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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">KWKLCJnfLCwbTwkGf6kSXBC</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021000200349</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200639</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200639</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta Cient&#237;fica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Por que n&#227;o Pensar na Estimula&#231;&#227;o Cerebral N&#227;o-Invasiva para Controlar a Press&#227;o Arterial?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2068-2606</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ar&#234;as</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Zanela da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7083-8314</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ar&#234;as</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme Peixoto Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Depto Fisioterapia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Programa de p&#243;s gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Fisiol&#243;gicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Vit&#243;ria</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">ES</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo - Depto Fisioterapia, Programa de p&#243;s gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Fisiol&#243;gicas, Vit&#243;ria, ES - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Amazonas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Fisiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Manaus</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">AM</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Amazonas - Departamento de Fisiologia, Manaus, AM - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Fernando Zanela da Silva Ar&#234;as &#8226; Centro de ci&#234;ncias da sa&#250;de - Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo - Av. Marechal Campos, 1468. CEP 29066-050, Vit&#243;ria, ES &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>fernandozanela@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Ar&#234;as FZS, Ar&#234;as GP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesses</p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>01</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>116</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>349</fpage>
      <lpage>350</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Press&#227;o Arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>Estimula&#231;&#227;o Magnetica Transcraniana Corrente Cont&#237;nua</kwd>
        <kwd>Estimula&#231;&#227;o Magn&#233;tica N&#227;o Invasiva/m&#233;todos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="10"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Em 2007, Ridding e Rothwell<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> perguntaram seu editorial: &#8220;H&#225; um futuro para o uso terap&#234;utico da estimula&#231;&#227;o magn&#233;tica transcraniana?&#8221;, chamando a aten&#231;&#227;o para a quantidade de estudos e hip&#243;teses sendo constru&#237;das em torno da estimula&#231;&#227;o cerebral n&#227;o invasiva (ECNI). De fato, na &#233;poca, o foco do uso da ECNI era nas doen&#231;as neurol&#243;gicas e psiqui&#225;tricas. &#192; medida que o entendimento da fisiologia do sistema nervoso sobre o sistema cardiovascular foi ampliado, outras ideias surgiram. Em sua hip&#243;tese, Cogiamanian et al.,<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> chamaram a aten&#231;&#227;o para a possibilidade de tratamento da hipertens&#227;o arterial utilizando ECNI - estimula&#231;&#227;o magn&#233;tica transcraniana repetitiva (EMTr) e estimula&#231;&#227;o transcraniana por corrente cont&#237;nua (ETCC). De 2010 at&#233; o presente, muitas perguntas foram respondidas sobre os reais efeitos da ECNI, atrav&#233;s de pesquisas experimentais e cl&#237;nicas.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref> , <xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref> </sup> O entendimento que temos hoje dos efeitos fisiol&#243;gicos que as t&#233;cnicas de estimula&#231;&#227;o cerebral t&#234;m nas c&#233;lulas neuronais e associando isso ao complexo controle neural do sistema cardiovascular, nos perguntamos: existe a possibilidade dessa abordagem eficaz de tratamento da hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica? Se pensarmos no baixo custo, f&#225;cil ades&#227;o do paciente, poucos efeitos colaterais, parece-nos razo&#225;vel a necessidade de estudos que investiguem essa poss&#237;vel abordagem. H&#225; alguns anos, a rela&#231;&#227;o entre os mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos da hipertens&#227;o arterial e o sistema nervoso central e perif&#233;rico tem sido mais estudada e pensando nos mecanismos de controle da diminui&#231;&#227;o e regula&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial (PA), v&#225;rias &#225;reas do c&#233;rebro (c&#243;rtex sens&#243;rio-motor, pr&#233;-c&#243;rtex-c&#243;rtex frontal medial e c&#243;rtex insular) controlam diversas fun&#231;&#245;es, tais como: modula&#231;&#227;o da resposta auton&#244;mica, mecanismos vasomotores som&#225;ticos, varia&#231;&#245;es da PA, entre outras.</p>
