</surname>
              <given-names>EJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Celermajer</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Charbonneau</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Creager</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Guidelines for the ultrasound assessment of endothelial-dependent flow-mediated vasodilation of the brachial artery: a report of the International Brachial Artery Reactivity Task Force</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>39</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>257</fpage>
          <lpage>265</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>12. Corretti MC, Anderson TJ, Benjamin EJ, Celermajer D, Charbonneau F, Creager MA, et al. Guidelines for the ultrasound assessment of endothelial-dependent flow-mediated vasodilation of the brachial artery: a report of the International Brachial Artery Reactivity Task Force. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002; 39(2):257-65.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Thijssen</surname>
              <given-names>DH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Black</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pyke</surname>
              <given-names>KE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Padilla</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Atkinson</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Harris</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
            <name>
              <surname>Widlansky</surname>
              <given-names>ME</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tschakovsky</surname>
              <given-names>ME</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Green</surname>
              <given-names>DJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Assessment of flow-mediated dilation in humans: a methodological and physiological guideline</article-title>
          <source>Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>300</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>H2</fpage>
          <lpage>H12</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>13. Thijssen DH, Black MA, Pyke KE, Padilla J, Atkinson G, Harris RA, et al. Widlansky ME, Tschakovsky ME, Green DJ, Assessment of flow-mediated dilation in humans: a methodological and physiological guideline. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol.. 2011; 300(1):H2-12.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Dejam</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hunter</surname>
              <given-names>CJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pelletier</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hsu</surname>
              <given-names>LL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Machado</surname>
              <given-names>RF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shiva</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Erythrocytes are the major intravascular storage sites of nitrite in human blood</article-title>
          <source>Blood</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>106</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>734</fpage>
          <lpage>739</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>14. Dejam A, Hunter CJ, Pelletier MM, Hsu LL, Machado RF, Shiva S, et al. Erythrocytes are the major intravascular storage sites of nitrite in human blood. Blood. 2005;106(2):734-9.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sriramula</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Haque</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Majid</surname>
              <given-names>DS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Francis</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Involvement of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in angiotensin II-mediated effects on salt appetite, hypertension, and cardiac hypertrophy</article-title>
          <source>Hypertension</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>51</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>1345</fpage>
          <lpage>1351</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>15. Sriramula S, Haque M, Majid DS, Francis J. Involvement of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in angiotensin II-mediated effects on salt appetite, hypertension, and cardiac hypertrophy. Hypertension 2008; 51(5):1345-51.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Carey</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Calhoun</surname>
              <given-names>DA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bakris</surname>
              <given-names>GL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brook</surname>
              <given-names>RD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Daugherty</surname>
              <given-names>SL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dennison-Himmelfarb</surname>
              <given-names>CR</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>American Heart Association Professional/Public E, Publications Committee of the Council on H, Council on C, Stroke N, Council on Clinical C, Council on G, Precision M, Council on Peripheral Vascular D, Council on Quality of C, Outcomes R, Stroke C, Resistant Hypertension: Detection, Evaluation, and Management: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association</article-title>
          <source>Hypertension</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>72</volume>
          <fpage>e53</fpage>
          <lpage>e90</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>16. Carey RM, Calhoun DA, Bakris GL, Brook RD, Daugherty SL, Dennison-Himmelfarb CR, et al. American Heart Association Professional/Public E, Publications Committee of the Council on H, Council on C, Stroke N, Council on Clinical C, Council on G, Precision M, Council on Peripheral Vascular D, Council on Quality of C, Outcomes R, Stroke C, Resistant Hypertension: Detection, Evaluation, and Management: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Hypertension.. 2018; 72: e53-e90.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Catharina</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Modolo</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ritter</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sabbatini</surname>
              <given-names>AR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lopes</surname>
              <given-names>HF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moreno</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
              <suffix>Junior</suffix>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Metabolic Syndrome-Related Features in Controlled and Resistant Hypertensive Subjects</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>110</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>514</fpage>
          <lpage>521</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>17. Catharina AS, Modolo R, Ritter AM, Sabbatini AR, Lopes HF, Moreno Junior H, et al. Metabolic Syndrome-Related Features in Controlled and Resistant Hypertensive Subjects. Arq Bras Cardiol 2018; 110(6):514-21.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lipsky</surname>
              <given-names>PE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>van der Heijde</surname>
              <given-names>DM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>St Clair</surname>
              <given-names>EW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Furst</surname>
              <given-names>DE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Breedveld</surname>
              <given-names>FC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kalden</surname>
              <given-names>JR</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor Trial in Rheumatoid Arthritis with Concomitant Therapy Study G, Infliximab and methotrexate in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor Trial in Rheumatoid Arthritis with Concomitant Therapy Study Group</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2000</year>
          <volume>343</volume>
          <issue>22</issue>
          <fpage>1594</fpage>
