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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">mYnRLqHZJd3K3g7DSNdhLXB</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00395</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2021000400395</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20190642</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190642</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Intera&#231;&#227;o Letal entre S&#237;ndrome Hemofagoc&#237;tica e Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Recentemente Desenvolvida</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4557-3390</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bozkurt</surname>
            <given-names>Devrim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bozgul</surname>
            <given-names>Sukriye Miray Kilincer</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Emgin</surname>
            <given-names>Omer</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Butun</surname>
            <given-names>Osman</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kose</surname>
            <given-names>Timur</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Simsek</surname>
            <given-names>Evrim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9454-4521</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Hekimgil</surname>
            <given-names>Mine</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3579-3747</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Kilic</surname>
            <given-names>Salih</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Ege University</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculty of Medicine</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Internal Medicine</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Izmir</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Ege University Faculty of Medicine - Department of Internal Medicine, Intensive Care Unit Sectio, Izmir - Turquia</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Ege University</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculty of Medicine</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Bioistatistics and Informatics</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Izmir</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Ege University Faculty of Medicine - Department of Bioistatistics and Informatics, Izmir - Turquia</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Ege University</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculty of Medicine</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Izmir</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Ege University Faculty of Medicine &#8211; Cardiology, Izmir - Turquia</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>4</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Ege University</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculty of Medicine</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Pathology</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Izmir</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Ege University Faculty of Medicine - Department of Pathology, Izmir - Turquia</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>5</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Health Sciences University</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Adana Research and Training Hospital</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Cardiology</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Adana</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Health Sciences University, Adana Research and Training Hospital - Department of Cardiology, Adana &#8211; Turquia</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Salih Kilic</bold> &#8226; Health Sciences University, Adana Research and Training Hospital - Department of Cardiology, Adana Turkey, E-mail: <email>kilicsalihhh@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Bozkurt D; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Bozgul SMK, Emgin O, Butun O, Simsek E, Hekimgil M; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Emgin O, Butun O, Hekimgil M; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Kose T; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Bozkurt D, Kilic S.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>23</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>116</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>395</fpage>
      <lpage>401</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A s&#237;ndrome hemofagoc&#237;tica (SHF) &#233; uma s&#237;ndrome hiperinflamat&#243;ria debilitante. O status da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada (ICFEP) est&#225; intimamente relacionado ao aumento da inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica e intramioc&#225;rdica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>este estudo pretende determinar os preditores de mortalidade e os par&#226;metros de monitoramento confi&#225;veis nos casos de SHF que desenvolveram a ICFEP durante seu curso cl&#237;nico.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Trinta e nove pacientes, diagnosticados com SHF de acordo com os crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos do estudo HLH 2004 com Hscore &#8805;169, e com aspira&#231;&#227;o ou bi&#243;psia de medula &#243;ssea comprovada, foram recrutados retrospectivamente. Foram investigados retrospectivamente os fatores de risco tradicionais, como prote&#237;na C reativa s&#233;rica, n&#237;veis de albumina e ferritina com contagens de linf&#243;citos e plaquetas, e fatores n&#227;o tradicionais, como rela&#231;&#227;o neutr&#243;filolinf&#243;cito (NLR), rela&#231;&#227;o linf&#243;cito-mon&#243;cito (MLR), volume plaquet&#225;rio m&#233;dio (MPV) e pr&#243;-pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral N-terminal (NTproBNP). Analisou-se a rela&#231;&#227;o entre os valores laboratoriais alterados ao longo do tempo entre si e com a mortalidade. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia geral foi de 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Foi demonstrado que a altera&#231;&#227;o temporal dos n&#237;veis de &#237;ndice cardiotor&#225;cico (ICT), NTproBNP s&#233;rico, ferritina, PCR e albumina foram detectados como sendo preditores de mortalidade (p&lt;0,05, para todos) em an&#225;lise univariada. As contagens de linf&#243;citos e plaquetas com valores de NLR e MPV tamb&#233;m foram significativos (p&lt;0,05). A rela&#231;&#227;o entre NT-proBNP e o aumento dos marcadores inflamat&#243;rios sist&#234;micos tamb&#233;m foi considerada significativa. Al&#233;m de fatores de risco tradicionais, os n&#237;veis de ferritina s&#233;rica, e os n&#237;veis de NLR, MLR e MPV foram considerados significativamente correlacionados entre si.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Acompanhado de par&#226;metros de monitoramento confi&#225;veis, o diagn&#243;stico r&#225;pido e o tratamento antiinflamat&#243;rio agressivo com controle r&#237;gido de volume podem salvar vidas de pacientes com SHF que sofrem de complica&#231;&#245;es por ICFEP. O monitoramento r&#237;gido da inflama&#231;&#227;o pode prever o resultado do paciente que sofre de ICFEP.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Linfo-Histiocitose Hemofagoc&#237;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>Inflama&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="26"/>
        <page-count count="7"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A s&#237;ndrome hemofagoc&#237;tica (SHF) &#233; um prot&#243;tipo debilitante de hiperinflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica grave. &#201; uma s&#237;ndrome cl&#237;nica que frequentemente &#233; letal como consequ&#234;ncia da invas&#227;o de &#243;rg&#227;os e tecidos por linf&#243;citos T aumentados com excesso de citocina por inflama&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua em indiv&#237;duos com dist&#250;rbio de elimina&#231;&#227;o de pat&#243;geno. O diagn&#243;stico dos pacientes pode ser confundido com o de sepse devido a achados inespec&#237;ficos, tais como, febre, hepatoesplenomegalia, linfadenomegalia, enzimas hep&#225;ticas elevadas e citopenias. Os &#237;ndices de mortalidade s&#227;o altos devido tanto a isso quanto ao diagn&#243;stico tardio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> Nessa s&#237;ndrome, que &#233; caracterizada por tempestade de citocinas excessiva, muitos &#243;rg&#227;os podem ser danificados irreversivelmente, e, na aus&#234;ncia de um tratamento anti-inflamat&#243;rio e/ou anticitocinas, a morte &#233; inevit&#225;vel. O cora&#231;&#227;o, inquestionavelmente afetado pelo aumento da inflama&#231;&#227;o, &#233; o &#243;rg&#227;o mais proximamente associado ao sistema imune dentro de todos os sistemas de &#243;rg&#227;os. A rela&#231;&#227;o entre a supress&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e o aumento da inflama&#231;&#227;o &#233; um fato conhecido. Outro prot&#243;tipo de estudos de inflama&#231;&#227;o aumentada nos indiv&#237;duos com sepse demonstrou que a maioria dos pacientes t&#234;m mais manifesta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada (ICFEP) nos est&#225;gios iniciais.</p>
      <p>Como consequ&#234;ncia disso, os sinais e sintomas de pacientes com SHF s&#227;o muitos e podem levar &#224; interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada. A ICFEP, em aproximadamente metade dos pacientes com interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar devido &#224; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, &#233; diagnosticada com base nos sinais e sintomas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular esquerda normal ou apenas levemente anormal (fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda &gt;50%), e evid&#234;ncias de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica. As press&#245;es de enchimento ventricular elevadas s&#227;o a anormalidade hemodin&#226;mica proeminente em insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica e aguda. Muitos estudos anteriores demonstraram alto n&#237;vel de status pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rio na circula&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica e no cora&#231;&#227;o de pacientes de IC. Al&#233;m disso, esses estudos enfatizaram que a exist&#234;ncia de um estado repetitivo e progressivo de ativa&#231;&#227;o imunoinflamat&#243;ria est&#225; fortemente associada &#224; progress&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica ventricular e da ICFEP.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref>
			</p>
      <p>Se aceitamos a SHF como o prot&#243;tipo de inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica grave, n&#227;o &#233; surpresa que a ICFEP se desenvolva no curso da SHF. Ainda temos poucas informa&#231;&#245;es sobre o tratamento comprovadamente eficiente para pacientes de ICFEP al&#233;m das medidas de suporte, incluindo modifica&#231;&#227;o do estilo de vida, gest&#227;o da hipertens&#227;o, e controle metab&#243;lico de diabetes e obesidade. Recentemente, a estimula&#231;&#227;o da via da prote&#237;na quinase G parece abrir o horizonte para o futuro. Ap&#243;s esse entendimento, houve complica&#231;&#245;es de pacientes de SHF pela insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, este estudo desejou investigar a presen&#231;a de poss&#237;veis par&#226;metros de invers&#227;o ou quaisquer preditores nesses pacientes que foram acompanhados no passado. Levantou-se a hip&#243;tese de que a inflama&#231;&#227;o &#233; a principal fonte de depress&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e, se o estado hiperinflamat&#243;rio for parado, a desintegra&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio pode ser revertida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> Nesse contexto, este estudo pretende determinar os preditores de mortalidade e os par&#226;metros de monitoramento confi&#225;veis nos casos de SHF que desenvolveram a ICFEP durante seu curso cl&#237;nico.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
