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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">78pqsVbkTL5vVsVkkDS8Fmd</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021000200346</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200536</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200536</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta Cient&#237;fica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Transplante Cardiopulmonar: Quando Indicar?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7243-5343</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Manuel P&#234;go</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8232-3097</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Faria</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriela Favaro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Reis</surname>
            <given-names>Fl&#225;vio Pola dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abdalla</surname>
            <given-names>Lu&#237;s Gustavo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Afonso</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Eduardo</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bacal</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Paulo Manuel P&#234;go Fernandes &#8226; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o &#8211; Cardiopneumologia &#8211; Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. CEP 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>paulo.fernandes@incor.usp.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Fernandes PMP; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Reis FP, Abdalla LG; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Faria GF; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Fernandes PMP, Afonso Junior JE, Bacal F.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesses</p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>01</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>116</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>346</fpage>
      <lpage>348</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Transplante Cora&#231;&#227;o-Pulm&#227;o/tend&#234;ncias</kwd>
        <kwd>Embolia Pulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o Pulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Lit&#237;ase</kwd>
        <kwd>Acidente Vascular Cerebral</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="11"/>
        <page-count count="3"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>O transplante cardiopulmonar (TCP) teve seu auge no final da d&#233;cada de 1980 e in&#237;cio dos anos 1990, com quase 300 transplantes realizados por ano em todo o mundo. Com os avan&#231;os no tratamento da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) e pulmonar, esse n&#250;mero caiu consideravelmente, sendo que, em 2017 foram realizados apenas 62 TCPs em todo o mundo.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>,<xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> Existe uma enorme discuss&#227;o sobre o perfil de pacientes que pode se beneficiar do TCP e o melhor momento em que ele deve ser indicado.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Relato de caso</title>
      <p>Relatamos o caso de uma paciente de 46 anos, com diagn&#243;stico de comunica&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular (CAV), submetida a corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica em 2006, que evoluiu com hipertens&#227;o pulmonar secund&#225;ria em p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio tardio. Apresentava antecedentes pessoais como: acidente vascular cerebral em 2014, com hemiplegia &#224; direita, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial cr&#244;nica e lit&#237;ase biliar. Referenciada ao servi&#231;o de transplante, a paciente foi inclu&#237;da em lista de espera para o procedimento ap&#243;s discuss&#227;o multidisciplinar. Evoluiu com necessidade de interna&#231;&#227;o por dispneia e piora da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca classe funcional II para IV (de acordo com a New York Heart Association, NYHA). Uma angiotomografia de t&#243;rax mostrou tromboembolismo pulmonar cr&#244;nico (TEPC) das art&#233;rias principais e ramos interlobares. Um ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico mostrou disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD) grave com press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar (PSAP) de 129 mmHg, presen&#231;a de fluxo bidirecional transeptal, e pelo menos dois orif&#237;cios compat&#237;veis com comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial (CIA) do tipo <italic>ostium secundum</italic>, medindo 10 mm e 8 mm, respectivamente.</p>
      <p>A paciente evoluiu com progress&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e piora do quadro cl&#237;nico (dispneia aos m&#237;nimos esfor&#231;os, cianose central), aumento da press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar (PSAP = 153mmHg) e necessidade de uso de inotr&#243;pico (milrinone) cont&#237;nuo. Foi realizada uma resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca, que identificou retorno da CIA (<xref rid="f01" ref-type="fig">Figura 1</xref>) e TEPC na art&#233;ria pulmonar direita (<xref rid="f02" ref-type="fig">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca mostrando comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-02-0346-00536-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca evidenciando tromboembolismo na art&#233;ria pulmonar direita (seta vermelha) e o aumento do tronco da art&#233;ria pulmonar.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-02-0346-00536-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Ap&#243;s discuss&#227;o na C&#226;mara T&#233;cnica da Central Estadual de Transplantes, a paciente foi priorizada na fila do transplante e, ap&#243;s cinco meses de interna&#231;&#227;o, o TCP foi realizado no Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (HIAE). O doador era do sexo masculino, 18 anos, e a causa de morte encef&#225;lica tinha sido acidente vascular cerebral hemorr&#225;gico (AVCH).</p>