          <lpage>1602</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>18. Lipsky PE, van der Heijde DM, St Clair EW, Furst DE, Breedveld FC, Kalden JR, et al. Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor Trial in Rheumatoid Arthritis with Concomitant Therapy Study G, Infliximab and methotrexate in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor Trial in Rheumatoid Arthritis with Concomitant Therapy Study Group. N Engl J Med. 2000; 343(22):1594-602.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Smolen</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Van Der Heijde</surname>
              <given-names>DM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>St Clair</surname>
              <given-names>EW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Emery</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bathon</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Keystone</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Active-Controlled Study of Patients Receiving Infliximab for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis of Early Onset Study G, Predictors of joint damage in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis treated with high-dose methotrexate with or without concomitant infliximab: results from the ASPIRE trial</article-title>
          <source>Arthritis Rheum</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>54</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>702</fpage>
          <lpage>710</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>19. Smolen JS, Van Der Heijde DM, St Clair EW, Emery P, Bathon JM, Keystone E, et al. Active-Controlled Study of Patients Receiving Infliximab for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis of Early Onset Study G, Predictors of joint damage in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis treated with high-dose methotrexate with or without concomitant infliximab: results from the ASPIRE trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2006; 54(3):702-10.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Scallon</surname>
              <given-names>BJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moore</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Trinh</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Knight</surname>
              <given-names>DM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ghrayeb</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Chimeric anti-TNF-alpha monoclonal antibody cA2 binds recombinant transmembrane TNF-alpha and activates immune effector functions</article-title>
          <source>Cytokine</source>
          <year>1995</year>
          <volume>7</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>251</fpage>
          <lpage>259</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>20. Scallon BJ, Moore MA, Trinh H, Knight DM, Ghrayeb J. Chimeric anti-TNF-alpha monoclonal antibody cA2 binds recombinant transmembrane TNF-alpha and activates immune effector functions. Cytokine. 1995; 7(3):251-9.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Jacobsson</surname>
              <given-names>LT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Turesson</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gulfe</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kapetanovic</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Petersson</surname>
              <given-names>IF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Saxne</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Treatment with tumor necrosis factor blockers is associated with a lower incidence of first cardiovascular events in patients with rheumatoid arthritis</article-title>
          <source>J Rheumatol</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>32</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>1213</fpage>
          <lpage>1218</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>21. Jacobsson LT, Turesson C, Gulfe A, Kapetanovic MC, Petersson IF, Saxne T, et al. Treatment with tumor necrosis factor blockers is associated with a lower incidence of first cardiovascular events in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2005; 32(7):1213-8.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <label>22</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Greenberg</surname>
              <given-names>JD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kremer</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Curtis</surname>
              <given-names>JR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hochberg</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Reed</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tsao</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Investigators C, Tumour necrosis factor antagonist use and associated risk reduction of cardiovascular events among patients with rheumatoid arthritis</article-title>
          <source>Ann Rheum Dis</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>70</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>576</fpage>
          <lpage>582</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>22. Greenberg JD, Kremer JM, Curtis JR, Hochberg MC, Reed G, Tsao P, et al. Investigators C, Tumour necrosis factor antagonist use and associated risk reduction of cardiovascular events among patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2011; 70(4):576-82.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Abdelrahman</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Al Suleimani</surname>
              <given-names>YM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ashique</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Manoj</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ali</surname>
              <given-names>BH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effect of infliximab and tocilizumab on fructose-induced hyperinsulinemia and hypertension in rats</article-title>
          <source>Biomed Pharmacother</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>105</volume>
          <fpage>182</fpage>
          <lpage>186</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>23. Abdelrahman AM, Al Suleimani YM, Ashique M, Manoj P, Ali BH. Effect of infliximab and tocilizumab on fructose-induced hyperinsulinemia and hypertension in rats. Biomed Pharmacother. 2018; 105: 182-6.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <label>24</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Klarenbeek</surname>
              <given-names>NB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>van der Kooij</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Huizinga</surname>
              <given-names>TJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Goekoop-Ruiterman</surname>
              <given-names>YP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hulsmans</surname>
              <given-names>HM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>van Krugten</surname>
              <given-names>MV</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
            <name>
              <surname>Allaart</surname>
              <given-names>CF</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Blood pressure changes in patients with recent-onset rheumatoid arthritis treated with four different treatment strategies: a post hoc analysis from the BeSt trial</article-title>
          <source>Ann Rheum Dis</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>69</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>1342</fpage>
          <lpage>1345</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>24. Klarenbeek NB, van der Kooij SM, Huizinga TJ, Goekoop-Ruiterman YP, Hulsmans HM, van Krugten MV, et al. Allaart CF, Blood pressure changes in patients with recent-onset rheumatoid arthritis treated with four different treatment strategies: a post hoc analysis from the BeSt trial. Ann Rheum Dis 2010; 69(7):1342-5.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <label>25</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Yoshida</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Takeuchi</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kotani</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yamamoto</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hata</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nagai</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Infliximab, a TNF-alpha inhibitor, reduces 24-h ambulatory blood pressure in rheumatoid arthritis patients</article-title>
          <source>J Hum Hypertens</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>28</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>165</fpage>
