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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">ctyB6wkX3V69GhwzHf5v6BN</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00415</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2021000400415</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20190529</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190529</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A Inibi&#231;&#227;o do Metabolismo da Glicose por miR-34a e miR-125b Protege contra a Morte Celular de Cardiomi&#243;citos Causada por Hiperglicemia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Xu</surname>
            <given-names>Chao-rui</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5194-439X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fang</surname>
            <given-names>Qiu-ju</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Heilongjiang Province Hospital</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Harbin</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="CN">China</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Heilongjiang Province Hospital, Harbin - China.</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Heilongjiang Province Hospital</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardiology for the Elderly</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Harbin</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="CN">China</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Heilongjiang Province Hospital - Department of Cardiology for the Elderly, Harbin &#8211; China.</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Qiu-ju Fang</bold> &#8226; Heilongjiang Province Hospital - Department of Cardiology for the Elderly - No.405, Guogeli Street, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China Harbin <postal-code>150001</postal-code> - China. E-mail: <email>fangqiuju_med@163.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Chao-rui X, Qiu-ju F; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Chao-rui X.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>23</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>116</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>415</fpage>
      <lpage>422</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>&#201; sabido que a resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina e a hiperglicemia s&#227;o causas patol&#243;gicas importantes no desenvolvimento de cardiomiopatia diab&#233;tica (CMD). Entretanto, seus mecanismos moleculares precisos na patog&#234;nese da CMD ainda n&#227;o est&#227;o claros.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Estudos recentes revelam que os microRNAs (miRNAs) desempenham pap&#233;is essenciais na patog&#234;nese da CMD. Este projeto tem o objetivo de determinar os pap&#233;is de miR-34a e miR-125b na morte celular de cardiomi&#243;citos causada por hiperglicemia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Cardiomi&#243;citos prim&#225;rios de ratos foram isolados e expostos a concentra&#231;&#245;es de glicose normais e altas. A viabilidade das c&#233;lulas foi medida utilizando-se o ensaio MTT. As express&#245;es de miR-34a e miR-125b foram detectadas por qRT-PCR. Alvos potenciais de miR-34a e miR-125b foram previstos pelo <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.Targetscan.org">www.Targetscan.org</ext-link>, e validados a partir de tecidos card&#237;acos humanos. Um p&lt;0,05 foi considerado signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Demonstra-se neste estudo que o miR-34a e o miR-125b t&#234;m resposta celular reduzida no cora&#231;&#227;o humano diab&#233;tico. Al&#233;m disso, os dados <italic>in vitro</italic> de cardiomi&#243;citos prim&#225;rios de ratos demonstraram que o tratamento com glicose alta em curto prazo estimula a express&#227;o de miR-34a e miR-125b. Demonstrou-se que, em condi&#231;&#245;es de glicose alta, os cardiomi&#243;citos de ratos apresentaram metabolismo de glicose intracelular, e a capta&#231;&#227;o de glicose e a produ&#231;&#227;o de lactato aumentaram significativamente. Foi identificado que as principais enzimas metab&#243;licas da glicose, hexoquinase 2 (HK2) e lactato desidrogenase-A (LDHA) eram alvos diretos de miR-125b e miR-34a, respectivamente. A superexpress&#227;o de miR-125b e miR-34a poderia evitar a morte de celular de cardiomi&#243;citos causada por hiperglicemia. Por fim, a recupera&#231;&#227;o de HK2 e LDHA em cardiomi&#243;citos com superexpress&#227;o de miR-125b e miR-34a restaurou a sensibilidade de cardiomi&#243;citos &#224; hiperglicemia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Nossos resultados prop&#245;em um mecanismo molecular para prote&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular diab&#233;tica mediada por microRNA e contribuir&#227;o para o desenvolvimento de estrat&#233;gias de tratamento de disfun&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular associada a diabetes.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia Diab&#233;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>Hiperglicemia</kwd>
        <kwd>Transtornos Metab&#243;licos de Glicose</kwd>
        <kwd>Morte Celular</kwd>
        <kwd>Mi&#243;citos Card&#237;acos</kwd>
        <kwd>Ratos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="10"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="20"/>
        <page-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A cardiomiopatia diab&#233;tica (CMD), que est&#225; associada ao aumento da incid&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em pacientes diab&#233;ticos, &#233; uma complica&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica e irrevers&#237;vel.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> Ela &#233; caracterizada por altera&#231;&#245;es patopsicol&#243;gicas complicadas na estrutura e na fun&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, incluindo disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica precoce, dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular e hipertrofia card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> A CMD &#233; causada por fatores que s&#227;o independentes de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC), tais como resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina no tecido card&#237;aco, hiperinsulinemia compensat&#243;ria e hiperglicemia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> Atualmente, os mecanismos precisos que resultam em CMD ainda est&#227;o sendo investigados.</p>
      <p>Altos n&#237;veis glic&#234;micos t&#234;m um papel importante em v&#225;rias complica&#231;&#245;es diab&#233;ticas, incluindo a CMD, pela indu&#231;&#227;o de rea&#231;&#245;es inflamat&#243;rias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> Ap&#243;s a capta&#231;&#227;o pelas c&#233;lulas, a glicose &#233; quebrada em piruvato/lactato, um processo chamado glic&#243;lise anaer&#243;bia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> A glic&#243;lise &#233; regulada em v&#225;rias etapas reguladoras, tais como a capta&#231;&#227;o da glicose, a fosforila&#231;&#227;o da glicose, e a convers&#227;o do piruvato em lactato ou Acetil-CoA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> Estudos recentes relataram que a inibi&#231;&#227;o de glicose alta por irisina pode afetar o desenvolvimento de CMD pela regula&#231;&#227;o da transi&#231;&#227;o endot&#233;lio-mesenquimal (EndMT),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> o que sugere que o bloqueio da glic&#243;lise pode ser ben&#233;fico de pacientes de CMD. Al&#233;m disso, outro estudo ilustrou que a metalotiona, um antioxidante, poderia inibir o stress oxidativo causado pela hiperglicemia, resultando na supress&#227;o da CMD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> Os relat&#243;rios acima indicam que o bloqueio da hiperglicemia poderia evitar a CMD. Portanto, um entendimento melhor da patofisiologia das CMD ser&#225; uma ajuda significativa para o diagn&#243;stico precoce e o tratamento de disfun&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular associada a diabetes.</p>
