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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">tH9GfMmrX6dk3x9NtcDJG3v</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="previous-pid" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021005002202</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021000400383</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20190662</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190662</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Valor Progn&#243;stico da Ultrassonografia Pulmonar para Resultados Cl&#237;nicos em Pacientes com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca: Uma Revis&#227;o Sistem&#225;tica e Metan&#225;lise</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wang</surname>
            <given-names>Yushu</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Shi</surname>
            <given-names>Di</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Liu</surname>
            <given-names>Fuqiang</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Xu</surname>
            <given-names>Ping</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9393-9989</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ma</surname>
            <given-names>Min</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label> 1 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Chengdu City First People&#8217;s Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Chengdu</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Sichuan</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Chengdu City First People&#8217;s Hospital , Chengdu , Sichuan - China </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label> 2 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Zigong Fourth People&#8217;s Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Zigong</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Sichuan</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Zigong Fourth People&#8217;s Hospital , Zigong , Sichuan - China </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label> 3 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Chengdu Sixth People&#8217;s Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Chengdu</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Chengdu Sixth People&#8217;s Hospital , Chengdu - China </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01">Correspond&#234;ncia: Min Ma &#8226; Chengdu Sixth People&#8217;s Hospital - Chengdu Sixth People&#8217;s Hospital, No.16 Construction South Street, Chenghua District, 610051 Chengdu 610051 &#8211; China E-mail: <email>found_hope@163.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Wang Y, Ma M; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Shi D, Liu F; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Wang Y, Xu P; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Wang Y, Shi D, Ma M; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Xu P, Ma M.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesses</p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>08</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>116</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>383</fpage>
      <lpage>392</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p>Existem informa&#231;&#245;es conflitantes sobre se a ultrassonografia pulmonar avaliada por linhas B tem valor progn&#243;stico em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (ICa).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p>Avaliar o valor progn&#243;stico da ultrassonografia pulmonar avaliada por linhas B em pacientes com ICa.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p>Quatro bases de dados (PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library e Scopus) foram sistematicamente pesquisadas para identificar artigos relevantes. Reunimos a raz&#227;o de risco (RR) e o intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% (IC) de estudos eleg&#237;veis e realizamos an&#225;lises de heterogeneidade, avalia&#231;&#227;o de qualidade e vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o. Os dados foram agrupados usando um modelo de efeitos fixos ou de efeito aleat&#243;rio. Um valor de p &lt;0,05 foi considerado para indicar signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p>Nove estudos envolvendo 1.212 participantes foram inclu&#237;dos na revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica. As linhas B &gt; 15 e &gt; 30 na alta hospitalar foram significativamente associadas ao aumento do risco de desfecho combinado de mortalidade por todas as causas ou hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por ICa (RR, 3,37, IC de 95%, 1,52-7,47; p = 0,003; RR, 4,01, IC de 95%, 2,29-7,01; p &lt;0,001, respectivamente). O ponto de corte da linha B &gt; 30 na alta foi significativamente associado ao aumento do risco de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por ICa (RR, 9,01, IC de 95%, 2,80-28,93; p &lt;0,001). Al&#233;m disso, o ponto de corte da linha B &gt; 3 aumentou significativamente o risco de desfecho combinado de mortalidade por todas as causas ou hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por ICa em pacientes ambulatoriais com ICa (RR, 3,21, IC de 95%, 2,09-4,93; I2 = 10%; p &lt;0,00001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p>As linhas B podem predizer mortalidade por todas as causas e hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es por ICa em pacientes com ICa. Outros grandes ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para explorar se lidar com as linhas B melhoraria o progn&#243;stico nos ambientes cl&#237;nicos. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Pulm&#227;o/Ultrassonografia</kwd>
        <kwd>Linhas B</kwd>
        <kwd>Progn&#243;stico</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Revis&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Metan&#225;lise</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="10"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="40"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (ICa) continua sendo a principal causa de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas devido a sua alta preval&#234;ncia, morbidade e mortalidade. <sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> A congest&#227;o pulmonar pode predizer tanto a mortalidade quanto a morbidade em pacientes com ICa, <sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> e a descongest&#227;o &#233; um dos principais objetivos da gerenciamento de ICa durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o. <sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup> </p>
      <p>A ultrassonografia pulmonar (USP) &#233; uma ferramenta simples, amig&#225;vel para o paciente, confi&#225;vel e sens&#237;vel para detectar a congest&#227;o pulmonar avaliada por linhas B. <sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref> , <xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref> </sup> A linha B &#233; um tipo de artefato de cauda de cometa que aparece como reverbera&#231;&#227;o hiperecoica vertical discreta semelhante a lasers, surge da linha pleural, se estende at&#233; a parte inferior da tela, se move em sincronia com o deslizamento do pulm&#227;o e apaga as linhas A. <sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup> As linhas B representam septos interlobulares espessados. A soma das linhas B em todos os espa&#231;os escaneados produz uma pontua&#231;&#227;o que denota a extens&#227;o do fluido extravascular no pulm&#227;o, e zero &#233; definido como uma aus&#234;ncia completa de linhas B na &#225;rea investigada. <sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> A USP &#224; beira do leito foi reconhecida em uma declara&#231;&#227;o cient&#237;fica da <italic>European Society of Cardiology</italic> como um dos elementos-chave na mensura&#231;&#227;o da congest&#227;o cl&#237;nica desde 2010, <sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup> e foi recomendada em 2015 para avaliar edema pulmonar em pacientes com suspeita de ICa aguda. <sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup> </p>
      <p>Uma t&#233;cnica baseada em ultrassom para avaliar a congest&#227;o pulmonar tem servido como um aux&#237;lio na diferencia&#231;&#227;o das causas da dispneia aguda, principalmente em situa&#231;&#245;es de acidente e emerg&#234;ncia, <sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup> mas tamb&#233;m como uma avalia&#231;&#227;o em outras condi&#231;&#245;es. <sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref> , <xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref> </sup> Estudos em animais t&#234;m apoiado o uso da ultrassonografia tor&#225;cica e detec&#231;&#227;o de linhas B como t&#233;cnicas de diagn&#243;stico de edema pulmonar cardiog&#234;nico em c&#227;es. <sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, ao USP foi identificada como uma ferramenta reprodut&#237;vel e confi&#225;vel para a detec&#231;&#227;o de congest&#227;o pulmonar, identifica&#231;&#227;o do in&#237;cio de descompensa&#231;&#227;o de ICa e avalia&#231;&#227;o da efici&#234;ncia terap&#234;utica para essa s&#237;ndrome em camundongos. <sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup> As linhas B fornecem um biomarcador &#250;til para avaliar o curso de tempo das altera&#231;&#245;es extravasculares da &#225;gua do pulm&#227;o ap&#243;s as interven&#231;&#245;es. Ap&#243;s o tratamento m&#233;dico adequado da ICa, o padr&#227;o de linha B desaparece quase por completo, o que representa uma abordagem diagn&#243;stica alternativa e f&#225;cil de usar para avaliar a congest&#227;o pulmonar em pacientes com ICa descompensada. <sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup> O n&#250;mero de linhas B mais alto foi associado a um risco aumentado de morbidade e mortalidade em outras configura&#231;&#245;es de doen&#231;a, como a s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda <sup><xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref></sup> e a di&#225;lise. <sup><xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup> No entanto, sua efic&#225;cia em pacientes com ICa n&#227;o est&#225; bem estabelecida.</p>
      <p>Devido ao n&#250;mero limitado de estudos cl&#237;nicos sobre este t&#243;pico, acreditamos que vale a pena avaliar cuidadosamente as evid&#234;ncias acumuladas. Na presente meta-an&#225;lise, examinamos sistematicamente o valor progn&#243;stico da congest&#227;o pulmonar transmitida por linhas B em pacientes com ICa.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Busca bibliogr&#225;fica</title>
        <p>Este estudo foi realizado sob a orienta&#231;&#227;o da declara&#231;&#227;o de Itens de Relat&#243;rio Preferidos para Revis&#245;es Sistem&#225;ticas e Metan&#225;lises ( <italic>Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses</italic> &#8211; PRISMA). <sup><xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref></sup> A lista de verifica&#231;&#227;o PRISMA 2009 foi listada no arquivo suplementar. Isso foi registrado com o PROSPERO (CRD 42019138780). Pesquisamos PubMed, EMBASE, <italic>Cochrane Library</italic> e <italic>Scopus</italic> desde sua data de in&#237;cio at&#233; julho de 2019 para identificar estudos eleg&#237;veis, usando palavras-chave e/ou termos de t&#237;tulo de assunto m&#233;dico como: &#8220; <italic>B lines</italic> &#8221; ou &#8220; <italic>lung ultrasound</italic> &#8221; ou &#8220; <italic>ultrasound lung comets</italic> &#8221; ou &#8220; <italic>pulmonary congestion</italic> &#8221;) e (&#8220; <italic>heart failure</italic> &#8221; ou &#8220; <italic>cardiac dysfunction</italic> &#8221; ou &#8220; <italic>cardiac failure</italic> &#8221; ou &#8220; <italic>cardiac insufficiency</italic> &#8221;. N&#227;o foram utilizadas restri&#231;&#245;es de idioma. As refer&#234;ncias de literaturas relevantes tamb&#233;m foram pesquisadas em busca de mais estudos eleg&#237;veis.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e exclus&#227;o do estudo</title>
        <p>Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o nesta revis&#227;o e metan&#225;lise fizeram refer&#234;ncia aos participantes, interven&#231;&#245;es, compara&#231;&#245;es, resultados e desenho do estudo (PICOS) conforme descrito no protocolo PRISMA, sendo:</p>
        <list list-type="order">
          <list-item>
            <p>inscri&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com ICa (seja de nova ICa ou agravamento da ICC exigindo hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o);</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>o uso de cometas pulmonares de ultrassom para avaliar a congest&#227;o pulmonar em pacientes com ICa;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>raz&#245;es de risco relatadas (RR) para medidas de resultados poss&#237;veis (mortalidade por todas as causas, hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por ICa ou desfechos combinados); e</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>estudos de acompanhamento, incluindo an&#225;lise post hoc de ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram:</p>
        <list list-type="order">
          <list-item>
            <p>revis&#245;es, metan&#225;lises, estudo n&#227;o-humano, cartas, relatos de caso e confer&#234;ncias; e</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>estudos que n&#227;o fornecem resultados em pacientes com ICa.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Extra&#231;&#227;o de dados e avalia&#231;&#227;o de qualidade</title>
