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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">vwT38FBbrfXwyj6Nvkxn9Wq</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00413</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2021000400413</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20201244</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20201244</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Caracteriza&#231;&#227;o Histopatol&#243;gica das Les&#245;es Valvares Mitrais em Pacientes com Cardiopatia Reum&#225;tica: A Inflama&#231;&#227;o Tamb&#233;m &#233; Respons&#225;vel pela Progress&#227;o da Valvopatia Cr&#244;nica?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6521-2870</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rosa</surname>
            <given-names>Vitor Emer Egypto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Unidade Cl&#237;nica de Valvopatias do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (InCor HC FMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil.</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Vitor Emer Egypto Rosa</bold> &#8226; Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, S&#227;o Paulo - Brasil, E-mail: <email>vitoremer@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>23</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>116</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>413</fpage>
      <lpage>414</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia da Valva Mitral/cirurgia</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiopatia Reum&#225;tica/diagn&#243;stico</kwd>
        <kwd>Inflama&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrose</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiologia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="9"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A febre reum&#225;tica (FR) e a doen&#231;a reum&#225;tica card&#237;aca (DRC) continuam a ser altamente prevalentes, afetando aproximadamente 40 milh&#245;es de pessoas, principalmente em pa&#237;ses de baixa e m&#233;dia renda, mas tamb&#233;m em popula&#231;&#245;es marginalizadas em pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> Os dados brasileiros sobre preval&#234;ncia da FR s&#227;o escassos principalmente devido a (a) dificuldades no diagn&#243;stico de FR aguda, (b) custo do rastreamento de DRC e (c) o fato de que dados relatados sobre cirurgia ou &#243;bito podem representar incid&#234;ncia da FR de 2 d&#233;cadas atr&#225;s. A consequ&#234;ncia mais temida da FR s&#227;o as valvopatias cr&#244;nicas, que levam &#224; piora na qualidade de vida, hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es e necessidade de procedimento cir&#250;rgico, principalmente em indiv&#237;duos jovens.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> Portanto, h&#225; uma necessidade urgente de melhor compreender os fatores que influenciam a progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a card&#237;aca valvar (DCV). Nesse contexto, Gomes et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> estudaram as altera&#231;&#245;es histopatol&#243;gicas nas v&#225;lvulas mitrais de pacientes com DRC submetidos &#224; troca valvar mitral.</p>
    <p>A inflama&#231;&#227;o &#233; um dos principais componentes da DCV em pacientes com FR. Na fase aguda da infec&#231;&#227;o, os achados histopatol&#243;gicos consistem na presen&#231;a de densos infiltrados inflamat&#243;rios valvares e n&#243;dulos de Aschoff, caracterizados como degenera&#231;&#227;o fibrinoide do col&#225;geno circundado por linf&#243;citos, macr&#243;fagos, c&#233;lulas gigantes, plasm&#243;citos e fibroblastos em pali&#231;ada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> A DRC cr&#244;nica geralmente se apresenta com calcifica&#231;&#227;o das c&#250;spides, fibrose e fus&#227;o comissural. Entretanto, o papel da inflama&#231;&#227;o na DCV cr&#244;nica ainda est&#225; em estudo.</p>
    <p>Gomes et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> examinaram 60 v&#225;lvulas mitrais explantadas, 40 de etiologia reum&#225;tica (53 &#177; 13 anos; 90% mulheres) e 20 de um grupo controle constitu&#237;do de pacientes submetidos a transplante card&#237;aco (50 &#177; 12 anos; 70% homens). Quando comparados ao grupo controle, os pacientes reum&#225;ticos apresentaram mais fibrose, neoangiog&#234;nese, calcifica&#231;&#227;o e inflama&#231;&#227;o de intensidade moderada ou importante. A presen&#231;a de um processo inflamat&#243;rio cr&#244;nico ativo na v&#225;lvula mitral requer um melhor entendimento da progress&#227;o da degenera&#231;&#227;o reum&#225;tica da DCV. Al&#233;m disso, esses achados sugerem que as op&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas m&#233;dicas direcionadas &#224; inflama&#231;&#227;o da v&#225;lvula podem retardar a progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a nos est&#225;gios finais da DCV. Entretanto, duas considera&#231;&#245;es importantes em rela&#231;&#227;o ao desenho do estudo devem ser feitas. Primeiro, os pacientes do estudo e o grupo controle n&#227;o foram pareados para v&#225;rios par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos. Em segundo lugar, n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel descartar a possibilidade de que o processo inflamat&#243;rio cr&#244;nico seja consequ&#234;ncia do estresse hemodin&#226;mico na valva lesada e n&#227;o relacionado &#224; DRC. Para esse prop&#243;sito, um grupo controle deveria ser constitu&#237;do de pacientes com valvopatia anatomicamente importante n&#227;o-reum&#225;tica, como prolapso de v&#225;lvula mitral.</p>
    <p>Al&#233;m disso, os autores tamb&#233;m compararam os achados histopatol&#243;gicos de acordo com a les&#227;o valvar predominante, isto &#233;, estenose e regurgita&#231;&#227;o. Pacientes com estenose mitral apresentaram maior calcifica&#231;&#227;o das c&#250;spides, como esperado. No entanto, os pacientes com maior grau de inflama&#231;&#227;o apresentaram maior &#225;rea valvar mitral. Esses achados geram duas hip&#243;teses sobre o padr&#227;o de les&#227;o valvar:</p>
    <list list-type="order">
      <list-item>
        <p>A inflama&#231;&#227;o leva &#224; regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral: alguns pacientes apresentam mais inflama&#231;&#227;o valvar, maior &#225;rea valvar mitral e, portanto, t&#234;m um predom&#237;nio de regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral;</p>
      </list-item>