      <p>O MicroRNA, um pequeno (~20-25 nt) RNA altamente conservado e n&#227;o codificante, j&#225; demonstrou ter pap&#233;is essenciais na remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e no desenvolvimento de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> sugerindo um alvo terap&#234;utico potencial para o diagn&#243;stico e o tratamento de CMD. Entre os microRNAs sobre os quais h&#225; relatos de altera&#231;&#227;o significativa durante as CMD, o miR-34a tende a aumentar durante a CMD,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> enquanto sabe-se que o miR-125b est&#225; associado ao crescimento hipertr&#243;fico,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> indicando que o miR-34a e o miR-125b est&#227;o envolvidos no desenvolvimento de CMD. Entretanto, ainda n&#227;o est&#225; claro se o miR-125b e o miR-34a poderiam regular a cardiomiopatia causada por hiperglicemia. Portanto, ser&#227;o investigados o poss&#237;vel papel e o mecanismo do miR-34a e do miR-125b na disfun&#231;&#227;o de cardiomi&#243;citos causada por hiperglicemia, sugerindo uma nova estrat&#233;gia terap&#234;utica para lidar com a CMD.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Cultura de cardiomi&#243;citos de ratos</title>
        <p>Foi realizado o isolamento de cardiomi&#243;citos de ratos ap&#243;s o estudo pr&#233;vio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> Resumidamente, foram coletados cardiomi&#243;citos de ratos neonatos com dois dias de vida. No total, 8 ratos foram dissecados, e todos os cardiomi&#243;citos de ratos isolados/em cultura foram agrupados. Todos os experimentos foram realizados utilizando-se as mesmas c&#233;lulas do grupo. Os cardiomi&#243;citos foram ainda foram identificados por colora&#231;&#227;o com actina de m&#250;sculo liso, alfa-actina sarcom&#233;rica e tropomiosina. Os cardiomi&#243;citos foram colocados em cultura em meio de cardiomi&#243;cito espec&#237;fico (N&#186; de cat&#225;logo 6201; ScienCell), de acordo com as instru&#231;&#245;es do fabricante. O meio de cultura foi renovado a cada 24 horas. Ap&#243;s setenta e duas horas, o meio de cultura celular foi trocado pelo meio Eagle modificado por Dulbecco (DMEM, N&#186; de cat&#225;logo 31600-034; Invitrogen Corporation, Grand Island, NY, EUA) com 10% de soro fetal bovino (FBS) e 1% penicilina/estreptomicina em uma atmosfera umidificada com 5% CO<sub>2</sub> a 37<sup>o</sup>C. Os experimentos com c&#233;lulas de ratos foram realizados em triplicata e repetidos tr&#234;s vezes. Os experimentos com animais foram realizados com aprova&#231;&#227;o do Comit&#234; An&#225;lise de &#201;tica Animal do Hospital da Prov&#237;ncia de Heilongjiang (N&#186; AHPH-201711-06).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Amostras de tecido card&#237;aco humano</title>
        <p>Foram obtidas amostras de tecido card&#237;aco humano de cora&#231;&#245;es humanos com insufici&#234;ncia devido &#224; CMD (20 casos) no momento do transplante no Hospital da Prov&#237;ncia de Heilongjiang. Os tecidos foram congelados imediatamente em nitrog&#234;nio l&#237;quido e, em seguida, armazenados a -80<sup>o</sup>C at&#233; o uso. Os tecidos de cora&#231;&#245;es normais (20 casos) foram obtidos de doadores saud&#225;veis, sem transplantes, e foram armazenados pelos mesmos procedimentos. A coleta de tecido humano foi realizada com a aprova&#231;&#227;o do Comit&#234; An&#225;lise de &#201;tica do Hospital da Prov&#237;ncia de Heilongjiang (N&#186; PH-201706-2H). O termo de consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os pacientes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Transfec&#231;&#227;o de precursores de microRNA e DNA plasmidial</title>
        <p>O precursor de miR-34a, o precursor de miR-125b e o controle negativo foram comprados da Genepharma (Xangai, China). Os precursores de microRNA e o microRNA de controle negativo foram transfectados a 50 nM. As c&#233;lulas foram semeadas em placas de 6 po&#231;os em densidades de 10<sup>5</sup>, 24 h antes da transfec&#231;&#227;o. A transfec&#231;&#227;o foi realizada utilizando-se o reagente de transfec&#231;&#227;o Lipofectamine RNAiMax (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, EUA) de acordo com as instru&#231;&#245;es do fabricante. Ap&#243;s 72 horas, as c&#233;lulas foram coletadas para an&#225;lise a jusante. Vetores de superexpress&#227;o contendo ORF LDHA humana ou HK2 foram comprados da Origene Technologies Inc. (Rockville, MD), e foram transfectadas 4 &#181;g de plasm&#237;deos utilizando-se o reagente de transfec&#231;&#227;o Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, EUA) de acordo com o protocolo do fabricante. As c&#233;lulas foram coletadas ap&#243;s 48 horas para an&#225;lise a jusante.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Capta&#231;&#227;o de glicose e produ&#231;&#227;o de lactato</title>
        <p>O ensaio de capta&#231;&#227;o de glicose foi realizado utilizando-se o kit de ensaio colorim&#233;trico de capta&#231;&#227;o de glicose (n&#186; MAK083) da Sigma (Xangai, China), de acordo com as instru&#231;&#245;es do fabricante. A produ&#231;&#227;o de lactato foi detectada utilizando-se o kit de ensaio de lactato (n&#186; MAK064) da Sigma (Xangai, China), de acordo com as instru&#231;&#245;es do fabricante. Os dados foram normalizados pelo n&#250;mero de c&#233;lulas de cada grupo experimental. Os ensaios foram realizados em triplicata e repetidos tr&#234;s vezes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Detec&#231;&#227;o de morte celular de cardiomi&#243;citos</title>
        <p>A morte celular de cardiomi&#243;citos foi investigada pelo ensaio MTT (brometo de 3-(4,5-dimetiltiazol-2-yl)-2,5-difeniltetrazolio) e foi verificada por colora&#231;&#227;o azul de Trypan. Resumidamente, 24 horas ap&#243;s os tratamentos com glicose alta, o meio de cultura das c&#233;lulas foi substitu&#237;do por 200 <italic>&#956;</italic>l de meio fresco, e 20 <italic>&#956;</italic>L de MTT de 5 mg/mL (Sigma, n&#186; M5655) foram colocados nos cardiomi&#243;citos de ratos por 2 horas a 37 &#176;C. O meio de cultura foi totalmente retirado, e foram adicionados 100 <italic>&#956;</italic>L de DMSO. As placas foram colocadas no agitador orbital por 5 minutos em temperatura ambiente. A absorb&#226;ncia na densidade &#243;ptica (OD) de 590 nM foi medida. A absorb&#226;ncia foi normalizada pelo n&#250;mero de c&#233;lulas de cada po&#231;o. Cada experimento foi realizado em triplicata e repetido tr&#234;s vezes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>RT-PCR quantitativo</title>
        <p>O RNA total foi isolado de c&#233;lulas de cardiomi&#243;citos e tecido utilizando-se o reagente TRIzol (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) de acordo com as instru&#231;&#245;es do fabricante. Depois do tratamento com DNase, a qualidade do RNA foi medida pelo espectrofot&#244;metro NanoDrop. Para detec&#231;&#227;o dos miRNAs, foi conjugada uma cauda poliA ao RNA digerido por DNase livre de RNase, e o qRT-PCR foi realizado utilizando-se o kit de detec&#231;&#227;o de miRNA (Applied Biosystems) de acordo com as instru&#231;&#245;es do fabricante. O gene U6 humano foi utilizado como controle interno. A rea&#231;&#227;o em cadeia da polimerase quantitativa (qPCR) foi realizada utilizando-se SYBR Green Taq ReadyMix (Sigma) em um sistema de PCR Applied Biosystems7500. Os resultados foram analisados pelo m&#233;todo 2<sup>&#8722;&#916;&#916;Ct</sup> e normalizados pela express&#227;o do gene U6. Todos os ensaios foram realizados com o sistema de detec&#231;&#227;o de PCR em tempo real multicolor Bio-Rad IQTM5. Os experimentos foram realizados em triplicata e repetidos tr&#234;s vezes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Previs&#227;o de alvo</title>
        <p>Os alvos potenciais de miR-125b e miR-34a foram previstos por computa&#231;&#227;o pelo programa TargetScan (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.targetscan.org/">http://www.targetscan.org/</ext-link>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise Western Blot</title>