          <lpage>169</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>25. Yoshida S, Takeuchi T, Kotani T, Yamamoto N, Hata K, Nagai K, et al. Infliximab, a TNF-alpha inhibitor, reduces 24-h ambulatory blood pressure in rheumatoid arthritis patients. J Hum Hypertens. 2014; 28(3):165-9.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <label>26</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bhagat</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vallance</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Inflammatory cytokines impair endothelium-dependent dilatation in human veins in vivo</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>1997</year>
          <volume>96</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>3042</fpage>
          <lpage>3047</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>26. Bhagat K, Vallance P. Inflammatory cytokines impair endothelium-dependent dilatation in human veins in vivo. Circulation, 1997; 96(9):3042-7.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <label>27</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lee</surname>
              <given-names>SK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yang</surname>
              <given-names>SH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kwon</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lee</surname>
              <given-names>OH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Heo</surname>
              <given-names>JH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Role of tumour necrosis factor receptor-1 and nuclear factor-kappaB in production of TNF-alpha-induced pro-inflammatory microparticles in endothelial cells</article-title>
          <source>Thromb Haemost</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>112</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>580</fpage>
          <lpage>588</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>27. Lee SK, Yang SH, Kwon I, Lee OH, Heo JH. Role of tumour necrosis factor receptor-1 and nuclear factor-kappaB in production of TNF-alpha-induced pro-inflammatory microparticles in endothelial cells. Thromb Haemost 2014; 112(3):580-8.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <label>28</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Yoshizumi</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Perrella</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Burnett</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lee</surname>
              <given-names>ME</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Tumor necrosis factor downregulates an endothelial nitric oxide synthase mRNA by shortening its half-life</article-title>
          <source>Circ Res</source>
          <year>1993</year>
          <volume>73</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>205</fpage>
          <lpage>209</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>28. Yoshizumi M, Perrella MA, Burnett Jr JC, Lee ME. Tumor necrosis factor downregulates an endothelial nitric oxide synthase mRNA by shortening its half-life. Circ Res. 1993; 73(1):205-9.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <label>29</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Moreau</surname>
              <given-names>KL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Deane</surname>
              <given-names>KD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Meditz</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kohrt</surname>
              <given-names>WM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibition improves endothelial function and decreases arterial stiffness in estrogen-deficient postmenopausal women</article-title>
          <source>Atherosclerosis</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>230</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>390</fpage>
          <lpage>396</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>29. Moreau KL, Deane KD, Meditz AL, Kohrt WM. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibition improves endothelial function and decreases arterial stiffness in estrogen-deficient postmenopausal women. Atherosclerosis. 2013; 230(2):390-6.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <label>30</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Figueiredo</surname>
              <given-names>VN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yugar-Toledo</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Martins</surname>
              <given-names>LC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Martins</surname>
              <given-names>LB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>de Faria</surname>
              <given-names>AP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>de Haro Moraes</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Vascular stiffness and endothelial dysfunction: Correlations at different levels of blood pressure</article-title>
          <source>Blood Press</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>21</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>31</fpage>
          <lpage>38</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>30. Figueiredo VN, Yugar-Toledo JC, Martins LC, Martins LB, de Faria AP, de Haro Moraes C, et al. Vascular stiffness and endothelial dysfunction: Correlations at different levels of blood pressure. Blood Press 2012; 21(1):31-8.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B31">
        <label>31</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>de Faria</surname>
              <given-names>AP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fontana</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Modolo</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barbaro</surname>
              <given-names>NR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sabbatini</surname>
              <given-names>AR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pansani</surname>
              <given-names>IF</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Plasma 8-isoprostane levels are associated with endothelial dysfunction in resistant hypertension</article-title>
          <source>Clin Chim Acta</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>433</volume>
          <fpage>179</fpage>
          <lpage>183</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>31. de Faria AP, Fontana V, Modolo R, Barbaro NR, Sabbatini AR, Pansani IF, et al, Plasma 8-isoprostane levels are associated with endothelial dysfunction in resistant hypertension. Clin Chim Acta 2014; 433: 179-83.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B32">
        <label>32</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ferreri</surname>
              <given-names>NR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhao</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Takizawa</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McGiff</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Tumor necrosis factor-alpha-angiotensin interactions and regulation of blood pressure</article-title>
          <source>J Hypertens</source>
          <year>1997</year>
          <volume>15</volume>
          <issue>12 Pt 1</issue>
          <fpage>1481</fpage>
          <lpage>1484</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>32. Ferreri NR, Zhao Y, Takizawa H, McGiff JC. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha-angiotensin interactions and regulation of blood pressure. J Hypertens. 1997; 15(12 Pt 1): 1481-4.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B33">
        <label>33</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tsimberidou</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Waddelow</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kantarjian</surname>
              <given-names>HM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Albitar</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Giles</surname>
              <given-names>FJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Pilot study of recombinant human soluble tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor (p75) fusion protein (TNFR:Fc; Enbrel) in patients with refractory multiple myeloma: increase in plasma TNF alpha levels during treatment</article-title>
          <source>Leuk Res</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>27</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>375</fpage>
