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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">RdX6PmrRXT4yFYy3SwMLHTc</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021000200351</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20201171</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20201171</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta Cient&#237;fica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Corrente de Sobreviv&#234;ncia &#224; COVID-19</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6583-6595</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Timerman</surname>
            <given-names>Sergio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guimar&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Helio Penna</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rochitte</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Polastri</surname>
            <given-names>Thatiane Facholi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Ant&#244;nio Cartaxo Queiroga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Alberto Urquiza Wanderley</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Jo&#227;o Pessoa</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PB</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Alberto Urquiza Wanderley - Hemodin&#226;mica e Cardiologia Intervencionista, Jo&#227;o Pessoa, PB - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Metropolitano Dom Jos&#233; Maria Pires</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Jo&#227;o Pessoa</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PB</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Metropolitano Dom Jos&#233; Maria Pires, Jo&#227;o Pessoa, PB - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Sergio Timerman &#8226; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - Rua Para, 270 CEP 01243-020, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil E-mail: <email>timerman@cardiol.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Timerman S; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Timerman S, Guimar&#227;es HP, Rochitte CE, Polastri TF; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Timerman S, Guimar&#227;es HP, Rochitte CE, Polastri TF, Lopes MACQ.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesses</p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>01</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>116</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>351</fpage>
      <lpage>354</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>COVID-19</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronav&#237;rus</kwd>
        <kwd>Betacoronav&#237;rus</kwd>
        <kwd>Medicina Baseada em Evid&#234;ncia</kwd>
        <kwd>Sobreviv&#234;ncia</kwd>
        <kwd>Cuidados M&#233;dicos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="29"/>
        <page-count count="4"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec>
      <title>Sum&#225;rio</title>
      <p>O termo Corrente de Sobreviv&#234;ncia fornece uma met&#225;fora &#250;til para os elementos do conceito de atendimento &#224;s v&#237;timas da COVID 19. Seus cinco elos s&#227;o:</p>
      <list list-type="bullet">
        <list-item>
          <p> CI&#202;NCIA &#8211; Medicina baseada em evid&#234;ncias (pol&#237;ticas p&#250;blicas e pol&#237;ticas)</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>SENSIBILIZA&#199;&#195;O &#8211; Sensibiliza&#231;&#227;o e conscientiza&#231;&#227;o da popula&#231;&#227;o</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>TREINAMENTO &#8211; Treinamento de profissionais de sa&#250;de individualmente e em equipe</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>ESTRUTURA &#8211; Equipamento e estrutura&#231;&#227;o do pr&#233;-hospitalar e do hospital no atendimento &#224; COVID-19</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>RETOMADA &#8211; Retorno do paciente e da equipe</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
      <p>Uma forte Corrente de Sobreviv&#234;ncia pode melhorar as chances de sobreviv&#234;ncia e recupera&#231;&#227;o para as v&#237;timas da COVID-19.</p>
      <p>Realiza&#231;&#227;o: Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (SBC), Associa&#231;&#227;o Brasileira de Medicina de Emerg&#234;ncia (ABRAMEDE)</p>