        <p>A an&#225;lise Western Blot foi realizada para avaliar as express&#245;es das prote&#237;nas HK2 e LDHA. Lisados celulares de cardiomi&#243;citos de ratos foram extra&#237;dos utilizando-se o tamp&#227;o de lise e extra&#231;&#227;o RIPA (#89900, Thermo Scientific, Xangai, China). A concentra&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;na foi determinada pelo m&#233;todo de Bradford conforme previamente descrito.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> Uma quantidade igual de amostra de prote&#237;na foi adicionada ao gel SDS-PAGE a 10%, seguida de eletroforese, e transferida para membrana de nitrocelulose. As membranas foram bloqueadas por BSA a 5% por uma hora em temperatura ambiente. Depois de uma lavagem completa com TBST, as manchas foram incubadas com os anticorpos prim&#225;rios da Cellsignaling Technology (Danvers, MA, EUA) (HK2, #2867; LDHA, #3582 e &#945;-tubulina, #2125) a 1:1000, durante toda a noite, a 4 oC. As membranas foram lavadas e incubadas com os anticorpos secund&#225;rios respectivos a 1:3000 por uma hora em temperatura ambiente. As bandas foram detectadas por agentes desenvolvedores de quimioluminesc&#234;ncia (SuperSignal, Thermo Scientific). Os resultados foram repetidos tr&#234;s vezes e n&#250;meros representativos foram apresentados.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada com o software GraphPad Prism 5 (GraphPad Software, Inc., La Jolla, CA, EUA). O teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado foi utilizado para an&#225;lise de dados entre dois grupos. A signific&#226;ncia entre tr&#234;s ou mais grupos foi analisada pelo ANOVA. Os dados foram apresentados como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o. As barras de erro nos gr&#225;ficos representam o desvio padr&#227;o. As correla&#231;&#245;es entre as vari&#225;veis foram determinadas pelo coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson. Os experimentos foram realizados em triplicata e repetidos tr&#234;s vezes. Os dados dos experimentos com cardiomi&#243;citos de rato foram normalizados pelo n&#250;mero de c&#233;lulas de cada grupo experimental. A &#945;-tubulina foi o controle interno para o teste Western blot. O gene U6 foi o controle interno do qRT-PCR. Um <italic>p</italic> &lt;0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Resposta celular reduzida em miR-34a e miR-125b no cora&#231;&#227;o humano diab&#233;tico</title>
        <p>Para avaliar os pap&#233;is dos miRNAs no cora&#231;&#227;o humano diab&#233;tico, foram examinados os n&#237;veis de express&#227;o do miR-34a e do miR-125b em tecidos card&#237;acos humanos obtidos de 20 pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca diab&#233;tica e 20 doadores saud&#225;veis. As express&#245;es do miR-34a e do miR-125b tiveram resposta celular significativamente reduzida nos tecidos card&#237;acos com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca diab&#233;tica em compara&#231;&#227;o com os de doadores saud&#225;veis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>A e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">1</xref>B). Esses resultados sugerem uma fun&#231;&#227;o protetiva do miR-34a e do miR-125b na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca mediada por glicose alta.</p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Resposta celular reduzida em miR-34a e miR-125b no cora&#231;&#227;o humano diab&#233;tico induzida por hiperglicemia. (A) Express&#245;es de miR-34a e (B) miR-125b no cora&#231;&#227;o humano normal e em tecidos card&#237;acos diab&#233;ticos. (C) Cardiomi&#243;citos de ratos foram tratados com glicose alta ou de controle em 5, 10 ou 20 mM. As express&#245;es relativas do miR-34a e (D) do miR-125b foram avaliadas por PCR em tempo real e normalizadas aos n&#237;veis de snRNA U6. As colunas s&#227;o a m&#233;dia de tr&#234;s experimentos independentes; as barras de erro nos gr&#225;ficos representam o DP. **, p &lt; 0,01; ***, p &lt; 0,001.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-03-0415-90529-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>A glicose alta de curto prazo estimula as express&#245;es de miR-34a e miR-125b em cardiomi&#243;citos de ratos neonatos</title>
        <p>Para avaliar o efeito do miR-34a e do miR-125b na disfun&#231;&#227;o de cardiomi&#243;citos causada por glicose alta, foi estabelecido um modelo <italic>in vitro</italic> utilizando cardiomi&#243;citos de rato isolados em cultura em condi&#231;&#245;es normal e de glicose alta. &#201; interessante notar que, em curto prazo (1 hora), detectou-se que o miR-34a e miR-125b foram significativamente induzidos por uma concentra&#231;&#227;o de glicose alta de 25 ou 50 mM (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>C e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">1</xref>D). Entretanto, em condi&#231;&#245;es de hiperglicemia de longo prazo (48 horas, 50 mM), os cardiomi&#243;citos sofreram morte celular (dados n&#227;o mostrados). Tomados em conjunto, os resultados acima demonstraram um aumento de miR-34a e miR-125b por hiperglicemia em cardiomi&#243;citos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>A superexpress&#227;o de miR-34a e miR-125b protege contra a morte celular de cardiomi&#243;citos causada por hiperglicemia</title>
        <p>Sabia-se que a hiperglicemia poderia desencadear uma rea&#231;&#227;o inflamat&#243;rio e causar a morte celular de cardiomi&#243;citos (4). Dessa forma, foi considerada a hip&#243;tese de a superexpress&#227;o ex&#243;gena miR-34a e miR-125b poder proteger contra a morte celular de cardiomi&#243;citos causada por hiperglicemia. Os cardiomi&#243;citos de ratos foram cotransfectados com pr&#233;-miR-34a e pr&#233;-miR-125b por 48 horas. Os resultados do qRT-PCR demonstraram que as express&#245;es de miR-34a e miR-125b foram aumentadas em at&#233; 5-10 vezes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>A). Em seguida, as c&#233;lulas foram expostas a 25 ou 50 mM de glicose para simular a hiperglicemia por 48 horas. Como esperado, cardiomi&#243;citos transfectados de miRNAs de controle apresentaram, obviamente, morte celular com o tratamento por hiperglicemia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>B). Entretanto, cardiomi&#243;citos com superexpress&#227;o de miR-34a e miR-125b mostraram-se significativamente resistentes &#224; hiperglicemia, tanto pelo ensaio MTT e pelo ensaio de atividade de Caspase-3 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>B e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">2</xref>C). Esses resultados demonstraram um papel protetivo do miR-34a e do miR-125b na morte celular de cardiomi&#243;citos causada por hiperglicemia.</p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>A superexpress&#227;o de miR-34a e miR-125b protege contra morte celular de cardiomi&#243;citos causada por hiperglicemia (A) Cardiomi&#243;citos prim&#225;rios de ratos foram transfectados com microRNA de controle, ou pr&#233;-miR-34a mais miR-125b por 72 horas. As express&#245;es de miR-34a e miR-125b foram medidas por qRT-PCR. (B) Cardiomi&#243;citos prim&#225;rios de ratos foram transfectados com microRNA de controle, ou pr&#233;-miR-34a mais miR-125b por 72 horas, as c&#233;lulas foram expostas em condi&#231;&#245;es de glicose normal ou alta (25 mM ou 50 mM) por 48 horas. O &#237;ndice de apoptose celular foi medido pelo ensaio de MTT e (C) ensaio de atividade de Caspase-3. As colunas s&#227;o a m&#233;dia de tr&#234;s experimentos independentes; as barras de erro nos gr&#225;ficos representam o DP. *, p &lt; 0,05; **, p &lt; 0,01; ***, p &lt; 0,001.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-03-0415-90529-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Inibi&#231;&#227;o da glic&#243;lise pelo miR-34a e o miR-125b em hiperglicemia ao atingir LDHA e HK2</title>
        <p>Em condi&#231;&#245;es de glicose alta, as c&#233;lulas apresentaram um aumento no metabolismo da glicose.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> Para investigar os mecanismos subjacentes aos pap&#233;is do miR-34a e do miR-125b durante o tratamento de hiperglicemia, foi feita a revis&#227;o da literatura e foram encontrados estudos recentes que mostram que tanto o miR-34a quanto o miR-125b poderiam inibir o metabolismo da glicose intracelular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> Portanto, levantou-se a hip&#243;tese de que a inibi&#231;&#227;o da glic&#243;lise intracelular ativada por hiperglicemia pelo miR-34a e pelo miR-125b contribui para a prote&#231;&#227;o dos cardiomi&#243;citos contra a morte celular. Para avaliar os efeitos inibit&#243;rios do miR-34a e do miR-125b na glic&#243;lise em hiperglicemia, foram medidas a capta&#231;&#227;o de glicose e a produ&#231;&#227;o de lactato de cardiomi&#243;citos com ou sem superexpress&#227;o de miRNAs em tratamento com glicose normal ou alta. A superexpress&#227;o do miR-34a e do miR-125b inibiu a capta&#231;&#227;o de glicose e a produ&#231;&#227;o de lactato em glicose normal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref>A e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">3</xref>B). Al&#233;m disso, os cardiomi&#243;citos com miR-34a e miR-125b altos tamb&#233;m apresentaram glic&#243;lise altamente diminu&#237;da, pr&#243;xima aos n&#237;veis normais (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref>A e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">3</xref>B), sugerindo