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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">GdmY38DrCHdVhnRrfmKmyym</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00404</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2021000400404</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200154</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200154</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Caracteriza&#231;&#227;o Histol&#243;gica das Les&#245;es da Valva Mitral de Pacientes com Cardiopatia Reum&#225;tica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Nayana F. A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pascoal-Xavier</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Passos</surname>
            <given-names>Livia S. A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paula</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago Mendon&#231;a Nunes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8181-4801</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Aguiar</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Marcelo de Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2667-9624</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Guar&#231;oni</surname>
            <given-names>Felipe Vieira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4103-8446</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nassif</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Cec&#237;lia Landim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gelape</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Leo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Braulio</surname>
            <given-names>Renato</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Henrique N.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8260-9212</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Passaglia</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Guilherme</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4153-1874</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Raquel Braga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dutra</surname>
            <given-names>Walderez O.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8801-1828</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nunes</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Carmo P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil.</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Maria Carmo P. Nunes</bold> &#8226; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Faculdade de Medicina - Professor Alfredo Balena, 190. CEP <postal-code>30130-100</postal-code>, Santa Efig&#234;nia, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil, E-mail: <email>mcarmo@waymail.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos Autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Gomes NFA, Pascoal-Xavier MA, Passos LSA, Passaglia LG, Dutra WO, Nunes MCP; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Gomes NFA, Pascoal-Xavier MA, Passos LSA, Paula TMN, Aguiar JMS, Guar&#231;oni FV, Nassif MCL, Gelape CL, Braulio R, Costa PHN, Martins RB, Dutra WO, Nunes MCP; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Gomes NFA, Passos LSA, Dutra WO, Nunes MCP; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Gomes NFA, Pascoal-Xavier MA, Passos LSA, Nunes MCP; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Gomes NFA, Pascoal-Xavier MA, Passos LSA, Gelape CL, Braulio R, Costa PHN, Passaglia LG, Dutra WO, Nunes MCP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>23</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>116</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>404</fpage>
      <lpage>412</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamentos:</title>
          <p>Os mecanismos subjacentes pelos quais a doen&#231;a card&#237;aca reum&#225;tica (DCR) levam &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o valvar grave n&#227;o s&#227;o totalmente compreendidos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>O presente estudo avaliou as altera&#231;&#245;es histopatol&#243;gicas nas valvas mitrais (VM) buscando uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre o padr&#227;o de disfun&#231;&#227;o valvar predominante e os achados histopatol&#243;gicos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Em 40 pacientes submetidos &#224; troca da VM devido a DCR e em 20 controles submetidos a transplante card&#237;aco, foram analisados os aspectos histol&#243;gicos da VM excisada. Dados cl&#237;nicos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos tamb&#233;m foram coletados. As an&#225;lises histol&#243;gicas foram realizadas usando colora&#231;&#227;o com hematoxilina-eosina. Determinou-se inflama&#231;&#227;o, fibrose, neoangiog&#234;nese, calcifica&#231;&#227;o e metaplasia adiposa. Valores de p&lt;0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A idade m&#233;dia dos pacientes com DCR foi de 53&#177;13 anos, sendo 36 (90%) do sexo feminino, enquanto a idade m&#233;dia dos controles foi de 50&#177;12 anos, semelhante aos casos, sendo a maioria do sexo masculino (70%). O endoc&#225;rdio valvar reum&#225;tico apresentou espessura maior que os controles (1,3&#177;0,5 mm versus 0,90&#177;0,4 mm, p=0,003, respectivamente), e infiltrado inflamat&#243;rio mais intenso no endoc&#225;rdio (78% versus 36%; p=0,004), com predomin&#226;ncia de c&#233;lulas mononucleares. Ocorreu fibrose moderada a acentuada mais frequentemente em v&#225;lvulas reum&#225;ticas do que em v&#225;lvulas controle (100% vs. 29%; p&lt;0,001). Ocorreu calcifica&#231;&#227;o em 35% das valvas reum&#225;ticas, principalmente entre as valvas esten&#243;ticas, associada &#224; &#225;rea valvar mitral (p=0,003).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Apesar do intenso grau de fibrose, o processo inflamat&#243;rio permanece ativo na valva mitral reum&#225;tica, mesmo em doen&#231;a tardia com disfun&#231;&#227;o valvar. A calcifica&#231;&#227;o predominou em valvas esten&#243;ticas e em pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Reum&#225;ticas</kwd>
        <kwd>Calcifica&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrose</kwd>
        <kwd>Inflama&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Febre Reum&#225;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>Miocardite</kwd>
        <kwd>Histologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Estenose Mitral</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia/m&#233;todos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="30"/>
        <page-count count="9"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A doen&#231;a card&#237;aca reum&#225;tica (DCR) continua sendo um grande problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica, principalmente em pa&#237;ses de baixa e m&#233;dia renda, onde &#233; a principal causa de morte cardiovascular em crian&#231;as e jovens.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> Estimase que 33 milh&#245;es de indiv&#237;duos vivam atualmente com DCR, sendo respons&#225;vel por mais de um milh&#227;o de mortes prematuras anualmente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> A DCR tem o maior &#237;ndice de anos de vida perdidos ajustados por incapacidade (em ingl&#234;s, <italic>Disability Adjusted Life Years</italic> &#8212; DALY) relacionado a doen&#231;as cardiovasculares em crian&#231;as em todo o mundo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> Grande parte da morbidade e mortalidade da DCR pode ser prevenida, mas se n&#227;o tratada, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e &#243;bito s&#227;o inevit&#225;veis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> A maioria dos &#243;bitos ocorre em jovens, que de outra forma estariam nos anos mais produtivos de suas vidas, indicando o impacto devastador dessa doen&#231;a.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref>
			</p>
      <p>A DCR &#233; uma sequela p&#243;s-infecciosa da febre reum&#225;tica aguda (FRA) resultante de uma resposta imune anormal a uma faringite estreptoc&#243;cica que desencadeia dano valvar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> Ao contr&#225;rio do mioc&#225;rdio e do peric&#225;rdio, o tecido valvar frequentemente sofre dano permanente ap&#243;s a cardite inicial ativa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> No est&#225;gio final da DCR, a inflama&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica cont&#237;nua segue ocasionando a remodela&#231;&#227;o patol&#243;gica da valva que perpetua o dano valvar com o tempo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> A DCR afeta, de maneira mais usual e severa, a valva mitral (VM) que, com o tempo, torna-se disfuncional, contribuindo para o aumento do risco de &#243;bito e outros desfechos adversos importantes.</p>
      <p>Apesar do progresso observado nas pesquisas sobre a patog&#234;nese da DCR, permanece uma s&#233;rie de quest&#245;es cient&#237;ficas importantes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> Especificamente, os mecanismos subjacentes envolvidos no desenvolvimento da disfun&#231;&#227;o valvar grave n&#227;o s&#227;o completamente compreendidos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> Um processo inflamat&#243;rio ativo e a ativa&#231;&#227;o endotelial s&#227;o fundamentais para perpetuar a remodela&#231;&#227;o progressiva do folheto fibr&#243;tico e posterior disfun&#231;&#227;o valvar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> Portanto, uma melhor compreens&#227;o desse processo patol&#243;gico que leva ao desenvolvimento de disfun&#231;&#227;o valvar severa fornecer&#225; <italic>insights</italic> sobre a patog&#234;nese da doen&#231;a e poder&#225;, em &#250;ltima inst&#226;ncia, levar a estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas mais eficazes para prevenir danos valvares irrevers&#237;veis. No presente estudo, supomos que o processo inflamat&#243;rio persista mesmo em est&#225;gios mais avan&#231;ados da doen&#231;a, o que contribui para a les&#227;o valvar progressiva na DCR. O objetivo deste estudo &#233; avaliar as altera&#231;&#245;es histopatol&#243;gicas das valvas mitrais em um est&#225;gio final da disfun&#231;&#227;o valvar, buscando uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre o padr&#227;o de disfun&#231;&#227;o valvar predominante e os achados histopatol&#243;gicos.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o de Estudo</title>
        <p>Foram coletadas 60 valvas mitrais de janeiro de 2015 a 2018, sendo que 40 eram de pacientes com DCR e 20 do grupo controle, que incluiu todos os pacientes submetidos a transplante card&#237;aco por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca grave, sem les&#227;o valvar prim&#225;ria.</p>
        <p>Foram eleg&#237;veis para o estudo pacientes encaminhados ao Hospital Universit&#225;rio da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (HC-UFMG) com diagn&#243;stico de valvopatia mitral reum&#225;tica, apresentando estenose ou regurgita&#231;&#227;o, e com indica&#231;&#227;o de cirurgia de troca valvar mitral.</p>