        <p>Dois investigadores (Y.W. e X.P.) examinaram independentemente todos os t&#237;tulos, resumos e artigos de texto completo extra&#237;dos de bancos de dados para estudos potencialmente relevantes. Qualquer discrep&#226;ncia foi resolvida por discuss&#227;o entre todos os autores. Os seguintes dados foram extra&#237;dos de cada estudo: sobrenome do primeiro autor, ano de publica&#231;&#227;o, pa&#237;s onde o estudo foi realizado, os tipos de estudo envolvidos, o n&#250;mero de participantes, per&#237;odos de acompanhamento e desfechos de interesse. Uma escala de qualidade de Newcastle-Ottawa ( <italic>Newcastle-Ottawa Quality scale</italic> &#8211; NOS) variando de zero (mais baixa) a nove (mais alta) foi aplicada para avaliar a qualidade metodol&#243;gica para estudos de coorte, conforme recomendado pelo <italic>Cochrane Non-Randomized Studies Methods Working Group</italic> . <sup><xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref></sup> Uma pontua&#231;&#227;o de &#8805;5 foi considerado de alta qualidade. Al&#233;m disso, a ferramenta <italic>Quality In Prognosis Studies</italic> (QUIPS) foi aplicada para examinar o vi&#233;s e a validade nos artigos de fatores progn&#243;sticos. <sup><xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref></sup> </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Os <italic>softwares</italic> RevMan 5.3 ( <italic>The Cochrane Collaboration</italic> , Oxford) e Stata, vers&#227;o 11 (StataCorp), foram usados adequadamente em todas as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas. A estat&#237;stica Cochrane Q e a estat&#237;stica I <sup>2</sup> foram calculadas para avaliar a heterogeneidade entre os estudos. O teste estat&#237;stico Cochrane Q com um valor p &#8804; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. Os valores de I <sup>2</sup> de 25, 50 e 75% corresponderam a graus de heterogeneidade baixo, moderado e alto, respectivamente. <sup><xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref></sup> Se I <sup>2</sup> fosse maior que 50%, optamos por usar um modelo de efeitos aleat&#243;rios (DerSimonian e m&#233;todo de Laird) para combinar os resultados e se I <sup>2</sup> fosse inferior a 50% criamos um modelo de efeitos fixos (m&#233;todo de Mantel-Haenszel). <sup><xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref></sup> O uso de um modelo de efeitos aleat&#243;rios tamb&#233;m foi considerado quando o n&#250;mero de estudos era pequeno. Combinamos as raz&#245;es de risco (RR) entre os estudos usando pondera&#231;&#227;o de vari&#226;ncia inversa gen&#233;rica e um intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% (IC) para cada desfecho. O log geral (RR) com seu IC de 95% foi usado como o resumo do tamanho do efeito geral. Al&#233;m disso, realizamos an&#225;lises de subgrupos com base no n&#250;mero de linhas B na alta nos estudos inclu&#237;dos. As an&#225;lises de sensibilidade foram conduzidas excluindo um estudo envolvido nesta revis&#227;o e metan&#225;lise de cada vez para refletir o efeito do conjunto de dados espec&#237;ficos na RR geral. O vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o foi analisado quantitativamente pelo teste de correla&#231;&#227;o de postos de Begg <sup><xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref></sup> e teste de regress&#227;o linear de Egger. <sup><xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref></sup> Um valor de p &lt;0,05 foi considerado para indicar signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Resultados da Busca</title>
        <p>Nossa estrat&#233;gia de busca foi delineada na <xref rid="f01" ref-type="fig">Figura 1</xref> . Nossa busca na literatura identificou 847 artigos potencialmente relevantes. Foram exclu&#237;dos 455 estudos com base na triagem dos t&#237;tulos e resumo desses artigos. Cinquenta e oito artigos foram exclu&#237;dos ap&#243;s a revis&#227;o do texto completo e, finalmente, os 9 artigos restantes <sup><xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref> - <xref rid="B33" ref-type="bibr">33</xref> </sup> foram inclu&#237;dos na metan&#225;lise.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Fluxograma do processo seletivo.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-03-0383-90662-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas do estudo e avalia&#231;&#227;o da qualidade</title>
        <p>Os 9 estudos inclu&#237;dos variaram de 54 a 342 pacientes, com uma popula&#231;&#227;o final de 1.212 pacientes. Destes, sete estudos foram realizados na Europa e um nos Estados Unidos. A <xref rid="t1" ref-type="table">Tabela 1</xref> representa as caracter&#237;sticas basais dos artigos inclu&#237;dos nesta metan&#225;lise. Desses, oito estudos eram prospectivos <sup><xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref> - <xref rid="B30" ref-type="bibr">30</xref> , <xref rid="B32" ref-type="bibr">32</xref> , <xref rid="B33" ref-type="bibr">33</xref> </sup> e um estudo retrospectivo. <sup><xref rid="B31" ref-type="bibr">31</xref></sup> Cinco de nove estudos <sup><xref rid="B27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref> , <xref rid="B29" ref-type="bibr">29</xref> , <xref rid="B30" ref-type="bibr">30</xref> , <xref rid="B32" ref-type="bibr">32</xref> , <xref rid="B33" ref-type="bibr">33</xref> </sup> inscreveram um total de 792 pacientes ambulatoriais com ICa e os outros quatro estudos envolveram 420 pacientes hospitalizados por ICa. Al&#233;m disso, quatro estudos <sup><xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref> , <xref rid="B28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref> , <xref rid="B31" ref-type="bibr">31</xref> , <xref rid="B32" ref-type="bibr">32</xref> </sup> tiveram per&#237;odos de acompanhamento de 3 ou 4 meses e os outros cinco, de n&#227;o menos de 6 meses. Os dados de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por ICa estavam dispon&#237;veis para apenas dois estudos, enquanto a maioria dos estudos relatou dados sobre o desfecho combinado de morte ou hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por ICa. A idade m&#233;dia dos pacientes variou de 53 a 81 anos. Os pacientes nos estudos inclu&#237;dos eram predominantemente do sexo masculino. As principais caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes foram resumidas na <xref rid="t2" ref-type="table">Tabela 2</xref> . De acordo com a NOS apresentada na <xref rid="t3" ref-type="table">Tabela 3</xref> , todos os estudos inclu&#237;dos foram considerados de alta qualidade. No entanto, quatro artigos receberam pontua&#231;&#227;o 8 devido &#224; dura&#231;&#227;o relativamente curta do acompanhamento. A <xref rid="t4" ref-type="table">Tabela 4</xref> mostra a avalia&#231;&#227;o da qualidade geral dos estudos inclu&#237;dos usando a ferramenta QUIPS. Os sete artigos eleg&#237;veis eram geralmente de risco de vi&#233;s baixo a moderado em termos de atrito de estudo, fator progn&#243;stico e medi&#231;&#227;o de resultados, participa&#231;&#227;o no estudo, defini&#231;&#227;o de resultados e an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e relat&#243;rios. Al&#233;m disso, alguns estudos apresentavam alto risco de vi&#233;s porque relataram an&#225;lise n&#227;o ajustada ou n&#227;o relataram an&#225;lise ajustada.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas principais dos estudos inclu&#237;dos</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Primeiro autor</th>
                  <th>Ano de publica&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th>Pa&#237;s</th>
                  <th>Tipo de estudo</th>
                  <th>Participantes do estudo</th>
                  <th>N&#250;mero de pacientes, n</th>
                  <th>Per&#237;odos de acompanhamento</th>
                  <th>Mortes por todas as causas, n</th>
                  <th>Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por ICa, n</th>
                  <th>Morte por todas as causas ou hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por ICa, n</th>
                  <th>Desfechos reportados</th>
                  <th>Qualidade do estudo</th>
                  <th>N&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Gargani <sup>25</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">2015</td>
                  <td align="center">It&#225;lia</td>
                  <td align="center">Coorte prospectiva</td>
                  <td align="center">Pacientes internados</td>
                  <td align="center">100</td>
                  <td align="center">6 meses</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">14</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por ICa</td>
                  <td align="center">9</td>
                  <td align="center">p &lt;0,05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Coiro <sup>26</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">2015</td>
                  <td align="center">Fran&#231;a</td>
                  <td align="center">Coorte prospectiva</td>
                  <td align="center">Pacientes internados</td>
                  <td align="center">60</td>
                  <td align="center">3 meses</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                  <td align="center">15</td>
                  <td align="center">18</td>
                  <td align="center">Morte por todas as causas ou hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por ICa</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                  <td align="center">p &lt;0,05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Gustafsson <sup>27</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">2015</td>
                  <td align="center">Su&#233;cia</td>
                  <td align="center">Coorte prospectiva</td>
                  <td align="center">Pacientes ambulatoriais</td>
                  <td align="center">104</td>
                  <td align="center">6 meses</td>
                  <td align="center">14</td>
                  <td align="center">18</td>
                  <td align="center">24</td>
                  <td align="center">Morte por todas as causas ou hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por ICa</td>
                  <td align="center">9</td>
                  <td align="center">p &lt;0,05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cogliati <sup>28</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">2016</td>
                  <td align="center">It&#225;lia</td>
                  <td align="center">Coorte prospectiva</td>
                  <td align="center">Pacientes internados</td>
                  <td align="center">150</td>
                  <td align="center">100 dias</td>
                  <td align="center">11</td>
                  <td align="center">23</td>
                  <td align="center">34</td>
                  <td align="center">Morte por todas as causas ou hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por ICa</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                  <td align="center">p &lt;0,05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Platz <sup>29</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">2016</td>
                  <td align="center">Am&#233;rica</td>
                  <td align="center">Coorte prospectiva</td>
                  <td align="center">Pacientes ambulatoriais</td>
                  <td align="center">195</td>
                  <td align="center">6 meses</td>
                  <td align="center">15</td>
                  <td align="center">48</td>
                  <td align="center">54</td>
                  <td align="center">Morte por todas as causas ou hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por ICa</td>
                  <td align="center">9</td>
                  <td align="center">p &lt;0,05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Villanueva <sup>30</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">2016</td>
                  <td align="center">Espanha</td>
                  <td align="center">Coorte prospectiva</td>
                  <td align="center">Pacientes ambulatoriais</td>
                  <td align="center">54</td>
                  <td align="center">6 meses</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">18</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">Morte por todas as causas ou hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por ICa</td>
                  <td align="center">9</td>
                  <td align="center">NR</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Coiro <sup>31</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">2016</td>
                  <td align="center">Fran&#231;a</td>
                  <td align="center">Coorte retrospectiva</td>
                  <td align="center">Pacientes internados</td>
                  <td align="center">110</td>
                  <td align="center">3 meses</td>
                  <td align="center">16</td>
                  <td align="center">26</td>
                  <td align="center">33</td>
                  <td align="center">Morte por todas as causas ou hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por ICa</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                  <td align="center">p &lt;0,05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Miglioranza <sup>32</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">2017</td>