      <p>Nota: Essa corrente se presta a informar e n&#227;o a substituir o julgamento cl&#237;nico do m&#233;dico que, em &#250;ltima an&#225;lise, deve determinar o tratamento apropriado para seus pacientes.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Em dezembro de 2019, a Comiss&#227;o Municipal de Sa&#250;de e Saneamento de Wuhan, Prov&#237;ncia de Hubei, China, relatou um grupo de 27 casos de pneumonia de etiologia desconhecida, sendo 7 graves. Em janeiro de 2020, as autoridades chinesas identificaram um novo v&#237;rus da fam&#237;lia <italic>Coronaviridae</italic>, ent&#227;o denominado &#8216;novo coronav&#237;rus&#8217; ou 2019-nCoV e, posteriormente, SARS-CoV-2 (s&#237;ndrome respirat&#243;ria aguda grave coronav&#237;rus 2). A doen&#231;a do novo coronav&#237;rus foi denominada COVID-19.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> Desde ent&#227;o, a COVID-19 alastrou-se, tendo acometido, at&#233; a primeira quinzena de outubro, 35.628.628 indiv&#237;duos em todo o mundo, sendo os Estados Unidos e o Brasil o epicentro, com 9.385.506 e 5.566.049 casos, respectivamente. No mesmo per&#237;odo, foram registrados 1.215.756 &#243;bitos e o Brasil permanecia em segundo lugar nesse <italic>ranking</italic>, com 160.496 mortes.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>As medidas de emerg&#234;ncia para tratar pacientes com COVID-19 e conter o surto s&#227;o a principal prioridade em cada um dos pa&#237;ses. No entanto, &#233; prov&#225;vel que essas medidas resultem em danos colaterais para pacientes com outras doen&#231;as agudas, al&#233;m de agravar as condi&#231;&#245;es econ&#244;micas e sociais da popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>A Corrente de Sobreviv&#234;ncia &#224; COVID-19 refere-se &#224; cadeia de eventos que deve ocorrer em r&#225;pida sucess&#227;o para maximizar as chances de sobreviv&#234;ncia &#224; doen&#231;a e de restabelecimento de fluxos de sa&#250;de e sociais. Trata-se de uma met&#225;fora simples para demonstrar ao p&#250;blico seu papel vital no controle da COVID-19, bem como o papel dos profissionais da sa&#250;de nessa corrente. Sugere que cada elo seja cr&#237;tico e interdependente e que a corrente de sobreviv&#234;ncia seja forte quando consolidada em todos os seus elos, cuja abordagem efetiva possa ajudar a salvar vidas.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Princ&#237;pios gerais</title>
        <p>Aprendendo com o drama mundial da COVID-19, este artigo aborda os principais aspectos do papel dos t&#233;cnicos de sa&#250;de que, em paralelo com o corpo gerencial e m&#233;dico, t&#234;m respondido &#224;s necessidades em constante mudan&#231;a, proporcionando ambientes de cuidado adequado para os infectados e prote&#231;&#227;o para outros pacientes e operadores.</p>
        <p>Esta explos&#227;o pand&#234;mica, de fato, destacou a import&#226;ncia dos sistemas de sa&#250;de e hospitais em primeiro lugar e sua gest&#227;o constante como parte relevante de toda a governan&#231;a neste momento dram&#225;tico e complexo.</p>
        <p>Este artigo tem por objetivo criar e descrever detalhadamente os componentes estruturais de uma Corrente de Sobreviv&#234;ncia &#224; COVID-19. As recomenda&#231;&#245;es contidas neste documento s&#227;o baseadas nas evid&#234;ncias dispon&#237;veis no momento da sua elabora&#231;&#227;o e na opini&#227;o de especialistas. O conhecimento em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; COVID-19 evolui de forma din&#226;mica e r&#225;pida; logo, os protocolos para reintrodu&#231;&#227;o com seguran&#231;a de atendimentos m&#233;dicos e de procedimentos invasivos e n&#227;o invasivos est&#227;o em constante evolu&#231;&#227;o e adapta&#231;&#227;o. Este projeto foi idealizado pela Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia e pela Associa&#231;&#227;o Brasileira de Medicina de Emerg&#234;ncia, como uma fonte de refer&#234;ncia para seus associados. As recomenda&#231;&#245;es apresentadas, contudo, n&#227;o devem ser usadas como &#250;nica base para a defini&#231;&#227;o de protocolos locais, devendo outras fontes atualizadas ser consideradas &#224; medida que o conhecimento na &#225;rea evolui.</p>
        <p>O mesmo esfor&#231;o sistem&#225;tico, organizado e coordenado em uma comunidade continua sendo a recomenda&#231;&#227;o mais forte que podemos fazer para salvar mais pessoas acometidas pela COVID-19. A met&#225;fora dos elos de uma corrente provou ser bem-sucedida em muitos aspectos na ressuscita&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>,<xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup> A utiliza&#231;&#227;o de uma Corrente de Sobreviv&#234;ncia &#224; COVID-19 pode identificar pontos fracos nos &#8216;elos do sistema de aten&#231;&#227;o e combate &#224; pandemia e assim auxiliar as comunidades a otimizarem o tratamento de pacientes cr&#237;ticos acometidos pela COVID-19.</p>
        <p>Nesse contexto, todos passam a ser fundamentais e devem trabalhar em harmonia. Principais gestores de sa&#250;de, equipes de profissionais de sa&#250;de, do servi&#231;o t&#233;cnico, da engenharia cl&#237;nica, da gest&#227;o de risco, da farm&#225;cia, entre outros, constituem um sistema, cujo trabalho, &#224; semelhan&#231;a daquele de uma orquestra, requer gerenciamento din&#226;mico e opera&#231;&#227;o em campo.</p>
        <p>A sobreviv&#234;ncia &#224; forma grave da COVID-19 depende de uma sequ&#234;ncia de interven&#231;&#245;es cr&#237;ticas. Se uma dessas a&#231;&#245;es cr&#237;ticas for negligenciada ou atrasada, diminuem as chances de sobreviv&#234;ncia. Usamos o termo Corrente de Sobreviv&#234;ncia para descrever essa sequ&#234;ncia. A Corrente de Sobreviv&#234;ncia &#224; COVID-19 possui cinco elos interdependentes, como mostrado na <xref rid="f01" ref-type="fig">Figura 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Corrente de Sobreviv&#234;ncia &#224; COVID-19.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-02-0351-01171-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <sec>