          <lpage>380</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>33. Tsimberidou AM, Waddelow T, Kantarjian HM, Albitar M, Giles FJ. Pilot study of recombinant human soluble tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor (p75) fusion protein (TNFR:Fc; Enbrel) in patients with refractory multiple myeloma: increase in plasma TNF alpha levels during treatment. Leuk Res. 2003; 27(5):375-80.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B34">
        <label>34</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Eason</surname>
              <given-names>JD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pascual</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wee</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Farrell</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Phelan</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Boskovic</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Evaluation of recombinant human soluble dimeric tumor necrosis factor receptor for prevention of OKT3-associated acute clinical syndrome</article-title>
          <source>Transplantation</source>
          <year>1996</year>
          <volume>61</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>224</fpage>
          <lpage>228</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>34. Eason JD, Pascual M, Wee S, Farrell M, Phelan J, Boskovic S, et al. Evaluation of recombinant human soluble dimeric tumor necrosis factor receptor for prevention of OKT3-associated acute clinical syndrome. Transplantation. 1996; 61(2):224-8.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B35">
        <label>35</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mohler</surname>
              <given-names>KM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Torrance</surname>
              <given-names>DS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Smith</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Goodwin</surname>
              <given-names>RG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stremler</surname>
              <given-names>KE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fung</surname>
              <given-names>VP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Madani</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Widmer</surname>
              <given-names>MB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Soluble tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptors are effective therapeutic agents in lethal endotoxemia and function simultaneously as both TNF carriers and TNF antagonists</article-title>
          <source>J Immunol</source>
          <year>1993</year>
          <volume>151</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>1548</fpage>
          <lpage>1561</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>35. Mohler KM, Torrance DS, Smith CA, Goodwin RG, Stremler KE, Fung VP, Madani H, Widmer MB, Soluble tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptors are effective therapeutic agents in lethal endotoxemia and function simultaneously as both TNF carriers and TNF antagonists. J Immunol 1993; 151(3):1548-61.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B36">
        <label>36</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Madhusudan</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Foster</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Muthuramalingam</surname>
              <given-names>SR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Braybrooke</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wilner</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kaur</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A phase II study of etanercept (Enbrel), a tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibitor in patients with metastatic breast cancer</article-title>
          <source>Clin Cancer Res</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <issue>19</issue>
          <fpage>6528</fpage>
          <lpage>6534</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>36. Madhusudan S, Foster M, Muthuramalingam SR, Braybrooke JP, Wilner S, Kaur K, et al. A phase II study of etanercept (Enbrel), a tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibitor in patients with metastatic breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res.. 2004; 10(19):6528-34.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Effects of Anti-TNF alpha Therapy on Blood Pressure in Resistant Hypertensive Subjects: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8585-7238</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Faria</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Paula de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ritter</surname>
            <given-names>Alessandra M. V.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santa-Catharina</surname>
            <given-names>Arthur</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>D&#233;bora P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Naseri</surname>
            <given-names>Estephania P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bertolo</surname>
            <given-names>Manoel B.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8840-4805</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pioli</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Caio C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Modolo</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreno</surname>
            <given-names>Heitor</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Campinas</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Ribeir&#227;o Preto</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Ana Paula de Faria &#8226;</bold> Laborat&#243;rio de Farmacologia Cardiovascular. Edif&#237;cio FCM 10, 1&#186; andar. Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas - Universidade Estadual de Campinas (FCM-UNICAMP). CEP: <postal-code>13083-970</postal-code>. Campinas, SP-Brazil. E-mail: <email>ana.cabralfaria@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Faria AP, Modolo R, Moreno H; Acquisition of data and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Faria AP, Ritter AMV, Santa-Catharina A, Souza DP, Naseri EP, Bertolo MB, Pioli MR, Carvalho CC, Modolo R, Moreno H; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Faria AP, Ritter AMV, Santa-Catharina A, Modolo R; Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript: Faria AP; Obtaining financing: Faria AP, Bertolo MB, Moreno H.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>The cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-&#945;) is elevated in resistant hypertension (RH), but the effects of a TNF-&#945; inhibitor in this population is unknown.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>The aim of this trial was to evaluate whether a single dose of infliximab controlled by placebo acutely reduces blood pressure (BP) in RH subjects.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>A double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial was conducted, and randomized RH subjects received either infliximab or placebo. The primary endpoint was the change in mean BP levels relative to the baseline immediately after the infusion obtained by continuously beat-to-beat non-invasive hemodynamic assessment. Secondary endpoints included changes in office, ambulatory and central BP measurements; endothelial function; and inflammatory biomarkers after 7 days. The level of significance accepted was alpha=0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Ten RH subjects were enrolled. The primary endpoint analysis showed an acute decrease in mean BP values (mean of differences &#177; standard deviation = -6.3 &#177; 7.2 mmHg, p=0.02) from baseline, after the application of infliximab compared with placebo. Diastolic BP levels (-4.9 &#177; 5.5 mmHg, p=0.02), but not systolic BP levels (-9.4 &#177; 19.7 mmHg, p=0.16), lowered after infliximab infusion. No further significant differences were identified in either the other hemodynamic parameters or in secondary endpoints, except for TNF-&#945; levels, which increased continuously after infliximab infusion. No adverse events were reported during the protocol.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>A single-dose of infliximab decreased the mean and diastolic BP levels immediately after its infusion, when compared to the placebo in RH. The anti-TNF-&#945; therapy was found to be safe and well-tolerated. The results of this proof-of-concept are hypothesis-generating and need to be further investigated. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021; 116(3):443-451)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Blood Pressure</kwd>