que a superexpress&#227;o de miR-34a e miR-125b em condi&#231;&#245;es de hiperglicemia contribui para a manuten&#231;&#227;o da homeostase da glicose intracelular. Para verificar os alvos diretos do miR-34a e do miR-125b nos cardiomi&#243;citos, foram detectadas as express&#245;es proteicas de LDHA, que &#233; um alvo previsto do miR-34a, e de HK2, cuja 3&#8217;UTR poderia ser atingida diretamente pelo miR-125b (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4</xref>A). Os resultados do teste de Western Blot demonstraram consistentemente que os n&#237;veis de HK2 e LDHA foram suprimidos pela superexpress&#227;o de miR-34a e miR-125b em condi&#231;&#245;es de glicose normal ou hiperglicemia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4</xref>B). Foram verificados, al&#233;m disso, os alvos do miR-34a e do miR-125b em tecido card&#237;aco humano. De maneira consistente, em miR-34a e miR-125b, cuja express&#227;o &#233; relativamente alta em tecidos card&#237;acos normais, os n&#237;veis de HK2 e LDHA de mRNA foram aparentemente baixos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4</xref>C). A mesma correla&#231;&#227;o negativa entre miR-34a e LDHA, e entre miR-125b e HK2 foi observada em tecidos card&#237;acos diab&#233;ticos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4</xref>D). Em geral, os dados confirmam que o miR-34a e o miR-125b inibem a glic&#243;lise intracelular atingindo enzimas que limitam a velocidade da glic&#243;lise, contribuindo para a manuten&#231;&#227;o da homeostase da glicose em hiperglicemia.</p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>A superexpress&#227;o de miR-34a e miR-125b afeta o metabolismo da glicose induzido por hiperglicemia. (A) Cardiomi&#243;citos prim&#225;rios de ratos foram transfectados com microRNA de controle, ou pr&#233;-miR-34a mais miR-125b por 72 horas, as c&#233;lulas foram expostas em condi&#231;&#245;es de glicose normal ou alta (25 mM) por 48 horas. A capta&#231;&#227;o de glicose e (B) a produ&#231;&#227;o de lactato foram medidas. As colunas s&#227;o a m&#233;dia de tr&#234;s experimentos independentes; as barras de erro nos gr&#225;ficos representam o DP. *, p &lt; 0,05; **, p &lt; 0,01; ***, p &lt; 0,001.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-03-0415-90529-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>O miR-34a e o miR-125b atingem enzimas da glic&#243;lise em cardiomi&#243;citos e tecidos card&#237;acos. (A) ilustra&#231;&#227;o da LDHA 3&#8217;UTR e da HK2 3&#8217;UTR, bem como da sequ&#234;ncia de semeadura de miR-34a e miR-125b, mostrando a regi&#227;o alvo prevista por computa&#231;&#227;o na 3&#8217;UTR dos mRNAs da LDHA e HK2. (B) Cardiomi&#243;citos de ratos foram transfectados com 25 nM de precursores de miR-34a e miR-125b por 72 horas. A superexpress&#227;o do miR-34a e do miR-125b teve resposta celular reduzida de express&#245;es proteicas de LDHA e HK2 condi&#231;&#245;es de glicose normal e alta. A &#945;-tubulina foi um controle de carregamento. (C) Correla&#231;&#227;o negativa entre miR-34a e express&#245;es de mRNA de LDHA em tecidos card&#237;acos humanos normais. (D) Correla&#231;&#227;o negativa entre miR-125b e express&#245;es de mRNA de HK2 em tecidos card&#237;acos humanos normais.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-03-0415-90529-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>A restaura&#231;&#227;o de LDHA e HK2 sensibiliza os cardiomi&#243;citos &#224; glicose alta</title>
        <p>Por fim, para testar se a prote&#231;&#227;o de cardiomi&#243;citos em hiperglicemia foi causada diretamente pela inibi&#231;&#227;o da glic&#243;lise por miR-34a e miR-125b, foram realizados experimentos de resgate por cotransfec&#231;&#227;o de plasm&#237;deos de superexpress&#227;o de LDHA e HK2 em cardiomi&#243;citos de superexpress&#227;o de miR-34a e miR-125b. Os resultados do teste de Western Blot (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 5</xref>A) demonstraram que a cotransfec&#231;&#227;o de plasm&#237;deos conseguiu resgatar com sucesso as express&#245;es de LDHA e HK2 em cardiomi&#243;citos de superexpress&#227;o de miR-34a e miR-125b. Al&#233;m disso, a capta&#231;&#227;o de glicose (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 5</xref>B) e a produ&#231;&#227;o de lactato (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 5</xref>C) tamb&#233;m foram trazidas a n&#237;veis normais pela restaura&#231;&#227;o de LDHA e HK2. As c&#233;lulas transfectadas acima foram expostas a 50 mM de glicose para simular a hiperglicemia por 48 horas. As c&#233;lulas foram coletadas e submetidas a teste de morte celular. Como esperado, os cardiomi&#243;citos com resgate de LDHA e HK2 apresentaram aumento de morte celular em hiperglicemia, em compara&#231;&#227;o com os &#237;ndices dos cardiomi&#243;citos com superexpress&#227;o de miR-34a e miR-125b (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 5</xref>D). Esses experimentos de resgate confirmaram a homeostase da glicose intracelular mediada por miR-34a e miR-125b em cardiomi&#243;citos protegidos diretamente por hiperglicemia.</p>
        <fig id="f5">
          <label>Figura 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>A restaura&#231;&#227;o de glic&#243;lise em cardiomi&#243;citos de ratos com superexpress&#227;o de miR-34a e miR-125b promove a morte celular em hiperglicemia. (A) Os cardiomi&#243;citos de ratos foram transfectados com mistura de miR-34a e miR-125b sozinhos ou cotransfectados com miR-34a e plasm&#237;deos de superexpress&#227;o de miR-125b e plasm&#237;deos de superexpress&#227;o de LDHA e HK2 por 72 horas. As c&#233;lulas foram tratadas com ou sem glicose alta (25 mM) por 48 horas e submetidas &#224; a an&#225;lise de Western Blot. A &#945;-tubulina foi um controle de carregamento. (B) Os cardiomi&#243;citos de ratos foram transfectados com mistura de miR-34a e miR-125b sozinhos ou cotransfectados com miR-34a e plasm&#237;deos de superexpress&#227;o de miR-125b e plasm&#237;deos de superexpress&#227;o de LDHA e HK2 por 72 horas. As c&#233;lulas foram tratadas com ou sem glicose alta (25 mM) por 48 horas. A capta&#231;&#227;o de glicose e (C) a produ&#231;&#227;o de lactato foram medidas. (D) Os cardiomi&#243;citos de ratos foram transfectados com mistura de miR-34a e miR-125b sozinhos ou cotransfectados com miR-34a e plasm&#237;deos de superexpress&#227;o de miR-125b e plasm&#237;deos de superexpress&#227;o de LDHA e HK2 por 72 horas. As c&#233;lulas foram tratadas com ou sem glicose alta (50 mM) por 48 horas. A morte celular foi avaliada pelo ensaio de MTT. As colunas s&#227;o a m&#233;dia de tr&#234;s experimentos independentes; as barras de erro nos gr&#225;ficos representam o DP. *, p &lt; 0,05; **, p &lt; 0,01; ***, p &lt; 0,001.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-03-0415-90529-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>A CMD &#233; uma das principais amea&#231;as &#224; sa&#250;de de pacientes com diabetes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> Ela est&#225; associada a eventos patofisiol&#243;gicos complexos, incluindo inflama&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica, morte de c&#233;lulas card&#237;acas, que podem levar &#224; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. A respostas card&#237;aca inicial ao diabetes foi a morte de cardiomi&#243;citos apopt&#243;ticos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> Neste estudo, relatou-se um mecanismo de prote&#231;&#227;o de cardiomi&#243;citos mediados por microRNA em condi&#231;&#245;es de hiperglicemia. Cardiomi&#243;citos de ratos foram tratados com glicose alta e detectou-se aumento significativo de glic&#243;lise, um processo regulado pelo aumento adaptativo de miR-34a e miR-125b, indicando que atingir o miR-34a e o miR-125b no metabolismo da glicose causado por hiperglicemia pode contribuir para o desenvolvimento de um m&#233;todo terap&#234;utico de prote&#231;&#227;o contra a morte de c&#233;lulas card&#237;acas.</p>