                  <td align="center">Brasil</td>
                  <td align="center">Coorte prospectiva</td>
                  <td align="center">Pacientes ambulatoriais</td>
                  <td align="center">97</td>
                  <td align="center">4 meses</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">23</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">Morte por todas as causas, hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por ICa, ECAM</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                  <td align="center">p &lt;0,05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pellicori <sup>33</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">2018</td>
                  <td align="center">Reino Unido</td>
                  <td align="center">Coorte prospectiva</td>
                  <td align="center">Pacientes ambulatoriais</td>
                  <td align="center">342</td>
                  <td align="center">12 meses</td>
                  <td align="center">25</td>
                  <td align="center">35</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">Morte por todas as causas ou hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por ICa</td>
                  <td align="center">9</td>
                  <td align="center">p &lt;0,05</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>
                  <italic>ICa: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; ECAM: eventos card&#237;acos adversos maiores; NA: n&#227;o aplic&#225;vel; NR: n&#227;o relatado.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas de base dos pacientes dos estudos inclu&#237;dos</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Estudos</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Idade, m&#233;dia/mediana, anos</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Homens, %</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">FEVE, m&#233;dia/mediana, %</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Raz&#227;o e/e'</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">DAC, %</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">HTN, %</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">DM, %</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">IECA/BRA, %</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">&#946;-bloqueadores, %</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">ARM, %</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Diur&#233;ticos, %</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Digoxina, %</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Gargani 2015</td>
                  <td align="center">70</td>
                  <td align="center">73</td>
                  <td align="center">37</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">57</td>
                  <td align="center">39</td>
                  <td align="center">63</td>
                  <td align="center">60</td>
                  <td align="center">60</td>
                  <td align="center">100</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Coiro 2015</td>
                  <td align="center">72</td>
                  <td align="center">68</td>
                  <td align="center">38</td>
                  <td align="center">19,11 &#177; 9,5</td>
                  <td align="center">32</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Gustafsson 2015</td>
                  <td align="center">72</td>
                  <td align="center">72</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">40</td>
                  <td align="center">57</td>
                  <td align="center">24</td>
                  <td align="center">95</td>
                  <td align="center">89</td>
                  <td align="center">31</td>
                  <td align="center">78</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cogliati 2016</td>
                  <td align="center">81</td>
                  <td align="center">42</td>
                  <td align="center">48</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">42</td>
                  <td align="center">62</td>
                  <td align="center">34</td>
                  <td align="center">69</td>
                  <td align="center">66</td>
                  <td align="center">39</td>
                  <td align="center">96</td>
                  <td align="center">24</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Platz 2016</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">61</td>
                  <td align="center">32</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">71</td>
                  <td align="center">49</td>
                  <td align="center">67</td>
                  <td align="center">89</td>
                  <td align="center">29</td>
                  <td align="center">92</td>
                  <td align="center">21</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mar&#237;a 2016</td>
                  <td align="center">79</td>
                  <td align="center">54</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">33</td>
                  <td align="center">94</td>
                  <td align="center">54</td>
                  <td align="center">72</td>
                  <td align="center">57</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">100</td>
                  <td align="center">17</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Coiro 2016</td>
                  <td align="center">73</td>
                  <td align="center">55</td>
                  <td align="center">39</td>
                  <td align="center">16 &#177; 1</td>
                  <td align="center">46</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Miglioranza 2017</td>
                  <td align="center">53</td>
                  <td align="center">61</td>
                  <td align="center">28</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (13,30)</td>
                  <td align="center">30</td>
                  <td align="center">53</td>
                  <td align="center">23</td>
                  <td align="center">66</td>
                  <td align="center">95</td>
                  <td align="center">53</td>
                  <td align="center">62</td>
                  <td align="center">50</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pellicori 2018</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">67</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">49</td>
                  <td align="center">55</td>
                  <td align="center">29</td>
                  <td align="center">85</td>
                  <td align="center">73</td>
                  <td align="center">49</td>
                  <td align="center">75</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>
                  <italic>FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; HTN: hipertens&#227;o; DM: diabetes mellitus; IECA: inibidor da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina; BRA: bloqueador do receptor da angiotensina; ARM: antagonista do receptor mineralocortic&#243;ide; NA: n&#227;o aplic&#225;vel.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Avalia&#231;&#227;o da qualidade do estudo usando a Escala de Newcastle-Ottawa para estudos de coorte</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="4">Sele&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="4">Desfecho</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Primeiro autor, ano de publica&#231;&#227;o (refer&#234;ncia)</th>
                  <th>Representatividade da coorte exposta</th>
                  <th>Sele&#231;&#227;o da coorte n&#227;o exposta</th>
                  <th>Apura&#231;&#227;o da exposi&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th>Resultado de interesse ausente no in&#237;cio do estudo</th>
                  <th>Comparabilidade</th>
                  <th>Avalia&#231;&#227;o de desfechos</th>
                  <th>Acompanhamento por tempo suficiente para que os resultados ocorram</th>
                  <th>Adequa&#231;&#227;o do acompanhamento</th>
                  <th>Pontua&#231;&#227;o total</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Gargani 2015</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">* *</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Coiro 2015</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">* *</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Gustafsson 2015</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">* *</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cogliati 2016</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">* *</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Platz 2016</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">* *</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Villanueva 2016</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">* *</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Coiro 2016</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">* *</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Miglioranza 2017</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">* *</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pellicori 2018 <sup>33</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">* *</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">9</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>
                  <italic>Asteriscos s&#227;o as classifica&#231;&#245;es por estrelas de acordo com a Escala de Newcastle-Ottawa; * e ** indicam as classifica&#231;&#245;es mais altas para essas categorias.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Avalia&#231;&#227;o da qualidade do n&#237;vel do estudo usando a ferramenta Quality In Prognosis Studies</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Estudo</th>
                  <th>Participa&#231;&#227;o no estudo</th>
                  <th>Atrito de estudo</th>
                  <th>Medi&#231;&#227;o do fator progn&#243;stico</th>
                  <th>Medi&#231;&#227;o de resultado</th>
                  <th>Vi&#233;s de confus&#227;o do estudo</th>
                  <th>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e relat&#243;rios</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Gargani 2015 <sup>25</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                  <td align="center">A</td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Coiro 2015 <sup>26</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                  <td align="center">M</td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                  <td align="center">A</td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Gustafsson 2015 <sup>27</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cogliati 2016 <sup>28</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                  <td align="center">A</td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Platz 2016 <sup>29</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Villanueva 2016 <sup>30</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                  <td align="center">M</td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                  <td align="center">A</td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Coiro 2016 <sup>31</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                  <td align="center">M</td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Miglioranza 2017 <sup>32</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pellicori 2018 <sup>33</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>
                  <italic>B: baixo; M: moderado; A: alto</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Linhas B de alta hospitalar e desfecho combinado de mortalidade por todas as causas ou hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por ICa</title>
        <p>Tr&#234;s estudos <sup><xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref> , <xref rid="B28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref> , <xref rid="B31" ref-type="bibr">31</xref> </sup> relataram a associa&#231;&#227;o entre linhas B de alta hospitalar e desfecho combinado de &#243;bito ou hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por ICa. Estimativas agrupadas mostraram que houve uma forte tend&#234;ncia para a associa&#231;&#227;o entre linhas B de alta e aumento do risco de desfecho combinado de morte ou hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por ICa (RR, 1,08, IC de 95%, 0,99-1,19; I <sup>2</sup> = 91%; P = 0,09 ; <xref rid="f02" ref-type="fig">Figura 2</xref> ). A an&#225;lise de subgrupo <sup><xref rid="B28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref> , <xref rid="B31" ref-type="bibr">31</xref> </sup> com base no n&#250;mero de linhas B na alta revelou que as linhas B &gt; 15 na alta foram significativamente associadas ao aumento do risco de morte ou hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por ICa (RR, 3,37, IC 95%, 1,52-7,47; I <sup>2</sup> = 0%; p = 0,003; <xref rid="f03" ref-type="fig">Figura 3</xref> ). Al&#233;m disso, as linhas B &gt; 30 na alta se correlacionaram significativamente com aumento do risco de desfecho combinado de morte ou hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por ICa (RR, 4,01, IC 95%, 2,29-7,01; I2 = 0%; p &lt;0,001; <xref rid="f03" ref-type="fig">Figura 3</xref> ). A an&#225;lise de sensibilidade restrita a dois estudos prospectivos <sup><xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref> , <xref rid="B28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref> </sup> demonstrou que as linhas B &gt; 30 se correlacionaram significativamente com o desfecho combinado de morte ou hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por ICa (RR, 3,46, IC 95%, 1,86-6,47; I <sup>2</sup> = 0%; p = 0,0001). A an&#225;lise de sensibilidade pela omiss&#227;o de qualquer estudo &#250;nico produziu resultados semelhantes.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Gr&#225;ficos para linhas B de alta hospitalar e desfecho combinado de mortalidade por todas as causas ou hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por ICa.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-03-0383-90662-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>An&#225;lise de subgrupo das linhas B de alta e desfecho combinado de mortalidade por todas as causas ou hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por ICa.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-03-0383-90662-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Linhas B de alta hospitalar e hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por ICa</title>