          <title>&#8226; CI&#202;NCIA: Medicina baseada em evid&#234;ncias (pol&#237;ticas e pol&#237;ticas p&#250;blicas) &#8211; A cadeia de comando no sistema de sa&#250;de e o desafio COVID-19</title>
          <p>Um ponto essencial &#233; ocupar espa&#231;o no debate p&#250;blico, aproveitando o que a pandemia nos ensina como ocasi&#227;o para uma avalia&#231;&#227;o objetiva sobre a governan&#231;a dos sistemas de sa&#250;de. A discuss&#227;o necessariamente continuar&#225;, como deve ser em uma democracia, mas &#233; fundamental que as li&#231;&#245;es do per&#237;odo dram&#225;tico sejam aprendidas.</p>
          <p>A medicina baseada em evid&#234;ncias consiste no uso expl&#237;cito e consciencioso das melhores evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas para tomada de decis&#227;o no cuidado ao paciente. A medicina baseada em evid&#234;ncias busca unir a experi&#234;ncia do m&#233;dico, os valores e desejos dos pacientes e a melhor evid&#234;ncia cient&#237;fica dispon&#237;vel.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>-<xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> A pandemia da COVID-19 tem promovido sens&#237;veis repercuss&#245;es pessoais e pol&#237;ticas no &#226;mbito da sociedade, impactando discuss&#245;es calorosas e verdadeiros embates no agonismo e antagonismo de novos/velhos f&#225;rmacos ou tratamentos. Esses cen&#225;rios, no entanto, jamais modificam a demanda por melhores evid&#234;ncias de ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados especificamente desenhados para determinar as modalidades de tratamento baseadas em evid&#234;ncias para reduzir a propaga&#231;&#227;o dessa doen&#231;a e prevenir o fardo de surtos futuros.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>-<xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>&#8226; SENSIBILIZA&#199;&#195;O: Sensibilizar e conscientizar a popula&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>Embora muitas terapias tenham sido sugeridas, at&#233; o momento nenhuma op&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica &#233; capaz de tratar a COVID-19 ou agir de forma profil&#225;tica quanto &#224; infec&#231;&#227;o por SARS-CoV-2. A &#250;nica interven&#231;&#227;o atualmente vi&#225;vel e comprovada para reduzir a taxa de cont&#225;gio parece ser o uso de medidas estritas de isolamento social para a popula&#231;&#227;o em geral.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> Os resultados de revis&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas e meta-an&#225;lises apoiam o distanciamento f&#237;sico de pelo menos 1 metro e fornecem estimativas quantitativas para modelos de rastreamento de contatos. O uso ideal de m&#225;scaras faciais, a higieniza&#231;&#227;o adequada das m&#227;os e a prote&#231;&#227;o de contato em face/olhos nos ambientes p&#250;blicos parecem promover impacto.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>,<xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup> MacIntyre et al.,<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup> em estudo randomizado comparando o uso de m&#225;scaras de tecido com m&#225;scaras cir&#250;rgicas em profissionais de sa&#250;de, verificaram um n&#250;mero significativamente maior de acometimento respirat&#243;rio entre os usu&#225;rios de m&#225;scaras de tecido. Estudos e recomenda&#231;&#245;es poster0iores,<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>-<xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> envolvendo simula&#231;&#227;o aplicada &#224; distribui&#231;&#227;o populacional e transmiss&#227;o da COVID-19, demonstraram que o uso cont&#237;nuo de m&#225;scara facial (filtrante de 20-50% do ar exalado) pela popula&#231;&#227;o, mesmo assintom&#225;tica, reduz significativamente a dissemina&#231;&#227;o da COVID-19, com efeitos ben&#233;ficos independentemente de potenciais grupos da popula&#231;&#227;o associados a maior risco. Tal redu&#231;&#227;o pode ser potencialmente otimizada quando combinada ao distanciamento social. Portanto, &#233; plaus&#237;vel e necess&#225;rio considerar que todos os indiv&#237;duos utilizem m&#225;scaras quando expostos a aglomera&#231;&#245;es e outras situa&#231;&#245;es de alto risco, em especial devido &#224; maior transmissibilidade no per&#237;odo precoce assintom&#225;tico da doen&#231;a.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>&#8226; TREINAMENTO: Treinamento dos profissionais de sa&#250;de (individual e em equipe)</title>