    <p>Estudos t&#234;m demonstrado que a ECNI pode influenciar o comportamento auton&#244;mico card&#237;aco, por meio da variabilidade dos intervalos R do eletrocardiograma, favorecendo o aumento da atividade simp&#225;tica ou parassimp&#225;tica card&#237;aca dependendo diretamente do est&#237;mulo aplicado.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> Aparentemente, a estimula&#231;&#227;o an&#243;dica aplicada &#224; &#225;rea de controle motor aumenta o t&#244;nus simp&#225;tico, enquanto a estimula&#231;&#227;o an&#243;dica no lobo temporal aumenta o t&#244;nus parassimp&#225;tico (c&#243;rtex insular).<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref> , <xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref> </sup> Entretanto, pouco foi explorado em resposta &#224; ECNI na atividade simp&#225;tica arterial. Sabe-se que a PA &#233; controlada pelo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco (frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e volume sist&#243;lico) e pelo sistema de resist&#234;ncia arterial. A a&#231;&#227;o central da modula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e perif&#233;rica pelo sistema aut&#244;nomo atrav&#233;s da ECNI pode ser uma viabilidade n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica no controle da PA, com grande plausibilidade. A a&#231;&#227;o direta na redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o s&#243; foi verificada quando a estimula&#231;&#227;o cerebral profunda foi realizada na regi&#227;o da subst&#226;ncia cinzenta periventricular/periaquedutal em humanos.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup> Por&#233;m, em estudos com ETCC realizados em indiv&#237;duos normotensos, ela n&#227;o demonstrou nenhum efeito hipotensor.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup> Uma luz no fim do t&#250;nel para o efeito da ECNI na PA foi verificada com um estudo utilizando ETCC em atletas. Maior hipotens&#227;o p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bio foi encontrada quando a ETCC foi aplicada antes do exerc&#237;cio em atletas, n&#227;o tendo efeito em indiv&#237;duos sedent&#225;rios.<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup> Por&#233;m, o efeito de curto, m&#233;dio e longo prazo da ECNI em indiv&#237;duos hipertensos, principalmente por causas idiop&#225;ticas, precisa ser melhor verificado.</p>
    <p>Sabe-se que pacientes hipertensos apresentam maior t&#244;nus simp&#225;tico card&#237;aco e vascular.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Possivelmente, os efeitos card&#237;acos s&#227;o mais esperados com a aplica&#231;&#227;o da ECNI do que os perif&#233;ricos; portanto, podemos esperar a probabilidade de que a diminui&#231;&#227;o da resposta simp&#225;tica em pacientes hipertensos facilite a hipotens&#227;o ou melhore o efeito farmacol&#243;gico e n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gico no tratamento cl&#237;nico.</p>
    <p>Diante dessa rela&#231;&#227;o, entre a PA e a atividade cortical, a ECNI parece ser uma ferramenta com bom potencial a ser explorado, pois os efeitos da estimula&#231;&#227;o cerebral invasiva (estimula&#231;&#227;o cerebral profunda e estimula&#231;&#227;o medular) j&#225; foram demonstrados com bons resultados no controle da PA.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup> A redu&#231;&#227;o da PA &#233; vista como uma rea&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s a estimula&#231;&#227;o magn&#233;tica n&#227;o invasiva. Esta carta chama a aten&#231;&#227;o para esta hip&#243;tese devido aos poucos estudos experimentais e cl&#237;nicos que testaram esta possibilidade e os estudos cl&#237;nicos que temos n&#227;o abordaram de maneira mais incisiva a hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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        <mixed-citation>10. Montenegro RA, Farinatti Pde T, Fontes EB, Soares PP, Cunha FA, Gurgel JL, et al. Transcranial direct current stimulation influences the cardiac autonomic nervous control. Neurosci Lett. 2011;15:497(1):32-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Montenegro</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Farinatti Pde</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fontes</surname>
              <given-names>EB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Soares</surname>
              <given-names>PP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cunha</surname>
              <given-names>FA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gurgel</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Transcranial direct current stimulation influences the cardiac autonomic nervous control</article-title>
          <source> Neurosci Lett </source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <comment>15</comment>
          <volume>497</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>32</fpage>
          <lpage>36</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label/>
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label/>
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p><bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold> .O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Letter</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Why not Think about Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation to Control Blood Pressure?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2068-2606</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ar&#234;as</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Zanela da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7083-8314</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ar&#234;as</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme Peixoto Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo - Depto Fisioterapia, Programa de p&#243;s gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Fisiol&#243;gicas, Vit&#243;ria, ES - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Amazonas - Departamento de Fisiologia, Manaus, AM - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Fernando Zanela da Silva Ar&#234;as &#8226;</bold> Centro de ci&#234;ncias da sa&#250;de - Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo - Av. Marechal Campos, 1468. Postal Code 29066-050, Vit&#243;ria, ES &#8211; Brazil E-mail: fernandozanela@hotmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Ar&#234;as FZS, Ar&#234;as GP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Blood Pressure</kwd>