        <p>Dois estudos <sup><xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref> , <xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref> </sup> relataram a associa&#231;&#227;o entre linhas B de alta e hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por ICa. As estimativas gerais demonstraram que as linhas B de alta foram significativamente associadas &#224; hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por ICa (RR, 1,05, IC 95%, 1,01-1,09; p = 0,01; <xref rid="f04" ref-type="fig">Figura 4</xref> ), com heterogeneidade substancial (I <sup>2</sup> = 87%). Al&#233;m disso, a an&#225;lise de subgrupo indicou que as linhas B &gt; 30 na alta aumentaram significativamente o risco de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por ICa (RR, 9,01, IC 95%, 2,80-28,93; p &lt;0,001; <xref rid="f04" ref-type="fig">Figura 4</xref> ), sem heterogeneidade (I <sup>2</sup> = 0%).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Gr&#225;ficos para linhas B e hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por ICa.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-03-0383-90662-gf04.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Linhas B e desfechos combinados de morte e hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por ICa em pacientes ambulatoriais com ICa</title>
        <p>Cinco estudos <sup><xref rid="B27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref> , <xref rid="B29" ref-type="bibr">29</xref> , <xref rid="B30" ref-type="bibr">30</xref> , <xref rid="B32" ref-type="bibr">32</xref> , <xref rid="B33" ref-type="bibr">33</xref> </sup> avaliaram a associa&#231;&#227;o entre linhas B e desfecho combinado de morte e hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por ICa em pacientes ambulatoriais com ICa. As RR agrupadas mostraram que as linhas B &gt; 3 aumentaram significativamente o risco de desfecho combinado de morte ou hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por ICa em pacientes ambulatoriais com ICa (RR, 3,21, IC 95%, 2,09-4,93; I <sup>2</sup> = 10%; p &lt;0,00001; <xref rid="f05" ref-type="fig">Figura 5</xref> ). A an&#225;lise de sensibilidade restrita a tr&#234;s estudos <sup><xref rid="B27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref> , <xref rid="B30" ref-type="bibr">30</xref> , <xref rid="B32" ref-type="bibr">32</xref> , <xref rid="B33" ref-type="bibr">33</xref> </sup> conduzidos fora da Am&#233;rica demonstrou que as linhas B &gt; 3 se correlacionaram significativamente com o desfecho combinado de morte ou hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por ICa (RR, 2,96, IC 95%, 1,69-5,16; I <sup>2</sup> = 22%; p &lt;0,001). A an&#225;lise de sensibilidade foi conduzida pela omiss&#227;o de qualquer estudo &#250;nico que n&#227;o alterou significativamente as estimativas de efeito geral.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f05">
            <label>Figura 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Gr&#225;ficos para linhas B e desfecho combinado de mortalidade por todas as causas ou hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por ICa em pacientes ambulatoriais com ICa.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-03-0383-90662-gf05.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os testes de Egger e Begg n&#227;o sugeriram vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o significativo de desfecho combinado de morte ou hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por ICa em pacientes internados (Egger p = 0,15 e Begg p = 1,00) e ambulatoriais (Egger p = 0,33 e Begg p = 1,0).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>A presente metan&#225;lise indicou que em pacientes com ICa, os pontos de corte das linhas B &gt; 15 e &gt; 30 na alta foram preditivas do desfecho composto de mortalidade por todas as causas ou readmiss&#227;o por ICa em pacientes hospitalizados. Al&#233;m disso, um ponto de corte de linha B &gt; 30 na alta foi preditivo de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por ICa. Em pacientes ambulatoriais com ICa, as linhas B &gt; 3 previram fortemente o desfecho composto de mortalidade por todas as causas ou readmiss&#227;o por ICa. Dada a heterogeneidade entre os estudos inclu&#237;dos e o tamanho limitado da amostra, esses resultados devem ser considerados como geradores de hip&#243;teses para pesquisas futuras.</p>
      <p>Uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica recente sugeriu que muitas linhas B em pacientes com ICa descompensada identificaram alto n&#237;vel de risco para eventos adversos. <sup><xref rid="B34" ref-type="bibr">34</xref></sup> No entanto, essa revis&#227;o consistiu em apenas cinco estudos sobre avalia&#231;&#227;o do valor progn&#243;stico da USP na ICa e n&#227;o realizou metan&#225;lise com base em diferentes n&#250;meros de linhas B na alta. Outra revis&#227;o apoiou o uso de USP no tratamento da ICa descompensada aguda, tanto como modalidade diagn&#243;stica quanto no monitoramento da terapia para ICa. <sup><xref rid="B35" ref-type="bibr">35</xref></sup> Em um ambulat&#243;rio de ICa sist&#243;lica moderada a grave, um estudo demonstrou que as linhas B estavam significativamente associadas a mais par&#226;metros clinicamente estabelecidos de descompensa&#231;&#227;o, como a por&#231;&#227;o N-terminal do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B (NT-proBNP), a pontua&#231;&#227;o de congest&#227;o cl&#237;nica e raz&#227;o E/e&#8217;, e a pontua&#231;&#227;o de corte da linha B &#8805; 15 sugeriram descompensa&#231;&#227;o de ICa. <sup><xref rid="B36" ref-type="bibr">36</xref></sup> No entanto, o valor progn&#243;stico de linhas B, incremental aos fatores de risco bem como &#224;queles indicadores estabelecidos de congest&#227;o cl&#237;nica em pacientes com ICa, requer investiga&#231;&#227;o adicional.</p>
      <p>Existem poucos dados que descrevem as caracter&#237;sticas das linhas B e suas diferen&#231;as em pacientes com ICa com fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular preservada (HFpEF) e reduzida (HFrEF). Os estudos inclu&#237;dos envolveram pacientes com ICa, mas demonstraram seus resultados sem estratifica&#231;&#227;o por FE. Embora a congest&#227;o melhore substancialmente durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o em resposta &#224; terapia padr&#227;o como &#250;nico m&#233;todo, pacientes com HFrEF e sinais e sintomas de repouso ausentes ou m&#237;nimos avaliados pelo BNP e a pontua&#231;&#227;o de congest&#227;o cl&#237;nica ainda experimentaram uma alta taxa de mortalidade e readmiss&#227;o. <sup><xref rid="B37" ref-type="bibr">37</xref></sup> &#201; importante notar que o estudo por Coiro et al. demonstrou que a adi&#231;&#227;o de &#8805; 15 e &#8805; 30 linhas B ao BNP e ao padr&#227;o <italic>New York Health Association</italic> (NYHA) melhoraram a classifica&#231;&#227;o de risco e as linhas B previram de maneira independente a mortalidade e hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por ICa. <sup><xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref></sup> A aus&#234;ncia ou uma pequena quantidade de linhas B identificou aqueles com risco extremamente baixo de ICa por re-hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, mas se lidar ou n&#227;o com essa congest&#227;o pulmonar residual melhoraria o desfecho do paciente deve ser objeto de investiga&#231;&#227;o adicional. <sup><xref rid="B38" ref-type="bibr">38</xref></sup> </p>
      <p>O padr&#227;o ouro ainda n&#227;o foi estabelecido para a avalia&#231;&#227;o quantitativa da congest&#227;o pulmonar. &#201; importante observar que o posicionamento do paciente pode afetar o n&#250;mero de linhas B em pacientes com ICa, por exemplo, o n&#250;mero de linhas B foi menor na posi&#231;&#227;o sentada do que na posi&#231;&#227;o supinada. <sup><xref rid="B39" ref-type="bibr">39</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, dois estudos <sup><xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref> , <xref rid="B27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref> </sup> inclu&#237;dos nesta revis&#227;o e metan&#225;lise usaram ambos os m&#233;todos das 28 e 8 regi&#245;es de varredura para exames de USP. Esses dois m&#233;todos foram recomendados como &#250;teis na avalia&#231;&#227;o do edema pulmonar. <sup><xref rid="B40" ref-type="bibr">40</xref></sup> No entanto, ao relatar os achados de USP, &#233; importante que os dados cont&#237;nuos e categ&#243;ricos sejam padronizados para apresentar medidas de USP (por exemplo, n&#250;mero de regi&#245;es pulmonares) para facilitar a compara&#231;&#227;o de resultados em estudos de ICa. No presente trabalho, os estudos inclu&#237;dos indicaram o valor progn&#243;stico das linhas B em pacientes com ICa internados e ambulatoriais. No entanto, devido aos diferentes desfechos de interesse (hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por ICa <italic>versus</italic> desfechos combinados de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o e mortalidade) e diferentes per&#237;odos de acompanhamento cl&#237;nico (3 <italic>versus</italic> 6 meses), h&#225; uma ligeira diferen&#231;a no ponto de corte ideal relatado para as linhas B; entretanto, eles variaram entre 15 e 30. Ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados maiores s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para investigar at&#233; que ponto o uso de USP beneficiaria pacientes com ICa. Al&#233;m disso, mais estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para descobrir se a USP pode ser usada para identificar diferentes fen&#243;tipos de pacientes com ICa e para ser adaptada &#224;s necessidades individuais do paciente.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>Devido ao seu desenho, nossa an&#225;lise n&#227;o permitiu a demonstra&#231;&#227;o da superioridade das linhas B em compara&#231;&#227;o com outros biomarcadores de ICa, como a classifica&#231;&#227;o NYHA, o NT-proBNP ou o teste de caminhada de 6 min, nem avaliamos o valor progn&#243;stico incremental das linhas B sobre os marcadores estabelecidos para congest&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, at&#233; onde sabemos, embora estejamos fornecendo a primeira revis&#227;o e metan&#225;lise das linhas B em pacientes com ICa, mais estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para o tratamento ideal de pacientes com ICa no que diz respeito ao valor integrativo das linhas B associado ao BNP ou a fatores de risco. Em terceiro lugar, existe uma heterogeneidade substancial nesta revis&#227;o e metan&#225;lise entre os estudos. Os artigos inclu&#237;dos com diferentes caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes, quantifica&#231;&#227;o de linhas B e risco de vi&#233;s podem contribuir para a heterogeneidade entre os estudos. Al&#233;m disso, o n&#250;mero de pacientes inclu&#237;dos em nossa metan&#225;lise foi relativamente pequeno, o que pode ter impacto na quantifica&#231;&#227;o exata do valor progn&#243;stico das linhas B. Al&#233;m disso, os estudos inclu&#237;dos consideraram diferentes desfechos. Apenas um estudo <sup><xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref></sup> forneceu valores de linhas B tanto na admiss&#227;o quanto na alta para o desfecho combinado de mortalidade por todas as causas ou hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por ICa. Seria interessante examinar as mudan&#231;as entre os n&#250;meros ou posi&#231;&#245;es das linhas B na admiss&#227;o e antes da alta.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>A presente metan&#225;lise demonstrou que as linhas B podem predizer mortalidade por todas as causas e hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es por ICa em pacientes com ICa. Outros grandes ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para explorar se lidar com as linhas B melhoraria o progn&#243;stico nos ambientes cl&#237;nicos.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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      <ref id="B40">
        <label>40</label>