      <p>Glicose e a resist&#234;ncia aguda a insulina foram detectadas em problemas card&#237;acos agudos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> Al&#233;m disso, o metabolismo de glicose intracelular alta foi reconhecido como um marcador progn&#243;stico potencial em s&#237;ndromes coron&#225;rias agudas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref> A associa&#231;&#227;o entre hiperglicemia e CMD foi estudada exaustivamente.<sup>18</sup> A sinaliza&#231;&#227;o metab&#243;lica de insulina anormal, a hiperglicemia, e disfun&#231;&#227;o mitocondrial e o stress oxidativo s&#227;o os mecanismos patofisiol&#243;gicos envolvidos no desenvolvimento da CMD mais not&#243;rios.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref> Atualmente, os mecanismos moleculares subjacentes que resultam em CMD n&#227;o s&#227;o suficientemente entendidos. Estudos recentes indicam que os microRNAs desempenham pap&#233;is essenciais na etiologia do diabetes e suas complica&#231;&#245;es.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> Al&#233;m disso, relatou-se que o miR-125b e o miR-34a est&#227;o associados ao stress oxidativo de tecidos card&#237;acos, levando &#224; inibi&#231;&#227;o de morte celular de cardiomi&#243;citos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> Em c&#226;nceres, j&#225; foi relatado que o miR-34a e o miR-125b diminu&#237;ram e inibiram o metabolismo da glicose,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref> o que sugere que o miR-34a e o miR-125b poderiam regular as c&#233;lulas disfuncionais em condi&#231;&#245;es de hiperglicemia. Os resultados demonstraram que miR-34a e miR-125b tiveram resposta celular significativamente reduzida no em tecidos card&#237;acos humanos diab&#233;ticos, em compara&#231;&#227;o com normais. Al&#233;m disso, detectou-se que o miR-34a e o miR-125b eram estimulados de forma adaptativa em cardiomi&#243;citos de ratos em condi&#231;&#245;es de glicose alta, sugerindo que o miR-34a e o miR-125b pode suprimir o metabolismo da glicose intracelular causado por hiperglicemia. J&#225; se sabia que o miR-34a poderia atingir a 3&#8217;UTR de mRNA de LDHA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref> e que a HK2 era um alvo direto do miR-125b em c&#233;lulas cancer&#237;genas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref> Este estudo tem algumas limita&#231;&#245;es na confirma&#231;&#227;o dos efeitos dos miRNAS na prote&#231;&#227;o de CMD de dados <italic>in vivo</italic>. Os dados, entretanto, revelaram, pela primeira vez, que o miR-34a e a HK2 poderiam suprimir a capta&#231;&#227;o de glicose e a produ&#231;&#227;o de lactato em cardiomi&#243;citos. A superexpress&#227;o do miR-34a e do miR-125b contribuiu para a manuten&#231;&#227;o do metabolismo da glicose intracelular em condi&#231;&#245;es de hiperglicemia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Em resumo, este estudo demonstrou que o miR-34a e o miR-125b est&#227;o significativamente correlacionados &#224; CMD humana. Utilizando um modelo de cardiomi&#243;citos de ratos <italic>in vitro</italic>, a hiperglicemia estimula, de forma adaptativa, as express&#245;es do miR-34a e do miR-125b. A superexpress&#227;o de miR-34a e de miR-125b suprimiu o metabolismo da glicose intracelular induzida por hiperglicemia atingindo LDHA e HK2, o que resultou na inibi&#231;&#227;o da morte celular de cardiomi&#243;citos induzida por hiperglicemia. Conjuntamente, os dados revelaram os poss&#237;veis pap&#233;is desempenhados pelo miR-34a e pelo miR-125b na patog&#234;nese da cardiomiopatia induzida por hiperglicemia. Nosso trabalho futuro focar&#225; em um modelo de rato diab&#233;tico <italic>in vivo</italic> para investigar os mecanismos moleculares do miR-34a e do miR-125b na CMD.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Inhibiting Glucose Metabolism By miR-34a and miR-125b Protects Against Hyperglycemia-Induced Cardiomyocyte Cell Death</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Xu</surname>
            <given-names>Chao-rui</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5194-439X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fang</surname>
            <given-names>Qiu-ju</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Harbin</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="CN">China</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Heilongjiang Province Hospital, Harbin - China.</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Harbin</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="CN">China</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Heilongjiang Province Hospital - Department of Cardiology for the Elderly, Harbin &#8211; China.</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Qiu-ju Fang</bold> &#8226; Heilongjiang Province Hospital - Department of Cardiology for the Elderly - No.405, Guogeli Street, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China Harbin <postal-code>150001</postal-code> - China. E-mail: HYPERLINK &#8220;mailto:<email>fangqiuju_med@163.com</email>&#8221;<email>fangqiuju_med@163.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data and Statistical analysis: Chao-rui X; Writing of the manuscript: Chao-rui X.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>It is well-known that insulin resistance and hyperglycemia are important pathological causes for the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM). However, its precise molecular mechanisms in the pathogenesis of DCM remain unclear.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>Recent studies reveal that microRNAs (miRNA) play essential roles in the pathogenesis of DCM. This project aimed to determine the roles of miR-34a and miR-125b in hyperglycemia-induced cardiomyocyte cell death.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Rat primary cardiomyocytes were isolated and exposed to normal and high concentrations of glucose. Cell viability was measured using MTT assay. Expressions of miR-34a and miR-125b were detected by qRT-PCR. Potential targets of miR-34a and miR-125b were predicted from www.Targetscan.org and validated from human heart tissues. A statistical significance of p&lt;0.05 was considered.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The present study shows that miR-34a and miR-125b are downregulated in a human diabetic heart. Moreover, in vitro data from rat primary cardiomyocytes showed that short-term high glucose treatment stimulates miR-34a and miR-125b expressions. Under high glucose, it was found that rat cardiomyocytes displayed increased intracellular glucose metabolism, and glucose uptake and lactate production were significantly increased. It was also found that the key glucose metabolic enzymes, Hexokinase 2 (HK2) and Lactate dehydrogenase-A (LDHA), were direct targets of miR-125b and miR-34a, respectively. Overexpression of miR-125b and miR-34a could prevent hyperglycemia-induced cardiomyocyte cell death. Finally, the restoration of HK2 and LDHA in miR-125b and miR-34a overexpressed cardiomyocytes recovered the cardiomyocytes&#8217; sensitivity to hyperglycemia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Our results proposed a molecular mechanism for the microRNA-mediated diabetic cardiovascular protection and will contribute to developing treatment strategies for diabetes-associated cardiovascular dysfunction.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Hiperglycemia</kwd>
        <kwd>Glicose Metabolism Disordes</kwd>
        <kwd>Cell Death</kwd>
        <kwd>Diabetic Cardiomyopathies</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocytes,Cardiac</kwd>
        <kwd>Rats</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM), which is associated with an increased incidence of heart failure in diabetic patients, is a chronic and irreversible heart complication.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> It is characterized by complicated pathophysiologic changes in the structure and function of the myocardium, including early diastolic dysfunction, ventricular dilation, and cardiac hypertrophy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> DCM is promoted by factors which are independent from coronary artery disease (CAD), such as insulin resistance in heart tissue, compensatory hyperinsulinemia, and hyperglycemia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> Currently, the precise mechanisms resulting in DCM are still under investigation.</p>