        <p>Os pacientes foram informados sobre o estudo e convidados a participar, voluntariamente, durante o seguimento, antes do procedimento cir&#250;rgico. Ofereceu-se tratamento a todos os pacientes, independentemente de sua disposi&#231;&#227;o em participar do estudo, e todos os que concordaram em participar assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido. O presente estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais.</p>
        <p>Realizou-se consulta cl&#237;nica, anamnese e exame f&#237;sico para coleta de dados cl&#237;nicos pr&#233;vios &#224; cirurgia. O ecocardiograma foi feito no Setor de Ecocardiografia do HCUFMG, para coleta de dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos e de imagem.</p>
        <p>O manejo dos pacientes e a indica&#231;&#227;o de troca valvar mitral seguiram as diretrizes recomendadas para valvopatia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref>
				</p>
        <p>As cirurgias foram realizadas no Centro Cir&#250;rgico do HCUFMG e as v&#225;lvulas encaminhadas ao Servi&#231;o de Patologia do HC-UFMG para exame histopatol&#243;gico convencional, conforme rotina estabelecida pelo Servi&#231;o de Cirurgia Cardiovascular e Cardiovascular do HC-UFMG, bem como do Laborat&#243;rio de Patologia Molecular (LPM) do Departamento de Anatomia Patol&#243;gica e Medicina Legal da FM-UFMG, para a realiza&#231;&#227;o deste estudo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o Ecocardiogr&#225;fica</title>
        <p>Imagens de ecocardiografia bidimensional (2D) e Doppler foram realizadas usando um sistema comercialmente dispon&#237;vel (Philips ie33, Andover, MA ou GE Vivid-q Horten, Noruega) em todos os pacientes. Os ecocardiogramas padr&#227;o foram obtidos de acordo com as diretrizes da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref> Foram medidos os &#237;ndices convencionais para avalia&#231;&#227;o da gravidade da estenose mitral, incluindo &#225;rea da valva mitral, gradientes de press&#227;o da valva transmitral e press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar, conforme recomendado.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise Histol&#243;gica</title>
        <p>As valvas recebidas no LMP foram examinadas e encaminhadas para processamento histol&#243;gico de acordo com os protocolos laboratoriais de rotina, incluindo fixa&#231;&#227;o, inclus&#227;o em parafina, colora&#231;&#227;o com hematoxilina-eosina e an&#225;lise microsc&#243;pica. A an&#225;lise semiquantitativa das amostras foi realizada por meio de uma escala.</p>
        <p>Foram avaliados os par&#226;metros de intensidade da inflama&#231;&#227;o, identifica&#231;&#227;o do tipo celular predominante e intensidade da fibrose, al&#233;m da presen&#231;a de neoangiog&#234;nese, calcifica&#231;&#227;o e metaplasia adiposa.</p>
        <p>A espessura endoc&#225;rdica foi determinada em mil&#237;metros. A intensidade da inflama&#231;&#227;o e fibrose foi classificada de forma semiquantitativa como ausente, leve, moderada e grave por 2 observadores independentes com an&#225;lise subsequente por um patologista experiente que fez a classifica&#231;&#227;o final. A presen&#231;a de neoangiog&#234;nese, calcifica&#231;&#227;o e metaplasia adiposa foi definida como ausente ou presente.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, expressas como n&#250;meros e porcentagens, foram comparadas usando o teste quiquadrado. A normalidade das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foi testada pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk, e os dados com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram expressos como m&#233;dia&#177;desvio padr&#227;o (DP) e as diferen&#231;as entre as categorias de intensidade da inflama&#231;&#227;o, &#225;rea valvar e espessura do folheto foram avaliadas pelo teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado. A &#225;rea m&#233;dia valvar e a espessura do folheto foram comparadas em 3 categorias de inflama&#231;&#227;o, usando o teste ANOVA de uma via e a an&#225;lise post hoc com o teste de Tuckey. Valores de p&lt;0,05 foram consideradas estatisticamente significativas. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada com o programa Statistical Package for Social Sciences for Windows, vers&#227;o 22.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes</title>
        <p>A m&#233;dia de idade dos pacientes foi 53&#177;13 anos e 36 (90%) eram do sexo feminino. As caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada comparando pacientes com controles est&#227;o resumidas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>. A maioria dos pacientes encontrava-se em classe funcional III e IV da NYHA (60%). A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref> mostra fotos representativas das caracter&#237;sticas anat&#244;micas das valvas mitrais de controles e pacientes.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Dados demogr&#225;ficos, cl&#237;nicos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos dos pacientes submetidos &#224; troca valvar mitral devido a cardiopatia reum&#225;tica comparando-se com controles submetidos a transplante card&#237;aco</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Vari&#225;veis<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
								</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Valvas mitrais reum&#225;ticas (n=40)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Controles (n=20)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">53&#177;13,2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">50&#177;11,6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,334</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Sexo feminino</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">36 (90)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6 (30)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Classe funcional da NYHA, III/IV</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">24 (60)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">16 (80)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,003</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca direita</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">12 (30)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">12 (60)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,030</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Valvoplastia mitral pr&#233;via</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">22 (55)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8230;</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8230;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Hist&#243;rico de febre reum&#225;tica aguda</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">27 (68)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8230;</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8230;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Uso de profilaxia antibi&#243;tica</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">13 (33)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8230;</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8230;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">24 (60)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5 (25)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,003</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Acidente vascular cerebral pr&#233;vio</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">12 (30)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4 (20)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,102</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">17 (43)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">20 (100)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="4" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final ventricular esquerdo (mm)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">51,7&#177;10,9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">66,3&#177;7,6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico final ventricular esquerdo (mm)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">35,8&#177;8,6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">57,1&#177;8,2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">60,6&#177;10,5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">26,5&#177;7,5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&#193;rea da valva mitral (cm<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,18&#177;0,37</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8230;</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8230;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Di&#226;metro atrial esquerdo (mm)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">55,1&#177;10,5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">48,9&#177;6,4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,006</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">46,5&#177;18,3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">39,7&#177;16,8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,292</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">16 (40)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">9 (45)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,785</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Os dados s&#227;o expressos como m&#233;dia&#177;DP ou n&#250;mero (porcentagem) de pacientes.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Aspectos morfol&#243;gicos macrosc&#243;picos das valvas mitrais de controles e pacientes com cardiopatia reum&#225;tica. Observe que as valvas reum&#225;ticas e os folhetos mitrais anterior e posterior se fundem nas comissuras. Cordoalhas encurtadas e fundidas.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-03-0404-00154-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Os medicamentos pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios mais usados foram diur&#233;ticos (60%) e betabloqueadores (55%). Pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e/ou AVC pr&#233;vio faziam uso de anticoagulantes. Treze pacientes (33%) faziam uso de penicilina benzatina para preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria da febre reum&#225;tica. A m&#233;dia de idade desses pacientes foi 47,9&#177;11,3. Nenhum dos pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo tinha evid&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica de febre reum&#225;tica aguda ativa.</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao padr&#227;o de envolvimento valvar, 18 pacientes (45%) apresentavam estenose mitral pura, 14 pacientes (35%) apresentavam valvopatia mitral mista e 8 pacientes (20%) apresentavam regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral, predominantemente. Detectou-se les&#227;o a&#243;rtica no ecocardiograma de 15 pacientes (38%). Havia sido realizada valvoplastia em 22 pacientes (55%), incluindo interven&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea ou cir&#250;rgica. A indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica para complica&#231;&#245;es da valvoplastia percut&#226;nea ocorreu em 6 pacientes (15%), 4 dos quais devido a insufici&#234;ncia mitral grave relacionada a comprometimento de folheto ou aparelho subvalvar. Entre aqueles que desenvolveram insufici&#234;ncia mitral grave, 2 pacientes apresentaram ruptura do folheto anterior e foram submetidos &#224; cirurgia de emerg&#234;ncia para troca valvar. Dois pacientes apresentaram lacera&#231;&#227;o dos <italic>scallops</italic> P3 e A3 em contiguidade com comissura posteromedial e folheto posterior no local do <italic>scallop</italic> central (P3), respectivamente, e foram submetidos a cirurgia eletiva para troca valvar. Os outros 2 pacientes apresentaram piora da regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral ap&#243;s o procedimento com abertura valvar sub&#243;tima.</p>