        <mixed-citation>40. Volpicelli G, Elbarbary M, Blaivas M, Lichtenstein DA, Mathis G, Kirkpatrick AW, et al. International evidence-based recommendations for point-of-care lung ultrasound. Intensive Care Med. 2012;38(4):577-91.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Volpicelli</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Elbarbary</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Blaivas</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lichtenstein</surname>
              <given-names>DA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mathis</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kirkpatrick</surname>
              <given-names>AW</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>International evidence-based recommendations for point-of-care lung ultrasound</article-title>
          <source> Intensive Care Med </source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>38</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>577</fpage>
          <lpage>591</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p><bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold> .O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Errata</label>
        <p>
          <bold>Edi&#231;&#227;o de Mar&#231;o de 2021, vol. 116 (3), p&#225;gs. 383-392</bold>
        </p>
        <p>No Artigo Original &#8220;Valor Progn&#243;stico da Ultrassonografia Pulmonar para Resultados Cl&#237;nicos em Pacientes com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca: Uma Revis&#227;o Sistem&#225;tica e Metan&#225;lise&#8221;, com n&#250;mero de DOI: https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20190662, publicado no peri&#243;dico Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, 116(3):383-392, na p&#225;gina 383, corrigir o nome da institui&#231;&#227;o Chengdu City First People&#8217;s Hospital para: Department of Cardiology, Chengdu First People&#8217;s Hospital; da institui&#231;&#227;o Chengdu Sixth People&#8217;s Hospital para: Department of Cardiology, The Sixth People&#8217;s Hospital of Chengdu. E corrigir a afilia&#231;&#227;o do Dr. Min Ma para: Department of Cardiology, The Sixth People&#8217;s Hospital of Chengdu.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Prognostic Value of Lung Ultrasound for Clinical Outcomes in Heart Failure Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wang</surname>
            <given-names>Yushu</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Shi</surname>
            <given-names>Di</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Liu</surname>
            <given-names>Fuqiang</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Xu</surname>
            <given-names>Ping</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9393-9989</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ma</surname>
            <given-names>Min</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology, Chengdu City First People&#8217;s Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan - China</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Zigong Fourth People&#8217;s Hospital, Zigong, Sichuan - China</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology, Chengdu Sixth People&#8217;s Hospital, Chengdu - China</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Min Ma &#8226;</bold> Chengdu Sixth People&#8217;s Hospital - Chengdu Sixth People&#8217;s Hospital, No.16 Construction South Street, Chenghua District, 610051 Chengdu 610051 &#8211; China E-mail: found_hope@163.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Acquisition of data: Wang Y, Ma M; Analysis and interpretation of the data and Statistical analysis: Shi D, Liu F; Obtaining financing: Wang Y, Xu P; Writing of the manuscript: Wang Y, Shi D, Ma M; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Xu P, Ma M.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>There is conflicting information about whether lung ultrasound assessed by B-lines has prognostic value in patients with heart failure (HF).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p>To evaluate the prognostic value of lung ultrasound assessed by B-lines in HF patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>Four databases (PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Scopus) were systematically searched to identify relevant articles. We pooled the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) from eligible studies and carried out heterogeneity, quality assessment, and publication bias analyses. Data were pooled using a fixed-effects or random-effect model. A p value &lt; 0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>Nine studies involving 1,212 participants were included in the systematic review. B-lines &gt; 15 and &gt; 30 at discharge were significantly associated with increased risk of combined outcomes of all-cause mortality or HF hospitalization (HR, 3.37, 95% CI, 1.52-7.47; p = 0.003; HR, 4.01, 95% CI, 2.29-7.01; p &lt; 0.001, respectively). A B-line &gt; 30 cutoff at discharge was significantly associated with increased risk of HF hospitalization (HR, 9.01, 95% CI, 2.80-28.93; p &lt; 0.001). Moreover, a B-line &gt; 3 cutoff significantly increased the risk for combined outcomes of all-cause mortality or HF hospitalization in HF outpatients (HR, 3.21, 95% CI, 2.09-4.93; I2 = 10%; p &lt; 0.00001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>B-lines could predict all-cause mortality and HF hospitalizations in patients with HF. Further large randomized controlled trials are needed to explore whether dealing with B-lines would improve the prognosis in clinical settings.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Lung/ultrassonography</kwd>
        <kwd>B Lines</kwd>
        <kwd>Prognosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Review</kwd>
        <kwd>Meta-Analysis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Heart failure (HF) remains the leading cause of hospitalization in recent decades due to its high prevalence, morbidity, and mortality rates.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup>Pulmonary congestion can predict both mortality and morbidity in patients with HF,<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup>and decongestion is one of the primary goals of HF management in patients during hospitalization.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Lung ultrasound (LUS) is a simple, patient-friendly, reliable, sensitive tool to detect pulmonary congestion assessed by B-lines.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref> , <xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref> </sup>B-line is a kind of comet-tail artifact that appears as discrete laser-like vertical hyperechoic reverberation artifacts, arises from the pleural line, extends to the bottom of the screen, moves synchronously with lung sliding and erases A-lines.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup>B-lines represent thickened interlobular septa. The sum of B-lines in all scanned spaces yields a score denoting the extent of extravascular fluid in the lung, and zero is defined as a complete absence of B-lines in the investigated area.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup>Bedside LUS has been recognized in a scientific statement of the European Society of Cardiology as one of the key elements in the measurement of clinical congestion since 2010,<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup>and was recommended in 2015 to assess pulmonary edema in patients with suspected acute HF.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>An ultrasound-based technique to evaluate pulmonary congestion has served as an aid in the differentiating causes of acute dyspnea mainly in accident and emergency setting,<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup>but also as an evaluation in other conditions.<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref> , <xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref> </sup>Animal studies have supported the use of thoracic ultrasonography and detection of B-lines as techniques for diagnosing cardiogenic pulmonary edema in dogs.<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup>Also, LUS has been identified to be a reproducible as well as a reliable tool to detect pulmonary congestion, to identify the onset of HF decompensation, and to evaluate the therapeutic efficiency for this syndrome in mice.<sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup>B-lines provide a useful biomarker to evaluate the time course of extra-vascular lung water changes after interventions. After adequate HF medical treatment, B-line pattern mostly clears, which represents an easy-to-use alternative bedside diagnostic approach to evaluate pulmonary congestion in patients with decompensated HF.<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup>A higher B-line number was associated with an increased risk of morbidity and mortality in other disease settings such as acute coronary syndrome<sup><xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref></sup>and dialysis.<sup><xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup>However, its efficacy in patients with HF has not been well established.</p>
        <p>Owing to the limited number of clinical studies on this topic, we believed it worthwhile to carefully evaluate the accumulated evidence. In the present meta-analysis, we systematically examined the prognostic value of pulmonary congestion conveyed by B-lines in patients with HF.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Literature search</title>
          <p>This study was performed under the guidance of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement.<sup><xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref></sup>The PRISMA 2009 checklist was listed in the supplementary file. This was registered with PROSPERO (CRD 42019138780). We searched PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library and Scopus from their start date up to July 2019 to identify eligible studies, using the keywords and/or medical subject heading terms: &#8220;B lines&#8221; or &#8220;lung ultrasound&#8221; or &#8220;ultrasound lung comets &#8221; or &#8220;pulmonary congestion&#8221;) and (&#8220;heart failure&#8221; or &#8220;cardiac dysfunction&#8221; or &#8220;cardiac failure&#8221; or &#8220;cardiac insufficiency&#8221;. No language restrictions were used. The references of relevant literatures were also searched to find more eligible studies.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Study inclusion and exclusion criteria</title>
          <p>The inclusion criteria in this review and meta-analysis were as follows with reference to participants, interventions, comparisons, outcomes, and study design (PICOS) as described on PRISMA protocol:</p>
          <list list-type="order">
            <list-item>
              <p>enrollment of patients with HF (either of new HF or worsening chronic heart failure requiring hospitalization);</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>use of ultrasound lung comets to assess pulmonary congestion in HF patients;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>reported hazard ratios (HR) for possible outcome measures (all-cause mortality, hospitalization by HF, or combined outcomes); and</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>follow-up studies, including post hoc analysis of randomized clinical trials.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>The exclusion criteria were:</p>
          <list list-type="order">
            <list-item>
              <p>reviews, meta-analyses, non-human study, letters, case reports, and conferences; and</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>studies that do not provide results on patients with HF.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data extraction and quality assessment</title>
          <p>Two investigators (Y.W. and X.P.) independently examined all titles, abstracts and full-text articles extracted from databases for potentially relevant studies. Any discrepancies were resolved by discussion among all authors. Data extracted from each study were: first author&#8217;s last name, year of publication, country where the study was carried out, the types of study involved, the number of participants, follow-up periods, and outcomes of interest. A Newcastle-Ottawa Quality scale (NOS) ranging from zero (lowest) to nine (highest) was applied to assess the methodological quality for cohort studies, as recommended by the Cochrane Non-Randomized Studies Methods Working Group.<sup><xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref></sup>A score of &#8805;5 was considered to be of high quality. In addition, the Quality In Prognosis Studies (QUIPS) tool was applied to examine bias and validity in articles of prognostic factors.<sup><xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>The RevMan 5.3 (The Cochrane Collaboration, Oxford) and Stata version 11 (StataCorp) software were properly used in all statistical analyses. The Cochrane Q and the I<sup>2</sup>statistics were calculated to assess heterogeneity across the studies. The Cochrane Q-statistic test with a p-value &#8804; 0.05 was considered statistically significant. I<sup>2</sup>values of 25, 50, and 75% corresponded to low, moderate, and high degrees of heterogeneity, respectively.<sup><xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref></sup>If I<sup>2</sup>was greater than 50%, we chose to use a random-effects model (DerSimonian and Laird&#8217;s method) to combine the results and if I<sup>2</sup>was lower than 50% we created a fixed-effects model (Mantel-Haenszel&#8217;s method).<sup><xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref></sup>The use of a random-effects model was also considered when the number of studies was small. We combined the HR across studies using generic inverse-variance weighting and the 95% confidence interval (CI) for each outcome. The overall log (HR) with its 95%CI was used as the summary of the overall effect size. In addition, subgroup analyses were carried out based on numbers of B-lines at discharge in the included studies. Sensitivity analyses were conducted by excluding one study involved in this review and meta-analysis at a time to reflect the effect of the specific data set on the overall HR. Publication bias was quantitatively analyzed by the Begg&#8217;s rank correlation test<sup><xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref></sup>and the Egger&#8217;s linear regression test.<sup><xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref></sup>A p-value &lt; 0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Search Results</title>
