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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">rJfGQtj6kZWSXPCHpC87SNF</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00367</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2021000400367</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20201013</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20201013</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>O M&#233;todo e o Mantra</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8769-1411</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>d&#8217;Avila</surname>
            <given-names>Andre</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <name>
            <surname>Melo</surname>
            <given-names>Marcos F. Vidal</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital SOS Cardio</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Florian&#243;polis</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SC</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital SOS Cardio, Florian&#243;polis, SC - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Massachusetts General Hospital</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Harvard Medical School</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Boston</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">Massachusetts</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="US">EUA</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Harvard Medical School - Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts - EUA</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Andre d&#8217;Avila</bold> &#8226; Hospital SOS Cardio - Cardiac Arrhythmia Service - SC 401.121. CEP <postal-code>88030-000</postal-code>, Florian&#243;polis, SC &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>adavila@bidmc.harvard.edu</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>23</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>116</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>367</fpage>
      <lpage>370</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>COVID-19</kwd>
        <kwd>Pandemia</kwd>
        <kwd>Faculdades de Medicina</kwd>
        <kwd>Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de</kwd>
        <kwd>Tecnologia e Inova&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Educa&#231;&#227;o M&#233;dica</kwd>
        <kwd>Doutorado</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="2"/>
        <page-count count="4"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Na &#233;poca de minha resid&#234;ncia em Cardiologia, um paciente optou por se tornar vegetariano ap&#243;s implantar uma v&#225;lvula card&#237;aca met&#225;lica. At&#233; aquele dia, ele anunciava orgulhoso que s&#243; comia carne, arroz e feij&#227;o. Ele passou muitos anos sem comer uma folha de alface, mas como um amigo sugerira que esse tipo de dieta aumentava o risco de calcifica&#231;&#227;o de outras valvas card&#237;acas, optou pela mudan&#231;a antes mesmo de checar a veracidade da informa&#231;&#227;o. Ele havia sido avisado de que uma dieta rica em vegetais poderia dificultar o manuseio da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o, mas n&#227;o teve d&#250;vida: encontrara motiva&#231;&#227;o para viver uma vida mais saud&#225;vel depois da cirurgia pela qual passou.</p>
      <p>Altivo, eliminou todos os tipos de carnes e passou a consumir apenas vegetais. Sentia-se muito melhor e j&#225; n&#227;o tinha mais falta de ar. Convicto dos benef&#237;cios do seu novo estilo de vida, faleceu seis meses depois da cirurgia por conta de uma hemorragia intracraniana, j&#225; que passou a tomar mais anticoagulantes para compensar a dieta. Nosso paciente acertou no mantra, mas errou no m&#233;todo. Ele optou por uma vida supostamente mais saud&#225;vel, mas colocada em pr&#225;tica de maneira indevida, na hora errada e n&#227;o foi capaz de usufruir de sua disciplina e de seu novo estilo de vida.</p>
      <p>O mantra representa uma convic&#231;&#227;o pessoal profunda, resumida em uma frase, palavra ou atitude que se repete e visa alcan&#231;ar um estado de comunh&#227;o consigo mesmo e com o meio em que vivemos. J&#225; o m&#233;todo &#233; um processo organizado, uma t&#233;cnica ou uma maneira de fazer algo de acordo com um plano l&#243;gico, com a inten&#231;&#227;o de atingir um objetivo previamente definido. Ele deve ser claro o bastante para ser reproduzido. O mantra &#233; menos tang&#237;vel, mais conceitual.</p>
      <p>M&#233;todo e mantra podem ser responsabilizados pelo sucesso ou fracasso de in&#250;meras iniciativas. Mais frequentemente que o mantra, o m&#233;todo costuma ser questionado e de modo geral, devemos assumir que o m&#233;todo precisa ser revisto quando um objetivo n&#227;o foi alcan&#231;ado. Discutimos menos o mantra por ele estar fundamentado em axiomas. No entanto, mantra e m&#233;todo s&#227;o insepar&#225;veis.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Desencontros na pandemia</title>
        <p>Num momento de completa irracionalidade em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; pandemia da covid-19, que se caracteriza pelo desencontro de opini&#245;es, condutas e a busca por uma solu&#231;&#227;o redentora, al&#233;m do triste n&#250;mero de fatalidades,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> vale a pena indagar sobre o que deu errado. Mantra ou m&#233;todo? Ou estariam, ambos, equivocados?</p>