        <p>High glucose plays an important role in several diabetic complications including DCM through the induction of inflammatory reactions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> Following uptake by cells, glucose is broken down into pyruvate/lactate, a process called anerobic glycolysis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> Glycolysis is regulated at several rate-limiting steps, such as glucose uptake, glucose phosphorylation, and conversion of pyruvate into lactate or Acetyl-CoA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> Recent studies reported high glucose inhibition by irisin could influence the development of DCM by regulating the endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EndMT),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> suggesting tha tblocking glycolysis may benefit DCM patients. In addition, another study illustrated metallothione, an antioxidant, could inhibit the hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress, resulting in the suppression of DCM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> The above reports indicate blocking the hyperglycemia could prevent the DCM. Thus, a better understanding of DCM&#8217;s pathophysiology will greatly benefit early diagnosis and the treatment for diabetes-associated cardiovascular dysfunction.</p>
        <p>MicroRNA, a small (~20-25 nt) and highly conserved non-coding RNA, has proved to play critical roles in cardiac remodeling and the development of heart failure,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> suggesting a potentially therapeutic target for the diagnosis and treatment of DCM. Among microRNAs, which have been reported to be significantly altered during DCM, miR-34a tends be upregulated during DCM,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> while miR- 125b is known to be associated with hypertrophic growth,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> indicating that miR-34a and miR-125 are involved in the development of DCM. However, whether miR-125b and miR-34a could regulate the hyperglycemia-induced cardiomyopathy remains unclear. Therefore, the present study seeks to investigate the potential role and mechanism of miR-34a and miR-125b in hyperglycemia-induced cardiomyocyte dysfunction, suggesting a new therapeutic strategy in the management of DCM.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Rat cardiomyocyte culture</title>
          <p>The isolation of rat cardiomyocytes was performed following prior study.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> Briefly, rat cardiomyocytes were collected from day two postnatal rat hearts. In total, eight rats were dissected, and the isolated/cultured cardiomyocytes from all rat hearts were pooled. All experiments were performed using the same cells from the pool. The cardiomyocytes were further identified by staining the smooth muscle actin, sarcomeric alpha-actinin, and tropomyosin. The cardiomyocytes were cultured with specific cardiomyocyte medium (Catalog No. 6201; ScienCell), according to manufacturer&#8217;s instructions. The culture medium was refreshed every 24 hours. Seventy-two hours later, cell culture medium was changed to serum-free Dulbecco&#8217;s modified Eagle&#8217;s medium (DMEM, Catalog No. 31600-034; Invitrogen Corporation, Grand Island, NY, USA), together with 10% Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) and 1% penicillin/streptomycin in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO<sub>2</sub> at 37&#176;C. Rat cell experiments were performed in triplicate and repeated three times. The animal experiments were performed after having received approval from the Animal Ethical Review Board of Heilongjiang Province Hospital (No. AHPH-201711-06).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Human heart tissue samples</title>
          <p>Human heart tissue samples were obtained from failing human hearts with DCM (20 cases) at the time of transplant at the Heilongjiang Province Hospital. Tissues were frozen immediately in liquid nitrogen and were then stored at -80&#176;C until use. Normal hearts (20 cases) were obtained from healthy donors without transplants and stored by the same procedures. Human tissue collection was performed after having received approval from the Ethical Review Board of Heilongjiang Province Hospital (No. PH-201706-2H). Informed consent was obtained from all patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Plasmid DNA and microRNA precursor transfection</title>
          <p>MiR-34a precursor, miR-125b precursor, and negative control were purchased from Genepharma (Shanghai, China). MicroRNA precursors and negative control microRNA were transfected at 50 nM. Cells were seeded in 6-well plates at 10<sup>5</sup> densities 24 h prior to transfection. Transfection was performed using the Lipofectamine RNAiMax Transfection Reagent (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) according to the manufacturer&#8217;s instructions. After 72 h, the cells were collected for downstream analysis. Overexpression vectors containing human ORF LDHA, or HK2, were purchased from Origene Technologies Inc. (Rockville, MD) and 4 ug of plasmid was transfected using the Lipofectamine 2000 transfection reagent (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) according to the manufacturer&#8217;s protocol. Cells were collected after 48 hours for downstream analysis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Glucose uptake and lactate production</title>
          <p>The glucose uptake assay was performed using the Glucose Uptake Colorimetric Assay Kit (#MAK083) from Sigma (Shanghai, China), according to manufacturer&#8217;s instructions. The lactate production was detected using the Lactate Assay Kit (#MAK064) from Sigma (Shanghai, China), according to manufacturer&#8217;s instructions. Data were normalized by the cell numbers of each experimental group. Assays were performed in triplicate and repeated three times.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Detection of cardiomyocyte cell death</title>
          <p>The cardiomyocyte cell death was investigated by the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay and verified by direct Trypan blue staining. Briefly, 24 hours after treatments with high glucose, the cell culture medium was replaced with 200 <italic>&#956;</italic>l fresh medium and 20 <italic>&#956;</italic>L of 5 mg/mL MTT (Sigma, #M5655) was put into the rat cardiomyocytes for 2 hours at 37&#176;C. The culture medium was completely removed, and 100 &#181;L of DMSO was added. Plates were put on an orbital shaker for 5 minutes at room temperature. The absorbance, at optical density (OD) of 590 nm, was measured. This absorbance was normalized by cell numbers of each well. Each experiment was performed in triplicate and repeated three times.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Quantitative RT-PCR</title>
          <p>Total RNA was isolated from tissue and cardiomyocyte cells, using the TRIzol Reagent (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) according to manufacturer&#8217;s instructions. After DNase treatment, the quality of the RNA was measured by NanoDrop. To detect the miRNAs, a polyA tail was conjugated to the RNase-free DNase digested RNA, and qRT-PCR was performed using the qRT-PCR miRNA Detection Kit (Applied Biosystems), following manufacturer&#8217;s instructions. Human U6 served as an internal control. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was performed using SYBR Green Taq ReadyMix (Sigma) on an Applied Biosystems7500 PCR system. Results were analyzed using the 2<sup>&#8722;&#916;&#916;Ct</sup> method and normalized to U6 expression. All qRT-PCR assays were performed with the Bio-Rad IQTM5 Multicolour Real-Time PCR Detection System. Experiments were performed in triplicate and repeated three times.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Target prediction</title>
          <p>The potential targets of miR-125b and miR-34a were computationally predicted by the TargetScan program (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.targetscan.org/">http://www.targetscan.org/</ext-link>).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Western blot analysis</title>