          <p>Our search strategy was outlined in <xref rid="f01001" ref-type="fig">Figure 1</xref> . Our literature search identified 847 potentially relevant articles. We excluded 455 studies based on the screening of titles and abstracts of those papers. Fifty-eight articles were excluded after going through full-text review, and finally the remaining 9 articles<sup><xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref> - <xref rid="B33" ref-type="bibr">33</xref> </sup>were included in the meta-analysis.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Flow diagram of selection process.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-03-0383-90662-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Study characteristics and quality assessment</title>
          <p>The 9 studies included here ranged from 54 to 342 patients, with a final population of 1,212 patients. Of these, seven studies were carried out in Europe and one in the United States. <xref rid="t1001" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref> represents the baseline characteristics of the articles included in this meta-analysis. Of those, there were eight prospective studies<sup><xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref> - <xref rid="B30" ref-type="bibr">30</xref> , <xref rid="B32" ref-type="bibr">32</xref> , <xref rid="B33" ref-type="bibr">33</xref> </sup>and one retrospective one.<sup><xref rid="B31" ref-type="bibr">31</xref></sup>Five out of nine studies<sup><xref rid="B27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref> , <xref rid="B29" ref-type="bibr">29</xref> , <xref rid="B30" ref-type="bibr">30</xref> , <xref rid="B32" ref-type="bibr">32</xref> , <xref rid="B33" ref-type="bibr">33</xref> </sup>enrolled a total of 792 HF outpatients and the other four studies enrolled 420 patients hospitalized for HF. In addition, four studies<sup><xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref> , <xref rid="B28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref> , <xref rid="B31" ref-type="bibr">31</xref> , <xref rid="B32" ref-type="bibr">32</xref> </sup>had follow-up durations of 3 or 4 months and the other five studies had follow-up periods of no less than 6 months. Data for HF hospitalization was available for only two studies, while most studies reported data on combined outcomes of death or HF hospitalization. The mean age of patients ranged from 53 to 81 years old. The patients in the included studies were predominately male. The main patients&#8217; characteristics were summarized in <xref rid="t2001" ref-type="table">Table 2</xref> . According to the NOS shown in <xref rid="t3001" ref-type="table">Table 3</xref> , all of th included studies were considered to be of high-quality. However, four articles were given a score of 8 due to relatively short follow-up duration. <xref rid="t4001" ref-type="table">Table 4</xref> showed the overall quality assessment of the included studies using the QUIPS tool. The seven eligible articles were usually at low to moderate risk of bias in terms of study attrition, prognostic factor and outcome measurement, study participation, definition of outcomes and statistical analysis and reporting. Furthermore, some studies were at high risk of bias because they reported unadjusted analysis or did not report adjusted analysis.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Key characteristics of the included studies</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">First Author</th>
                    <th>Publication year</th>
                    <th>Country</th>
                    <th>Type of study</th>
                    <th>Study participants</th>
                    <th>Number of patients, n</th>
                    <th>Follow-up periods</th>
                    <th>All-cause deaths, n</th>
                    <th>HF hospitalization, n</th>
                    <th>All-Cause death or HF hospitalization, n</th>
                    <th>Reported outcomes</th>
                    <th>Quality of study</th>
                    <th>Level of significance adopted</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Gargani<sup>25</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">2015</td>
                    <td align="center">Italy</td>
                    <td align="center">Prospective cohort</td>
                    <td align="center">Inpatients</td>
                    <td align="center">100</td>
                    <td align="center">6 months</td>
                    <td align="center">4</td>
                    <td align="center">14</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                    <td align="center">HF hospitalization</td>
                    <td align="center">9</td>
                    <td align="center">p &lt;0.05</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Coiro<sup>26</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">2015</td>
                    <td align="center">France</td>
                    <td align="center">Prospective cohort</td>
                    <td align="center">Inpatients</td>
                    <td align="center">60</td>
                    <td align="center">3 months</td>
                    <td align="center">10</td>
                    <td align="center">15</td>
                    <td align="center">18</td>
                    <td align="center">All-cause death or HF hospitalization</td>
                    <td align="center">8</td>
                    <td align="center">p &lt;0.05</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Gustafsson<sup>27</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">2015</td>
                    <td align="center">Sweden</td>
                    <td align="center">Prospective cohort</td>
                    <td align="center">Outpatients</td>
                    <td align="center">104</td>
                    <td align="center">6 months</td>
                    <td align="center">14</td>
                    <td align="center">18</td>
                    <td align="center">24</td>
                    <td align="center">All-cause death or HF hospitalization</td>
                    <td align="center">9</td>
                    <td align="center">p &lt;0.05</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Cogliati<sup>28</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">2016</td>
                    <td align="center">Italy</td>
                    <td align="center">Prospective cohort</td>
                    <td align="center">Inpatients</td>
                    <td align="center">150</td>
                    <td align="center">100 days</td>
                    <td align="center">11</td>
                    <td align="center">23</td>
                    <td align="center">34</td>
                    <td align="center">All-cause death or HF hospitalization</td>
                    <td align="center">8</td>
                    <td align="center">p &lt;0.05</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Platz<sup>29</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">2016</td>
                    <td align="center">America (USA?)</td>
                    <td align="center">Prospective cohort</td>
                    <td align="center">Outpatients</td>
                    <td align="center">195</td>
                    <td align="center">6 months</td>
                    <td align="center">15</td>
                    <td align="center">48</td>
                    <td align="center">54</td>
                    <td align="center">All-cause death or HF hospitalization</td>
                    <td align="center">9</td>
                    <td align="center">p &lt;0.05</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Villanueva<sup>30</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">2016</td>
                    <td align="center">Spain</td>
                    <td align="center">Prospective cohort</td>
                    <td align="center">Outpatients</td>
                    <td align="center">54</td>
                    <td align="center">6 months</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                    <td align="center">18</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                    <td align="center">All-cause death or HF hospitalization</td>
                    <td align="center">9</td>
                    <td align="center">NR</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Coiro<sup>31</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">2016</td>
                    <td align="center">France</td>
                    <td align="center">Retrospective cohort</td>
                    <td align="center">Inpatients</td>
                    <td align="center">110</td>
                    <td align="center">3 months</td>
                    <td align="center">16</td>
                    <td align="center">26</td>
                    <td align="center">33</td>
                    <td align="center">All-cause death or HF hospitalization</td>
                    <td align="center">8</td>
                    <td align="center">p &lt;0.05</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Miglioranza<sup>32</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">2017</td>
                    <td align="center">Brazil</td>
                    <td align="center">Prospective cohort</td>
                    <td align="center">Outpatients</td>
                    <td align="center">97</td>
                    <td align="center">4 months</td>
                    <td align="center">3</td>
                    <td align="center">23</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                    <td align="center">All-cause death, HF hospitalization, MACE</td>
                    <td align="center">8</td>
                    <td align="center">p &lt;0.05</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Pellicori<sup>33</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">2018</td>
                    <td align="center">United Kingdom</td>
                    <td align="center">Prospective cohort</td>
                    <td align="center">Outpatients</td>
                    <td align="center">342</td>
                    <td align="center">12 months</td>
                    <td align="center">25</td>
                    <td align="center">35</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                    <td align="center">All-cause death or HF hospitalization</td>
                    <td align="center">9</td>
                    <td align="center">p &lt;0.05</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>HF: heart failure; MACE: major adverse cardiac events; NA: not applicable; NR: not reported.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Baseline characteristics of patients from the included studies</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Studies</th>
                    <th>Age, mean/median, years</th>
                    <th>Men, %</th>
                    <th>LVEF, mean/median, %</th>
                    <th>E/e' ratio</th>
                    <th>CAD, %</th>
                    <th>HTN, %</th>
                    <th>DM, %</th>
                    <th>ACE-I/ARB, %</th>
                    <th>&#946;-blockers, %</th>
                    <th>MRA, %</th>
                    <th>Diuretics, %</th>
                    <th>Digoxin, %</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Gargani 2015</td>
                    <td align="center">70</td>
                    <td align="center">73</td>
                    <td align="center">37</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                    <td align="center">57</td>
                    <td align="center">39</td>
                    <td align="center">63</td>
                    <td align="center">60</td>
                    <td align="center">60</td>
                    <td align="center">100</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Coiro 2015</td>
                    <td align="center">72</td>
                    <td align="center">68</td>
                    <td align="center">38</td>