          <p>A interrup&#231;&#227;o da educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica permanente estendeu-se muito al&#233;m de resid&#234;ncia m&#233;dica. O cancelamento de congressos, cursos e simp&#243;sios, a redu&#231;&#227;o de equipes cl&#237;nicas pelo afastamento de profissionais contaminados, a relut&#226;ncia quanto ao deslocamento para treinamentos, os confinamentos, o intenso ac&#250;mulo de fun&#231;&#245;es e o aumento da carga de trabalho na pandemia da COVID-19 exigiram a implementa&#231;&#227;o de tecnologias, assim como a adapta&#231;&#227;o e a a&#231;&#227;o imediata para minimizar a lacuna educacional.<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>,<xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup></p>
          <p>As teleconfer&#234;ncias j&#225; haviam sido introduzidas como meio &#250;til de educa&#231;&#227;o continuada muito antes da COVID-19. No entanto, com a pandemia, o uso proeminente dessa tecnologia envolveu estrat&#233;gias de ensino entre institui&#231;&#245;es,<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>-<xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref></sup> tornando-se o meio fundamental para a continuidade da educa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica permanente e provando sua utilidade. Aplicativos diversos e multim&#237;dias de reuni&#227;o virtual permitiram que departamentos cl&#237;nicos implementassem palestras e sess&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, bem como faculdades de medicina continuassem suas atividades, al&#233;m de permitir que hospitais/diretorias cl&#237;nicas continuassem a realizar seus relat&#243;rios e discuss&#245;es de casos.</p>
          <p>O ensino m&#233;dico baseado em simula&#231;&#227;o manteve-se como estrat&#233;gia adequada durante a pandemia, com adequa&#231;&#245;es tais quais a redu&#231;&#227;o do n&#250;mero de participantes, implementa&#231;&#227;o de equipamentos de prote&#231;&#227;o individual e desinfec&#231;&#227;o de manequins.<sup><xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref>-<xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>&#8226; ESTRUTURA: Equipamento e estrutura&#231;&#227;o do pr&#233;-hospitalar e do hospital no atendimento &#224; COVID-19</title>
          <p>Diante da necessidade imediata de lidar com uma doen&#231;a nova, a telemedicina propiciou aprendizado interdisciplinar e assist&#234;ncia a dist&#226;ncia.<sup><xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref></sup> Por exemplo, no Brasil, m&#233;dicos intensivistas e emergencistas puderam atuar em consultorias para o atendimento de pacientes com COVID-19, contribuindo indiretamente para o manejo cl&#237;nico baseado em evid&#234;ncias.<sup><xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>-<xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref></sup> O projeto Tele UTI, executado de forma colaborativa por cinco hospitais privados filantr&#243;picos para atendimento de 2.500 leitos de unidade de terapia intensiva do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de liderado pelo Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, consiste em visita m&#233;dica di&#225;ria aos pacientes internados nas unidades de terapia intensiva, com &#234;nfase nos casos de s&#237;ndrome respirat&#243;ria aguda grave e suspeita de COVID-19.<sup><xref rid="B27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>&#8226; RETOMADA: Retorno do paciente e da equipe</title>
          <p>O momento da reintrodu&#231;&#227;o dos atendimentos m&#233;dicos rotineiros e da vida em sociedade deve estar alinhado a pol&#237;ticas sociais e seguir as recomenda&#231;&#245;es das autoridades competentes. &#201; essencial que a comunidade m&#233;dica e a sociedade permane&#231;am vigilantes e atentas a novas evid&#234;ncias e poss&#237;veis novos surtos.<sup><xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref></sup></p>
          <p>As seguintes medidas s&#227;o indispens&#225;veis: adequa&#231;&#227;o da estrutura f&#237;sica com o objetivo de garantir distanciamento f&#237;sico, atrav&#233;s de demarca&#231;&#245;es sinalizadas no ch&#227;o associadas &#224; utiliza&#231;&#227;o de barreiras f&#237;sicas no ambiente, como pain&#233;is de acr&#237;lico ou vidro; disponibiliza&#231;&#227;o do &#225;lcool em gel; sinaliza&#231;&#245;es, como cartazes, placas e p&#244;steres, em locais estrat&#233;gicos com informa&#231;&#245;es sobre higieniza&#231;&#227;o das m&#227;os, etiqueta da tosse e principais sinais e sintomas da COVID-19;<sup><xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref>-<xref rid="B29" ref-type="bibr">29</xref></sup> e, fundamentalmente, o retorno da economia e a adequa&#231;&#227;o social ao &#8216;novo hoje&#8217;.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Rumo ao p&#243;s-COVID-19: Li&#231;&#245;es e desafios para hospitais e infraestruturas de sa&#250;de</title>