      <p>A incis&#227;o cir&#250;rgica foi feita por bitoracotomia anterior com esternotomia transversal tipo Clamshell, com instala&#231;&#227;o da circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea (CEC) por meio da canula&#231;&#227;o na aorta ascendente e drenagem nas veias cavas superior e inferior. Durante a cardiectomia, os nervos fr&#234;nicos foram identificados bilateralmente e liberados com margens de seguran&#231;a.</p>
      <p>Durante as pneumonectomias, preservou-se a regi&#227;o do nervo lar&#237;ngeo recorrente para evitar les&#245;es. O implante do bloco cardiopulmonar iniciou-se pelas anastomoses br&#244;nquicas, seguidas da aorta e das veias cavas. O tempo de isquemia do enxerto foi 255 minutos e o tempo de CEC, 195 minutos. Ap&#243;s sa&#237;da da CEC, a paciente foi submetida a tromboelastograma e coagulograma, corrigido conforme resultado com plaquetas, fibrinog&#234;nio e complexo protromb&#237;nico, al&#233;m de dois concentrados de hem&#225;cias.</p>
      <p>A paciente foi admitida na unidade de terapia intensiva em ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica, recebendo 0,5 micro/kg/min de noradrenalina; 0,06 micro/kg/min de vasopressina; 3,7 micro/kg/min de dobutamina. A profilaxia utilizada foi meropenem e vancomicina e, na indu&#231;&#227;o, metilprednisolona e basiliximabe. Para a imunossupress&#227;o, utilizamos Tacrolimus, prednisona e micofenolato.</p>
      <p>A paciente foi entubada no segundo dia p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, com rela&#231;&#227;o PO<sub>2</sub>/FiO<sub>2</sub> de 400. Nas primeiras 72 horas ap&#243;s o transplante, a paciente apresentou disfun&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria do enxerto I (DPE), apenas pela altera&#231;&#227;o radiol&#243;gica, sem repercuss&#227;o cl&#237;nica. Permaneceu na unidade de terapia intensiva por quatro dias e recebeu alta hospitalar no 34&#186; dia p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Atualmente, est&#225; em acompanhamento ambulatorial, referindo boa qualidade de vida.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>A International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT) reporta que a maior indica&#231;&#227;o para o TCP continua sendo a hipertens&#227;o pulmonar, devido &#224; hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar idiop&#225;tica ou secund&#225;ria a doen&#231;as card&#237;acas cong&#234;nita (como a Sindrome de Eisenmenger), que representa 60% a 70% dos transplantes nas &#250;ltimas tr&#234;s d&#233;cadas, seguida da Fibrose C&#237;stica com 14,9%.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>,<xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A op&#231;&#227;o pelo transplante isolado de cora&#231;&#227;o e pulm&#227;o para os pacientes que antigamente seriam tratados com o TCP, bem como os avan&#231;os no tratamento da hipertens&#227;o pulmonar refletiu na diminui&#231;&#227;o do n&#250;mero de TCP realizados.</p>
      <p>Os exames pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios devem ser criteriosamente analisados, pois os pacientes que ser&#227;o indicados e submetidos ao TCP podem ter comprometimento de outros &#243;rg&#227;os, como f&#237;gado e rim, al&#233;m de congest&#227;o venosa sist&#234;mica cr&#244;nica. Outro ponto a ser verificado &#233; se o receptor tem painel imunol&#243;gico positivo, pois, devido a procedimentos pr&#233;vios com transfus&#245;es, o paciente pode ser sensibilizado.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O manejo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio do TCP &#233; semelhante ao dos pacientes submetidos ao transplante pulmonar isoladamente. As causas comuns de morte nos primeiros 30 dias s&#227;o fal&#234;ncia do enxerto, complica&#231;&#245;es t&#233;cnicas e infec&#231;&#227;o. A s&#237;ndrome de bronquiolite obliterante (BOS) e a disfun&#231;&#227;o do aloenxerto pulmonar (DEP) continuam sendo as principais causas de mortalidade no primeiro ano.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>H&#225; na literatura internacional uma grande discuss&#227;o sobre a necessidade e a indica&#231;&#227;o do TCP ou quando recomendar o transplante pulmonar ou card&#237;aco isoladamente. No Brasil, a 3&#170; Diretriz Brasileira de Transplante Card&#237;aco aconselha que, em casos de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar fixa, o TCP pode ser considerado.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> Por&#233;m, alguns pontos devem ser levados em considera&#231;&#227;o: a anatomia, o agravamento da insufici&#234;ncia ventricular, hipertens&#227;o, condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e hemodin&#226;micas do paciente e piora da qualidade de vida, &#237;ndice card&#237;aco e disfun&#231;&#227;o renal.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Uma desvantagem do TCP &#233; o uso de um doador para um paciente, enquanto poderiam ser realizados um transplante card&#237;aco e pulmonar bilateral ou dois unilaterais, em dois ou tr&#234;s pacientes.