                    <td align="center">19.11 &#177; 9.5</td>
                    <td align="center">32</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Gustafsson 2015</td>
                    <td align="center">72</td>
                    <td align="center">72</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                    <td align="center">40</td>
                    <td align="center">57</td>
                    <td align="center">24</td>
                    <td align="center">95</td>
                    <td align="center">89</td>
                    <td align="center">31</td>
                    <td align="center">78</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Cogliati 2016</td>
                    <td align="center">81</td>
                    <td align="center">42</td>
                    <td align="center">48</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                    <td align="center">42</td>
                    <td align="center">62</td>
                    <td align="center">34</td>
                    <td align="center">69</td>
                    <td align="center">66</td>
                    <td align="center">39</td>
                    <td align="center">96</td>
                    <td align="center">24</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Platz 2016</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                    <td align="center">61</td>
                    <td align="center">32</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                    <td align="center">71</td>
                    <td align="center">49</td>
                    <td align="center">67</td>
                    <td align="center">89</td>
                    <td align="center">29</td>
                    <td align="center">92</td>
                    <td align="center">21</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Mar&#237;a 2016</td>
                    <td align="center">79</td>
                    <td align="center">54</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                    <td align="center">33</td>
                    <td align="center">94</td>
                    <td align="center">54</td>
                    <td align="center">72</td>
                    <td align="center">57</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                    <td align="center">100</td>
                    <td align="center">17</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Coiro 2016</td>
                    <td align="center">73</td>
                    <td align="center">55</td>
                    <td align="center">39</td>
                    <td align="center">16 &#177; 1</td>
                    <td align="center">46</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Miglioranza 2017</td>
                    <td align="center">53</td>
                    <td align="center">61</td>
                    <td align="center">28</td>
                    <td align="center">17 (13.30)</td>
                    <td align="center">30</td>
                    <td align="center">53</td>
                    <td align="center">23</td>
                    <td align="center">66</td>
                    <td align="center">95</td>
                    <td align="center">53</td>
                    <td align="center">62</td>
                    <td align="center">50</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Pellicori 2018</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                    <td align="center">67</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                    <td align="center">49</td>
                    <td align="center">55</td>
                    <td align="center">29</td>
                    <td align="center">85</td>
                    <td align="center">73</td>
                    <td align="center">49</td>
                    <td align="center">75</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; CAD: coronary artery disease; HTN: hypertension; DM: diabetes mellitus; ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; MRA: mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; NA: not applicable.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Study quality assessment using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for cohort studies</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal" align="left"> </th>
                    <th colspan="4">Selection</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal" align="left"> </th>
                    <th colspan="4">Outcome</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">First author, year of publication (reference)</th>
                    <th>Representativeness of exposed cohort</th>
                    <th>Selection of nonexposed cohort</th>
                    <th>Ascertainment of exposure</th>
                    <th>Outcome of interest absent at start of study</th>
                    <th>Comparability</th>
                    <th>Assessment of outcome</th>
                    <th>Follow-up long enough for outcomes to occur</th>
                    <th>Adequacy of follow-up</th>
                    <th>Total score</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Gargani 2015</td>
                    <td align="center">*</td>
                    <td align="center">*</td>
                    <td align="center">*</td>
                    <td align="center">*</td>
                    <td align="center">* *</td>
                    <td align="center">*</td>
                    <td align="center">*</td>
                    <td align="center">*</td>
                    <td align="center">9</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Coiro 2015</td>
                    <td align="center">*</td>
                    <td align="center">*</td>
                    <td align="center">*</td>
                    <td align="center">*</td>
                    <td align="center">* *</td>
                    <td align="center">*</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">*</td>
                    <td align="center">8</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Gustafsson 2015</td>
                    <td align="center">*</td>
                    <td align="center">*</td>
                    <td align="center">*</td>
                    <td align="center">*</td>
                    <td align="center">* *</td>
                    <td align="center">*</td>
                    <td align="center">*</td>
                    <td align="center">*</td>
                    <td align="center">9</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Cogliati 2016</td>
                    <td align="center">*</td>
                    <td align="center">*</td>
                    <td align="center">*</td>
                    <td align="center">*</td>
                    <td align="center">* *</td>
                    <td align="center">*</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">*</td>
                    <td align="center">8</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Platz 2016</td>
                    <td align="center">*</td>
                    <td align="center">*</td>
                    <td align="center">*</td>
                    <td align="center">*</td>
                    <td align="center">* *</td>
                    <td align="center">*</td>
                    <td align="center">*</td>
                    <td align="center">*</td>
                    <td align="center">9</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Villanueva 2016</td>
                    <td align="center">*</td>
                    <td align="center">*</td>
                    <td align="center">*</td>
                    <td align="center">*</td>
                    <td align="center">* *</td>
                    <td align="center">*</td>
                    <td align="center">*</td>
                    <td align="center">*</td>
                    <td align="center">9</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Coiro 2016</td>
                    <td align="center">*</td>
                    <td align="center">*</td>
                    <td align="center">*</td>
                    <td align="center">*</td>
                    <td align="center">* *</td>
                    <td align="center">*</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">*</td>
                    <td align="center">8</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Miglioranza 2017</td>
                    <td align="center">*</td>
                    <td align="center">*</td>
                    <td align="center">*</td>
                    <td align="center">*</td>
                    <td align="center">* *</td>
                    <td align="center">*</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">*</td>
                    <td align="center">8</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Pellicori 2018<sup>33</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">*</td>
                    <td align="center">*</td>
                    <td align="center">*</td>
                    <td align="center">*</td>
                    <td align="center">* *</td>
                    <td align="center">*</td>
                    <td align="center">*</td>
                    <td align="center">*</td>
                    <td align="center">9</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>Asterisks are the star ratings per Newcastle-Ottawa Scale; * and ** indicate the highest ratings for these categories.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t4001">
              <label>Table 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Study-level quality assessment using the Quality in Prognosis Studies tool</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Study</th>
                    <th>Study participation</th>
                    <th>Study attrition</th>
                    <th>Prognostic factor measurement</th>
                    <th>Outcome measurement</th>
                    <th>Study confounding</th>
                    <th>Statistical analysis and reporting</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Gargani 2015<sup>25</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">L</td>
                    <td align="center">L</td>
                    <td align="center">L</td>
                    <td align="center">L</td>
                    <td align="center">H</td>
                    <td align="center">L</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Coiro 2015<sup>26</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">L</td>
                    <td align="center">M</td>
                    <td align="center">L</td>
                    <td align="center">L</td>
                    <td align="center">H</td>
                    <td align="center">L</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Gustafsson 2015<sup>27</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">L</td>
                    <td align="center">L</td>
                    <td align="center">L</td>
                    <td align="center">L</td>
                    <td align="center">L</td>
                    <td align="center">L</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Cogliati 2016<sup>28</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">L</td>
                    <td align="center">L</td>
                    <td align="center">L</td>
                    <td align="center">L</td>
                    <td align="center">H</td>
                    <td align="center">L</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Platz 2016<sup>29</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">L</td>
                    <td align="center">L</td>
                    <td align="center">L</td>
                    <td align="center">L</td>
                    <td align="center">L</td>
                    <td align="center">L</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Villanueva 2016<sup>30</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">L</td>
                    <td align="center">L</td>
                    <td align="center">M</td>
                    <td align="center">L</td>
                    <td align="center">H</td>
                    <td align="center">L</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Coiro 2016<sup>31</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">L</td>
                    <td align="center">M</td>
                    <td align="center">L</td>
                    <td align="center">L</td>
                    <td align="center">L</td>
                    <td align="center">L</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Miglioranza 2017<sup>32</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">L</td>
                    <td align="center">L</td>
                    <td align="center">L</td>
                    <td align="center">L</td>
                    <td align="center">L</td>
                    <td align="center">L</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Pellicori 2018<sup>33</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">L</td>
                    <td align="center">L</td>
                    <td align="center">L</td>
                    <td align="center">L</td>
                    <td align="center">L</td>