      <p>H&#225; evid&#234;ncias de poss&#237;veis repeti&#231;&#245;es de ataques virais em um futuro pr&#243;ximo. A preven&#231;&#227;o e a prepara&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o essenciais, especialmente para o setor da sa&#250;de.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>A primeira li&#231;&#227;o &#233; que este dram&#225;tico per&#237;odo que vivemos exige coragem para mudar: quem trabalha na &#225;rea da sa&#250;de tem que repensar os modelos arquitet&#244;nicos. Os t&#233;cnicos fizeram milagres ao adaptar os hospitais atuais para atender drasticamente &#224;s novas necessidades e, no futuro, devem ser inclu&#237;dos nos processos de planejamento e <italic>design</italic>. A governan&#231;a dos sistemas de sa&#250;de tem que considerar a necessidade de menos fragmenta&#231;&#227;o, de forte coordena&#231;&#227;o nacional. H&#225; que se levar em conta que neste momento temos que caminhar de forma sustent&#225;vel, tendo como metas a preven&#231;&#227;o e a prepara&#231;&#227;o, al&#233;m de um desenvolvimento econ&#244;mico focado no respeito &#224;s pessoas, &#224; comunidade e ao meio ambiente. Assim, devemos nos lembrar da fala de Maquiavel e aproveitar uma crise dram&#225;tica.</p>
      <p>O conceito da Corrente de Sobreviv&#234;ncia &#224; COVID-19 ressalta v&#225;rios princ&#237;pios importantes e, se qualquer elo da cadeia for inadequado, as taxas de sobreviv&#234;ncia ser&#227;o baixas. A fraqueza nos componentes do sistema &#233; a principal explica&#231;&#227;o para a variabilidade nas taxas de sobreviv&#234;ncia.</p>
      <p>Embora todos os elos devam ser fortes, sempre surge a pergunta inevit&#225;vel: qual o mais importante? Certamente o reconhecimento da emerg&#234;ncia e o in&#237;cio da cadeia s&#227;o essenciais e, se ningu&#233;m reconhecer a emerg&#234;ncia e come&#231;ar a agir, a sobreviv&#234;ncia ser&#225; baixa.</p>
      <p>Como a &#8216;Estrutura&#8217; &#233; a &#250;nica interven&#231;&#227;o &#8216;suficiente&#8217;, ou seja, &#233; o elo que trata a COVID-19, &#233; frequentemente proclamado como &#8216;o fator mais importante na determina&#231;&#227;o da sobrevida&#8217;. A efic&#225;cia n&#227;o pode ser identificada examinando um elo individual, pois todo o sistema deve ser avaliado. A verdade, no entanto, &#233; ainda mais satisfat&#243;ria e mais condizente com o conceito de Corrente de Sobreviv&#234;ncia, em que cada elo &#233; importante.</p>
      <p>Uma forte Corrente de Sobreviv&#234;ncia pode melhorar as chances de sobreviv&#234;ncia e recupera&#231;&#227;o das v&#237;timas de COVID-19.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Letter</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>COVID-19 Chain of Survival 2020</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6583-6595</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Timerman</surname>
            <given-names>Sergio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guimar&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Helio Penna</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rochitte</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Polastri</surname>
            <given-names>Thatiane Facholi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Ant&#244;nio Cartaxo Queiroga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6001">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Alberto Urquiza Wanderley - Hemodin&#226;mica e Cardiologia Intervencionista, Jo&#227;o Pessoa, PB - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Metropolitano Dom Jos&#233; Maria Pires, Jo&#227;o Pessoa, PB - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6001">
        <label>6</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Sergio Timerman &#8226;</bold> Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - Rua Para, 270 Postal Code 01243-020, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil E-mail: timerman@cardiol.br </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Timerman S; Writing of the manuscript: Timerman S, Guimar&#227;es HP, Rochitte CE, Polastri TF; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Timerman S, Guimar&#227;es HP, Rochitte CE, Polastri TF, Lopes MACQ.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>COVID-19</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronavirus</kwd>
        <kwd>Betacoronavirus, Evidence Based Medicine</kwd>
        <kwd>Survival</kwd>
        <kwd>Medical Care</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec>
        <title>Abstract </title>
        <p>The term Chain of Survival provides a useful metaphor for the elements involved in the COVID-19 management. The 5 links of the COVID-19 Chain of Survival are:</p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p> SCIENCE - Evidence-based medicine (public policies and policies)</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p> AWARENESS - Increasing population sensitization and awareness</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p> TRAINING - Individual or team training for healthcare professionals</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p> STRUCTURE - Equip and structure the pre-hospital and in-hospital phases of COVID-19 management</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p> RETURN - Return of patients and healthcare professionals</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>A strong Chain of Survival can improve the chances of survival and recovery for victims of COVID-19.</p>