      <title>Materiais e M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Pacientes</title>
        <p>Dados de pacientes (n=63) que foram hospitalizados devido a SHF de acordo com os crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos do estudo HLH 2004 entre janeiro de 2012 e dezembro de 2018 foram coletados retrospectivamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> Pacientes com SHF com aspira&#231;&#227;o ou bi&#243;psia de medula &#243;ssea comprovada, com relat&#243;rios de ecocardiogramas detalhados, maiores de 18 anos, e hospitalizados por mais de 3 dias com score de hemofagocitose (Hscore)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> de 169 ou mais forma inclu&#237;dos no estudo. O grupo portador de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada (ICFEP) foi definido de acordo com as Diretrizes ESC de 2016.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> O hist&#243;rico m&#233;dico detalhado de cada paciente, incluindo os primeiros achados cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais referentes &#224; SHF, foi registrado retrospectivamente. Por fim, trinta e nove pacientes, que t&#234;m resultados de an&#225;lises hemobioqu&#237;micas e novos sintomas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, desenvolvidos durante a interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo. Pacientes com interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar &#8804; 3 dias, com hist&#243;rico de malignidade ou quimioterapia pr&#233;vios e sem dados suficientes, inclusive relat&#243;rio de eletrocardiogramas e valores laboratoriais para o diagn&#243;stico de SHF, foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Fontes de dados</title>
        <p>Dados de pacientes foram avaliados retrospectivamente por quatro m&#233;dicos especialistas, incluindo cardiologista, hematologista, reumatologista e intensivista. As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, o hist&#243;rico m&#233;dico, e os par&#226;metros laboratoriais foram registrados dos registros dos pacientes e do sistema de dados digital do hospital retrospectivamente. O tempo (T-a-t, em dias) entre o primeiro sintoma ou dados laboratoriais que sugerem SHF e o in&#237;cio do tratamento efetivo tamb&#233;m foi determinado. No momento do diagn&#243;stico, o Hscore foi calculado de acordo com o relat&#243;rio de Fardet et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> Relat&#243;rios de hemogramas completos, incluindo a contagem de leuc&#243;citos polimorfonucleares (PMN), contagem de mon&#243;citos, contagem de linf&#243;citos (L) contagem de plaquetas (PLT) e volume plaquet&#225;rio m&#233;dio (MPV) foram registrados. Todos os n&#237;veis de pr&#243;-pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral N-terminal (NTproBNP) durante a interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar foram registrados. A NLR foi obtida dividindo-se a contagem de neutr&#243;filos circulantes absoluta pela contagem de linf&#243;citos. A MLR foi obtida dividindose a contagem de mon&#243;citos pela contagem de linf&#243;citos. Os relat&#243;rios de exames ecocardiogr&#225;ficos transtor&#225;cicos foram realizados por um cardiologista experiente conforme recomendado pela Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia (<italic>American Society of Echocardiography</italic>)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> e coletados retrospectivamente. Al&#233;m disso, o &#237;ndice cardiotor&#225;cico (ICT) para pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca tamb&#233;m foi calculado de acordo com radiografias tor&#225;cicas registradas anteriormente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> O ICT foi calculado dividindo-se a largura horizontal m&#225;xima do cora&#231;&#227;o pelo di&#226;metro interno da caixa tor&#225;cica. A an&#225;lise foi feita pela mesma equipe operacional utilizando-se software de computa&#231;&#227;o para garantir a precis&#227;o da medida. Os dois valores laboratoriais dos pacientes no momento da interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar (linha de base, B) e no final da hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o (final, F), seja por &#243;bito ou por alta, foram examinados. Altera&#231;&#245;es temporais de todos os valores durante a interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar foram representadas por &#8216;&#8710;&#8217;.</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi realizado de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki e foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica m&#233;dica do Hospital Universit&#225;rio da Universidade Ege, em Izmir, na Turquia.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>A compatibilidade das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com a distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foi verificada separadamente em cada um dos grupos pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram definidas como uma contagem resumida, em forma de porcentagem, enquanto as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram definidas como uma m&#233;dia resumida, faixa interquartil (FIQ). Optou-se por utilizar m&#233;todos n&#227;o param&#233;tricos, j&#225; que a maioria das vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas n&#227;o apresentam distribui&#231;&#227;o normal (teste U de Mann Whitney e an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman) Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram analisadas pelo teste Qui-quadrado, e as vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas foram analisadas pelo teste U de Mann-Whitney. As diferen&#231;as entre os grupos de mortalidade e n&#227;o mortalidade foram avaliadas pelo teste U de Mann Whitney. Foram realizadas an&#225;lises de correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman entre os par&#226;metros do grupo de mortalidade. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia geral &#233; 5% O IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), Statistics for WindoWs, Version 25 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA), foi utilizado para a an&#225;lise.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Um total de 39 pacientes (n=25, 64,1% mulheres), idade m&#233;dia 45,0 (22,0) anos foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo. Entre eles, 10 (25,6%) pacientes evolu&#237;ram a &#243;bito (grupo de mortalidade) e 29 pacientes receberam alta do hospital (grupo de sobreviv&#234;ncia). As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas de linha de base e os par&#226;metros laboratoriais dos dois grupos foram resumidos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos em termos de par&#226;metros laboratoriais. N&#227;o houve hist&#243;rico m&#233;dico de pacientes, exceto por dois pacientes hipertensos no grupo de sobreviv&#234;ncia. As etiologias subjacentes eram: doen&#231;a infecciosa (n=10), doen&#231;as reumatol&#243;gicas (n=20), malignidade (n=3), e origem idiop&#225;tica (n=6). Quatro pacientes com etiologia de doen&#231;a infecciosa, 2 pacientes com doen&#231;a reumatol&#243;gica, 3 com malignidade, e 1 com origem idiop&#225;tica morreram. Durante o per&#237;odo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, sete pacientes passaram por procedimento de hemodi&#225;lise, especialmente para atingir a ultrafiltragem adequada, e 25 pacientes receberam infus&#227;o de diur&#233;tico de al&#231;a devido a hipervolemia.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o de caracter&#237;sticas de linha de base e par&#226;metros laboratoriais</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="25%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Vari&#225;vel</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Grupo de mortalidade<break/>M&#233;dia (FIQ)<break/>(n=10)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Grupo de sobreviv&#234;ncia<break/>M&#233;dia (FIQ)<break/>(n=29)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Idade, anos</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">47,0 (29,0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">44,5 (22,0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,764</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Sexo, feminino %</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">60 (n=6)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">63,3 (19)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,855</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea sist&#243;lica</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">96,5 (27,0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">96,5 (21)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,464</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea sist&#243;lica</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">59,0 (17,0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">60,0 (15,0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,173</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Hscore</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">223 (100)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">229,0 (39,0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,868</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Dura&#231;&#227;o da interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, dias</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">10,0 (6,0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">15,0 (15,0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,379</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">NT-proBNP (ng/L)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2390 (69930)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4000 (69960)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,746</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Ferritina (mcg/L)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4303 (169700)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">21110 (98300)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,216</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Fibrinog&#234;nio (mg/mL)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">257 (171)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">318 (272)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,289</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Sedimenta&#231;&#227;o (horas)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">65,0 (46,0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">66,0 (41,0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,553</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">RNI</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,1 (1,9)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,1 (1,2)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,161</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Albumina (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,9 (3,0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3,0 (2,4)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,842</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Globulina (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,6 (0,8)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3,3 (1,0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,088</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Ureia (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">44,0 (122)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">349,0 (268)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,128</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Creatinina (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,73 (6,04)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,8 (11,11)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,202</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">LDH</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">583,0 (8840)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">404,0 (5540)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,197</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">PCR</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">6,32 (34,26)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">8,4 (36,54)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,406</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Hemoglobina (g/dL)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">9,7 (11,1)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">8,7 (6,9)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,204</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Plaqueta &#215; 10<sup>3</sup></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">66 (442,0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">115,5 (749,0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,479</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Neutr&#243;filos</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3500,0 (27200)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">5800,0 (7800,0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,606</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>Foram realizados teste U de Mann Whitney para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, e teste Qui-quadrado para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. PCR: prote&#237;na C-reativa, FIQ: faixa interquartil, LDH: desidrogenase l&#225;ctica, NTproBNP: Pr&#243;-pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral N-terminal.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa no volume l&#237;quido (em litros) da ultrafiltragem entre o grupo da mortalidade e o grupo da sobreviv&#234;ncia (11,5 (3,8) e 10,5 (6,0) p=0,408, respectivamente). Os valores laboratoriais finais de pacientes vivos ou falecidos com toda a popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo foram apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela-2</xref>. O tempo m&#233;dio decorrido entre os primeiros sintomas e o in&#237;cio de um tratamento anti-inflamat&#243;rio adequado (T-a-t), ICT, NT-proBNP, PCR, ferritina, LDH, MLR e MPV final foram significativamente mais altos no grupo da mortalidade que no grupo da sobreviv&#234;ncia. Al&#233;m disso, a albumina m&#233;dia, a contagem de linf&#243;citos, e a contagem de plaquetas foram estatisticamente significativamente mais baixos no grupo de mortalidade que no grupo de sobreviv&#234;ncia. Durante a interna&#231;&#227;o em CTI, a altera&#231;&#227;o temporal de ICT, e de n&#237;veis de NTproBNP s&#233;rico, ferritina, PCR e albumina, foram detectados como preditores de mortalidade (p&lt;0,05, para todos). As contagens de linf&#243;citos e plaquetas com valores de NLR e MPV tamb&#233;m foram significativas (p&lt;0,05 para todos) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>). As altera&#231;&#245;es temporais do valor de MLR n&#227;o atingiram a signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p=0,052). A an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman demonstrou correla&#231;&#245;es significativas entre os par&#226;metros de risco tradicionais e n&#227;o tradicionais com altera&#231;&#227;o temporal (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>). Este estudo esquematizou a intera&#231;&#227;o letal entre SHF e ICFEP via marcadores laboratoriais e o eixo cardiorrenal na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">figura 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Tabela 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Valores laboratoriais finais de pacientes falecidos e vivos durante interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="24%">
            <col width="1%"/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Vari&#225;vel</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Grupo de mortalidade<break/>(n=10)<break/>M&#233;dia (FIQ)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Grupo de sobreviv&#234;ncia<break/>(n=29)<break/>M&#233;dia (FIQ)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">T-a-t (em dias):</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">24,0 (60,0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">10,0 (28,8)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">ICT (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">56,0 (37,0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">50,0 (56,71)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,026</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">NTproBNP (&#215;10<sup>3</sup> ng/L)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,7 (70,0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,1 (25,7)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,023</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Albumina (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,7 (2,5)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3,3 (2,1)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,035</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">PCR (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">7,9 (41,7)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,4 (19,0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,005</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Ferritina (&#215;10<sup>3</sup> mcg/L)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,58 (120,0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,64 (1,53)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,047</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">LDH (&#215;10<sup>3</sup> U/L)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,56 (5,9)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,2 (0,8)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">L (&#215;103/&#181;L)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,77 (9,4)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,5 (4,2)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,010</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">PLT (&#215;10<sup>3</sup>/&#181;L)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">47,0 (418,0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">188,5 (546,0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">NLR</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">7,6 (52,2)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,79 (14,4)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">MPV</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Linha de base</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">11,7 (7,1)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">11,7 (6,40)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,035</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Final</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">11,8 (9,1)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">10,5 (5,1)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,027</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">MLR</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,0 (1,0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,5 (0,2)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>PCR: Prote&#237;na C reativa; ICT: &#205;ndice cardiotor&#225;cico; FIQ: faixa interquartil; NLR: Rela&#231;&#227;o neutr&#243;filo-linf&#243;cito; L: Contagem de linf&#243;citos; LDH: Desidrogenase l&#225;ctica; MPV: Volume plaquet&#225;rio m&#233;dio; MLR: Rela&#231;&#227;o linf&#243;cito-mon&#243;cito; NTproBNP: Pr&#243;-pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral N-terminal; PLT: Contagem de plaquetas; T-a-t (em dias): Tempo decorrido at&#233; o in&#237;cio do tratamento. Foi realizado o teste U de Mann Whitney para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Tabela 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Altera&#231;&#227;o temporal de preditores de mortalidade</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="25%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Par&#226;metros</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Grupo de sobreviv&#234;ncia (n=29)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Grupo de mortalidade (n=10)</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle">p</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">M&#233;dia (FIQ)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">M&#233;dia (FIQ)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">&#916; NTproBNP (&#215;10<sup>3</sup>ng/L)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8722;4,67 (12,35)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">28,26 (49,91)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,007</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">&#916; ICT (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8722;10,1 (4,00)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4,0 (10,00)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">&#916; Ferritina (&#215;10<sup>3</sup>mcg/L)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8722;3,42 (18,08)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">42,11 (179,83)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,020</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">&#916; LDH (&#215;10<sup>3</sup> U/L)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8722;0,31 (0,43)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8722;2,0 (3,68)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,571</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">&#916; PCR (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8722;6,8 (16,98)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,0 (11,15)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">&#916; Albumina (g/dL)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,40 (0,95)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8722;0,35 (0,75)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,026</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">&#916; L (&#215;10<sup>3</sup>/&#181;L)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,53 (0,75)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8722;0,85 (660)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">&#916; PLT (&#215;10<sup>3</sup>/&#181;L)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">68,05 (119,00)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8722;29,5 (56,25)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">&#916; NLR</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8722;2,77 (8,37)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4,6 (12,09)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">&#916; MPV</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8722;1,2 (1,92)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,85 (1,8)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,040</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">&#916; MLR</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8722;0,11 (0,57)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,34 (1,61)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,052</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <p>&#8216;&#8710;&#8217; (Delta) significa a altera&#231;&#227;o em qualquer valor de par&#226;metro laboratorial durante a interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar. Ele &#233; calculado como valor final, alta ou &#243;bito, menos o valor de linha de base que &#233; s&#227;o os primeiros dados bioqu&#237;micos laboratoriais. PCR: Prote&#237;na C reativa; ICT: &#205;ndice cardiotor&#225;cico; FIQ: faixa interquartil; NLR: Rela&#231;&#227;o neutr&#243;filo-linf&#243;cito; L: Contagem de linf&#243;citos; LDH: Desidrogenase l&#225;ctica; MPV: Volume plaquet&#225;rio m&#233;dio; MLR: Rela&#231;&#227;o linf&#243;cito-mon&#243;cito; NTproBNP: Pr&#243;-pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral N-terminal; PLT: Contagem de plaquetas. Foi realizado o teste U de Mann Whitney para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Tabela 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>An&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman entre par&#226;metros de risco</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="above" rules="none">
          <colgroup width="16%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <th align="left" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">CC (R<sup>2</sup>)</th>
              <th align="left" valign="middle">p</th>
              <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <th align="left" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">CC (R<sup>2</sup>)</th>
              <th align="left" valign="middle">p</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">&#916; NTproBNP</th>
              <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <th align="left" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">&#916; ICT</th>
              <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">&#916; ICT</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">0,432</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">0,095</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">&#916; NLR</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">0,461</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">0,031</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">&#916; Ferritina</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">0,587</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">0,027</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">&#916; MPV</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">0,561</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">0,004</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">&#916; Albumina</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">&#8722;0,520</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">0,022</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">&#916; MLR</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">0,404</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">0,041</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">&#916; PCR</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">0,498</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">0,039</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">&#916; PLT</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">&#8722;0,651</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">&#916; PLT</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">&#8722;0,488</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">0,047</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">&#916; PCR</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">0,411</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">0,041</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">&#916; NLR</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">0,705</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">0,001</td>
              <td align="left" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">&#916; NLR</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">&#916; MLR</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">0,478</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">0,038</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">&#916; PCR</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">0,597</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">&#916; Albumina</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">&#916;Ferritina</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">0,592</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">0,002</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">&#916; NLR</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">&#8722;0,417</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">0,013</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">&#916; PLT</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">&#8722;0,601</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">0,002</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">&#916; MPV</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">&#8722;0,334</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">0,046</td>
              <td align="left" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">&#916; L</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">&#916; Ferritina</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">&#8722;0,397</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">0,049</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">&#916; Ferritina</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">&#8722;0,507</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">0,010</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">&#916; PLT</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">0,341</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">0,039</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">&#916; CRP</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">&#8722;0,531</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">0,001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <p>Delta (&#8216;&#8710;&#8217;) reflete a altera&#231;&#227;o temporal de qualquer par&#226;metro durante a interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar. PCR: Prote&#237;na C reativa; ICT: &#205;ndice cardiotor&#225;cico; NLR: Rela&#231;&#227;o neutr&#243;filo-linf&#243;cito; L: Contagem de linf&#243;citos; LDH: Desidrogenase l&#225;ctica; MPV: Volume plaquet&#225;rio m&#233;dio; MLR: Rela&#231;&#227;o linf&#243;cito-mon&#243;cito; NTproBNP: Pr&#243;-pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral N-terminal; PLT: Contagem de plaquetas.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Cruzamento entre SHF e ICFEP. SHF, s&#237;ndrome hemofagoc&#237;tica. NTproBNP: Pr&#243;-pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral N-terminal; PCR: prote&#237;na C reativa; NLR: raz&#227;o neutr&#243;filo-linf&#243;cito; MPV: volume plaquet&#225;rio m&#233;dio; ICFEP: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada; PLEX: plasmaferese.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-03-0395-90642-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O presente estudo demonstrou que a altera&#231;&#227;o temporal de marcadores laboratoriais tradicionais (n&#237;veis de PCR s&#233;rico, albumina e ferritina com contagens de linf&#243;citos e plaquetas), e n&#227;o tradicionais (contagens de NLR, MPV, NTproBNP e ICT) de inflama&#231;&#227;o aumentada est&#227;o significativamente associados &#224; mortalidade de pacientes com SFH durante o per&#237;odo de acompanhamento. A rela&#231;&#227;o entre NT-proBNP e o aumento dos marcadores de inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica tamb&#233;m foi considerada significativa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> Al&#233;m de fatores de risco tradicionais, as altera&#231;&#245;es temporais dos n&#237;veis de ferritina s&#233;rica, e dos n&#237;veis de NLR, MLR e MPV foram consideradas significativamente correlacionados entre si.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref>
			</p>
      <p>O fato de que a contagem de plaquetas, que &#233; o reagente positivo da fase aguda, pare&#231;a ser um reagente negativo da fase aguda neste estudo est&#225; relacionado &#224; interrup&#231;&#227;o do consumo de plaquetas no caso de hemofagocitose possivelmente controlada. A rela&#231;&#227;o entre a contagem de linf&#243;citos e o bem-estar, que foi demonstrada em v&#225;rias condi&#231;&#245;es inflamat&#243;rias cl&#237;nicas, tamb&#233;m foi confirmada neste estudo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref> Esses s&#227;o os primeiros par&#226;metros de triagem de pacientes com ICFEP. A principal causa de mortalidade entre os pacientes portadores de ICFEP se deve a motivos n&#227;o card&#237;acos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref> As diretrizes n&#227;o apresentam outro tratamento al&#233;m do tratamento com diur&#233;ticos ou do tratamento com foco nas causas subjacentes at&#233; o momento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref> Recentemente, mostrou-se que o pr&#243;-pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral N-terminal (NT-proBNP) pode ter algumas vantagens.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref> O NT-proBNP &#233; uma ferramenta bem estabelecida para previs&#227;o da mortalidade de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada ou reduzida. Entretanto, h&#225; poucos dados sobre a rela&#231;&#227;o entre esse par&#226;metro e a sobreviv&#234;ncia de pacientes durante a interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar. Neste estudo, mostrouse que a altera&#231;&#227;o temporal do NT-proBNP est&#225; intimamente associada &#224; mortalidade de pacientes. O principal objetivo na ICFEP relacionada a SHF &#233; impedir a presen&#231;a de um status pr&#243;inflamat&#243;rio aumentado o mais breve poss&#237;vel. Do contr&#225;rio, a morte &#233; inevit&#225;vel. O tempo decorrido desde o surgimento dos primeiros sintomas at&#233; o in&#237;cio do tratamento afeta diretamente a sobreviv&#234;ncia de pacientes, conforme demonstrado acima. Nos casos em que o tratamento r&#225;pido e eficiente foi iniciado, foi atingido um &#237;ndice de mortalidade mais baixo, em compara&#231;&#227;o com os existentes na literatura.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref> Na popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo, o &#237;ndice de mortalidade geral &#233; de 25,6%, e o &#237;ndice de mortalidade causado por malignidade &#233; de 19,4%. A deteriora&#231;&#227;o do eixo cardiorrenal &#233; outro cen&#225;rio importante em pacientes de ICFEP.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref> Devido ao aumento das press&#245;es de enchimento ventricular, a maioria dos pacientes tem press&#227;o venosa central e press&#227;o intra-abdominais elevadas. O aumento da ativa&#231;&#227;o do sistema renina-angiotensina e a redu&#231;&#227;o do fluxo de plasma renal podem piorar as fun&#231;&#245;es renais. Al&#233;m disso, o carregamento inadequado de volumes leva ao aumento de pr&#233;-carregamento, com aumento dos sistemas de insufici&#234;ncia e piora das fun&#231;&#245;es renais. Tamb&#233;m demonstrou-se que o equil&#237;brio de fluido positivo durante a disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica est&#225; intimamente relacionado &#224; mortalidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref> Foi poss&#237;vel alcan&#231;ar o controle r&#237;gido de volume, com procedimentos de infus&#227;o diur&#233;tica cont&#237;nua e ultrafiltragem. Da mesma forma, a melhoria nos testes de fun&#231;&#227;o renal apresentou benef&#237;cios para a sobreviv&#234;ncia. Isso reflete a recupera&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o renal aguda. Entretanto, nenhuma altera&#231;&#227;o atingiu signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. O n&#250;mero pequeno de pacientes do estudo pode ser uma das causas. Com controle precoce e efetivo da inflama&#231;&#227;o e da hipervolemia, &#233; certo que a sobreviv&#234;ncia vai aumentar nessa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