        <p>Ainda que apresentando efeitos que v&#227;o muito al&#233;m das quest&#245;es sanit&#225;rias, a pandemia &#233; essencialmente um problema m&#233;dico. Todavia, a incapacidade e o despreparo dos sistemas de sa&#250;de em propor solu&#231;&#245;es efetivas ficou evidente em todo o mundo. Todo o treinamento, conhecimento e experi&#234;ncia com situa&#231;&#245;es historicamente semelhantes parece ter sido esquecido ou aparenta ser insuficiente e inadequado para lidar com a situa&#231;&#227;o atual.</p>
        <p>N&#227;o sou capaz de provar, mas se um plano de a&#231;&#227;o coordenado tivesse sido implementado, melhores resultados teriam sido obtidos, menos vidas seriam perdidas e estar&#237;amos com menos sequelas. O desastre poderia ter sido ainda maior se n&#227;o dispus&#233;ssemos da dedica&#231;&#227;o quase que instintiva dos abnegados profissionais de sa&#250;de, esses os verdadeiros her&#243;is nessa confus&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Na crise financeira de 2009, um plano coeso e a a&#231;&#227;o r&#225;pida e coordenada dos bancos centrais minimizou a crise. O problema foi sanado pelo conjunto dos t&#233;cnicos em finan&#231;as. O que est&#225; dando errado na pandemia, ent&#227;o? Porque os sistemas de sa&#250;de e suas lideran&#231;as n&#227;o conseguem propor uma a&#231;&#227;o ordenada? Mantra e m&#233;todo parecem irremediavelmente desconectados aqui.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Mantras recorrentes, m&#233;todos propostos e suas consequ&#234;ncias</title>
        <p>H&#225; tempos, escutamos tr&#234;s mantras recorrentes relativos &#224; pr&#225;tica m&#233;dica e &#224; medicina no Brasil. Para cada mantra, um m&#233;todo foi proposto. O primeiro sugere que o pa&#237;s seja carente de m&#233;dicos e, portanto, mais profissionais s&#227;o imprescind&#237;veis. Problema resolvido: in&#250;meras faculdades de Medicina foram abertas em todo o pa&#237;s.</p>
        <p>O segundo mantra foca na necessidade de aperfei&#231;oamento acad&#234;mico dos m&#233;dicos: mais ci&#234;ncia para melhor servir. Em resposta, no ano de 1983 foi criado o TCC e a p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o apresentou um substancial crescimento.</p>
        <p>Por &#250;ltimo, o mais recente dos mantras recomenda complementar a forma&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica com cursos de aprimoramento em neg&#243;cio para facilitar a comunica&#231;&#227;o entre m&#233;dicos e administradores. M&#233;dicos e gestores juntos, falando a mesma l&#237;ngua &#8211; marketing, finan&#231;as, recursos humanos, contabilidade &#8211; inevitavelmente aperfei&#231;oariam a assist&#234;ncia. Consequentemente, nunca tantos m&#233;dicos cursaram <italic>Master in Business Administration</italic> (MBA) como nos &#250;ltimos anos.</p>
        <p>As tr&#234;s vertentes poderiam ter convergido para um bem maior: mais m&#233;dicos com melhor preparo acad&#234;mico, sintonizados e trabalhando em conjunto com gestores! Mantra e m&#233;todo em conson&#226;ncia. Entretanto, o cen&#225;rio que vemos &#233; bem diferente do que foi imaginado. Parece-me que ocorreu o oposto: mais m&#233;dicos com treinamento inadequado, sem nenhuma aptid&#227;o ao m&#233;todo cient&#237;fico e incapazes de entender o rigor da pesquisa, trabalhando, n&#227;o em parceria, mas sob o comando dos gestores de sa&#250;de. Mantra e m&#233;todo em disson&#226;ncia.</p>
        <p>Tentaremos avaliar como essas vari&#225;veis podem ter separadamente ou em conjunto influenciado e resultado na completa desarticula&#231;&#227;o que ocorre continuamente durante a pandemia. Estas s&#227;o peculiaridades da realidade brasileira e que n&#227;o explicam a p&#237;fia capacidade dos sistemas de sa&#250;de de muitos pa&#237;ses (mas n&#227;o em todos) em reagir. Talvez estejamos, inclusive, usando a pandemia como pretexto para essa reflex&#227;o e seremos acusados de oportunismo ao tentar debater assuntos n&#227;o necessariamente conectados a ela, mas vamos aos fatos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>N&#250;mero inadequado de m&#233;dicos no Brasil</title>
        <p>O Brasil tem cerca de 502.475 m&#233;dicos, quase que simetricamente divididos entre homens e mulheres: 2,4 m&#233;dicos para cada 1.000 habitantes,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> o que parece um n&#250;mero bastante razo&#225;vel. Para tanto, em um pa&#237;s com 211,8 milh&#245;es de habitantes, temos 346 faculdades de medicina, 141 p&#250;blicas e 205 privadas. Os Estados Unidos possuem 317,6 milh&#245;es de habitantes e 184 escolas m&#233;dicas; a China tem 1,3 bilh&#227;o de habitantes e 158 escolas m&#233;dicas. No Brasil, nos &#250;ltimos cinco anos, formamos, em m&#233;dia, 30.000 novos m&#233;dicos a cada 12 meses. S&#227;o 10,4 m&#233;dicos para cada 100 mil habitantes por ano, n&#250;mero distante de pa&#237;ses como a Dinamarca que, em 2020, tinha 23 graduandos para cada 100 mil habitantes.</p>
        <p>Aparentemente, os n&#250;meros n&#227;o conversam entre si, dada a enorme discrep&#226;ncia. Isso acontece porque n&#227;o deve existir um &#8220;n&#250;mero m&#225;gico&#8221;, tudo depende da estrutura dos sistemas de sa&#250;de em cada pa&#237;s. Entretanto, existe um coeficiente m&#237;nimo que compromete a qualidade da assist&#234;ncia e outro acima do qual ela n&#227;o melhora. Esse n&#250;mero varia entre pa&#237;ses, regi&#245;es e sistemas de sa&#250;de.</p>