        <p>Initiative: Brazilian Society of Cardiology (SBC) and Brazilian Association of Emergency Medicine (ABRAMEDE).</p>
        <p>Note: The COVID-19 Chain of Survival is aimed at providing information and not at replacing the clinical judgement of physicians, who should determine the appropriate treatment for their patients.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>In December 2019, the Municipal Health and Sanitation Commission of Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, reported a group of 27 cases of pneumonia of unknown etiology, 7 of which were severe. In January 2020, the Chinese authorities identified a new virus in the <italic>Coronaviridae</italic> family that has been named &#8216;new coronavirus&#8217;, 2019-nCoV, and, subsequently, SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2). The disease associated with the new coronavirus has been called COVID-19.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> Since then, COVID-19 has spread, affecting 35 628 628 individuals worldwide by the first fifteen days of October, having the United States and Brazil as its epicenter, with 9 385 506 and 5 566 049 cases, respectively. Regarding the number of deaths in the same period, 1 215 756, Brazil ranks second, with 160 496 deaths.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The emergency measures to treat patients with COVID-19 and restrain the outbreak are number one priority in those countries. However, those measures might result in collateral damage for patients with other acute diseases, in addition to worsening the socioeconomic conditions in those countries.</p>
        <p>The Chain of Survival refers to a chain of events that should occur in rapid sequence to maximize the chances of surviving COVID-19 and restoring the health and social flows. It is a simple metaphor to demonstrate the population&#8217;s vital role in controlling COVID-19, in addition to the role played by healthcare professionals in that control. It suggests that each link of the chain is critical and depends on the preceding one, and that the chain of survival is not only strong when all its links are consolidated, but it might help save lives through the effective approach to its links.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>General principles</title>
          <p>This article addresses the major challenges faced by healthcare technicians, who, with health managers and physicians, have responded to the ever-changing needs regarding COVID-19 management, providing adequate healthcare environments to infected individuals as well as protection to other patients and care providers.</p>
          <p>This pandemic has highlighted the importance of the healthcare systems and hospitals, as well as the need for their constant management as a major part of governance in this challenging and complex situation.</p>
          <p>This article aims at creating and describing the structural components of a COVID-19 Chain of Survival. The recommendations in this document are based on evidence available at the time of its elaboration and on expert opinions. Because the knowledge about COVID-19 rapidly evolves, the protocols for the safe return of medical care and invasive and non-invasive procedures are constantly evolving and adapting. This project has been idealized by the Brazilian Society of Cardiology and the Brazilian Association of Emergency Medicine (ABRAMEDE) to serve as reference for their associates. The recommendations presented, however, should not be used as the sole base to define local protocols; other updated sources should be considered as knowledge in the field evolves.</p>
          <p>Systematic, organized and coordinated effort in the community continues to be the most powerful recommendation we can make to save individuals affected by COVID-19. The metaphor of the links in a chain has proved to be successful in many aspects regarding cardiopulmonary resuscitation.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>,<xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup> The use of the COVID-19 Chain of Survival can identify weak spots not only in the healthcare system &#8216;links&#8217; but also in the fight against the pandemic, and, thus, contribute to optimize the treatment of critical patients with COVID-19. Therefore, all individuals involved are important and should work in harmony. Major health managers, healthcare professionals, technicians, clinical engineers, risk managers and pharmacists, among others, should work as in an orchestra, with dynamic system management.</p>
          <p>Surviving severe COVID-19 depends on a sequence of critical interventions. If one of such critical interventions is neglected or delayed, the chances of survival decrease. The term &#8216;Chain of Survival&#8217; is used to describe that sequence. <xref rid="f01001" ref-type="fig">Figure 1</xref> shows the 5 interdependent links in the COVID-19 Chain of Survival.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; COVID-19 Chain of Survival.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-02-0351-01171-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <sec>