      <p>H&#225; algumas limita&#231;&#245;es neste estudo, uma das quais &#233; o desenho retrospectivo. O risco de tend&#234;ncia do estudo n&#227;o pode ser ignorado. Entretanto, os dados foram coletados por quatro pesquisadores que s&#227;o especialistas em suas respectivas &#225;reas. A etiologia de doen&#231;a heterog&#234;nea pode ter um risco de mortalidade diferente. Entretanto, acredita-se que este estudo &#233; muito importante para se determinar o risco de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no curso da SHF, e para identificar os marcadores que afetar&#227;o a sobreviv&#234;ncia no monitoramento dos pacientes. Mesmo que n&#227;o houvesse testes gen&#233;ticos, medi&#231;&#227;o de n&#237;veis de citocina, ou resultados de medi&#231;&#245;es laboratoriais espec&#237;ficas, os pacientes foram meticulosamente selecionados, de acordo com os crit&#233;rios do estudo HLH 2004 e com resultados do score de hemofagocitose.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref> Deve-se observar que, devido &#224;s v&#225;rias etiologias de SHF (incluindo l&#250;pus eritematoso sist&#234;mico, aparecimento da doen&#231;a de Still do adulto, artrite reumatoide, doen&#231;a mista do tecido conjuntivo, e causas infecciosas), o estudo enfrentou uma heterogeneidade inevit&#225;vel.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>O presente estudo demonstrou que par&#226;metros sangu&#237;neos simples e baratos, que podem ser obtidos com facilidade, podem ser um alerta precoce para os m&#233;dicos durante o acompanhamento rotineiro de pacientes de SHF com complica&#231;&#227;o por ICFEP. Os par&#226;metros de monitoramento n&#227;o tradicionais s&#227;o valiosos nos casos de SHF com complica&#231;&#245;es por ICFEP, que &#233; geralmente dif&#237;cil de tratar e leva a altos &#237;ndices de mortalidade. O estudo tamb&#233;m prop&#245;e a interrup&#231;&#227;o da inflama&#231;&#227;o assim que poss&#237;vel para proteger o cora&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de professor associado de Devrim Bozkurt pela Ege University Faculty of Medicine.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fardet</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Galicier</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lambotte</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marzac</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aumont</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chahwan</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Development and validation of the HScore, a score for the diagnosis of reactive hemophagocytic syndrome</article-title>
          <source>Arthritis Rheumatol</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <comment>09</comment>
          <volume>66</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>2613</fpage>
          <lpage>2620</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>26. Fardet L, Galicier L, Lambotte O, Marzac C, Aumont C, Chahwan D, et al. Development and validation of the HScore, a score for the diagnosis of reactive hemophagocytic syndrome. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2014 Sep;66(9):2613-20.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Mortal Interaction Between Hemophagocytic Syndrome and Newly Developed Heart Failure</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4557-3390</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bozkurt</surname>
            <given-names>Devrim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bozgul</surname>
            <given-names>Sukriye Miray Kilincer</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Emgin</surname>
            <given-names>Omer</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Butun</surname>
            <given-names>Osman</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kose</surname>
            <given-names>Timur</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Simsek</surname>
            <given-names>Evrim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9454-4521</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Hekimgil</surname>
            <given-names>Mine</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3579-3747</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Kilic</surname>
            <given-names>Salih</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Izmir</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Ege University Faculty of Medicine - Department of Internal Medicine, Intensive Care Unit Sectio, Izmir - Turkey</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff7">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Izmir</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Ege University Faculty of Medicine - Department of Bioistatistics and Informatics, Izmir - Turkey</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff8">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Izmir</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Ege University Faculty of Medicine &#8211; Cardiology, Izmir - Turkey</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff9">
          <label>4</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Izmir</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Ege University Faculty of Medicine - Department of Pathology, Izmir - Turkey</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff10">
          <label>5</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Adana</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Health Sciences University, Adana Research and Training Hospital - Department of Cardiology, Adana &#8211; Turkey</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Salih Kilic</bold> &#8226; Health Sciences University, Adana Research and Training Hospital - Department of Cardiology, Adana, Turkey, E-mail: <email>kilicsalihhh@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author Contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Bozkurt D; Data acquisition: Bozgul SMK, Emgin O, Butun O, Simsek E, Hekimgil M; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Emgin O, Butun O, Hekimgil M; Statistical analysis: Kose T; Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Bozkurt D, Kilic S.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Hemophagocytic syndrome (HPS) ia s devastating hyperinflammatory syndrome. Heart failure (HF) with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) status is closely correlated with increased inflammation, both systemic and intramyocardial.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>This study sought to determine mortality predictors and reliable follow-up parameters in HPS that developed HFpEF during the clinical course.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Method:</title>
          <p>Thirty-nine patients, diagnosed as HPS, according to HLH 2004 diagnostic criteria, with an HScore of &#8805;169 and proven bone marrow aspiration or biopsy, were recruited retrospectively. Both traditional, serum C-reactive protein, albumin and ferritin levels with lymphocyte, and platelet counts, as well as non-traditional risk factors, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte count (NLR), monocyte-to-lymphocyte count (MLR), mean platelet volume (MPV), and N-Terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NTproBNP), were investigated retrospectively. The relationship between time-changed laboratory values both among themselves and with mortality. The overall significance level was set at 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>This study showed that temporal change of cardiothoracic ratio (CTR), serum NTproBNP, ferritin, CRP, and albumin levels were detected as mortality predictors (p&lt;0.05, for all) in the univariate analysis. Lymphocyte and platelet counts with NLR and MPV values were also significant (p&lt;0.05). The relationship between NT-proBNP and increased systemic inflammatory markers proved to be significant. In addition to traditional risk factors, serum ferritin levels, NLR, MLR, and MPV levels also proved to be significantly correlated with each other.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Accompanied by reliable follow-up parameters, rapid diagnosis and aggressive anti-inflammatory treatment with tight volume control can be life-saving in HPS patients who suffer from HFpEF. Close monitoring of inflammation may predict the outcome of patients suffering from HFpEF.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Heart failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Hemaphgocytic Lymphohistiocytosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Inflammation</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortality</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Hemophagocytic syndrome (HPS) is a devastating prototype of severe systemic hyperinflammation. HPS is a clinical syndrome that is frequently lethal due to organ and tissue invasion of increased T lymphocytes with excess cytokine by continuous inflammation in individuals with pathogen clearance disorder. Patient diagnoses may be confused with sepsis due to its non-specific findings, including fever, hepatosplenomegaly, lymphadenomegaly, elevated liver enzymes, and cytopenias. Mortality rates are high both due to this and delayed diagnosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> In this syndrome, which is characterized by an excessive cytokine storm, many organs can be irreversibly damaged and death is inevitable in the absence of immediate anti-inflammatory and/or anti-cytokine treatment. The heart, undoubtedly affected by increased inflammation, is the organ most closely associated with the immune system within all organ systems. The relationship between myocardial suppression and increased inflammation is a well-known fact. Another prototype of increased inflammation studies in individuals with sepsis has shown that the majority of patients have a more heart failure (HF) with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) clinical picture in the early stages.</p>