                    <td align="center">L</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN4001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>.L: low; M: moderate; H: high</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Discharge B-lines and combined outcomes of all-cause mortality or HF hospitalization</title>
          <p>Three studies<sup><xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref> , <xref rid="B28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref> , <xref rid="B31" ref-type="bibr">31</xref> </sup>reported the association between discharge B-lines and combined outcomes of death or HF hospitalization. Pooled estimates showed that there was a strong tendency toward the association between discharge B-lines and increased risk of combined outcomes of death or HF hospitalization (HR, 1.08, 95% CI, 0.99-1.19; I<sup>2</sup>= 91%; p = 0.09; <xref rid="f02001" ref-type="fig">Figure 2</xref> ). Subgroup analysis<sup><xref rid="B28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref> , <xref rid="B31" ref-type="bibr">31</xref> </sup>based on numbers of B-lines at discharge revealed that B-lines &gt; 15 at discharge was significantly associated with increased risk of death or HF hospitalization (HR, 3.37, 95% CI, 1.52-7.47; I<sup>2</sup>= 0%; p = 0.003; <xref rid="f03001" ref-type="fig">Figure 3</xref> ). Also, B-lines &gt; 30 at discharge significantly correlated with increased risk of combined outcomes of death or HF hospitalization (HR, 4.01, 95% CI, 2.29-7.01; I<sup>2</sup>= 0%; p &lt; 0.001; <xref rid="f03001" ref-type="fig">Figure 3</xref> ). Furthermore, sensitivity analysis restricted to two prospective studies<sup><xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref> , <xref rid="B28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref> </sup>demonstrated that B-lines &gt; 30 significantly correlated with combined outcomes of death or HF hospitalization (HR, 3.46, 95% CI, 1.86-6.47; I<sup>2</sup>= 0%; p = 0.0001). Sensitivity analysis by omitting any single study yielded similar results.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Forest plots for discharge B-lines and combined outcomes of all-cause mortality or HF hospitalization.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-03-0383-90662-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Subgroup analysis of discharge B-lines and combined outcomes of all-cause mortality or HF hospitalization.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-03-0383-90662-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Discharge B-lines and HF hospitalization</title>
          <p>Two studies<sup><xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref> , <xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref> </sup>reported the association between discharge B-lines and HF hospitalization. Overall estimates demonstrated that discharge B-lines were significantly associated with HF hospitalization (HR, 1.05, 95% CI, 1.01-1.09; p = 0.01; <xref rid="f04001" ref-type="fig">Figure 4</xref> ), with substantial heterogeneity (I<sup>2</sup>= 87%). Furthermore, subgroup analysis indicated that B-lines &gt; 30 at discharge significantly increased risk of HF hospitalization (HR, 9.01, 95% CI, 2.80-28.93; p &lt; 0.001; <xref rid="f04001" ref-type="fig">Figure 4</xref> ), with no heterogeneity (I<sup>2</sup>= 0%).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f04001">
              <label>Figure 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Forest plots for B-lines and HF hospitalization</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-03-0383-90662-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>B-lines and combined outcomes of all-cause mortality or HF hospitalization in HF outpatients</title>
          <p>Five studies<sup><xref rid="B27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref> , <xref rid="B29" ref-type="bibr">29</xref> , <xref rid="B30" ref-type="bibr">30</xref> , <xref rid="B32" ref-type="bibr">32</xref> , <xref rid="B33" ref-type="bibr">33</xref> </sup>assessed the association between B-lines and combined outcomes of death and HF hospitalization in HF outpatients. The pooled HRs showed that B-lines &gt; 3 significantly increased the risk for combined outcomes of death or HF hospitalization in HF outpatients (HR, 3.21, 95% CI, 2.09-4.93; I<sup>2</sup>= 10%; p &lt; 0.00001; <xref rid="f05001" ref-type="fig">Figure 5</xref> ). Sensitivity analysis restricted to three studies<sup><xref rid="B27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref> , <xref rid="B30" ref-type="bibr">30</xref> , <xref rid="B32" ref-type="bibr">32</xref> , <xref rid="B33" ref-type="bibr">33</xref> </sup>conducted outside of America demonstrated that B-lines &gt; 3 significantly correlated with combined outcomes of death or HF hospitalization (HR, 2.96, 95% CI, 1.69-5.16; I<sup>2</sup>= 22%; p &lt; 0.001). Sensitivity analysis was further conducted by omitting any single study that did not significantly alter the overall effect estimates.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f05001">
              <label>Figure 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Forest plots for B-lines and combined outcomes of all-cause mortality or HF hospitalization in HF outpatients.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-03-0383-90662-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Publication bias</title>
          <p>Egger&#8217;s and Begg&#8217;s tests suggested no significant publication bias of combined outcomes of death or HF hospitalization in both in- (Egger p = 0.15 and Begg p = 1.00) and outpatients (Egger p = 0.33 and Begg p = 1.0).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The present meta-analysis indicated that, in patients with HF, B-lines &gt;15 and &gt;30 cutoff at discharge were predictive of the composite outcome of all-cause mortality or HF readmission in hospitalized patients. Additionally, a B-line &gt;30 cutoff at discharge was predictive of HF hospitalization. In HF outpatients, B-lines &gt;3 strongly predicted the composite outcomes of all-cause mortality or HF readmission. Given the heterogeneity across the included studies and limited sample size, these findings should be considered as hypothesis-generating for future research.</p>
        <p>A recent systematic review suggested that plenty of B-lines in patients with decompensated HF identified that those were at high level of risk for adverse events.<sup><xref rid="B34" ref-type="bibr">34</xref></sup>However, this review consisted of only five studies evaluating the prognostic value of LUS in HF and did not perform meta-analysis based on different numbers of B-lines at discharge. Another review supported the use of LUS in the management of acute decompensated HF, both as a diagnostic modality and in monitoring HF therapy.<sup><xref rid="B35" ref-type="bibr">35</xref></sup>In a moderate to severe systolic HF outpatient clinic, a study demonstrated that B-lines were significantly associated with more clinically established parameters of decompensation, such as the amino-terminal portion of B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), clinical congestion score and E/e&#8217; ratio, and B-line &#8805;15 cutoff suggested HF decompensation.<sup><xref rid="B36" ref-type="bibr">36</xref></sup>However, the prognostic value of B-lines that is incremental to risk factors as well as those established indicators of clinical congestion in HF patients require further investigation.</p>
        <p>There is a paucity of data describing features of B-lines and their differences in HF patients with preserved (HFpEF) and reduced (HFrEF) ventricular systolic function. The included studies enrolled HF patients but demonstrated their results without stratification by EF. Although congestion improves substantially during hospitalization in response to standard therapy alone, patients with HFrEF and with absent or minimal resting signs and symptoms at discharge evaluated by BNP and clinical congestion score still experienced high mortality and readmission rates.<sup><xref rid="B37" ref-type="bibr">37</xref></sup>Importantly, the study by Coiro et al. demonstrated that the addition of &#8805;15 and &#8805;30 B-lines to BNP and the New York Heart Association (NYHA) class had improved risk classification, and B-lines independently predicted mortality and hospitalization for HF.<sup><xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref></sup>The absence or a small amount of B-lines identified those at extremely low risk of HF rehospitalization, but whether dealing with this residual pulmonary congestion would improve patient outcome should be the issue of further investigation.<sup><xref rid="B38" ref-type="bibr">38</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The gold standard has not yet been established for the quantitative assessment of pulmonary congestion. Of note, patient positioning may affect the number of B-lines in HF patients, for example, the number of B-lines was lower in the sitting than in the supine position.<sup><xref rid="B39" ref-type="bibr">39</xref></sup>Moreover, two studies<sup><xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref> , <xref rid="B27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref> </sup>included in this review and meta-analysis used both methods of the 28 and 8 scanning regions for LUS examinations. These two methods have been recommended as useful in the assessment of pulmonary edema.<sup><xref rid="B40" ref-type="bibr">40</xref></sup>Nevertheless, in the reporting LUS findings, it will be important that both continuous and categorical data are standardized to present LUS measures ( <italic>e.g</italic> . number of lung regions) to facilitate comparison of results across HF studies. The included studies in the present work indicated the prognostic value of B-lines in both in- and outpatients with HF. However, as they had different outcomes of interest (hospitalization due to HF <italic>versus</italic> composite outcomes of hospitalization and mortality) and different clinical follow-up periods (3 <italic>versus</italic> 6 months), there is a slight difference in the reported optimal cut-off point for B-lines, however, they ranged between 15 and 30. Large randomized controlled trials are required to investigate to what extent the use of LUS would benefit HF patients. Moreover, more studies are needed to find out whether LUS could be applied to identify different phenotypes of patients with HF and to be tailored to the individual patient&#8217;s needs.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>By design, our analysis did not allow the demonstration of the superiority of B-lines compared to other established biomarkers of HF, such as the NYHA class, NT-proBNP, or 6-min walk test, nor did we evaluate the incremental prognostic value of B-lines over established markers for congestion. Moreover, to our best knowledge, although we are providing the first review and meta-analysis of B-lines in patients with HF, further studies are needed for the optimal treatment of patients with HF with regard to the integrative value of B-lines associated with BNP or risk factors. Thirdly, substantial heterogeneity in this review and meta-analysis among studies indeed existed. The included articles with different patients&#8217; characteristics, B-lines quantification, and risk of bias may contribute to heterogeneity across studies. Also, the number of patients included in our meta-analysis was relatively small, which may have an impact on the exact quantification of the prognostic value of B-lines. In addition, the included studies considered different outcomes. Only one study<sup><xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref></sup>provided B-lines values both at admission and discharge for combined outcomes of all-cause mortality or HF hospitalization. It would be interesting to examine the changes between the numbers or positions of B-lines at admission and before discharge.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>The present meta-analysis demonstrated that the B-lines could predict all-cause mortality and HF hospitalizations in patients with HF. Further large randomized controlled trials are needed to explore whether dealing with B-lines would improve the prognosis in clinical settings.</p>
      </sec>
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      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p><bold>Sources of Funding</bold> .There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Erratum</label>
          <p>
            <bold>March 2021 Issue, vol. 116 (3), pages 383-392</bold>
          </p>
          <p>In Original Article &#8220;Prognostic Value of Lung Ultrasound for Clinical Outcomes in Heart Failure Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis&#8221;, with DOI number: https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20190662, published in the Journal Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, 116(3):383-392, on page 383, correct the name of the institution Chengdu City First People&#8217;s Hospital to: Department of Cardiology, Chengdu First People&#8217;s Hospital; correct the name of the institution Chengdu Sixth People&#8217;s Hospital to: Department of Cardiology, The Sixth People&#8217;s Hospital of Chengdu. And correct Dr. Min Ma&#8217;s affiliation to: Department of Cardiology, The Sixth People&#8217;s Hospital of Chengdu.</p>
        </fn>
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