            <title>&#8226; SCIENCE: Evidence-based medicine (policies and public policies) &#8211; The chain of command in the health system and the COVID-19 challenge</title>
            <p>An essential point is to participate in the public debate, learning with the pandemic and objectively assessing the governance of health systems. The discussion will necessarily continue, as it should in a democracy, but it is paramount to learn the lessons of this challenging period.</p>
            <p>Evidence-based medicine is the explicit and conscientious use of the best scientific evidence for the decision-making regarding patient care. Evidence-based medicine aims at uniting the physician&#8217;s experience, the patient values and preferences, and the best scientific evidence available.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>-<xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> The COVID-19 pandemic has had personal and political repercussions, yielding impassioned discussions and true clashes in the agonism and antagonism of new/old drugs or treatments. This scenario, however, does not change the demand for better evidence deriving from randomized clinical trials specifically designed to determine the evidence-based modalities of treatment to reduce the COVID-19 spread and prevent the burden of future outbreaks.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>-<xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup></p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>&#8226; AWARENESS: Increasing population sensitization and awareness</title>
            <p>Although several therapies have been suggested, no specific option has been able to successfully treat COVID-19 or prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection so far. The only feasible intervention that has proven to reduce the transmission rate seems to be the use of strict social distancing measures for the general population.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> The results of systematic reviews and metanalyses have supported the physical distancing of at least 1 meter and have provided quantitative estimates for contact tracing models. The ideal use of face masks, proper hand hygiene, and face/eye protection against contact in public places seem to have an impact.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>,<xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup> MacIntyre et al.,<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup> in a randomized study comparing the use of cloth masks and medical masks in healthcare workers, have found a significantly higher rate of respiratory infection among cloth masks users. Other studies and recommendations,<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>-<xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> involving simulation applied to population distribution and COVID-19 transmission, have shown that the continuous use of face masks (filtering 20-50% of exhaled air) by the general population, even when asymptomatic, significantly reduces COVID-19 spread, with beneficial effects regardless of the population groups associated with higher risk. That reduction can be potentially optimized when social distancing is associated. Therefore, it is plausible and necessary to consider that all individuals should wear masks when exposed to agglomerations and other high-risk situations, especially because of the higher transmissibility in the early asymptomatic phase of COVID-19.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>&#8226; TRAINING: Individual and team training for healthcare professionals</title>
            <p>The interruption of permanent medical education goes beyond medical residence. The cancellation of medical congresses, courses and symposia, the reduction in clinical teams due to absence of contaminated professionals, the reluctance to attend trainings, the confinements, the taking on colleague&#8217;s tasks, and the increase in the workload during the COVID-19 pandemic have required the implementation of technologies, as well as adjustments and immediate action to minimize the educational gap.<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>,<xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup></p>
            <p>Teleconferences had already been introduced as a useful tool for continuing education long before COVID-19 appearance. With the pandemic, their prominent use involved in exchanging learning strategies between institutions<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>-<xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref></sup> made teleconferences the fundamental mean to provide permanent clinical education, proving their usefulness. Several apps and multimedia conferencing have allowed not only clinical departments to implement lectures and clinical sessions, but also medical schools to continue their activities. In addition, hospitals and clinical units could continue to issue reports and discuss their cases.</p>