        <p>As a result, the signs and symptoms of patients with HPS is various and might refer to the hospital with decompensated heart failure. HFpEF, nearly half of the patients&#8217; hospitalization due to heart failure, is diagnosed based on the signs and symptoms of heart failure, normal or only mild abnormal left ventricular systolic function (left ventricular ejection fraction &gt;50%), and evidence of diastolic dysfunction. Elevated ventricular filling pressures are the prominent hemodynamic abnormality in both chronic and acute heart failure. Many previous studies have shown high levels of pro-inflammatory status in the peripheral circulation and heart of HF patients. Moreover, these studies emphasized that the existence of a repetitive and progressive state of immuno-inflammatory activation is strongly associated with the progression of ventricular diastolic dysfunction and HfpEF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref>
				</p>
        <p>If we accept HPS as the prototype of severe systemic inflammation, it is not surprising that HFpEF develops in the course of HPS. Information is still scarce in the literature on the most effective proven treatment for HFpEF patients other than supportive measures, including lifestyle modification, hypertension management, metabolic control for diabetes, and obesity. More recently, the protein kinase G pathway stimulation seems to open the horizon in the future. After it became clear that HPS patients were complicated by heart failure, it was important to investigate the presence of possible reversal parameters or any predictors in these patients that had been followed up on in the past. This study hypothesized that inflammation is the main source for myocardial depression, and the hyperinflammatory state were stopped, myocardial dysintegrity could be reversed.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> In this light, this study aimed to determine mortality predictors and reliable follow-up parameters in HPS that developed HFpEF during the clinical course.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
        <title>Material Method</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Patients</title>
          <p>Data from patients (n=63) who were hospitalized due to the HPS, according to the HLH 2004 diagnostic criteria between January 2012 and December 2018, were collected retrospectively.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> HPS patients with proven bone marrow aspiration or biopsy, with detailed echocardiography reports, over 18 years of age, and hospitalized more than three days, with hemophagocytosis score (HScore)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> of 169 and above were included in the study. The HFpEF group was defined according to the 2016 ESC Guideline.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> Detailed medical history for each patient, including the first clinical and laboratory findings referring to HPS, were recorded retrospectively. Finally, 39 patients, who presented available blood biochemistry results and newly developed heart failure symptoms during hospitalization, were included in the study. Patient who had been hospitalized &#8804;3 days, presenting malignancy or a previous history of chemotherapy and no sufficent data,, including available electrocardiographic reports and HPS diagnostic laboratory values, were excluded from the study.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data sources</title>
          <p>Patients&#8217; data were evaluated retrospectively by four specialist phyicians, including an expert cardiologist, hematologist, rheumatologist, and intensive care physician. Clinical characteristics, medical history, and laboratory parameters were recorded from patients&#8217; medical files and the hospital&#8217;s digital data system retrospectively. The time (T-to-t, in days) between the first symptom or laboratory data suggestive of HPS and the beginning of effective treatment was also determined. At the time of diagnosis, the HScore was calculated according to findings from Fardet et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> Complete blood count reports, including polymorphouse nucleated leucocyte count (PMNL), monocyte count, lymphocyte count (L), platelet count (PLT), and mean platelet volume (MPV) were recorded. All N terminal-pro brain natriuretic peptide (NTproBNP) levels during hospitalization were also recorded. NLR was obtained by dividing the venous absolute circulating neutrophil count by the lymphocyte count. MLR was obtained by dividing the monocyte count by the lymphocyte count. Transthoracic echocardiographic examination reports, performed by an experienced cardiologist, as recommended by the American Society of Echocardiography,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> were collected retrospectively. Likewise, the cardiothoracic ratio (CTR) for patients suffering from heart failure was also calculated according to previously recorded chest radiographies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> The CTR was calculated by dividing the maximal horizontal width of the heart by the horizontal diameter of the inner borders of the rib cage. Analysis was performed by the same operational team, using computer software to ensure measurement accuracy. The two laboratory values of the patients at the time of hospitalization (baseline, B) and at the end of hospitalization (final, F), either dead or discharged, were examined. Temporal changes of all values during the hospital course were represented as &#8216;&#916;&#8217;.</p>
          <p>This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the medical ethics committee at the Hospital of the Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>The compatibility of continuous variables to normal distribution was checked separately in each group by the Shapiro-Wilk test. Categorical variables were determined as a summarized count, in a percentage form, whereas continuous variables were determined as a summarized median, an interquartile range (IQR ). Non-parametric methods were preferred, as the majority of numerical variables failed to provide normal distribution (Mann Whitney U test and Spearman&#8217;s correlation analysis). Categorical variables were analyzed by the Chi-Square test and numerical variables were analyzed by the Mann-Whitney U Test. The differences between mortality and non-mortality groups were evaluated by the Mann Whitney U test. Spearman&#8217;s correlation analysis was performed between the mortality parameters. The overall significance level was set at 5%. The IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Statistics for Windows, Version 25 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA), was used for analysis.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>In total, 39 patients (n=25, 64.1% female), median of 45.0 (22.0) years of age, were included in this study. Of these, 10 (25.6%) patients died (mortality group), and 29 were discharged from the hospital (survival group). Baseline clinical characteristics and laboratory parameters of the two groups are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 1</xref>. No significant difference was observed among the groups in terms of laboratory parameters. No medical histories of patients were found, except for two patients with hypertension in the survival group. The underlying etiologies were: infectious disease (n=10), rheumatological diseases (n=20), malignancy (n=3), and idiopathic origin (n=6). Four patients who presented infectious etiology, 2 with rheumatological disease, 3 with malignancy, and 1 of idiopathic origin died. During the hospitaliation period, seven patients underwent hemodialysis, primarily to achive adequate ultrafiltration, while 25 patients received loop-diuretic infusion due to the hypervolemia.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Comparison of baseline characteristics and laboratory parameters</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Variable</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Mortality group<break/>Median (IQR)<break/>(n=10)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Survival group<break/>Median (IQR)<break/>(n=29)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Age, year</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">47.0 (29.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">44.5 (22.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.764</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Sex, female %</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">60 (n=6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">63.3 (19)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.855</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Systolic blood pressure</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">96.5 (27.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">96.5 (21)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.464</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Diastolic blood pressure</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">59.0 (17.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">60.0 (15.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.173</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Hscore</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">223 (100)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">229.0(39.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.868</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Hospitalization leght, day</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">10.0 (6.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">15.0 (15.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.379</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">NT-proBNP(ng/L)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2390 (69930)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4000(69960)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.746</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Ferritin (mcg/L)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4303 (169700)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">21110 (98300)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.216</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Fibrinogen (mg/mL)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">257 (171)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">318 (272)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.289</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Sedimentation (hours)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">65.0 (46.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">66.0 (41.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.553</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">INR</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.1 (1.9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.1 (1.2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.161</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Albumine (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.9 (3.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3.0 (2.4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.842</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Globuline (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.6 (0.8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3.3 (1.