        <kwd>Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation</kwd>
        <kwd>Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation</kwd>
        <kwd>Transcranial Magnetic Non-Invasive/methods</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>In 2007, Ridding and Rothwell<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup>asked in their editorial: &#8220;Is there a future for the therapeutic use of transcranial magnetic stimulation?&#8221;, drawing attention to the number of studies and hypotheses being built around non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS). In fact, at the time, the focus of the use of NIBS was on neurological and psychiatric diseases. As the understanding of the physiology of the nervous system on the cardiovascular system was broadened, other ideas emerged. In their hypothesis, Cogiamanian et al. (2010)<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup>drew attention to the possibility of treating arterial hypertension using NIBS - repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). From 2010 to the present, many questions have been answered about the real effects of NIBS, through experimental and clinical research.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref> , <xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref> </sup>The understanding we have today of the physiological effects that brain stimulation techniques have on neuronal cells and associating them with the complex neural control of the cardiovascular system, we ask ourselves: is there a possibility of this effective treatment approach for systemic arterial hypertension? If we think about the low cost, easy patient adherence, few side effects, it seems reasonable for us the need for studies that investigate this possible approach. For some years now, the relationship between the pathophysiological mechanisms of arterial hypertension and the central and peripheral nervous system has been further studied and thinking of the descending blood pressure (BP) control and regulation mechanisms, various areas of the brain (sensory motor cortex, pre-cortex - frontal medial and the insular cortex) control several functions such as: modulation of the autonomic response, somatic vasomotor mechanisms, variations in BP, among others.</p>
      <p>Studies have shown that NBIS can influence cardiac autonomic behavior, through the variability of the R intervals of the electrocardiogram, favoring the increase in cardiac sympathetic or parasympathetic activity, depending directly on the applied stimulus.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup>Apparently, anodic stimulation applied to the motor control area increases the sympathetic tone, while anodic stimulation in the temporal lobe increases the parasympathetic tone (Insular cortex).<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref> , <xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref> </sup>However, little has been explored in response to NIBS on arterial sympathetic activity. It is well known that BP is controlled by cardiac output (heart rate and stroke volume) and by the arterial resistance system. The central action of cardiac and peripheral modulation by the autonomic system through NIBS can be a non-pharmacological feasibility in BP control, with great plausibility. The direct action on pressure reduction was only verified when deep brain stimulation was performed in the periventricular/periaqueductal gray matter region in humans.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup>However, in studies with tDCS carried out in normotensive individuals, it failed to show any hypotensive effect.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup>A light at the end of the tunnel for the effect of NIBS on BP was verified in a study using tDCS in athletes. Higher post-aerobic exercise hypotension was found when tDCS was applied before exercise in athletes, with no effect on sedentary individuals.<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup>However, the short, medium and long-term effect of NIBS in hypertensive individuals, mainly due to idiopathic causes, needs to be better verified.</p>
      <p>It is known that hypertensive patients have greater cardiac and vascular sympathetic tone.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>It is possible that cardiac effects are more expected with the application of NIBS than peripheral ones, thereby we can expect the likelihood that the decreased sympathetic response in hypertensive patients facilitates hypotension or improve the pharmacological and non-pharmacological effect in the clinical treatment.</p>
      <p>In view of this relationship between BP and cortical activity, NIBS seems to be a tool with good potential to be explored, as the effects of invasive brain stimulation (deep brain stimulation and spinal cord stimulation) have already been demonstrated with good results in the control of BP.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup>The reduction in BP is seen as a reaction after non-invasive magnetic stimulation. This letter draws attention to this hypothesis due to the few experimental and clinical studies that have tested this possibility and the clinical studies that we have, did not address systemic arterial hypertension more strongly.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label/>
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label/>
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p><bold>Sources of Funding</bold> .There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