        <kwd>Infliximb/therapeutic use</kwd>
        <kwd>Randomized Controlled Trial</kwd>
        <kwd>Inflammation</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPESP</funding-source>
          <award-id>2015/17151-7</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>This study was funded by FAPESP (2015/17151-7) and partially funded by CNPq and CAPES.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Low-grade systemic inflammation has proven to be an underlying factor of the pathophysiology of resistant hypertension (RH) due to the lack of blood pressure (BP) control, along with coexisting conditions, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2D), and metabolic syndrome. Recently, our research group has explored the role of inflammatory cytokines in this high-risk population. An elevated inflammatory score, including, among others, the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-&#945;), was proposed in obese resistant subjects, when compared to controlled obese hypertensive subjects.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> In addition, higher levels of TNF-&#945; have been associated with vascular damage in these RH subjects.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</p>
        <p>While the recommendation for TNF-&#945; inhibitor use is well established for treating some autoimmune diseases, experimental and clinical studies have demonstrated its effective use for cardiovascular (CV) system-related parameters, such as in preventing hypertension<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> and reducing target organ damage (TOD).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> In fact, infliximab has revealed CV benefits as a TNF-&#945;-neutralizing agent able to reduce systolic BP (SBP) levels and cardiac remodeling in spontaneously hypertensive rats.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref>
				</p>
        <p>Since the inflammatory process is part of RH and TNF-&#945; is implicated in CV derangements, the purpose of this proof-of-concept pilot trial was to evaluate whether a single dose of the TNF-&#945; inhibitor, infliximab, controlled by placebo reduces BP levels in RH subjects.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Trial design</title>
          <p>With the use of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled interventional crossover design,this study explored the acute effects of infliximab, a TNF-&#945; inhibitor, and its comparator placebo saline solution, as an add&#8722;on therapy to standard treatment in the population with RH. A blocked randomization scheme was created using a computer-generated code. RH subjects were randomly assigned upon enrollment to receive either (1) placebo infusion followed by infliximab infusion after a 40-day period of washout or (2) infliximab followed by placebo after a 40-day period of washout. An unblinded pharmacist distributed the study volunteers and remained with the treatment codes until study closure. The nurse who prepared the infusions was also not blinded. Both were not involved in data collection, analysis, or interpretation. A masked physician enrolled subjects into the study. Participants, evaluator physician, and the researchers assessing outcomes remained blinded after assignment to interventions.</p>
          <p>This pilot trial was an investigator-initiated study, designed by the investigators, and no support from a commercial entity was provided. All authors certified the completeness and accuracy of the data and analyses, as well as for the adherence of the trial to the protocol.</p>
          <p>The present study was approved by the local Research Ethic Committee (approval number 710.449, CAAE 30811214.9.0000.5404, from the School of Medical Sciences of University of Campinas-FCM/UNICAMP, Brazil) and registered in clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02743390). It was conducted in accordance with ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects established by the World Medical Association (Declaration of Helsinki), and all participants provided informed written consent before enrolling in the study. The recommendations of the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) statement were also followed.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Population</title>
          <p>Subjects with confirmed diagnosis of RH were recruited from a prescreened population of the Specialized Outpatient Clinic in RH at the University of Campinas (UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil). RH was defined according to American Heart Association Statement.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> A precise diagnosis of RH with a 6-month clinical follow-up was performed to screen and exclude secondary causes of hypertension [renal artery stenosis (US-Doppler), pheochromocytoma (urinary metanephrines and computed tomography), primary hyperaldosteronism (aldosterone renin ratio&gt;20 ng dl<sup>&#8722;1</sup> per ng ml<sup>&#8722;1</sup> h<sup>&#8722;1</sup>), cushing syndrome (cortisol and ACTH levels), obstructive sleep apnea (classified as &#8220;high risk&#8221; at Berlin questionnaire)], and pseudo resistance (ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM) and pill count to exclude white-coat hypertension and medication nonadherence, respectively).</p>
          <p>Exclusion criteria were symptomatic ischemic heart disease, impaired renal function, liver disease, history of stroke, myocardial infarction and peripheral vascular diseases, type I diabetes, pregnant women, smoking, autoimmune diseases, or those who presented a contraindication to infliximab use. Non-eligible patients also consisted of those with a positive or inactive (latent) skin test for tuberculosis or with an abnormal posteroanterior chest radiography (chest X-ray) &#8211; evaluated by radiology and rheumatology specialists in TNF-alpha infusion (EP).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Trial protocol and assessments</title>
          <p>The protocol was performed with the participants, receiving either a single infliximab infusion (Remicade&#174;, 100 mg, Janssen-Cilag Farmac&#234;utica Ltda.) at a dose of 3 mg/Kg, which was first reconstituted with 10 mL of sterile water for injection and then diluted to 250 mL with sterile 0.9% sodium chloride for injection according to manufacturer&#8217;s instructions; or receiving a single-infusion placebo, consisting of 250 mL, with sterile 0.9% sodium chloride for injection. Subjects received the intravenous infusions over a two-hour period with a flow rate of 125 ml/h. No other drug was co-administered. Crossover to the following arm of treatment (placebo or infliximab infusion) was made after a washout period of 40 days.</p>
          <p>Trial assessments of the study consisted of three steps (assessments in the baseline, immediately after infusion, and seven days after infusion). At the baseline visit (before infusions - T0), anthropometric, office, central (pulse wave analysis-PWA) BP, and ABPM levels and flow-mediated dilation (FMD) were assessed. Morevoer, blood samples were collected to further determine inflammatory biomarkers. Continuous beat-to-beat noninvasive hemodynamic recording were evaluated for 15 minutes in the baseline (T0) and immediately after (T1) both infusions. Office BP and blood collection were also examined immediately after both infusions (T1). To assess a short-term response due to the long half-life of infliximab (around 8 days),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> seven days after the infusions (T2), office, central, ABPM BP, FMD, and blood collection were revaluated (Supplementary Figure).</p>
          <p>After the trial assessments, a 40-day period of washout was conducted. The treatment was then changed (meaning that the participant who had received saline infusion, after a 40-day period of washout, received infliximab infusion, and vice-versa; the participant who had received infliximab infusion, after a 40-day period of washout, received saline infusion), and the trial assessments were repeated (Supplementary Figure).</p>