      <list-item>
        <p>A inflama&#231;&#227;o leva &#224; estenose mitral: e a inflama&#231;&#227;o &#233; reduzida &#224; medida que a calcifica&#231;&#227;o aparece. Portanto, pacientes com menos inflama&#231;&#227;o t&#234;m &#225;reas valvares menores.</p>
      </list-item>
    </list>
    <p>Infelizmente, a FR ainda &#233; uma doen&#231;a marginalizada, com poucos estudos sobre sua fisiopatologia. O estudo realizado por Gomes et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> forneceu novas informa&#231;&#245;es importantes sobre a inflama&#231;&#227;o na DRC cr&#244;nica. Entretanto, mais pesquisas s&#227;o necess&#225;rias para melhor entender a progress&#227;o da DCV, os padr&#245;es de les&#227;o valvar e, portanto, estabelecer novas op&#231;&#245;es de tratamento.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Caracteriza&#231;&#227;o Histol&#243;gica das Les&#245;es da Valva Mitral de Pacientes com Cardiopatia Reum&#225;tica</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Histopathological Characterization of Mitral Valvular Lesions in Patients With Rheumatic Heart Disease: Is Inflammation Also to Blame for Chronic Valvular Heart Disease Progression?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6521-2870</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rosa</surname>
            <given-names>Vitor Emer Egypto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Unidade Cl&#237;nica de Valvopatias do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (InCor HC FMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil.</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Vitor Emer Egypto Rosa</bold> &#8226; Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil, E-mail: <email>vitoremer@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Mitral Valve Insufficiency/surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Rheumatic Heart Disease/diagnosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Inflammation</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiology</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Rheumatic fever (RF) and rheumatic heart disease (RHD) remain highly prevalent, affecting approximately 40 million people, mostly in low- and middle-income countries, but also in select marginalized populations in higher-income countries.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> Brazilian data regarding RF prevalence is scarce mainly due to (a) difficulties in acute RF diagnosis, (b) cost of RHD screening and (c) the fact that reported data on surgery or death may represent RF incidence from 2 decades ago. The most feared consequence of RF is valvular heart disease, which leads to a worsening in the quality of life, hospitalizations and need for surgical procedure, primarily in young people.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> Therefore, there is an urgent need to better understand the factors that influence valvular heart disease (VHD) progression. In this context, Gomes et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> studied the histopathological changes in mitral valves of patients with RHD undergoing mitral valve replacement.</p>
      <p>Inflammation in one of the key components of VHD in patients with RF. In the acute stage of infection, the histopathological findings are the presence of dense valvular inflammatory infiltrates and Aschoff nodules, characterized as collagen fibrinoid degeneration surrounded by lymphocytes, macrophages, giant cells, plasma cells, and palisades of fibroblasts.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> Chronic RHD usually presents with cuspid calcification, fibrosis and commissural fusion. However, the role of inflammation in chronic VHD is still under study.</p>
      <p>Gomes et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> examined 60 explanted mitral valves, 40 of rheumatic etiology (53 &#177; 13 years; 90% females) and 20 from a control group consisting of patients submitted to heart transplant (50 &#177; 12 years; 70% males). When compared to the control group, rheumatic patients had more fibrosis, neoangiogenesis, calcification and moderate- or severe-intensity inflammation. The presence of an active chronic inflammatory process in the mitral valve requires a better understanding of rheumatic VHD degeneration progression. Besides, these findings suggest that medical therapeutic options targeting valve inflammation may slow the disease progression in the late stages of VHD. However, two important considerations regarding the study design must be pointed out. First, the study patients and the control group were not matched for several clinical and echocardiographic parameters. Second, it is not possible to rule out that the chronic inflammatory process was a consequence of the hemodynamic stress in the injured valve, and unrelated to the RHD. For this purpose, a control group should consist of patients with non-rheumatic severe valvular heart disease, such as mitral valve prolapse.</p>
      <p>In addition, the authors also compared the histopathological findings according to the predominant valve lesion, i.e. stenosis and regurgitation. Mitral stenosis patients had more cuspid calcification, as expected. However, patients with a higher degree of inflammation had a larger mitral valve area. These findings generate 2 hypotheses about the valve injury pattern:</p>
      <list list-type="order">
        <list-item>
          <p>Inflammation leads to mitral regurgitation: some patients have more valve inflammation, a larger mitral valve area and thus have a predominance of mitral regurgitation;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Inflammation leads to mitral stenosis: as calcification appears, the inflammation is reduced. Hence, patients with less inflammation have smaller valve areas.</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
      <p>Unfortunately, RF is still a marginalized disease with few studies on its pathophysiology. The study carried out by Gomes et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> provided new important information about inflammation in chronic RHD. However, further research is required to better understand VHD progression, valve injury patterns and, therefore, to establish new treatment options.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Histopathological Characterization of Mitral Valvular Lesions from Patients with Rheumatic Heart Disease</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