        <p>N&#227;o pretendemos determinar aqui qual seja o n&#250;mero adequado para o Brasil, mas supomos que seja de 2,5 m&#233;dicos para cada 1.000 habitantes. Assumimos que este n&#250;mero se refira a m&#233;dicos bem formados, mas essa informa&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o &#233; conhecida ou sequer discutida. Como em todas as profiss&#245;es, o servi&#231;o de dez profissionais mal qualificados pode ser feito por um bem qualificado. Portanto, de nada adianta a rela&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dico/habitante ser adequada se a qualidade do profissional n&#227;o for.</p>
        <p>Certo ou errado, dada a competi&#231;&#227;o acirrada pelas vagas, o sistema de acesso aos cursos de Medicina continua a selecionar um grupo de jovens talentosos que acabam subaproveitados por falta de oportunidade dentro das universidades. Em muitas delas, n&#227;o existe, por exemplo, a proximidade entre escolas de Medicina e hospitais para oferecer ao estudante o treinamento necess&#225;rio. Em outras, n&#227;o existem programas de resid&#234;ncia m&#233;dica (parte fundamental do treinamento m&#233;dico) suficientes para acomodar todos os egressos.</p>
        <p>A causa desse mau desempenho, portanto, n&#227;o parece ser culpa dos alunos, mas da p&#233;ssima qualidade de muitas faculdades, que n&#227;o est&#227;o preparadas para a complexa tarefa de formar um m&#233;dico em seis anos. Al&#233;m disso, o Brasil sempre ser&#225; carente de m&#233;dicos enquanto for obriga&#231;&#227;o exclusiva destes trocar uma receita, preencher uma solicita&#231;&#227;o de exame ou fazer uma avalia&#231;&#227;o de pr&#233;-natal, um teste ergom&#233;trico ou um ultrassom de abdome. Jamais alcan&#231;aremos o n&#250;mero ideal de profissionais enquanto o &#8220;ato m&#233;dico&#8221; &#8211; criado pelos pr&#243;prios profissionais &#8211; continuar a justificar a abertura n&#227;o planejada de cursos de Medicina por todo pa&#237;s. O mantra e o m&#233;todo precisam, portanto, mudar. Esquecer a obsess&#227;o pelo n&#250;mero &#8211; assumindo que todos os problemas podem ser resolvidos se houver profissionais suficientes &#8211; e focar na melhoria da qualidade para, ent&#227;o, redimensionar o tamanho da for&#231;a de trabalho.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Incentivo &#224; pesquisa</title>
        <p>Diante desse quadro desfavor&#225;vel, foi criado um subterf&#250;gio, ao meu ver incompreens&#237;vel, chamado Trabalho de Conclus&#227;o de Curso (TCC). Ele n&#227;o faz parte das Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais para o curso de Medicina, mas vem sendo utilizado em faculdades privadas (e em algumas p&#250;blicas) como regra institucional local. Em tese, trata-se de um trabalho acad&#234;mico obrigat&#243;rio e instrumento de avalia&#231;&#227;o final de um curso superior, elaborado em forma de disserta&#231;&#227;o, visando a inicia&#231;&#227;o e envolvimento do aluno com a pesquisa cient&#237;fica. Qual teria sido a premissa dessa exig&#234;ncia que n&#227;o seja aludir que a realiza&#231;&#227;o de pesquisa ou de um trabalho cient&#237;fico melhora a qualifica&#231;&#227;o do medico?</p>
        <p>N&#227;o posso afirmar que acontece em outras disciplinas, mas julgo que nada pode ser mais equivocado do que aplicar esse conceito &#224; Medicina. S&#227;o in&#250;meros os exemplos de m&#233;dicos de imenso talento que n&#227;o possuem aptid&#227;o para pesquisa, bem como de excelentes pesquisadores que n&#227;o se sentem confort&#225;veis em interagir com pacientes. Ocasionalmente, os dois interesses podem convergir em um mesmo profissional sem que isso o torne necessariamente melhor em quaisquer das frentes. A excel&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica n&#227;o depende de excel&#234;ncia em pesquisa. M&#233;dicos podem e devem aprender a interpretar artigos cient&#237;ficos sem que para isso precisem realizar tais pesquisas, o que seria vital para evitar que em crises como a atual, posturas antici&#234;ncia fossem adotadas. Quem sabe n&#227;o ter&#237;amos que passar pelo constrangimento de disputar a import&#226;ncia e o papel de ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados com estudos observacionais.</p>
        <p>Nesse sentido, o TCC pouco ajuda: os m&#233;dicos que gostam de pesquisar n&#227;o precisam dele para continuar fazendo. Os m&#233;dicos que n&#227;o gostam se sentem usados e o interesse, que j&#225; era pequeno, desaparece. O TCC deveria ser opcional e os melhores trabalhos devidamente reconhecidos, promovidos e premiados com o intuito de inspirar outros alunos.</p>
        <p>A exig&#234;ncia do TCC contrasta frontalmente com a relativa facilidade de aceita&#231;&#227;o para participar em um doutorado em Medicina. Em alguns programas, a tese de doutorado ser&#225; o primeiro e &#250;nico trabalho apresentado pelo autor. Muitas vezes, o trabalho e a bolsa de pesquisa a ele associada servem exclusivamente para manter a rela&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;dico com a institui&#231;&#227;o hospitalar e n&#227;o para alcan&#231;ar a finalidade primordial do doutoramento: o avan&#231;o do conhecimento em uma &#225;rea especifica, atrav&#233;s da produ&#231;&#227;o de conhecimento in&#233;dito e de alto n&#237;vel, feito por algu&#233;m que busca aprofundamento cient&#237;fico e/ou acad&#234;mico sob a orienta&#231;&#227;o de pessoas e grupos que dotam de profundo conhecimento em suas &#225;reas de estudo. O doutorado deveria representar o &#225;pice da carreira e n&#227;o uma finalidade em si. Por isso, n&#227;o deve ser utilizado como instrumento de incentivo &#224; pesquisa.