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.088</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Urea (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">44.0 (122)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">349.0 (268)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.128</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Creatinine (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.73 (6.04)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.8 (11.11)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.202</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">LDH</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">583.0 (8840)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">404.0 (5540)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.197</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">CRP</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6.32 (34.26)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">8.4 (36.54)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.406</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Hemoglobin (g/dL)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">9.7 (11.1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">8.7 (6.9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.204</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Platelet X 10<sup>3</sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">66 (442.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">115.5 (749.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.479</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Neutrophil</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3500.0 (27200)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5800.0 (7800.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.606</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>Mann Whitney U test for continuous variables, Chi-square test for categorical variables. CRP: c-reactive protein, IQR: interquartlie range, LDH: lactate dehydrogenase, NTproBNP: N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>There was no significant difference in the net ultrafiltration liters between the mortality group and the survival group (11.5 (3.8) and 10.5 (6.0), p=0.408, respectively). Final laboratory values of alive and deceased patients with the entire study population were presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 2</xref>. The mean time spent from the first symptoms to the beginning of adequate anti-inflammatory treatment (T-to-t), CTR, NT-ProBNP, CRP, ferritin, LDH, MLR and final MPV were significantly higher in the mortality group than in the survival group. Moreover, the mean albumine, lymphocyte, and platelet counts were statistically much lower in the mortality group than in the survival group. During the ICU stay, the temporal change of CTR, serum NTproBNP, ferritin, CRP, and albumin levels were detected as mortality predictors (p&lt;0.05, for all). Lymphocyte and platelet counts with NLR and MPV values were also significant (p&lt;0.05, for all) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table 3</xref>). Temporal changes in the MLR value failed to achieve the statitistical significance (p=0.052). Spearman&#8217;s correlation analysis showed the significant correlations between the traditional and non-traditional risk parameters with the temporal changes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Table-4</xref>). Trhis study schematized the lethal interaction between HPS and HFpEF via laboratory markers and the cardiorenal axis in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Final laboratory values of deceased and living patients during hospital stay</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="24%">
              <col width="1%"/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Variable</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Mortality group<break/>Median (IQR)<break/>(n=10)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Survival group<break/>Median (IQR)<break/>(n=29)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">T-to-t (in days)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">24.0 (60.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">10.0 (28.8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">CTR (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">56.0 (37.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">50.0 (56.71)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.026</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">NTproBNP (x10<sup>3</sup> ng/L)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.7 (70.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.1 (25.7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.023</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Albumin (g/dL)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.7 (2.5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3.3(2.1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.035</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">CRP (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7.9 (41.7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.4 (19.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.005</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Ferritin (x10<sup>3</sup> mcg/L)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.58 (120.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.64 (1.53)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.047</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">LDH (x10<sup>3</sup> U/L)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.56 (5.9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.2 (0.8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">L (x10<sup>3</sup>/&#181;L)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.77 (9.4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.5 (4.2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.010</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">PLT (x10<sup>3</sup>/&#181;L)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">47.0 (418.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">188.5 (546.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">NLR</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7.6 (52.2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.79 (14.4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">MPV</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Baseline</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">11.7 (7.1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">11.7 (6.40)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.035</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Final</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">11.8 (9.1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">10.5 (5.1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.027</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">MLR</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.0 (1.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.5 (0.2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <p>CRP: C-reactive protein; CTR: Cardiothoracic ratio; IQR: interquartlie range; NLR: Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; L: Lymphocyte count; LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase; MPV: Mean platelet volume; MLR: Monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio; NTproBNP: N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; PLT: Platelet count; T-to-t (in days): Time spent to begin treatment. For continuous variables, the Mann Whitney U test was performed.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Temporal change of mortality predictors</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Parameters</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Survival group (n=29)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Mortality group (n=10)</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle">p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Median (IQR)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Median (IQR)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&#916;NTproBNP(x10<sup>3</sup>ng/L)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-4.67(12.35)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">28.26(49.91)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.007</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&#916; CTR (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-10.1(4.00)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4.0(10.00)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&#916; Ferritin(x10<sup>3</sup>mcg/L)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-3.42(18.08)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">42.11(179.83)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.020</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&#916; LDH (x10<sup>3</sup> U/L)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.31(0.43)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-2.0(3.68)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.571</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&#916; CRP (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-6.8(16.98)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.0(11.15)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&#916; Albumin (g/dL)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.40(0.95)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.35(0.75)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.026</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&#916; L(x10<sup>3</sup>/&#181;L)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.53(0.75)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.85(660)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&#916; PLT(x10<sup>3</sup>/&#181;L)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">68.05 (119.00)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-29.5 (56.25)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&#916; NLR</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-2.77(8.37)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4.6(12.09)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&#916; MPV</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-1.2(1.92)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.85(1.8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.040</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&#916; MLR</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.11(0.57)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.34(1.61)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.052</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <p>&#8216;&#8710;&#8217; (Delta) refers to the change of any laboratory paramater value during hospital stay. It is calculated as the final value, either discharged or deceased, minus the baseline value, which is the first biochemical laboratory data. CRP: C-reactive protein; CTR: Cardiothoracic ratio; IQR: interquartlie range; NLR: Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; L: Lymphocyte count; LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase; MPV: Mean platelet volume; MLR: Monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio; NTproBNP: N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; PLT: Platelet count. For continuous variables, the Mann Whitney U test was performed.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Spearman&#8217;s correlation analysis between risk parameters</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="above" rules="none">