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Existem muitos pacientes no Brasil que podem se beneficiar do TCP, seja por cardiopatia cong&#234;nita ou por Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Pulmonar (HAP) de qualquer etiologia, em que o acometimento &#233; severo e irrevers&#237;vel.<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>,<xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>O TCP deve ser considerado como op&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica para pacientes cuidadosamente selecionados. O momento de indica&#231;&#227;o para o transplante, antes que a doen&#231;a se agrave, &#233; de fundamental import&#226;ncia para atingir bons resultados. O manejo desses pacientes requer cuidado complexo e multidisciplinar. H&#225; uma demanda em parte oculta em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o que pode se beneficiar desse tipo de transplante.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label/>
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label/>
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Sociedade Beneficente Israelita Brasileira Albert Einstein sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 4.038.465. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p><bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>.O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Letter</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cardiopulmonary Transplantation: When to Indicate?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7243-5343</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Manuel P&#234;go</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8232-3097</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Faria</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriela Favaro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Reis</surname>
            <given-names>Fl&#225;vio Pola dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abdalla</surname>
            <given-names>Lu&#237;s Gustavo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Afonso</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Eduardo</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bacal</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Paulo Manuel P&#234;go Fernandes &#8226;</bold> Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o &#8211; Cardiopneumologia &#8211; Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. Postal Code 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: paulo.fernandes@incor.usp.br </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Fernandes PMP; Acquisition of data: Reis FP, Abdalla LG; Writing of the manuscript: Faria GF; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Fernandes PMP, Afonso Junior JE, Bacal F.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart&#8211;Lung Transplantation/trends</kwd>
        <kwd>Pulmonary Embolism</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertenson Pulmonary</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>Lithiasis</kwd>
        <kwd>Stroke</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Cardiopulmonary transplantation (CPT) peaked in the late 1980s and early 1990s, with almost 300 transplants performed each year worldwide. With the advances in the treatment of heart and lung failure, this number has dropped considerably, and in 2017 only 62 CPTs were performed worldwide.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>,<xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> There is a huge discussion about the profile of patients who can benefit from CPT and the best time for its indication.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Case report</title>
        <p>We describe the case of a 46-year-old female patient diagnosed with atrioventricular communication (AVC), who underwent surgical correction in 2006 and developed secondary pulmonary hypertension in the late postoperative period. Her personal history was: stroke in 2014, with right hemiplegia, chronic atrial fibrillation, and biliary lithiasis. Referred to the transplant service, the patient was put on a waiting list for the procedure after a multidisciplinary discussion. She evolved with need for hospitalization due to dyspnea and worsening of heart failure, from functional class II to IV (according to the New York Heart Association, NYHA). A chest computed tomography (CT) scan showed chronic pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) of the main arteries and interlobar branches. A transthoracic echocardiogram showed severe right ventricular (RV) dysfunction with pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) of 129 mmHg, presence of transeptal bidirectional flow, and at least two orifices compatible with <italic>ostium secundum</italic> type atrial septal defect, measuring 10 mm and 8 mm, respectively.</p>
        <p>The patient evolved with progression of cardiac dysfunction and worsening of clinical picture (dyspnea on minimal exertion, central cyanosis), increased pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP = 153mmHg) and need for continuous inotropic use (milrinone). A cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed and identified return of the AVC (<xref rid="f01001" ref-type="fig">Figure 1</xref>) and PTE in the right pulmonary artery (<xref rid="f02001" ref-type="fig">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging showing interatrial communication.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-02-0346-00536-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging showing thromboembolism in the right pulmonary artery (red arrow) and an enlarged pulmonary artery trunk.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-02-0346-00536-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>After a discussion at the Technical Chamber of the State Transplant Center, the patient was prioritized in the transplant wait line and, after five months of hospitalization, the CPT was performed at Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (HIAE). The donor was an 18-year-old male, whose cause of brain death had been hemorrhagic stroke.</p>