        <p>O grupo controle foi constitu&#237;do por 20 pacientes submetidos a transplante card&#237;aco, com m&#233;dia de idade de 50&#177;12 anos, semelhante aos casos de DCR, sendo a maioria do sexo masculino (70%). As causas da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foram cardiomiopatia dilatada chag&#225;sica (9 pacientes), cardiomiopatia p&#243;s-miocardite (3), cardiomiopatia isqu&#234;mica (3), cardiomiopatia dilatada idiop&#225;tica (4) e retransplante por rejei&#231;&#227;o autoimune ao enxerto (1). Encontrou-se regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral secund&#225;ria moderada a grave em 7 pacientes (35%). Os outros dados demogr&#225;ficos s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise histopatol&#243;gica de valvas mitrais reum&#225;ticas</title>
        <p>O endoc&#225;rdio com valvas mitrais reum&#225;ticas era mais espesso (1,3&#177;0,5 vs. 0,9&#177;0,4 mm) com maior intensidade de fibrose e infiltrado inflamat&#243;rio em compara&#231;&#227;o com os controles (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figuras 2</xref>A e B). Os achados histol&#243;gicos das valvas mitrais reum&#225;ticas em compara&#231;&#227;o aos controles encontramse na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>. No geral, as valvas reum&#225;ticas apresentavam inflama&#231;&#227;o de intensidade leve, distribui&#231;&#227;o focal e predom&#237;nio de c&#233;lulas mononucleares e fibrose de intensidade moderada a grave (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figuras 2</xref>C e D). Entre os pacientes em uso de penicilina benzatina, 9 (69%) apresentaram inflama&#231;&#227;o leve. A neoangiog&#234;nese foi mais frequente nas valvas mitrais reum&#225;ticas do que nos controles (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figuras 2</xref>E e F).</p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Imagem histol&#243;gica representativa da valva mitral de controles e pacientes com doen&#231;a card&#237;aca reum&#225;tica corados com hematoxilina-eosina. A) Vis&#227;o histol&#243;gica de uma v&#225;lvula mitral de controle, mostrando fibrose leve (seta). B) Valva mitral reum&#225;tica com fibrose endoc&#225;rdica (asterisco) e intersticial (ponta de seta) importante. Os pain&#233;is C-I mostram aspectos espec&#237;ficos das valvas mitrais de pacientes com doen&#231;a card&#237;aca reum&#225;tica. C) Presen&#231;a de endoc&#225;rdio (seta) e interst&#237;cio valvar (asterisco). No endoc&#225;rdio, h&#225; fibrose leve. D) Fibrose endoc&#225;rdica moderada (ponta de seta). Colora&#231;&#227;o: hematoxilina-eosina. E) Neovasculariza&#231;&#227;o (seta) com alguns elementos inflamat&#243;rios (ponta de seta). F) Os focos inflamat&#243;rios (seta) s&#227;o detect&#225;veis dentro dos focos de neovasculariza&#231;&#227;o (asterisco). G) Calcifica&#231;&#227;o nodular (asterisco). H) Metaplasia adiposa (seta) com &#225;reas de fibrose (ponta de seta).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-03-0404-00154-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Dados histol&#243;gicos de valvas mitrais reum&#225;ticas e controles</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Vari&#225;vel<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
								</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Valvas mitrais reum&#225;ticas (n=40)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Controles (n=20)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="5" valign="middle">Endoc&#225;rdio</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Espessura (mm)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,3&#177;0,5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,9&#177;0,4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,003</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Intensidade da inflama&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Ausente ou leve</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">9 (22)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">13 (64)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle">0,004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Moderada ou grave</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">31 (78)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7 (36)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Padr&#227;o de inflama&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Focal</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">31 (78)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7 (36)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Intensidade da fibrose</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Ausente ou leve</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">17 (43)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">19 (95)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Moderada ou grave</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">23 (57)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1 (5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Padr&#227;o da fibrose</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Regular</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">23 (57)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Irregular</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">17 (43)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7 (35)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Neoangiog&#234;nese</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">11 (28)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,030</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="5" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Interst&#237;cio</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Intensidade da inflama&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Ausente ou leve</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">33 (82)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">14 (72)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle">0,321</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Moderada ou grave</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7 (18)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6 (28)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Padr&#227;o de inflama&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Focal</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">37 (92)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7 (36)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Intensidade da fibrose</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Ausente ou leve</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">14 (71)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Moderada ou grave</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">40 (100)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6 (29)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Padr&#227;o da fibrose</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Regular</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4 (10)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle">0,200</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Irregular</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">36 (90)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">20 (100)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Neoangiog&#234;nese</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">24 (60)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7 (35)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,130</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Calcifica&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">14 (35)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,010</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Metaplasia adiposa</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4 (11)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4 (21)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,320</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Os dados s&#227;o expressos m&#233;dia&#177;DP ou n&#250;mero (porcentagem) de pacientes.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Nenhuma das valvas do grupo controle apresentou calcifica&#231;&#227;o, enquanto 35% das valvas reum&#225;ticas apresentaram calcifica&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>G). Apenas uma pequena por&#231;&#227;o das valvas em ambos os grupos apresentava metaplasia adiposa (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>H).</p>
        <p>De acordo com o tipo de les&#227;o valvar mitral reum&#225;tica, a calcifica&#231;&#227;o foi mais frequente na estenose mitral pura em compara&#231;&#227;o com a regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral ou les&#245;es mistas. Os dados histol&#243;gicos de acordo com a les&#227;o valvar mitral predominante que necessitou de troca valvar est&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Achados histol&#243;gicos de acordo com a les&#227;o valvar mitral predominante</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Vari&#225;vel<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
								</th>