          <p>Western blot analysis was performed to assess the expressions of HK2 and LDHA proteins. Cell lysates from rat cardiomyocytes were extracted using RIPA Lysis and Extraction Buffer (#89900, Thermo Scientific, Shanghai, China). Protein concentration was determined by applying the Bradford method, as previously described.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> An equal amount of protein sample was loaded on a 10% SDS-PAGE gel, followed by electrophoresis, and transferred onto a nitrocellulose membrane. Membranes were blocked by 5% BSA for one hour at room temperature. After complete washing by TBST, the blots were incubated with primary antibodies, all from Cellsignaling Technology (Danvers, MA, USA) (HK2, #2867; LDHA, #3582 and &#945;-tubulin, #2125) at 1:1000 for overnight at 4&#176;C. Membranes were washed and incubated with respective secondary antibodies at 1:3000 for 1 hour at room temperature. Bands were detected by chemiluminescence developing agents (SuperSignal, Thermo Scientific). Results were repeated three times, and representative figures were shown.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Statistical analysis was performed using the GraphPad Prism 5 software (GraphPad Software, Inc., La Jolla, CA, USA). The unpaired Student&#8217;s t-test was used for data analysis between two groups. The significance among three or more groups was analyzed by ANOVA. Data was presented as mean and standard deviation. The error bars in graphs represented standard deviation. Correlations between variables were determined by Pearson&#8217;s correlation coefficient. Experiments were performed in triplicate and repeated three times. Data from rat cardiomyocyte experiments were normalized by the cell number of each experimental group. &#945;-tubulin was an internal control for Western blot. U6 was an internal control for qRT-PCR. A <italic>p</italic>&lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Down-regulation of miR-34a and miR-125b in a human diabetic heart</title>
          <p>To evaluate the roles of miRNAs in a human diabetic heart, miR-34a and miR-125b expression levels were examined in human heart tissues obtained from 20 patients with diabetic heart failure and 20 healthy donors. The expressions of miR- 34a and miR-125b were significantly downregulated in heart tissues with diabetic heart failure, when compared with those from healthy donors (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 1</xref>A and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">1</xref>B). These results suggest a protective role of miR-34a and miR-125b during high glucose-mediated heart failure.</p>
          <fig id="f6">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Down-regulation of miR-34a and miR-125b in a human diabetic heart, induced by hyperglycemia. (A) Expressions of miR-34a and (B) miR-125b in a normal human heart and diabetic heart tissues. (C) Rat cardiomyocytes were treated with control or high glucose at 5, 10, or 20 mM. The relative expressions of miR-34a and (D) miR-125b were assessed by real-time PCR and normalized to U6 snRNA levels. Columns, mean of three independent experiments; the error bars in graphs represented SD. **, p &lt; 0.01; ***, p &lt; 0.001.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-03-0415-90529-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Short-term high glucose stimulates miR-34a and miR-125b expressions in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes</title>
          <p>To evaluate the effect of miR-34a and miR-125b in high glucose-induced cardiomyocyte dysfunction, this study established an <italic>in vitro</italic> model using the isolated rat cardiomyocytes cultured under normal and high glucose conditions. Interestingly enough, within a short period of time (1 hour), miR-34a and miR-125b were found to be significantly induced by 25 or 50 mM high glucose concentration (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 1</xref>C and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">1</xref>D). However, under long time hyperglycemia (48 hours, 50 mM), cardiomyocytes underwent cell death (data not shown). Taken together, the above results revealed an adaptive upregulation of miR-34a and miR-125b by hyperglycemia in cardiomyocytes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Overexpression of miR-34a and miR-125b protects against hyperglycemia-induced cardiomyocyte death</title>
          <p>It is well-known that hyperglycemia can trigger inflammatory responses and induce cardiomyocyte cell death (4). It was therefore asked whether exogenous overexpressing miR-34a and miR-125b could protect against hyperglycemia-induced cardiomyocyte death. Rat cardiomyocytes were co-transfected with pre-miR-34a and pre-miR-125b for 48 hours. qRT-PCR results showed miR-34a and miR-125b expressions were increased by 5-10 folds (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 2</xref>A). Cells were then exposed to 25 or 50 mM glucose to mimic hyperglycemia for 48 hours. Expectedly, control miRNA transfected cardiomyocytes presented a clear cell death under HG treatment (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 2</xref>B). However, cardiomyocytes with miR-34a and miR-125b overexpression proved to be significantly resistant to HG when analyzed by both MTT assay and Caspase-3 activity assay (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 2</xref>B and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">2</xref>C). These results demonstrated a protective role of miR-34a and miR-125b in HG-induced cardiomyocyte cell death.</p>
          <fig id="f7">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Overexpression of miR-34a and miR-125b protects against hyperglycemia-induced cardiomyocytes death. (A) Rat primary cardiomyocytes were transfected with control microRNA, or pre-miR-34a plus miR-125b for 72 hours. The expressions of miR-34a and miR-125b were measured by qRT-PCR. (B) Rat primary cardiomyocytes were transfected with control microRNA, or pre-miR-34a plus miR-125b for 72 hours; cells were exposed under normal or high glucose (25 mM or 50 mM) for 48 hours. The cell apoptosis rate was measured by MTT assay and (C) Caspase-3 activity. Columns, mean of three independent experiments; the error bars in graphs represented SD. *, p &lt; 0.05; **, p &lt; 0.01; ***, p &lt; 0.001.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-03-0415-90529-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Inhibition of glycolysis by miR-34a and miR-125b under hyperglycemia by targeting LDHA and HK2</title>
          <p>Under high glucose, cells exhibited an increased cellular glucose metabolism.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> To investigate the mechanisms underlining the roles of miR-34a and miR-125b during HG treatments, a literature review was performed and recent studies were found that showed both miR-34a and miR-125b could inhibit intracellular glucose metabolism.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> Thus, it was hypothesized that the inhibition of the HG-activated intracellular glycolysis by miR-34a and miR-125b contributes to protecting cardiomyocytes against cell death. To assess the inhibitory effects of miR-34a and miR-125b on glycolysis under hyperglycemia, the glucose uptake and lactate production of cardiomyocytes with or without miRNAs overexpression were measured in normal or high glucose treatments. Overexpression of miR-34a and miR-125b inhibited glucose uptake and lactate production under normal glucose (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 3</xref>A and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">3</xref>B). In addition, cardiomyocytes with high miR-34a and miR-125b also displayed significantly decreased glycolysis, close to the normal levels (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 3</xref>A and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">3</xref>B), suggesting that an overexpression of miR-34a and miR-125b under hyperglycemia contributes to the maintenance of intracellular glucose homeostasis. To verify the direct targets of miR-34a and miR-125b in cardiomyocytes, we detected the protein expressions of LDHA, which is a predicted target of miR-34a and HK2, the 3&#8217;UTR of which could be directly targeted by miR-125b (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figure 4</xref>A). Western blot results consistently showed the protein levels of HK2 and LDHA were suppressed by an overexpression of miR-34a and miR-125b under both normal and HG conditions (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figure 4</xref>B). The targets of miR-34a and miR-125b were further verified in human heart tissues. In a consistent manner, in miR-34a and miR- 125b, whose expression is relatively high in normal heart tissues, the mRNA levels of HK2 and LDHA were apparently low (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figure 4</xref>C). The same negative correlation between miR-34a and LDHA, miR-125b, and HK2 was observed in diabetic heart tissues (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figure 4</xref>D). In general, our data support that the miR-34a and miR-125b inhibit intracellular glycolysis by targeting glycolysis speed limited enzymes, contributing to the maintenance of glucose homeostasis under hyperglycemia.</p>