            <p>Simulation-based medical education has been an adequate tool for learning during the COVID-19 pandemic, provided some adjustments were made, such as the reduction in the number of participants, use of personal protection equipment, and disinfection of mannequins.<sup><xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref>-<xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref></sup></p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>&#8226; STRUCTURE: Equip and structure the pre-hospital and in-hospital phases of COVID-19 management</title>
            <p>In face of the immediate need to manage a novel disease, telemedicine has enabled interdisciplinary and distance learning.<sup><xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref></sup> In Brazil, intensive care and emergency physicians could provide remote care to patients with COVID-19, indirectly contributing to evidence-based clinical management.<sup><xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>-<xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref></sup> The Tele UTI project is a collaborative initiative of five private philanthropic hospitals to provide care to 2500 intensive care beds from the Brazilian Unified Public Health System, under the leadership of the Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein. The project consists in daily remote medical visits to intensive care patients, with emphasis on severe acute respiratory syndrome and suspected COVID-19 cases.<sup><xref rid="B27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref></sup></p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>&#8226; RETURN: Return of patients and healthcare professionals</title>
            <p>The return of routine medical visits and social life should be aligned with social policies and follow the recommendations of competent authorities. It is mandatory that the medical community and the society remain vigilant and pay careful attention to new evidence and possible new outbreaks.<sup><xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref></sup></p>
            <p>The following measures are imperative in healthcare settings: proper physical structure to ensure physical distancing by using floor signaling in association with physical barriers, such as acrylic or glass panels; alcohol gel provision; banners and posters displayed at strategic places with information on hand hygiene, cough etiquette, and COVID-19 major signs and symptoms.<sup><xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref>-<xref rid="B29" ref-type="bibr">29</xref></sup> Last but not least, the economy recovery and the social adequacy to the &#8216;new today&#8217; are fundamental.</p>
            <p>Towards post-COVID-19: Lessons and challenges to hospitals and health infrastructure</p>
            <p>There is evidence of possible repetitions of viral attacks soon. Prevention and preparedness are essential, especially for the healthcare sector.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>The first lesson to be learned is that this challenging period requires courage to change: those who work in the healthcare sector must rethink the architectonic models. Technicians have made miracles by adapting the current hospitals to promptly meet the new demand and should be included in future planning and design processes. The governance of the health systems must consider the need for less fragmentation and stronger national coordination. It is worth considering that we currently must be even more sustainable, aiming at prevention and preparedness, with an economic development focused on respect to people, the community, and the environment. We should, thus, remember Machiavelli and take advantage from a dramatic crisis.</p>
        <p>The concept of the COVID-19 Chain of Survival highlights several important principles, and any frail link in the chain reduces the survival rates. A weak component of the system is the major reason for variability in the survival rates.</p>
        <p>Although all links should be strong, the unavoidable question persists: which is the most important? Recognizing the emergency and starting the chain are certainly essential; thus, if that does not occur, the survival decreases.</p>
        <p>Because &#8216;Structure&#8217; is the only &#8216;sufficient&#8217; intervention, that is, the link that treats COVID-19, it is often referred as &#8216;the most important factor in determining survival&#8217;. However, the efficacy of the chain cannot be assessed based on only one individual link; the chain should be assessed as a whole. In fact, the truth is even more satisfactory and suitable for the concept of the Chain of Survival, in which each link matters.</p>
        <p>A strong Chain of Survival can improve the chances of survival and recovery for COVID-19 victims.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label/>
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p><bold>Sources of Funding</bold>.There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