                <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Estenose pura (n=18)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Regurgita&#231;&#227;o e les&#245;es combinadas (n=22)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Inflama&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Ausente ou leve</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">15 (83)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">18 (82)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle">0,900</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Moderada ou grave</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3 (17)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4 (18)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Neoangiog&#234;nese</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">11 (61)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">13 (59)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,897</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Calcifica&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">10 (56)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4 (18)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,014</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Metaplasia adiposa</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1 (6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4 (18)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,230</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Os dados s&#227;o expressos como n&#250;mero (porcentagem) de pacientes.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, estratificamos os pacientes em 3 grupos de acordo com a intensidade da inflama&#231;&#227;o em baixa, moderada e alta para correlacionar com a &#225;rea da v&#225;lvula mitral. Observamos que os pacientes com maior grau de inflama&#231;&#227;o e sem calcifica&#231;&#227;o apresentaram maior &#225;rea valvar mitral (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figuras 3</xref> A e B, respectivamente). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; espessura do folheto e intensidade da inflama&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref>C), nem neoangiog&#234;nese e &#225;rea valvar mitral (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref>D).</p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Associa&#231;&#245;es entre achados histol&#243;gicos e &#225;rea da valva mitral e espessura do folheto. A) A valva mitral com grau alto e moderado de inflama&#231;&#227;o apresenta maior &#225;rea valvar em compara&#231;&#227;o com v&#225;lvulas com baixo grau de inflama&#231;&#227;o. B) A calcifica&#231;&#227;o se mostrou associada &#224; &#225;rea valvar mitral, indicando a estenose mitral como les&#227;o predominante nas valvas mais calcificadas. C) Associa&#231;&#227;o entre a espessura do folheto e a intensidade da inflama&#231;&#227;o. D) Associa&#231;&#227;o entre neoangiog&#234;nese e &#225;rea valvar mitral.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-03-0404-00154-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos associados a achados histol&#243;gicos</title>
        <p>Posteriormente, foram comparados os par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos e os achados histol&#243;gicos. Observamos associa&#231;&#227;o entre a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular esquerda, avaliada pela fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, e a intensidade da inflama&#231;&#227;o. Pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, definida pela fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o menor que 50%, apresentaram predom&#237;nio de inflama&#231;&#227;o moderada a acentuada em rela&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes com fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular preservada (50% e 12% respectivamente, p=0,023). Embora a calcifica&#231;&#227;o valvar n&#227;o estivesse associada &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita apresentaram calcifica&#231;&#227;o maior em compara&#231;&#227;o com pacientes com fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita normal (56% e 21% respectivamente, p=0,021), o que pode estar relacionado ao tipo de les&#227;o associado &#224; calcifica&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>A inflama&#231;&#227;o e a fibrose do tecido do folheto desempenham um papel central na indu&#231;&#227;o de dano valvar progressivo na DCR.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> O presente estudo avaliou as valvas mitrais reum&#225;ticas no est&#225;gio final da DCR quando a disfun&#231;&#227;o valvar com risco de vida exigia cirurgia para troca valvar. Os achados histol&#243;gicos das valvas reum&#225;ticas foram comparados com as valvas mitrais excisadas de pacientes submetidos a transplante card&#237;aco, sem doen&#231;a valvar prim&#225;ria.</p>
      <p>A an&#225;lise dos dados histol&#243;gicos mostrou fibrose acentuada entre todas as valvas reum&#225;ticas, mostrando que a fibrose cont&#237;nua perpetua ao longo da progress&#227;o da DCR. O estado fibr&#243;tico da valva mitral precede a disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e a doen&#231;a card&#237;aca manifesta, tornando importante o desenvolvimento de estrat&#233;gias diagn&#243;sticas e terap&#234;uticas para reduzir a remodela&#231;&#227;o estrutural das valvas card&#237;acas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref>
			</p>
      <p>Notavelmente, embora os pacientes estejam no est&#225;gio mais avan&#231;ado da doen&#231;a, as valvas continuam apresentando processos inflamat&#243;rios ativos, predominantemente compostos por c&#233;lulas mononucleares. A intensidade da inflama&#231;&#227;o mostrou-se associada &#224; &#225;rea da valva mitral, mas n&#227;o &#224; espessura do folheto. Encontrou-se baixa intensidade inflamat&#243;ria em menor &#225;rea valvar, provavelmente devido &#224; intensidade da fibrose que tem associa&#231;&#227;o inversa com o grau de inflama&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda apresentam maior grau de inflama&#231;&#227;o valvar, o que pode indicar miocardite adjacente. No entanto, 4 dos pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda tinham a insufici&#234;ncia mitral como a les&#227;o predominante que pode ser a causa da disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, o que &#233; uma indica&#231;&#227;o para interven&#231;&#227;o valvar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref>
			</p>
      <p>Estudos indicam que o processo autoimune envolvido na DCR come&#231;a quando os anticorpos reativos se ligam ao endot&#233;lio valvar, levando &#224; inflama&#231;&#227;o e infiltra&#231;&#227;o celular. Uma vez ativado, o endot&#233;lio valvar aumenta a express&#227;o das mol&#233;culas de ades&#227;o, o que facilita a liga&#231;&#227;o e a infiltra&#231;&#227;o das c&#233;lulas T.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref> Ap&#243;s o insulto valvar inicial, o processo desencadeia uma cascata que leva ao reconhecimento de ep&#237;topos adicionais, levando ao dano progressivo da valva.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref> Evid&#234;ncias de que a apresenta&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua de autoant&#237;genos no local da les&#227;o contribui para uma amplifica&#231;&#227;o da resposta imune s&#227;o refor&#231;adas pela redu&#231;&#227;o significativa dos n&#237;veis de autoanticorpos ap&#243;s a remo&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica dos folhetos afetados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref>
			</p>
      <p>Ap&#243;s a ativa&#231;&#227;o do endot&#233;lio valvar com a ades&#227;o das c&#233;lulas T ativadas, inicia-se o ciclo de cicatriza&#231;&#227;o, neovasculariza&#231;&#227;o e infiltra&#231;&#227;o linfocit&#225;ria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref> O tecido valvar avascular &#233; normalmente protegido pelo endot&#233;lio at&#233; que um fator desencadeante, que podem ser anticorpos e/ou citocinas inflamat&#243;rias, rompe a barreira endotelial, permitindo o in&#237;cio do ciclo de infiltra&#231;&#227;o e cicatriza&#231;&#227;o celular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref> Uma vez iniciado, o processo de cicatriza&#231;&#227;o torna-se mais intenso no interst&#237;cio valvar devido &#224; ativa&#231;&#227;o e prolifera&#231;&#227;o dos miofibroblastos respons&#225;veis pela fibrose valvar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref> J&#225; foi demonstrado que, diante de algumas patologias como a DCR, as c&#233;lulas intersticiais podem se transformar em um fen&#243;tipo de miofibroblastos ativado, expressando prote&#237;nas inflamat&#243;rias e citocinas, capazes de remodelar rapidamente o meio extracelular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref> A redu&#231;&#227;o significativa nos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de biomarcadores do metabolismo do col&#225;geno ap&#243;s a troca da v&#225;lvula mitral sugere fortemente a contribui&#231;&#227;o do aparelho da valva mitral para a perpetua&#231;&#227;o do processo fibr&#243;tico na DRC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref>
			</p>
      <p>Detectou-se calcifica&#231;&#227;o em 35% das valvas reum&#225;ticas, predominantemente em estenose mitral pura e correlacionada com &#225;rea valvar. A calcifica&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m se mostrou mais frequente em pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita. A identifica&#231;&#227;o da calcifica&#231;&#227;o refor&#231;a a cronicidade do processo, e sua ocorr&#234;ncia pode estar relacionada aos mecanismos subjacentes ao est&#225;gio final do comprometimento reum&#225;tico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref> O predom&#237;nio de calcifica&#231;&#245;es observadas em valvas reum&#225;ticas com estenose pura e em pacientes com acometimento do ventr&#237;culo direito confirma que essa les&#227;o predomina nos est&#225;gios tardios da doen&#231;a.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> Rajamannan et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref> demonstraram que a calcifica&#231;&#227;o ocorre em &#225;reas de neoangiog&#234;nese, estimulada por um processo inflamat&#243;rio ativo, formado principalmente por macr&#243;fagos e miofibroblastos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref> Banerjee et al. encontraram maior grau de fibrose e neovasculariza&#231;&#227;o com infiltra&#231;&#227;o leve perivascular focal predominantemente de linf&#243;citos e c&#233;lulas plasm&#225;ticas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref>
			</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
        <p>O pequeno n&#250;mero de pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo constitui uma limita&#231;&#227;o. Por&#233;m, considerando que a maioria dos pacientes reum&#225;ticos com indica&#231;&#227;o de interven&#231;&#227;o valvar s&#227;o submetidos &#224; valvoplastia percut&#226;nea, o n&#250;mero inclu&#237;do representa a totalidade das amostras dispon&#237;veis no per&#237;odo do estudo.</p>
        <p>A alta preval&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, hist&#243;rico de acidente vascular cerebral, interven&#231;&#227;o valvar pr&#233;via, dispneia limitante (NYHA III e IV) e hipertens&#227;o pulmonar mostram a gravidade dos pacientes com doen&#231;a avan&#231;ada. Como inclu&#237;mos apenas pacientes com indica&#231;&#227;o de troca valvar, nossa popula&#231;&#227;o &#233;, portanto, representativa de um espectro de est&#225;gios mais graves da doen&#231;a.</p>
        <p>A troca de valva mitral &#233; indicada para pacientes sintom&#225;ticos com doen&#231;a avan&#231;ada e deformidade acentuada da anatomia valvar, onde o reparo da valva mitral &#233; improv&#225;vel.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref> Portanto, a amostra coletada para o nosso estudo representa o processo reum&#225;tico avan&#231;ado, limitando a avalia&#231;&#227;o do processo em sua fase inicial.</p>