</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, poucas universidades brasileiras adotam o sistema de compila&#231;&#227;o da obra do autor dentro de uma determinada linha de pesquisa. Posso citar como exemplo uma abordagem diferente para o doutoramento, acontecida recentemente, em que um dos autores participou de duas bancas de m&#233;dicos australianos. O trabalho foi enviado por <italic>e-mail</italic>: um comp&#234;ndio de mais de 500 p&#225;ginas reunindo v&#225;rias contribui&#231;&#245;es do autor (trabalhos in&#233;ditos publicados em revistas cientificas, com revisores independentes) sobre o tema abordado e um resumo final conectando todas as observa&#231;&#245;es coletadas em uma conclus&#227;o relevante. Dessa forma, o avaliador n&#227;o interage com o aluno, o que mant&#233;m a impessoalidade e a concentra&#231;&#227;o no valor do trabalho, que s&#227;o pr&#243;prias nessa circunst&#226;ncia. As considera&#231;&#245;es do avaliador s&#227;o enviadas para a universidade, que decide se o aluno merece ou n&#227;o o t&#237;tulo.</p>
        <p>Tal experi&#234;ncia contrasta com a de algumas universidades nacionais nas quais, por vezes, amigos e familiares participam da apresenta&#231;&#227;o do trabalho de doutoramento sem que este e seu autor(a) tenham passado pelo crivo cientifico adequado, o que, em tese, seria o papel da aula de qualifica&#231;&#227;o. &#201; comum, entretanto, que o time escalado para a qualifica&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o tenha o peso dos membros da banca final. O ideal seria exatamente o oposto: as maiores autoridades no tema deveriam formar a banca da aula de qualifica&#231;&#227;o e os jovens pesquisadores, como uma maneira de prestigi&#225;los, avaliar a apresenta&#231;&#227;o final da tese. Insistimos em atuar ao contrario, porque existe uma expectativa de valida&#231;&#227;o do processo, antes que tenha sido realmente validado. Talvez por isso exista um enorme interesse na obten&#231;&#227;o de um t&#237;tulo de PhD em Medicina no Brasil. Em outros pa&#237;ses, m&#233;dicos de grande proemin&#234;ncia acad&#234;mica n&#227;o possuem doutorado e ou se interessam pelo titulo. Mais importante do que a titula&#231;&#227;o em si &#233; a contribui&#231;&#227;o para o conhecimento.</p>
        <p>A qualidade da pesquisa, entretanto, agregada ou n&#227;o a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o, &#233; fundamental para avaliar hospitais e institui&#231;&#245;es de ensino. Invariavelmente, o naipe da institui&#231;&#227;o est&#225; associado &#224; realiza&#231;&#227;o de pesquisa: quanto mais se pesquisa, melhor a universidade. Por isso, grandes hospitais incentivam o conv&#237;vio entre m&#233;dicos e pesquisadores. No Brasil, a equa&#231;&#227;o se mostra mais complicada, j&#225; que a maioria da produ&#231;&#227;o cientifica m&#233;dica nacional &#233; realizada em faculdades p&#250;blicas ou em hospitais ligados a estas faculdades que, a rigor, contam com menos recursos e n&#227;o conseguem oferecer o mesmo n&#237;vel de atendimento dos hospitais privados, nos quais a produ&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica &#233; pequena. Desse modo, n&#227;o h&#225; est&#237;mulo para a pesquisa em hospitais e faculdades desta categoria. Obviamente existem exce&#231;&#245;es, mas esta &#233; a regra e torcemos para que estas inspirem o planejamento estrat&#233;gico das demais. O mantra &#233; apropriado, mas o m&#233;todo &#233; equivocado: h&#225; uma completa invers&#227;o de valores no que diz respeito ao est&#237;mulo &#224; pesquisa no Brasil.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>MBA para m&#233;dicos</title>
        <p>Para complicar ainda mais toda essa conjuntura, outro desencontro nos parece evidente: muitos m&#233;dicos, ao longo da carreira, legitimamente se interessam em aprender sobre gest&#227;o; in&#250;meras oportunidades de aperfei&#231;oamento est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis nesta &#225;rea. V&#225;rios profissionais s&#227;o convidados a fazer tais cursos, algumas vezes oferecidos pelo pr&#243;prio hospital em que exercem as suas atividades. Isso parece v&#225;lido, mas talvez uma abordagem mais razo&#225;vel e equilibrada fosse poss&#237;vel: para cada m&#233;dico cursando MBA, um gestor seria matriculado em um curso de mesma dura&#231;&#227;o para aprender e compreender o fundamento do pensamento m&#233;dico.</p>
        <p>Por enquanto, o mantra insiste em dizer que os m&#233;dicos precisam compreender melhor a intrincada rela&#231;&#227;o comercial envolvida na presta&#231;&#227;o do servi&#231;o. Somos m&#233;dicos, n&#227;o provedores. N&#227;o temos clientes, temos pacientes. A perspectiva de m&#233;dicos e gestores &#233; completamente diferente, pois a decis&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o ao indiv&#237;duo, &#224; sua sa&#250;de e &#224; sua vida &#233; sempre mais complexa. Muitos gestores n&#227;o conhecem esse ponto de vista: o grupo &#233; impessoal, ao contr&#225;rio do indiv&#237;duo. O erro ou acerto do gestor impacta a sua bonifica&#231;&#227;o. A decis&#227;o do m&#233;dico traz outras consequ&#234;ncias.</p>
        <p>Embora pare&#231;a razo&#225;vel sugerir ao m&#233;dico que aprenda a linguagem do gestor para melhorar a qualidade e efici&#234;ncia do servi&#231;o prestado, a hip&#243;tese inversa n&#227;o pode ser afastada. Infelizmente, a maioria dos m&#233;dicos-gestores invariavelmente assumem o papel de representante dos gestores frente ao grupo de m&#233;dicos, nunca ao contr&#225;rio. Ao inv&#233;s de inovar, se transformam em meros zeladores de processos pr&#233;-existentes e a colabora&#231;&#227;o &#233; interrompida.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>O que fazer?</title>