            <colgroup width="16%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="left" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">CC (R<sup>2</sup>)</th>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">p</th>
                <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="left" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">CC (R<sup>2</sup>)</th>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">&#916; NTproBNP</th>
                <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="left" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">&#916; CTR</th>
                <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&#916; CTR</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">0,432</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">0,095</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&#916; NLR</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">0,461</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">0,031</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&#916; Ferritin</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">0,587</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">0,027</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&#916; MPV</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">0,561</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">0,004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&#916; Albumin</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&#8722;0,520</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">0,022</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&#916; MLR</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">0,404</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">0,041</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&#916; CRP</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">0,498</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">0,039</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&#916; PLT</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&#8722;0,651</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&#916; PLT</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&#8722;0,488</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">0,047</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&#916; CRP</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">0,411</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">0,041</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&#916; NLR</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">0,705</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">0,001</td>
                <td align="left" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">&#916; NLR</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&#916; MLR</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">0,478</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">0,038</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&#916; CRP</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">0,597</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">&#916; Albumin</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&#916; Ferritin</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">0,592</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">0,002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&#916; NLR</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&#8722;0,417</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">0,013</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&#916; PLT</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&#8722;0,601</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">0,002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&#916; MPV</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&#8722;0,334</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">0,046</td>
                <td align="left" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">&#916; L</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&#916; Ferritin</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&#8722;0,397</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">0,049</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&#916; Ferritin</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&#8722;0,507</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">0,010</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&#916; PLT</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">0,341</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">0,039</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&#916; CRP</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&#8722;0,531</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <p>Delta (&#8216;&#916;&#8217;) reflects the temporal change of any parameter during hospital stay. CRP: C-reactive protein; CTR: Cardiothoracic ratio; NLR: Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; L: Lymphocyte count; LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase; MPV: Mean platelet volume; MLR: Monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio; NTproBNP: N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; PLT: Platelet count.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>A crisscross between HPS and HfpEF. HPS, hemophagocytic syndrome; NTproBNP: N-Terminal pro brain natriuretic peptide; CRP: C-reactive protein; NLR: Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte count; MPV: mean platelet volume; HfpEF: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; PLEX: plasmapheresis.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-03-0395-90642-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The present study showed that the temporal changes of traditional (serum CRP, albumin, and ferritin levels with lymphocyte and platelet counts), and non-traditional (NLR, MPV, NTpBNP, and CTR counts) laboratory markers of increased inflammation are significantly associated with the mortality of patients with HSP during follow-up. The relationship between NT-proBNP and increased systemic inflammation markers proved to be significant.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> In addition to traditional risk factors, temporal changes of serum ferritin levels, NLR, MLR, and MPV levels proved to be significantly correlated with each other.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref>
				</p>
        <p>The fact that the platelet count, which is a positive acute phase reactant, appears to be a negative acute phase reactant in this study, is related to the discontinuation of platelet consumption in the case of possibly controlled hemophagocytosis. The relationship between the lymphocyte count and well-being, which has been shown in many clinical inflammatory conditions, was also confirmed in this study.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref> These are the first screening paramaters for patients with HFpEF. The main reason for mortality in patients with HFpEF is due to non-cardiac reasons.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref> To date, the guidelines offer no treatment other than the treatment with diuretics or the treatment focusing on underlying causes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref> It was recently shown that the N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) may have some advantages.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref> NT-proBNP is a well-established tool to predict patient mortality in both heart failure with reduced or preserved ejection fraction. However, there is little data on the relationship between this parameter and patient survival during hospitalization. The present study showed that temporal changes of NT-proBNP are closely associated with patient mortality. The main goal of HPS-related HFpEF is to stop the presence of increased proinflammatory status as soon as possible; otherwise, death is inevitable. Time spent from the onset of first symptoms to the beginning of treatment directly affects patient survival, as shown above. Since rapid and effective treatment has been implemented, a lower mortality rate has been achieved, when compared to the literature.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref> In our population, the overall mortality rate is 25.6% and the malignancy censored mortality rate is 19.4%. Cardiorenal axis deterioration is another important scene in HFpEF patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref> Due to the high ventricular filling pressures, most patients present high central venous and intra abdominal pressure. Increased renin angiotensin system activation and reduced renal plasma flow may worsen renal functions. In addition, inappropriate volume loading leads to increased preloading, with an increase in failure symptoms, coupled with worsening renal functions. Positive fluid balance during diastolic dysfunction closely associated with mortality has been also shown.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref> Strict volume control with continuous diuretic infusion and ultrafiltration procedures, as well as improvements in renal function tests, which provided survival benefits, were also achieved. This reflects the recovery of acute kidney injury. However, no changes reached statistical significance. The small number of study patients may play a role in this. With an early and effective control of inflammation and hypervolemia, it is certain that survival will increase in this population.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitation</title>
        <p>There are some limitations to this study, one of which is the retrospective design. The risk of bias in the study cannot be ignored. However, the data were collected by four researchers who are experts in their respective fields. The etiology of heterogeneous disease may have a different risk of mortality. However, we believe that this is a very important study to determine the risk of heart failure in the course of HPS and to identify the markers that will affect survival in patient follow-up. Even if there were no genetic tests, cytokine level measurements, and no specific laboratory measurement results, the patients were selected meticulously, according to the 2004 HLH study criteria and hemophagocytosis scoring results.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref> It should be noted that, due to the different etiologies of HPS (including systemic lupus erythematosus, the onset of Adult Still&#8217;s disease, rheumatoid artritis, mixed connective tissue disease, and infectious causes), this study faced an inevitable heterogeneity.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>The present study illustrated that simple and cheap blood parameters, which can be easily obtained, may be an early warning for physicians during routine follow-up of HPS patients suffering from HFpEF. Our non-traditional follow-up parameters are valuable in HPS complicated with HFpEF, which is generally difficult to manage and leads to high mortality rates. This study also proposes the interruption of inflammation as soon as possible in order to protect the heart.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn3">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of associate professor by Devrim Bozkurt, from Ege University Faculty of Medicine.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