        <p>As valvas do grupo controle n&#227;o s&#227;o saud&#225;veis, normais, pois foram retiradas de pacientes submetidos a transplante card&#237;aco por disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda grave e de diferentes etiologias. A cardiopatia chag&#225;sica, etiologia predominante das valvas coletadas em cora&#231;&#245;es transplantados, &#233; uma doen&#231;a inflamat&#243;ria, associada &#224; fibrose. Embora a doen&#231;a de Chagas afete principalmente o mioc&#225;rdio ventricular, a altera&#231;&#227;o histol&#243;gica da valva pode estar associada &#224; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30"><sup>30</sup></xref> Al&#233;m disso, 35% dos pacientes apresentavam insufici&#234;ncia valvar mitral secund&#225;ria moderada a grave, o que pode explicar os achados histol&#243;gicos alterados. As diferen&#231;as na an&#225;lise histol&#243;gica podem ser ainda maiores se comparadas &#224;s valvas de tecido saud&#225;vel.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Implica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas</title>
        <p>O processo patol&#243;gico envolvido na DCR &#233; complexo e ainda n&#227;o totalmente compreendido. A identifica&#231;&#227;o de um processo inflamat&#243;rio cr&#244;nico ativo, embora de intensidade leve, provavelmente respons&#225;vel pela manuten&#231;&#227;o da resposta imune e progress&#227;o da les&#227;o valvar, fornece subs&#237;dios para pesquisas adicionais, no intuito de definir estrat&#233;gias que possam interromper a progress&#227;o do dano valvar e suas consequ&#234;ncias.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Nossos achados demonstram que, apesar do intenso grau de fibrose, o processo inflamat&#243;rio permanece ativo nas valvas mitrais reum&#225;ticas, mesmo no processo tardio da doen&#231;a com disfun&#231;&#227;o valvar. Essa inflama&#231;&#227;o mostrou-se associada &#224; &#225;rea valvar mitral e &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda. A calcifica&#231;&#227;o valvar foi mais frequente na estenose mitral e nos pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita, indicando comprometimento reum&#225;tico grave e tardio. &#201; necess&#225;rio entender melhor o que mant&#233;m a inflama&#231;&#227;o e como sua persist&#234;ncia pode predispor a complica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, bem como os mecanismos que influenciam a mortalidade por DCR.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Nayana F. A. Gomes pela Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Histopathological Characterization of Mitral Valvular Lesions from Patients with Rheumatic Heart Disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Nayana F. A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pascoal-Xavier</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Passos</surname>
            <given-names>Livia S. A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paula</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago Mendon&#231;a Nunes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8181-4801</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Aguiar</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Marcelo de Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2667-9624</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Guar&#231;oni</surname>
            <given-names>Felipe Vieira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4103-8446</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nassif</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Cec&#237;lia Landim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gelape</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Leo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Braulio</surname>
            <given-names>Renato</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Henrique N.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8260-9212</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Passaglia</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Guilherme</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4153-1874</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Raquel Braga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dutra</surname>
            <given-names>Walderez O.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8801-1828</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nunes</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Carmo P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil.</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Maria Carmo P. Nunes</bold>, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Faculdade de Medicina - Professor Alfredo Balena, 190. Postal Code <postal-code>30130-100</postal-code>, Santa Efig&#234;nia, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil, E-mail: <email>mcarmo@waymail.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author Contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Gomes NFA, Pascoal-Xavier MA, Passos LSA, Passaglia LG, Dutra WO, Nunes MCP; Acquisition of data and Analysis and interpretation of the data: Gomes NFA, Pascoal-Xavier MA, Passos LSA, Paula TMN, Aguiar JMS, Guar&#231;oni FV, Nassif MCL, Gelape CL, Braulio R, Costa PHN, Martins RB, Dutra WO, Nunes MCP; Statistical analysis: Gomes NFA, Passos LSA, Dutra WO, Nunes MCP; Writing of the manuscript: Gomes NFA, Pascoal-Xavier MA, Passos LSA, Nunes MCP; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Gomes NFA, Pascoal-Xavier MA, Passos LSA, Gelape CL, Braulio R, Costa PHN, Passaglia LG, Dutra WO, Nunes MCP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>The underlying mechanisms by which rheumatic heart disease (RHD) lead to severe valve dysfunction are not completely understood.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>The present study evaluated the histopathological changes in mitral valves (MV) seeking an association between the pattern of predominant valvular dysfunction and histopathological findings.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>In 40 patients who underwent MV replacement due to RHD, and in 20 controls that underwent heart transplant, histological aspects of the excised MV were analyzed. Clinical and echocardiographic data were also collected. Histological analyses were performed using hematoxylin-eosin staining. Inflammation, fibrosis, neoangiogenesis, calcification and adipose metaplasia were determined. A p value&lt;0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The mean age of RHD patients was 53&#177;13 years, 36 (90%) were female, whereas the mean age of controls was 50&#177;12 years, similar to the cases, with the majority of males (70%). The rheumatic valve endocardium presented greater thickness than the controls (1.3&#177;0.5 mm versus 0.90&#177;0.4 mm, p=0.003, respectively), and a more intense inflammatory infiltrate in the endocardium (78% versus 36%; p=0.004), with predominance of mononuclear cells. Moderate to marked fibrosis occurred more frequently in rheumatic valves than in control valves (100% vs. 29%; p&lt;0.001). Calcification occurred in 35% of rheumatic valves, especially among stenotic valves, which was associated with the mitral valve area (p=0.003).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>Despite intense degree of fibrosis, the inflammatory process remains active in the rheumatic mitral valve, even at late disease with valve dysfunction. Calcification predominated in stenotic valves and in patients with right ventricular dysfunction.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Rheumatic Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Calcification</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Inflammation</kwd>
        <kwd>Rheumatic Fever</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocarditis</kwd>
        <kwd>Histology</kwd>
        <kwd>Mitral Valve Stenosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography/methods</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) remains a major public health concern, especially in low- and middle-income countries, where it is the leading cause of cardiovascular death in children and young adults.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> It is estimated that 33 million individuals currently live with RHD, accounting for over a million premature deaths annually.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> RHD has the highest cardiovascular disease-related loss of disability-adjusted-life-years (DALY) in children worldwide.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> Much of the morbidity and mortality of RHD can be prevented, but if left untreated, subsequent heart failure and death are inevitable.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> Most deaths occur in young adults, who would otherwise be at the most productive years of their lives, indicating the devastating impact of this condition.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref>
				</p>
        <p>RHD is a harmful post-infectious sequel of acute rheumatic fever (ARF) resulting from an abnormal immune response to a streptococcal pharyngitis that triggers valvular damage.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> Unlike myocardium and pericardium, the valvular tissue often sustains permanent damage after active initial carditis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> In the late stage of RHD, ongoing chronic inflammation continues leading to pathological valve remodeling that perpetuates valve damage over time.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> RHD most commonly and severely affects the mitral valve (MV) which, over time becomes dysfunctional, contributing to an increased risk of death and other major adverse outcomes.</p>
        <p>Despite the observed progress in research on RHD pathogenesis, a number of key scientific questions remain.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> Specifically, the underlying mechanisms involved in the development of severe valve dysfunction are not completely understood.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> An active inflammatory process and endothelial activation are fundamental to perpetuate the progressive fibrotic leaflet remodeling and further valve dysfunction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> Therefore, an improved understanding of this pathological process that leads to the development of severe valve dysfunction will provide insights into disease pathogenesis, and can ultimately lead to more effective therapeutic strategies to prevent irreversible valvular damage. In the present study, we hypothesized that the inflammatory process persists even in more advanced stages of the disease process, which contributes to progressive valve injury in RHD. The aim of this study is to evaluate the histopathological changes in mitral valves at an end stage of valve dysfunction, seeking an association between the pattern of predominant valvular dysfunction and histopathological findings.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study population</title>