          <p>No participant changed their antihypertensive medication during the period of the trial. All procedures were begun at 08:00 a.m., and the parameters were evaluated after 8 hours of overnight fasting. After the protocol, patients still remained under observation for 1h before being discharged. Participants were instructed to report either common side effects of infliximab or any adverse event they could have at any time during the study.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Blood pressure, endothelial function, and biochemical assessments</title>
          <p>Office SBP and diastolic BP (DBP) were assessed in three steps of the study &#8211; in the baseline, immediately after infusion, and seven days after infusion (infliximab and placebo) &#8211; by a trained health professional, following the European and Brazilian guidelines of arterial hypertension. A validated digital sphygmomanometer (HEM-907XL, OMRON Healthcare Inc., Bannockburn, IL, USA) was used. Ambulatory BP measurement was assessed in two steps of the study &#8211; in the baseline and seven days after infusion (infliximab and placebo) &#8211; and performed using an automatic oscillometric monitor (Spacelabs90207, Spacelabs Inc, Redmon, WA). Patients were instructed to maintain normal daily activities and record their 24-hour activities in a personal diary.</p>
          <p>Central systolic and diastolic aortic BP and pulse pressure were assessed in two steps of the study &#8211; in the baseline and seven days after infusion (infliximab and placebo) &#8211; and determined by PWA, using the Sphygmocor system (Artcor, Sidney, Australia).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> The pulse wave was obtained by the method of applanation tonometry of the radial artery. The equipment also provides additional data regarding the measurement of arterial stiffness by the augmentation index (AIx) as well as by AIx corrected for heart rate of 75 bpm (AIx@75). AIx is defined by the ratio between the reflected and the ejection waves (pulse wave traveling from carotid to femoral arteries).</p>
          <p>Continuous beat-to-beat non-invasive hemodynamic data were assessed in two steps of the study &#8211; in the baseline and immediately after infusion (infliximab and placebo) &#8211; and were obtained using the Finometer&#174; device (Finapres Medical Systems; Amsterdam, Netherlands) and Finometer&#174; Beatscope Easy software, version 02.10 (Finapres Medical Systems, Amsterdam, Netherlands). An appropriately sized cuff was placed on the third or fourth left finger, and the arm was rested on a table with the subject in a sitting position. Systolic (SBP in mmHg), diastolic (DBP in mmHg), and mean (MBP in mmHg) BP levels, cardiac output (CO in l/min), and total peripheral resistance (TPR in dyn.s/cm<sup>&#8722;5</sup>) were recorded for 15 minutes before and immediately after the protocol of infusions. For analyses, the stable section of beat-to-beat recordings were used (10 minutes at the beginning of recordings were excluded from these analyses). The Finometer&#174; device makes use of the volume-clamp method and provides reliable hemodynamic measures, as previously shown.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref>
					</p>
          <p>The endothelial function was assessed in two steps of the study &#8211; in the baseline and seven days after infusion (infliximab and placebo) &#8211; and was determined by the FMD method, in accordance with current guidelines.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> Linear vascular transducer (7&#8211;12MHz, Toshiba Powervision 6000, Tokyo, Japan), synchronized with an electrocardiogram (ECG) signal, was used in the protocol. Subjects in a supine position in a quiet, air-conditioned room (22&#8211;24&#176;C) were submitted to brachial artery occlusion for five minutes, using an aneroid sphygmomanometer. Brachial artery diameter was recorded before and after cuff compression. Change in the brachial artery diameter was expressed as a percentage change relative to the vessel diameter immediately before cuff inflation. The vascular function examination was performed by only one experienced blinded examiner. The intraobserver coefficient of variation was 1.6%.</p>
          <p>Blood samples were collected for assessment in three steps of the study &#8211; in the baseline, immediately after infusion, and seven days after infusion (infliximab and placebo) &#8211; of the plasma levels of nitrate/nitrite; inflammatory biomarkers, such as TNF-&#945;, interleukins-6 (IL-6), and -10 (IL-10); adiponectin; monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1); and the cortisol and aldosterone hormones. For nitrate and nitrite measurements, heparinized plasma was collected and immediately mixed with a nitrite-preserving solution in a 5:1 dilution, containing 0.8M ferricyanide and 1% NP-40.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> The samples were deproteinized with methanol (1:1) and centrifuged at 14,000g for 5 min. After, 300&#956;l of supernatant were injected into the acidified triiodide solution and purged with nitrogen line with a gas-phase chemiluminescent nitric oxide (NO) analyzer (Sievers Model 280i NO Analyzer, Boulder, CO, USA). Inflammatory biomarkers and hormones were measured in EDTA-collected plasma samples and analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (R&amp;D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA), according to manufacturer&#8217;s instructions.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Primary and secondary endpoints</title>
          <p>Our primary endpoint was the acute change (from T0 to T1) in mean BP levels relative to the baseline immediately after the infusion, obtained by continuous beat-to-beat non-invasive hemodynamic assessment.</p>
          <p>Secondary endpoints included changes in: (1) BP levels determined by office in all timelines, ambulatory, and central measurements after seven days; (2) endothelial function after 7 days; and (3) inflammatory biomarkers in all timelines, after infliximab infusion compared with placebo. All secondary outcomes were exploratory but were considered relevant in this population due to the nature of the trial &#8211; pilot proof-of-concept.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analyses</title>
          <p>This study estimated a minimum sample size of 10 RH individuals, to detect a clinical difference in mean BP of 10 mmHg (standard deviation of 10 mmHg) &#8212; between infliximab and placebo &#8212; power of 80% and alpha error of 0.05.</p>
          <p>Continuous variables were expressed as mean and standard deviation (SD), since their normal distribution was assessed by the Kolmogorov&#8211;Smirnov test. Categorical variables were presented in frequencies and percentages. Paired Student&#8217;s t-test was applied to compare delta values (normal distribution) between the application of infliximab and placebo in the same patients (crossover design). A two-way repeated measure ANOVA, followed by a Sidack&#8217;s post-hoc multiple comparison test, was performed to identify differences between the treatments (infliximab versus placebo) in the delta values of the evaluation times (i.e. T1-T0 &#8211; acute, and T2-T0 &#8211; 7 days).</p>
          <p>The analyses were performed using the software SPSS (IBM SPSS Statistics for Mac, Version 21.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp. Released 2012) and GraphPad Prism (version 7.00 for Windows, GraphPad Software, La Jolla California USA, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.graphpad.com">www.graphpad.com</ext-link>). The level of significance accepted was alpha=0.05.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>From March 2015 to July 2017, a total of 10 subjects with RH were included in this study, and all subjects completed this proof-of-concept interventional trial (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 1</xref>). Baseline characteristics of the RH subjects are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 1</xref>. Most participants were male and non-white. As expected, they were mainly obese with T2D, and taking diuretics and a great proportion of &#946;-blockers, angiotensin II receptor antagonists, and calcium channel blockers.</p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Study flow diagram.