        <p>The surgical incision was made by anterior thoracotomy with Clamshell-type transverse sternotomy, and the installation of extracorporeal circulation (ECC) through cannulation in the ascending aorta and drainage in the superior and inferior vena cava. During cardiectomy, phrenic nerves were identified bilaterally and released with safety margins.</p>
        <p>During pneumonectomy, the region of the recurrent laryngeal nerve was preserved to prevent injuries. The implantation of the cardiopulmonary block started with bronchial anastomoses, followed by the aorta and vena cava. The graft ischemia time was 255 minutes and the ECC time was 195 minutes. After being removed from ECC, the patient was submitted to a thromboelastogram (TEG) and a coagulogram, corrected according to result with platelets, fibrinogen and prothrombin complex, in addition to two red blood cell concentrates.</p>
        <p>The patient was admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) in mechanical ventilation, receiving 0.5 micro/kg/min of norepinephrine; 0.06 micro/kg/min of vasopressin; 3.7 micro/kg/min of dobutamine. The prophylaxis used was meropenem and vancomycin and, in induction, methylprednisolone and basiliximab. For immunosuppression, we used Tacrolimus, prednisone and mycophenolate.</p>
        <p>The patient was extubated on the second postoperative day, with a PO<sub>2</sub>/FiO<sub>2</sub> ratio of 400. In the first 72 hours after transplantation, the patient had primary graft dysfunction I (PGD), only due to a radiological alteration without clinical repercussion. She remained in the ICU for four days and was discharged on the 34<sup>th</sup> postoperative day. Currently, she is under outpatient follow-up, reporting a good quality of life.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT) reports that the major indication for CPT is pulmonary hypertension, due to idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension or secondary to congenital heart disease (such as Eisenmenger Syndrome), which represents 60% a 70% of transplants in the past three decades, followed by Cystic Fibrosis, with 14.9%.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>,<xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The option for isolated heart and lung transplantation for patients who would previously be treated with CPT, as well as advances in the treatment of pulmonary hypertension, are reflected in the decrease in number of CPTs performed.</p>
        <p>Preoperative exams must be carefully analyzed, as patients who will be referred and submitted to CPT may have involvement of other organs, such as liver and kidney, in addition to chronic systemic venous congestion. Another point to be verified is whether the recipient has a positive immune panel, because previous transfusion procedures could sensitize the patient.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The postoperative management of CPT is similar to that of patients undergoing lung transplantation alone. Common causes of death in the first 30 days are graft failure, technical complications, and infection. Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) and pulmonary allograft dysfunction remain the main causes of mortality in the first year.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>There is a discussion in the international literature about the need and indication for CPT or when to recommend lung or heart transplantation alone. In Brazil, the 3rd Brazilian Guidelines on Cardiac Transplantation advises that, in cases of fixed pulmonary hypertension, CPT can be considered.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> However, some points must be taken into account: anatomy, worsening of ventricular failure, hypertension, clinical conditions and hemodynamics of the patient, worsened quality of life, cardiac index and renal dysfunction.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A disadvantage of CPT is the use of one donor for a patient, while a bilateral or two unilateral heart and lung transplantation could be performed in two or three patients.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>There are many patients in Brazil who can benefit from CPT, whether due to congenital heart disease or Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) of any etiology, in which the involvement is severe and irreversible.<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>,<xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>CPT should be considered as a therapeutic option for carefully selected patients. The time for referral for transplantation, before the disease gets worse, is of utmost importance to achieve good results. The management of these patients requires complex and multidisciplinary care. There is a hidden demand in our population that can benefit from this type of transplantation.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label/>
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label/>
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Sociedade Beneficente Israelita Brasileira Albert Einstein under the protocol number 4.038.465. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p><bold>Sources of Funding</bold>.There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