          <p>A total of 60 mitral valves were collected from January 2015 to 2018, 40 were from RHD patients, and 20 were in the control group, which included all patients who underwent heart transplant due to severe heart failure, without primary valve lesion.</p>
          <p>Patients referred to the University Hospital of Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (HC-UFMG) diagnosed with rheumatic mitral valve disease, presenting stenosis or regurgitation, and with indication to mitral valve replacement surgery were eligible for the study.</p>
          <p>The patients were informed about the study and invited to participate, voluntarily, during their follow-up before the surgical procedure. Treatment was offered to all patients, regardless of their willingness to participate in the study, and all those who agreed to participate signed an informed consent form. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais.</p>
          <p>Clinical consultation, anamnesis and physical examination were performed to collect the clinical data prior to surgery, and the echocardiogram was performed at HCUFMG Echocardiography Sector, for the collection of echocardiographic and imaging data.</p>
          <p>Patient management and indication for mitral valve replacement was according to the recommended guidelines for valvular heart disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref>
					</p>
          <p>Surgeries were performed in the HC-UFMG Surgery Center and the valves were sent to the HC-UFMG Pathology Department for conventional histopathological examination, according to the routine established by the Cardiovascular and Cardiovascular Surgery Service of HC-UFMG, as well as the Laboratory of Molecular Pathology (LMP) of the Department of Pathological Anatomy and Legal Medicine of FM-UFMG, to carry out this study.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Echocardiographic evaluation</title>
          <p>Two-dimensional (2D) echocardiography imaging and Doppler was performed using a commercially available system (Philips ie33, Andover, MA or GE Vivid-q Horten, Norway) in all patients. Standard echocardiograms were obtained according to the American Society of Echocardiography guidelines.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref> The conventional indexes for assessment of mitral stenosis severity, including mitral valve area, transmitral valve pressure gradients and pulmonary artery systolic pressure were measured, as recommended.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Histological analysis</title>
          <p>The valves received in the LMP were examined and referred for histological processing according to routine laboratory protocols, including fixation, paraffin embedding, hematoxylin-eosin staining and microscopic analysis. Semi-quantitative analysis of the samples was carried out using a grade scale.</p>
          <p>Parameters of inflammation intensity, identification of the predominant cell type and fibrosis intensity were evaluated, in addition to the presence of neoangiogenesis, calcification and adipose metaplasia.</p>
          <p>Endocardial thickness was determined in millimeters. Intensity of inflammation and fibrosis was semiquantitatively graded as absent, mild, moderate and severe by 2 independent observers with subsequent analysis by an experienced pathologist who made the final classification. The presence of neoangiogenesis, calcification and adipose metaplasia was defined as absent or present.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Categorical variables, expressed as numbers and percentages, were compared using chi-squared testing. Normality of continuous variables was tested using the Shapiro-Wilk test, and data with normal distribution were expressed as mean&#177;standard deviation (SD) and differences between inflammation intensity categories, valve area and leaflet thickness were assessed using Student&#8217;s unpaired t-test. Mean valve area and leaflet thickness were compared in 3 categories of inflammation, using one-way ANOVA test and post hoc analysis with Tuckey&#8217;s test. Differences that returned P values of &lt;0.05 were considered statistically significant. Statistical analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences for Windows, version 22.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Patient characteristics</title>
          <p>The mean age of the patients was 53&#177;13 years and 36 (90%) were females. The characteristics of the study population comparing patients with controls are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 1</xref>. The majority of the patients were in NYHA functional class III and IV (60%). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 1</xref> shows representative pictures of the anatomical characteristics of mitral valves from controls and patients.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Demographic, clinical and echocardiographic data of the patients who underwent mitral valve replacement due to rheumatic heart disease comparing with controls who underwent heart transplant</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">Variables<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
									</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Rheumatic mitral valves (n=40)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Controls (n=20)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">p value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Age (years)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">53&#177;13.2</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">50&#177;11.6</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.334</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Female gender</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">36 (90)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">6 (30)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Functional class III/IV</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">24 (60)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">16 (80)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.003</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Right-sided heart failure</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">12 (30)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">12 (60)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.030</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Previous mitral valvuloplasty</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">22 (55)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8230;</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8230;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Previous history of acute rheumatic fever</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">27 (68)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8230;</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8230;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Use of antibiotic prophylaxis</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">13 (33)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8230;</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8230;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Atrial fibrillation</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">24 (60)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">5 (25)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.003</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Previous stroke</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">12 (30)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">4 (20)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.102</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Previous hospitalization for heart failure</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">17 (43)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">20 (100)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="4" valign="middle">
                    <bold>Echocardiographic parameters</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">51.7&#177;10.9</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">66.3&#177;7.6</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Left ventricular end-systolic diameter (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">35.8&#177;8.6</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">57.1&#177;8.2</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Left ventricular ejection fraction (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">60.6&#177;10.5</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">26.5&#177;7.5</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Mitral valve area (cm<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.18&#177;0.37</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8230;</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8230;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Left atrial diameter (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">55.1&#177;10.5</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">48.9&#177;6.4</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.006</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Pulmonary artery systolic pressure (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">46.5&#177;18.3</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">39.7&#177;16.8</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.292</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Right ventricular dysfunction</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">16 (40)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">9 (45)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.785</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>Data are expressed as mean&#177;SD or number (percentage) of patients.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Gross morphological aspects of the mitral valves from controls and patients with rheumatic heart disease. Note that the in rheumatic valves, and the anterior and posterior mitral leaflets are fused at the commissures. The chordae are shortened and fused.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-03-0404-00154-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>Preoperative medications most frequently used were diuretics (60%) and beta-blockers (55%). Patients with atrial fibrillation and/or previous stroke were taking anticoagulants. Thirteen patients (33%) were using penicillin benzathine for secondary prevention of rheumatic fever. The mean age of these patients was 47.9&#177;11.3. None of the patients included in the study had clinical evidence of active acute rheumatic fever.</p>