          <fig id="f8">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Overexpression of miR-34a and miR-125b impairs hyperglycemia-induced glucose metabolism. (A) Rat primary cardiomyocytes were transfected with control microRNA, or pre-miR-34a plus miR-125b for 72 hours; cells were exposed under normal or high glucose (25 mM) for 48 hours. Glucose uptake and (B) lactate production were measured. Columns, mean of three independent experiments; the error bars in graphs represented SD. *, p &lt; 0.05; **, p &lt; 0.01; ***, p &lt; 0.001.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-03-0415-90529-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
          <fig id="f9">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>miR-34a and miR-125b target glycolysis enzymes in cardiomyocytes and heart tissues. (A) illustration of LDHA 3&#8217;UTR and HK2 3&#8217;UTR, as well as the seed sequence of miR-34a and miR-125b, showing the computationally predicted target region on the 3&#8217;UTR of LDHA and HK2 mRNAs. (B) Rat cardiomyocytes were transfected with 25 nM miR-34a plus miR-125b precursors for 72 h. Overexpression of miR-34a plus miR-125b downregulated LDHA and HK2 protein expressions under normal and high glucose conditions. &#945;-Tubulin was a loading control. (C) Negative correlation between miR-34a and LDHA mRNA expressions in normal human heart tissues. (D) Negative correlation between miR-125b and HK2 mRNA expressions in normal human heart tissues.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-03-0415-90529-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Restoration of LDHA and HK2 sensitizes cardiomyocyte to high glucose</title>
          <p>Finally, to test whether the protection of cardiomyocytes under HG was directly caused by glycolysis inhibition by miR-34a and miR-125b, rescue experiments were performed by co-transfection of LDHA and HK2 overexpression plasmids into miR-34a and miR-125b overexpressing cardiomyocytes. Western blot results (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figure 5</xref>A) showed that the co-transfection of plasmids successfully rescued the LDHA and HK2 expressions in miR-34a and miR-125b overexpressing cardiomyocytes. Furthermore, the glucose uptake (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figure 5</xref>B) and lactate production (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figure 5</xref>C) were also recovered to normal levels by restoration of LDHA and HK2. The above transfected cells were exposed to 50 mM glucose to mimic hyperglycemia for 48 hours. Cells were collected and subjected to cell death assay. As expected, cardiomyocytes with LDHA and HK2 rescue showed significantly increased cell death under hyperglycemia, as compared to that of miR-34a and miR-125b overexpressing cardiomyocytes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figure 5</xref>D). These rescue experiments supported the miR-34a and miR-125b-mediated intracellular glucose homeostasis in hyperglycemia directly protected by cardiomyocytes.</p>
          <fig id="f10">
            <label>Figure 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Restoration of glycolysis in miR-34a and miR-125b overexpressed rat cardiomyocyte promotes cell death under hyperglycemia. (A) Rat cardiomyocytes were transfected with miR-34a plus miR-125b mixture alone or co-transfected with miR-34a plus miR-125b and LDHA plus HK2 overexpression plasmids for 72 hours. Cells were then treated with or without high glucose (25 mM) for 48 hours and subjected to Western blot analysis. &#945;-Tubulin was a loading control. (B) Rat cardiomyocytes were transfected with miR-34a plus miR-125b mixture alone or co-transfected with miR-34a plus miR-125b and LDHA plus HK2 overexpression plasmids for 72 hours. Cells were then treated with or without high glucose (25 mM) for 48 hours. Glucose uptake and (C) lactate production were measured. (D) Rat cardiomyocytes were transfected with miR-34a plus miR-125b mixture alone or co-transfected with miR-34a plus miR-125b and LDHA plus HK2 overexpression plasmids for 72 hours. Cells were then treated with or without high glucose (50 mM) for 48 hours. Cell death was assessed by MTT assay. Columns, mean of three independent experiments; the error bars in graphs represented SD. *, p &lt; 0.05; **, p &lt; 0.01; ***, p &lt; 0.001.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-03-0415-90529-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>DCM is one of the major health threats in patients with diabetes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> It is associated with complex pathophysiologic events, including chronic inflammation and cardiac cell death, eventually resulting in heart failure. The early cardiac response to diabetes was apoptotic cardiomyocyte death.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> The present study reported on a microRNA-mediated cardiomyocyte protection mechanism under hyperglycemia. Rat cardiomyocytes were treated with high glucose, identifying a significant increased glycolysis, a process regulated by the adaptively upregulated miR-34a and miR-125b, indicating that the targeting of hyperglycemia-induced glucose metabolism by miR-34a and miR-125b might contribute to the development of a therapeutic method to protect against cardiac cell death.</p>
        <p>Glucose and acute insulin resistance have been found in acute cardiac conditions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> Furthermore, high intracellular glucose metabolism has been recognized as a potential prognostic marker in acute coronary syndromes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref> The association between hyperglycemia and DCM has been extensively studied.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref> Abnormal insulin metabolic signaling, hyperglycemia, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress are the most recognized pathophysiological mechanisms involved in the development of DCM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref> Currently, the underlying molecular mechanisms resulting in DCM are poorly understood. Recent studies have shown that microRNAs play essential roles in the etiology of diabetes and its complications.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> Moreover, miR-125b and miR-34a have proven to be associated with the oxidative stress of cardiac tissues, leading to prevent against cardiomyocytes cell death.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> In cancers, miR-34a and miR-125b have been reported to downregulate and inhibit glucose metabolism,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref> suggesting that miR-34a and miR-125b could regulate the dysfunctional cells under hyperglycemic conditions. Our results demonstrated that miR-34a and miR-125b were significantly downregulated in human diabetic heart tissues, when compared with a normal heart. It was also found that miR-34a and miR-125b were adaptively stimulated under high glucose conditions in rat cardiomyocytes, suggesting that miR-34a and miR-125b might suppress the hyperglycemia-induced intracellular glucose metabolism. It is well-known that miR-34a could target 3&#8217;UTR of LDHA mRNA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref> and that HK2 is a direct target of miR-125b in cancer cells.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref> This study has some limitations in confirming the effects of the miRNAs on the DCM protection from <italic>in vivo</italic> data. Our data, however, has, for the first time, revealed that miR-34a and HK2 could suppress glucose uptake and lactate production in cardiomyocytes. Overexpression of miR-34a and miR-125b contributed to the maintenance of intracellular glucose metabolism under hyperglycemic conditions (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>In summary, the present study demonstrated that miR-34a and miR-125b were significantly correlated with human DCM. Using an <italic>in vitro</italic> rat cardiomyocytes model, hyperglycemia adaptively stimulated miR-34a and miR-125b expressions. The overexpression of miR-34a and miR-125b suppressed high glucose-induced intracellular glucose metabolism by targeting LDHA and HK2, resulting in the prevention of the hyperglycemia-induced cardiomyocyte cell death. Taken together, this study serves to reveal the potential roles of miR-34a and miR-125b in the pathogenesis of hyperglycemia-induced cardiomyopathy. Our future work will focus on an <italic>in vivo</italic> rat diabetic model to investigate the molecular mechanisms of miR-34a and miR-125b in DCM.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn3">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