        <p>Vamos precisar redesenhar o mantra e o m&#233;todo para compatibilizar os interesses entre m&#233;dicos, pacientes, popula&#231;&#227;o e gestores. O conceito geral &#233; simples: melhores escolas medicas, que incentivem o talento natural de cada aluno, relacionadas ou n&#227;o &#224; pesquisa e que criem uma identidade profissional que nos permita interagir em igualdade com outros atores envolvidos na presta&#231;&#227;o de servi&#231;o m&#233;dico, centrados em institui&#231;&#245;es que valorizem a pesquisa visando nortear seu planejamento estrat&#233;gico e que, por essa raz&#227;o, se tornem refer&#234;ncia. Dessa forma, talvez tenhamos melhor sorte na pr&#243;xima pandemia.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Os autores gostariam de agradecer a Dra. Fatima Dumas Cintra e ao Sr. J&#250;lio Tude d&#8217;Avila pelas sugest&#245;es e revis&#227;o critica deste artigo.</p>
    </ack>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>D&#8217;Avila</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Melo</surname>
              <given-names>MFV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lopes</surname>
              <given-names>RD</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Pandemonium during the pandemic: what is the role of health and science professionals?</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>114</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>753</fpage>
          <lpage>754</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>1. D&#8217;Avila A, Melo MFV, Lopes RD. Pandemonium during the pandemic: what is the role of health and science professionals? Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 114(5): 753-4.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>Conselho Federal de Medicina.(CFM)</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>Demografia m&#233;dica no Brasil &#8211; estudo de proje&#231;&#227;o: concentra&#231;&#227;o de m&#233;dicos no Brasil em 2020</source>
          <date-in-citation content-type="access-date">Citado em 9 fevereiro,2021</date-in-citation>
          <comment>Dispon&#237;vel em: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://portal.cfm.org.br/images/stories/pdf/estudo_demografia_junho.pdf">https://portal.cfm.org.br/images/stories/pdf/estudo_demografia_junho.pdf</ext-link>
					</comment>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>2. Conselho Federal de Medicina.(CFM). Demografia m&#233;dica no Brasil &#8211; estudo de proje&#231;&#227;o: concentra&#231;&#227;o de m&#233;dicos no Brasil em 2020. [Citado em 9 fevereiro,2021] Dispon&#237;vel em: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://portal.cfm.org.br/images/stories/pdf/estudo_demografia_junho.pdf">https://portal.cfm.org.br/images/stories/pdf/estudo_demografia_junho.pdf</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>The Method and the Mantra</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8769-1411</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>d&#8217;Avila</surname>
            <given-names>Andre</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <name>
            <surname>Melo</surname>
            <given-names>Marcos F. Vidal</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Florian&#243;polis</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SC</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital SOS Cardio, Florian&#243;polis, SC - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Boston</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">Massachusetts</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="US">USA</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Harvard Medical School - Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts - USA</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Andre d&#8217;Avila</bold> &#8226; Hospital SOS Cardio - Cardiac Arrhythmia Service - SC 401.121. Postal Code <postal-code>88030-000</postal-code>, Florian&#243;polis, SC &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>adavila@bidmc.harvard.edu</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>COVID-19</kwd>
        <kwd>Pandemics</kwd>
        <kwd>Schools Medical</kwd>
        <kwd>Health Sciences</kwd>
        <kwd>Technology and Innovation Management</kwd>
        <kwd>Medical Education</kwd>
        <kwd>Doctor&#8217;s Degree</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>At the time of the residency in Cardiology, a patient chose to become a vegetarian after having a metallic heart valve implanted. Until that day, he proudly announced that he only ate meat, rice and beans! He had spent years without eating a lettuce leaf, but as a friend suggested that this type of diet increased the risk of calcification of the other heart valves, he chose to change it, even before checking the veracity of the information.</p>
        <p>He had been warned that a diet rich in vegetables could make it difficult to handle anticoagulation, but he had no doubts: he had found the motivation to live a healthier life after the surgery. He proudly eliminated meats and chose vegetables, instead. He felt much better and he no longer had shortness of breath. Convinced of the benefits of his new lifestyle, he died 6 months after surgery due to intracranial hemorrhage, as he had to take more anticoagulants to compensate for the diet&#8230; Our patient got the mantra right, but not the method. He opted for a supposedly healthier life that was wrongly put into practice, at the wrong time and was unable to enjoy his discipline or the new lifestyle.</p>