          <p>Regarding the pattern of valve involvement, 18 patients (45%) had pure mitral stenosis, 14 patients (35%) had mixed mitral valve disease, and 8 patients (20%) displayed predominantly mitral regurgitation. Aortic lesion was detected in the echocardiogram of 15 patients (38%). Valvuloplasty had previously been performed in 22 patients (55%), including either percutaneous or surgical intervention. Surgical indication for complications of percutaneous valvuloplasty occurred in 6 patients (15%), 4 of whom due to severe mitral regurgitation related to leaflet or subvalvar apparatus damage. Among those who developed severe mitral regurgitation, 2 patients presented tear of the anterior leaflet and underwent emergency surgery for valve replacement. Two patients had laceration of P3 and A3 scallops in contiguity with posteromedial commissure, and posterior leaflet at central scallop location (P3), respectively, and underwent elective surgery for valve replacement. The other 2 patients presented worsening of mitral regurgitation after the procedure with suboptimal valve opening.</p>
          <p>The control group consisted of 20 patients who underwent cardiac transplant, with mean age of 50&#177;12 years, similar to the cases of RHD, with the majority of males (70%). The causes of heart failure were Chagas dilated cardiomyopathy (9 patients), cardiomyopathy after myocarditis (3), ischemic cardiomyopathy (3), idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (4) and retransplantation by autoimmune rejection to the graft (1). Secondary moderate to severe mitral regurgitation was found in 7 patients (35%). The other echocardiographic data are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 1</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Histopathology analysis of rheumatic mitral valves</title>
          <p>The endocardium with rheumatic mitral valves was thicker (1.3&#177;0.5 vs. 0.9&#177;0.4 mm) with greater intensity of fibrosis and inflammatory infiltrate compared with controls (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figures 2</xref>A and B). The histological findings of rheumatic mitral valves comparing to controls are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 2</xref>. Overall, rheumatic valves presented inflammation of mild intensity, focal distribution and predominance of mononuclear cells, and fibrosis of moderate to severe intensity (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figures 2</xref>C and D). Among patients using benzathine penicillin, 9 (69%) had mild inflammation. Neoangiogenesis was more frequent in rheumatic mitral valves than in controls (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figures 2</xref>E and F).</p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Representative histological image of mitral valve from controls and rheumatic heart disease patients stained with hematoxylin-eosin. A) Histological view of a control mitral valve, showing mild fibrosis (arrow). B) Rheumatic mitral valve with severe endocardial (asterisk) and interstitial (arrowhead) fibrosis. Panels C-I show specific aspects of mitral valves from rheumatic heart disease patients. C) Presence of endocardium (arrow) and valvar interstitium (asterisk). In the endocardium, there is mild fibrosis. D) Moderate endocardial fibrosis (arrowhead). Staining: hematoxylin-eosin. E) Neovascularization (arrow) with some inflammatory elements (arrowhead). F) Inflammatory foci (arrow) are detectable within neovascularization foci (asterisk). G) Nodular calcification (asterisk). H) Adipose metaplasia (arrow) with areas of fibrosis (arrowhead).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-03-0404-00154-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Histological data of rheumatic mitral valves and controls</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">Variable<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
									</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Rheumatic mitral valves (n=40)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Controls (n=20)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">p value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="5" valign="middle">
                    <bold>Endocardium</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Thickness (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.3&#177;0.5</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.9&#177;0.4</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.003</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Intensity of inflammation</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Absent or mild</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">9 (22)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">13 (64)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle">0.004</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Moderate or severe</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">31 (78)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">7 (36)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Pattern of inflammation</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Focal</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">31 (78)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">7 (36)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.004</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Intensity of fibrosis</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Absent or mild</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">17 (43)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">19 (95)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle">0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Moderate or severe</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">23 (57)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1 (5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Pattern of fibrosis</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Even</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">23 (57)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle">&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Uneven</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">17 (43)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">7 (35)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Neoangiogenesis</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">11 (28)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.030</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="5" valign="middle">
                    <bold>Interstitium</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Intensity of inflammation</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Absent or mild</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">33 (82)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">14 (72)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle">0.321</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Moderate or severe</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">7 (18)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">6 (28)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Pattern of inflammation</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Focal</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">37 (92)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">7 (36)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Intensity of fibrosis</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Absent or mild</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">14 (71)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Moderate or severe</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">40 (100)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">6 (29)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Pattern of fibrosis</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Even</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">4 (10)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle">0.200</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Uneven</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">36 (90)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">20 (100)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Neoangiogenesis</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">24 (60)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">7 (35)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.130</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Calcification</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">14 (35)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.010</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Adipose metaplasia</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">4 (11)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">4 (21)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.320</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>Data are expressed as mean&#177;SD or number (percentage) of patients.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>None of the valves of the control group presented calcification whereas 35% of rheumatic valves had calcification (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 2</xref>G). Only a small portion of the valves in both groups had adipose metaplasia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 2</xref>H).</p>
          <p>According to the type of rheumatic mitral valve lesion, calcification was more frequent in pure mitral stenosis compared with mitral regurgitation or mixed lesions. Histological data according to the predominant mitral valve lesion that required valve replacement are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 3</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Histological findings according to the predominant mitral valve lesion</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">Variable<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
									</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Pure stenosis (n=18)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Regurgitation and combined lesions (n=22)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">p value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Inflammation</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Absent or mild</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">15 (83)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">18 (82)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle">0.900</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Moderate or severe</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">3 (17)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">4 (18)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Neoangiogenesis</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">11 (61)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">13 (59)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.897</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Calcification</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">10 (56)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">4 (18)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.014</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Adipose metaplasia</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1 (6)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">4 (18)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.230</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN6">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>Data are expressed as number (percentage) of patients.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>We further stratified the patients into 3 groups according to inflammation intensity in low, moderate and high to correlate with the mitral valve area. We observed that the patients with a higher degree of inflammation and without calcification had a larger mitral valve area (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figures 3</xref> A and B, respectively). There were no differences regarding leaflet thickness and inflammation intensity (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 3</xref>C) nor neoangiogenesis and mitral valve area (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 3</xref>D).</p>