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-03-0443-90703-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Baseline characteristics of the studied subjects</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="50%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">RH (N=10)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Clinical data</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Age (years)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">61.8 &#177; 8.5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Gender (Female)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">40% (4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">BMI (Kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">31.9 &#177; 5.9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Type 2 Diabetes, (n)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">70% (7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Non-white, (n)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">60% (6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Anti-HA drugs</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Total number</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4.4 &#177; 0.7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Diuretics, (n)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">100% (10)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Spironolactone, (n)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">50% (5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&#946;-blockers, (n)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">80% (8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">ACEis, (n)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">30% (3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">ARAs II, (n)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">70% (7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">CCBs, (n)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">90% (9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Alpha-2 agonists, (n)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">12% (1)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>Data were expressed as mean and standard deviation, or percentage and absolute number. RH: resistant hypertension; BMI: body mass index; Anti-HA: antihypertensive; ACEis: angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors; ARAs II: angiotensin II type I receptor antagonists; CCBs: calcium channel blockers.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The primary endpoint analysis showed an acute decrease in mean BP values from baseline after infliximab infusion, when compared to the placebo (the mean of differences &#177; SD was -6.3 &#177; 7.2 mmHg, p=0.02). Absolute delta mean BP values relative to baseline immediately after the placebo and infliximab infusions in the studied subjects are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 2</xref>, while the other beat-to-beat hemodynamic parameters are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 3</xref>. Apart from the decrease in mean BP, this study also found a reduction in diastolic BP levels (-4.9 &#177; 5.5 mmHg, p=0.02) from baseline, after infliximab, when compared to the placebo. No statistically significant differences were identified in SBP, CO, and TPR.</p>
        <fig id="f5">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Absolute delta mean blood pressure (&#916; MBP, 2.3 &#177; 12.6 vs. -4.0 &#177; 12.5 mmHg, p=0.02) relative to baseline immediately after (T1-T0) the placebo and infliximab infusions, respectively, in the studied subjects. Data were expressed as mean and standard deviation. Paired Student&#8217;s t-test was applied to compare delta values between infliximab and placebo.</title>
            <p>*p&lt;0.05 versus placebo.</p>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-03-0443-90703-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f6">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Absolute deltas of beat-to-beat hemodynamic parameters relative to baseline immediately after (T1-T0) placebo and infliximab infusions, respectively, in the studied subjects. A. Delta systolic blood pressure (&#916; SBP, 6.1 &#177; 21.1 vs. -3.3 &#177; 15.2 mmHg, p=0.16); B. Delta diastolic blood pressure (&#916; DBP, 1.6 &#177; 9.9 vs. -3.3 &#177; 9.8 mmHg, p=0.02); C. Delta cardiac output (&#916; CO, -0.14 &#177; 0.98 vs. 0.30 &#177; 1.21 mmHg, p=0.44); D. Delta total peripheral resistance (&#916; TPR, -6.9 &#177; 615 vs. -248 &#177; 543 mmHg, p=0.12). Data were expressed as mean and standard deviation. Paired Student&#8217;s t-test was applied to compare delta values between infliximab and placebo.</title>
            <p>*p&lt;0.05 versus placebo.</p>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-03-0443-90703-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Secondary endpoints are shown in Supplementary Tables 1 and 2. No changes in office BP and HR relative to assessed delta times, T1-T0 and T2-T0, after the treatments were found. Similarly, plasma levels demonstrated no alteration in either inflammatory or hormonal parameters in assessed delta times, except for TNF-&#945;, which increased continuously after a single dose of infliximab, when compared to the placebo (Supplementary Table 1). No difference in delta values of both ambulatory and central BP levels seven days after the infusions (T2-T0). The endothelial function assessed by FMD also remained unchanged (Supplementary Table 2).</p>
        <p>Finally, no adverse events were reported by the volunteers during the protocol of the infusions, nor throughout the trial period. There were no overt allergic reactions to infliximab, and no patient withdrew from the study because of toxicity.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The main finding of this proof-of-concept pilot trial was that a single dose of infliximab reduced the mean BP levels compared with placebo in subjects with RH. Secondarily, infliximab also reduced diastolic BP. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first to the investigate effects of the infusion of a monoclonal antibody biologic drug in the RH population.</p>
        <p>Several experimental and clinical studies have demonstrated the role of the proinflammatory cytokine TNF-&#945; on hypertension.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> A crosstalk between TNF-&#945; and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) has been supported by the literature highlighting their interaction in modulating a hypertensive response and TOD related to it.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> It is well recognized that RH with coexisting comorbidities such as obesity, T2D, and metabolic syndrome,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref> presents overactivation of both the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and RAAS. Therefore, it is presumed that TNF-&#945; would be increased in this high-risk population. In fact, our research group has previously shown that TNF-&#945; levels are increased in RH when compared to normotensives and that this cytokine was associated with increased arterial stiffness.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> Recently, our research group also demonstrated that an elevated inflammatory score, combining several circulating cytokines, such as the TNF-&#945;, relates to RH in an obesity-dependent manner, when compared to controlled hypertensives.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</p>
        <p>Inhibitors of TNF-&#945; have been acknowledged worldwide to treat autoimmune diseases, mainly in a rheumatology setting.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref> Infliximab is a chimeric human-mouse monoclonal antibody biological drug that neutralizes the biological activity of TNF-&#945;. Binding with high affinity to the soluble and transmembrane forms of TNF-&#945;, infliximab is able to inhibit TNF-&#945; binding with its receptors.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref> Besides the clinical benefits observed after infliximab use in relieving symptoms or avoiding the progression of autoimmune diseases, its administration has also revealed the potential to reduce CV risk. For instance, results from cohort studies have indicated a reduction in the incidence of CV events in subjects with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who were taking anti-TNF-&#945; therapy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref>
				</p>