        <p>A mantra represents a deep conviction, summed up in a phrase, word or attitude that is repeated in order to achieve a state of communion with oneself and the environment where we live. The method is an organized process, technique or way of doing something, according to a logical plan, aiming to achieve a previously defined objective. The method must be clear enough to be reproduced. The mantra is less tangible, more conceptual. Method and mantra can be responsible for the success or failure of innumerous initiatives. More often than the mantra, the method is often questioned and it is generally assumed that the method needs to be revised, when an objective cannot be achieved. Less frequently, the mantra is discussed because it is based on axioms. But the mantra and the method are inseparable.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Disagreements in the Pandemic</title>
          <p>In a moment of complete irrationality regarding the COVID-19 pandemic, which, in addition to the sad number of fatalities, is characterized by a disparity of opinions, conduct and a search for a redeeming solution,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> it is worth asking about what went wrong: mantra or method? Or were both, method and mantra, wrong?</p>
          <p>Even with effects that go far beyond health issues, the pandemic is essentially a medical problem. However, the inability and unpreparedness of health systems to propose effective solutions has been evident throughout the world. It is as if all the training, knowledge and experience with historically similar situations, had been forgotten or was insufficient and inadequate to deal with the current situation. I cannot prove it, but if a coordinated action plan had been implemented, better results would have been obtained, fewer lives would have been lost and there would have been fewer sequelae. If not for the almost instinctive dedication of selfless health professionals, who are the real heroes in this whole mess, the disaster could have been even greater.</p>
          <p>During the 2009 financial crisis, a cohesive plan and rapid and coordinated action by the central banks minimized the crisis. It was a financial problem that was solved by the group of financial experts. What is going wrong in the pandemic, then? Why are health systems and their leaders unable to propose an orderly action? Mantra and method seem hopelessly disconnected here.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Recurring Mantras, Proposed Methods and Their Consequences:</title>
          <p>We have been long listening to three recurring mantras related to medical practice and Medicine in Brazil. For each mantra, a method has been proposed. The first one suggests that the country needs doctors and, therefore, more and more doctors are essential. Problem solved: several medical schools were opened throughout the country.</p>
          <p>The second mantra focuses on the doctors&#8217; need for academic improvement: more science to better serve! In response to that, the &#8216;Final Term Paper&#8217; was created in 1983 and postgraduate school grew.</p>
          <p>Finally, the most recent of the mantras, recommends complementing medical training with business improvement courses to facilitate the communication between doctors and administrators. Doctors and managers together, speaking the same language &#8211; marketing, finance, human resources, accounting &#8211; would inevitably improve care. Therefore, never have so many doctors attended a Master in Business Administration (MBA) course as in recent years.</p>
          <p>In principle, the three components could have converged to the greater good: more doctors with better academic training, tuned in and working side by side with managers! Mantra and method in harmony. However, the scenario we see is quite different from the one we imagined. It seems like the opposite has happened: many more doctors with inadequate training, without any aptitude for the scientific method and unable to understand the stringency of research, working not in partnership, but under the control of health managers. Mantra and method in dissonance.</p>
          <p>We will try to assess how these variables may have influenced, either separately or together, resulting in the complete disarticulation that continues to occur during the pandemic. Of course, these are peculiarities of the Brazilian reality and do not explain the meager capacity of health systems to react in many countries (not all). Perhaps, we are even using the pandemic as a pretext for this reflection and we might be accused of opportunism when trying to debate issues not necessarily connected to it; however, let us get to the facts.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Inadequate number of physicians in Brazil</title>
          <p>Brazil has approximately 450,000 doctors almost symmetrically divided between men and women: 2.2 doctors per 1,000 inhabitants.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> It seems a pretty reasonable number. Therefore, in a country with around 200 million inhabitants, we have 350 medical schools, 105 public and 245 private ones. The United States has 300 million people and 131 medical schools; China has 1.3 billion people and 150 medical schools. In Brazil, we have trained 30,000 new doctors every year for at least 5 years. There are 15 doctors per 100,000 inhabitants per year, a number far from that found in countries such as Denmark, which in 2015 had 23 medical graduates per 100,000 inhabitants.</p>