          <fig id="f6">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Associations between histological findings and mitral valve area and leaflet thickness. A) Mitral valve with high and moderate degree of inflammation show higher valve area compared with valves with low degree of inflammation. B) Calcification was associated with mitral valve area, indicating mitral stenosis as a predominant lesion in more calcified valves. C) Association between leaflet thickness and intensity of inflammation. D) Association between neoangiogenesis and mitral valve area.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-03-0404-00154-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Echocardiographic parameters associated with histological findings</title>
          <p>Echocardiographic parameters and histological findings were further compared. We observed an association between left ventricular systolic function, assessed by ejection fraction, and intensity of inflammation. Patients with left ventricular dysfunction, defined by ejection fraction less than 50%, showed a predominance of moderate to marked inflammation compared to patients with preserved ventricular systolic function (50% and 12% respectively, p=0.023). While valvular calcification was not associated with left ventricular dysfunction, patients with right ventricular dysfunction had a higher calcification compared with patients with normal right ventricular function (56% and 21% respectively, p=0.021), which may be related to the type of lesion associated with calcification.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Leaflet tissue inflammation and fibrosis play a central role to induce progressive valve damage in RHD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> The present study evaluated rheumatic mitral valves in the end-stage of RHD when life-threatening valve dysfunction required surgery for valve replacement. The histological findings from rheumatic valves were compared with excised mitral valves from patients who underwent cardiac transplant, without primary valve disease.</p>
        <p>Analysis of histological data showed marked fibrosis among all rheumatic valves, showing that continued fibrosis perpetuates throughout RHD progression. The fibrotic state of the mitral valve precedes myocardial dysfunction and manifest heart disease, making it important to develop diagnostic and therapeutic strategies to reduce structural remodeling of heart valves.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref>
				</p>
        <p>Notably, even though patients are later in their disease, the valves continue to show active inflammatory processes, predominantly composed of mononuclear cells. The intensity of inflammation was associated with mitral valve area, but not with leaflet thickness. Low inflammatory intensity was found in a smaller valve area, probably due to fibrosis intensity that has an inverse association with the degree of inflammation.</p>
        <p>Patients with left ventricular dysfunction presented a higher degree of valve inflammation, which may indicate adjacent myocarditis. However, 4 of the patients with left ventricular dysfunction had mitral insufficiency as the predominant lesion that may be the cause of the left ventricular dysfunction, which is an indication for valve intervention.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref>
				</p>
        <p>Studies indicate that the autoimmune process involved in RHD begins when the reactive antibodies bind to the valvar endothelium, leading to inflammation and cellular infiltration. Once activated, the valvar endothelium increases the expression of adhesion molecules, which facilitates T-cell binding and infiltration.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref> After the initial valvar insult, the process triggers a cascade leading to the recognition of additional epitopes, leading to progressive valve damage.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref> Evidence that continued presentation of autoantigens at the lesion site contributes to an amplification of the immune response is reinforced by the significant reduction in autoantibody levels after surgical removal of the affected leaflets.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref>
				</p>
        <p>After activation of the valvar endothelium with the adhesion of activated T cells, the scarring, neovascularization and lymphocyte infiltration cycle begins.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref> Avascular valvar tissue is normally protected by the endothelium until a triggering factor, which may be antibodies and/or inflammatory cytokines, breaks the endothelial barrier, allowing the cycle of cell infiltration and healing to begin.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref> Once initiated, the healing process becomes more intense in the valve interstitium due to the activation and proliferation of myofibroblasts responsible for valve fibrosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref> It has already been demonstrated that, in view of some pathological conditions such as RHD, interstitial cells can transform into an activated myofibroblast phenotype, expressing inflammatory proteins and cytokines, capable of rapidly remodeling the extracellular environment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref> The significant decrease in plasma levels of biomarkers of collagen metabolism following mitral valve replacement strongly suggests the contribution of the mitral valve apparatus to the perpetuation of the fibrotic process in RHD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref>
				</p>
        <p>Calcification was detected in 35% of the rheumatic valves, predominantly in pure mitral stenosis, and correlated with valve area. Calcification was also more frequent in patients with right ventricular dysfunction. The identification of calcification reinforces the chronicity of the process, and its occurrence may be related to the mechanisms underlying the end-stage of rheumatic impairment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref> The predominance of calcification observed in rheumatic valves with pure stenosis and in patients with right ventricular involvement confirms that this lesion predominates in the late stages of the disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> Rajamannan et al. demonstrated that calcification occurs in areas of neoangiogenesis, stimulated by an active inflammatory process, formed especially by macrophages and myofibroblasts.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref> Banerjee et al. found a greater degree of fibrosis and neovascularization with focal perivascular mild infiltration predominantly of lymphocytes and plasma cells.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref>
				</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Study limitations</title>
          <p>The small number of patients included in the study is a limitation. However, considering that most rheumatic patients with indication for valve intervention undergo percutaneous valvuloplasty, the number included represents the totality of samples available during the study period.</p>
          <p>The high prevalence of atrial fibrillation, previous history of stroke, previous valve intervention, limiting dyspnea (NYHA III and IV) and pulmonary hypertension have been shown to be severe in patients with advanced disease. As we included only patients with indication for valve replacement, our population is, therefore, representative of a spectrum of more severe stages of disease.</p>
          <p>Mitral valve replacement is indicated for symptomatic patients with advanced disease and marked valve anatomy deformity, where mitral valve repair is unlikely.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref> Therefore, the sample collected for our study represents the advanced rheumatic process, limiting the evaluation of the process in its initial phase.</p>
          <p>The valves from the control group are not healthy, normal valves, since they were collected from patients that had undergone heart transplantation due to severe left ventricular dysfunction of different etiologies. Chagas heart disease, the predominant etiology of valves collected from transplanted hearts, is an inflammatory disease, associated with fibrosis. Although Chagas disease primarily affects the ventricular myocardium, histological valve abnormality may be associated with heart failure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30"><sup>30</sup></xref> In addition, 35% of patients presented moderate to severe secondary mitral valve regurgitation, which may explain abnormal histological findings. The differences in histological analysis could be even greater if compared to healthy tissue valves.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Clinical implications</title>
          <p>The pathological process involved in RHD is complex and still not fully understood. The identification of an active chronic inflammatory process, although of mild intensity, probably responsible for the maintenance of immune response and progression of valve lesion, provides subsidy for additional research, aiming to define strategies that can interrupt the progression of valvular damage and its consequences.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>Our findings demonstrate that, despite intense degree of fibrosis, the inflammatory process remains active in the rheumatic mitral valves, even at late disease process with valve dysfunction. This inflammation was associated with mitral valve area and left ventricular function. Valvular calcification was more frequent in mitral stenosis and among patients with right ventricular dysfunction, indicating late and severe rheumatic involvement. It is necessary to better understand what maintains the inflammation and how its persistence may predispose to clinical complications as well as the mechanisms that influence RHD mortality.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn3">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Nayana F. A. Gomes, from Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