        <p>TNF-&#945; inhibition effects on preventing the rise in BP levels and organ damage have been reported in hypertensive models.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref> Our research group found a reduction in SBP and left ventricular hypertrophy in spontaneously hypertensive rats after an 8-week treatment with infliximab (in both doses of 1.5 and 6mg/kg/week). These CV benefits were possibly achieved due to a vasodilation dependent-mechanism, in which the neutralization of TNF-&#945; was able to induce the NO synthesis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> In the clinical setting, infliximab (initially at 3mg/Kg every 8 weeks during a 1-year follow-up) decreased SBP and DBP levels in patients with recent-onset RA, apart from the reduction in disease activity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref> In addition, after 2 weeks of therapy, infliximab (3mg/kg) reduced 24-h systolic BP in patients with RA, particularly during daytime. This study also found a reduction in plasma levels of norepinephrine and plasma renin activity, suggesting the infliximab-related changes in the SNS and RAAS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref> Our findings are in part consistent with those previous studies, since they revealed a modest effect of a single dose of infliximab therapy at 3 mg/Kg on reducing BP levels immediately after its infusion in a high-risk population such as the RH. Nevertheless, we recognize the failure to reach the targeted clinical difference of 10 mmHg designed in this trial.</p>
        <p>Inhibition of the inflammatory pathway by the anti-TNF-&#945; infliximab in our study might have acutely evoked some functional/biochemical changes, and, consequently, provided these reduced BP levels. As is well-known, TNF-&#945; is able to induce endothelial dysfunction<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref> by (i) stimulating the release of endothelial microparticles and reactive oxygen species production<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref> and (ii) downregulating the expression of constitutive eNOS,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref> which reduces NO bioavailability. In our study, FMD results showed no statistical difference seven days after the acute administration of infliximab, nor in the levels of NO metabolites (nitrate/nitrite), in either of two assessed times. Although TNF-&#945; inhibition has been reported as a potential strategy to improve endothelial function,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref> our negative results might be explained by the fact that we have previously demonstrated that RH subjects have severely impaired vasodilation associated with greater vascular stiffness<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30"><sup>30</sup></xref> and higher levels of 8-isoprostane,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"><sup>31</sup></xref> a proposed marker of oxidative stress <italic>in vivo</italic>, when compared to controlled hypertensives. On the other hand, it is still possible that NO levels immediately after infliximab infusion are reduced in small resistance arteries &#8211; which our study was unable to access &#8211; causing the TPR and BP reductions, although the first parameter proved to be insignificant. Another hypothesis to support our findings is the crosstalk between TNF-&#945; and RAAS, as already mentioned above. This proinflammatory cytokine can stimulate both the expression of the angiotensin type 1 receptors<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> and the angiotensinogen gene in the liver,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32"><sup>32</sup></xref> the latter physiologically leading to high levels of angiotensin II and subsequent secretion of aldosterone. Only the aldosterone levels were assessed in our study. Although the aldosterone result was borderline, and this hormone may act in a long-term regulation of BP, a trend could be observed toward a greater reduction in aldosterone in both times assessed after infliximab, when compared theto placebo.</p>
        <p>Interestingly, TNF-&#945; levels gradually increased in the times assessed after infliximab use, when compared to the placebo. Similarly, some studies have found an increase in their levels after anti-TNF-&#945; therapy,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33"><sup>33</sup></xref> although the mechanisms for this elevation are still unknown. This may well be explained by the prolongation of the TNF-&#945; half-life by treatment &#8211; as previously observed in studies exploring other anti-TNF-&#945; therapy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34"><sup>34</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35"><sup>35</sup></xref> &#8211; despite having blocked the TNF-&#945; activity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34"><sup>34</sup></xref> On the other hand, a chronic treatment was associated with the decrease in TNF-&#945; levels, achieving a lower steady state level, which may reflect an equilibrium between tissue production and the elimination of TNF-&#945;.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36"><sup>36</sup></xref> Interestingly enough an acute decrease in BP levels was observed, which was not maintained after seven days of follow-up. Since it is known that the TNF-&#945; levels increased in the week following infliximab infusion, and that chronic treatment tends to decrease its levels, it is reasonable to suppose that a chronic treatment could be accompanied by a sustained decrease in BP levels. However, this would need to be proven in a longer follow-up after infusion.</p>
        <p>The present study has several limitations inherent to pilot, proof-of-concept studies. The most important limitation is the small sample size. It is worth mentioning that our studied population represents a very specific subset of hypertensive patients, with a low prevalence worldwide.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> Moreover, a great proportion of the subjects presented positive skin tests for tuberculosis and were excluded from the study (n=9). Our negative findings in secondary outcomes in the two assessed times may have been due to an insufficient statistical power (type II error). A single dose at 3mg/Kg may not have been enough to cause the clinical effect expected immediately after the infusion, nor any effect in the short-term evaluation (seven days after infusion). Although we did not find the targeted difference of 10 mmHg in mean BP after infliximab versus placebo [in fact, the mean of differences was -6.3 (SD=7.2)], our study power was 70% and may therefore be considered satisfactory, since it is a pilot trial. We recognize that a crossover design may imply the possible existence of carry-over effects. Trying to overcome this issue, and given the long half-life of infliximab (median elimination half-life is about eight days),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> a washout of 40 days (5x half-life) would be safe. Due to the single dose used in this trial, it is not possible to assure that the effects in reducing BP levels are sustained during the chronic use of infliximab. Finally, to guarantee internal and external validities larger-scale trials would be required to establish the clinical safety and efficacy of a TNF-&#945; inhibitor in the management of RH.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>This proof-of concept pilot trial showed that a single-dose infliximab reduced the mean and diastolic BP levels immediately after its infusion, when compared to the placebo. The anti-TNF-&#945; therapy was found to be safe and well-tolerated. It adds clinical perspective on therapies targeting the inflammatory process to manage difficult-to-treat hypertension. Due to the small sample size and power below the pre-specified levels, the findings must be interpreted as exploratory and hypothesis-generating.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study was funded by FAPESP (2015/17151-7) and partially funded by CNPq and CAPES.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <p>
            <bold>*Supplemental Materials</bold>
          </p>
          <p>For additional information, please click here.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgments</title>
        <p>The authors acknowledge the Center for High Cost Medication (Centro de Medicamentos de Alta Complexidade - CEDMAC) - Clinical Hospital/University of Campinas (UNICAMP) for technician and medication support.</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