          <p>Apparently, the numbers do not talk to each other, given the huge discrepancy. This is because there seems to be no magical number. It all depends on how health systems are structured in each country. It is obvious, however, that there is a number below which the quality of care is compromised, but another one above which the quality does not improve. And that number varies between countries, health regions and systems. We do not intend to determine herein what the appropriate number for Brazil is, but it is supposed to be 2.5 doctors per 1,000 inhabitants. It is thought that this number refers to well-trained doctors but this information is neither known nor discussed. However, as in all professions, the work of 10 poorly-qualified professionals can be done by a single well-qualified one. Therefore, it is of no use if the doctor/inhabitant ratio is adequate, if the quality of the professional is not.</p>
          <p>Right or wrong, given the tremendous competition for vacancies, the system of access to medical courses continues to select a group of talented young people who end up being underutilized for lack of opportunity inside the medical schools. In many of them, for instance, there is no proximity between medical schools and hospitals to provide the student with the necessary training. In others, there are not enough medical residency programs to accommodate all medical graduates. And the residency is a vital part of the medical training. The cause of this poor performance, therefore, does not seem to be the students&#8217; fault, but the poor quality of training in many medical schools, which are not ready for the complex task of training a doctor in 6 years.</p>
          <p>Moreover, Brazil will always be in need of physicians as long as it is the exclusive obligation of a physician to change a prescription, fill out an exam request, make a prenatal assessment, perform an exercise test or an abdominal ultrasound. We will never reach the ideal number of professionals as long as the &#8220;medical act&#8221; &#8211; created by doctors themselves &#8211; continues to justify the unplanned opening of medical schools across the country. The mantra and the method, therefore, have to change. Forget the obsession with numbers &#8211; assuming that everything can be solved if there are enough people &#8211; and focus on improving quality so that the size of the workforce can be resized.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Research Incentive</title>
          <p>Amid this hubbub, a subterfuge was created, which is incomprehensible from my viewpoint, called &#8216;Final Term Paper&#8217; (FTP). The FTP is not part of the National Curricular Guidelines for the Medical Course but has been used in private and some public colleges, as a local institutional rule. In theory, it is a mandatory academic work and an instrument for the final evaluation of a higher education course, prepared in the form of a dissertation, aiming at the student&#8217;s initiation and involvement with scientific research. What would the premise of this requirement have been if it did not suggest that conducting research or scientific work improves the medical doctor&#8217;s qualification?</p>
          <p>I do not know about other disciplines, but there is nothing more wrong than applying this concept to Medicine. There are countless examples of very talented doctors who have no aptitude for research, as well as excellent researchers who do not feel comfortable interacting with patients. Occasionally, the two interests can converge on the same professional, without making it necessarily better on either side. Clinical excellence does not depend on research excellence. Doctors can and must learn to interpret scientific articles without having to carry out such research. This would indeed be vital, to avoid that in crises such as the current one, unscientific postures be adopted. Who knows, we would not have to go through the embarrassing situation of disputing the importance and role of randomized clinical trials compared to observational studies. In this sense, the FTP is of little help: those who like research do not need it to continue researching. Those who do not like research, feel used and their interest, which was already scarce, disappears. The FTP should be optional, and the best papers should be duly recognized, promoted and awarded to inspire other students.</p>
          <p>The FTP requirement contrasts head-on with the relatively easy acceptance to participate in a doctorate in Medicine. In some programs, the doctoral thesis will be the first and only work submitted by the author. Very often, the work and the research grant associated to it, is used exclusively to maintain the doctor&#8217;s relationship with the hospital and not to achieve the primary purpose of getting a PhD: the advancement of knowledge in a specific area, through the production of unprecedented and high-level knowledge, made by someone who seeks scientific and / or academic growth under the guidance of people and groups who have deep knowledge in those areas of study. The doctorate should represent the apex of the career and not an end in itself. Therefore, it cannot be used as an instrument to encourage research.</p>
          <p>Moreover, few Brazilian universities use the system for compilation of the author&#8217;s work inside a given line of research. As an example of a different approach to the doctorate, last year, one of the authors participated in two doctorate Board of Examiners of Australian doctors. The work was sent by e-mail: a compendium of more than 500 pages, bringing together several contributions by the author (unprecedented works published in scientific journals with independent reviewers) on the addressed topic and a final summary connecting all these observations into a relevant conclusion. Therefore, the evaluator does not interact with the student, maintaining the impersonality and concentrating on the value of the work, which are proper under this circumstance. The evaluator&#8217;s considerations are sent to the university, which decides whether the student deserves the Ph.D. title.</p>
          <p>This experience contrasts with some of the national ones where, sometimes, friends and family participate in the presentation of the doctoral work, without that work and its author going through the appropriate scientific screening. In theory, this would be the role of the qualification class. Commonly, however, the team selected for the examination does not have the impact of the members of the final board. Ideally, it would be exactly the opposite: the board that comprises the examination class, including the greatest authorities on the subject and young researchers, aiming to accolade them, should evaluate the final thesis presentation. We insist on doing the opposite, because there is an expectation of validating the process, before it has actually been validated. Perhaps that is why there is a huge interest in obtaining a Ph.D. degree in Medicine in Brazil. In other countries, physicians of great academic prominence do not have a doctorate and are not interested in having the title. Much more important than the degree itself is the contribution to knowledge.</p>
          <p>The quality of research, however, whether or not added to postgraduate programs, is essential to assess hospitals and educational institutions. Invariably, the institution&#8217;s category is associated with the performance of research: the more research, the better the institution. For this reason, large hospitals encourage the interaction between doctors and researchers. In Brazil, the equation becomes more complicated, since the vast majority of the national medical scientific production is carried out in public colleges or in hospitals linked to these colleges, which, as a rule, have fewer resources and are unable to offer the same level of care to patients as private hospitals do, where there is little academic production. Therefore, there is no incentive for research in private hospitals and colleges. Evidently, there are exceptions, but this is the rule. One hopes these exceptions will serve as inspiration for the strategic planning of others. Appropriate mantra, but wrong method: there is a complete inversion of values in relation to the stimulation of research in Brazil.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>MBA for Medical Doctors</title>
          <p>To further complicate this entire situation, another disparity seems evident to us. Many physicians, throughout their careers, are legitimately interested in learning about management. Several opportunities for improvement are available in this area. Many professionals are invited to take such courses, sometimes offered by the hospital itself, where they concentrate their activities. All of this seems valid, but perhaps a more reasonable and balanced approach would be possible: for each physician taking an MBA, a manager would be enrolled in a course of the same duration to learn how to understand the foundation of medical thinking.</p>
          <p>For the time being, the mantra insists that we doctors need to better understand the intricate business relationship involved in providing the service. But we are physicians, not service providers. We do not have customers; we have patients. The perspectives of doctors and managers are completely different ones, because the decision regarding the individual, their health, and their life, is always more complex. Many managers do not know this point of view: the group is impersonal, the individual is not. The manager&#8217;s failure or success impacts his bonus. The doctor&#8217;s decision has other consequences. Although it seems reasonable to suggest that physicians should learn the managers&#8217; language to improve the quality and efficiency of the service provided by them, the inverse hypothesis cannot be ignored. Unfortunately, most medical managers invariably assume the role of managers&#8217; representative to the group of doctors; never the other way around. Instead of innovating, they become mere caretakers of pre-existing processes and the collaboration gets stalled.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>What should be done?</title>
          <p>We must redesign the mantra and the method to reconcile the interests between doctors, patients, population and managers. The general concept is a simple one: better medical schools, encouraging each student&#8217;s natural talent, whether or not related to research, creating a professional identity that allows us to interact on an equal basis with other actors involved in the provision of medical service, centered on institutions that value research to guide their strategic planning and, for that reason, become a reference. Perhaps by doing this, we will have better luck in the next pandemic.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgments</title>
        <p>The authors would like to thank Dr. Fatima Dumas Cintra and Mr. J&#250;lio Tude d&#8217;Avila for their suggestions and critical review of this manuscript.</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
