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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">PkRyBBWnvXDtr46XrwhHFJw</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021000200332</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20201296</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20201296</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Al&#233;m do Escore CHA2DS2-VASc para Predizer o Risco de Tromboembolismo e Acidente Vascular Cerebral - N&#227;o &#233; t&#227;o Simples!</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1840-4372</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Machline-Carrion</surname>
            <given-names>M. Julia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <institution content-type="orgname">ePHealth Primary Care Solutions</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">ePHealth Primary Care Solutions, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: M. Julia Machline-Carrion &#8226; Rua Inhambu, 635, apt 132. CEP 04520-012, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil E-mail: <email>mjuliacarrion@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>01</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>116</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>332</fpage>
      <lpage>333</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Diabetes</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Aterosclerose</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Acidente Vascular Cerebral</kwd>
        <kwd>Embolia e Trombose</kwd>
        <kwd>Circula&#231;&#227;o Cerebrovascular</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="15"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>O acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) isqu&#234;mico pode ser o resultado de uma variedade de causas, como aterosclerose da circula&#231;&#227;o cerebral, oclus&#227;o de pequenos vasos cerebrais e embolia card&#237;aca.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> Dessas causas, o AVC cardioemb&#243;lico tem um significado especial, porque a embolia card&#237;aca causa acidentes vasculares cerebrais mais graves do que outros subtipos de AVC isqu&#234;mico.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> Em cerca de 20% dos pacientes que tiveram AVC isqu&#234;mico, uma fonte principal de risco card&#237;aco, como fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) e/ou trombos do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, &#233; identificada. Assim, avaliar a presen&#231;a de FA e o risco de tromboembolismo associado a les&#245;es card&#237;acas t&#234;m um papel fundamental na preven&#231;&#227;o do AVC.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Idade, sexo masculino, hipertens&#227;o, diabetes mellitus, doen&#231;a card&#237;aca valvular, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva, doen&#231;a card&#237;aca coron&#225;ria, doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica, dist&#250;rbios inflamat&#243;rios, apneia do sono e uso de tabaco foram estabelecidos como fatores de risco para FA<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup> e acidente vascular cerebral.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> No entanto, pode ser que outros fatores atriais al&#233;m da FA possam resultar em tromboembolismo e, em alguns casos, a FA pode ser um fator retardador marcador dessas outras anormalidades atriais trombog&#234;nicas. A FA frequentemente ocorre no contexto de anormalidades atriais, como disfun&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica no ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup> Essas anormalidades do substrato atrial foram recentemente associadas ao risco de AVC independentemente da FA. O escore CHA2DS2-VASc (insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva, hipertens&#227;o, idade &#8805; 75 anos, diabetes mellitus, acidente vascular cerebral ou ataque isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio (AIT), doen&#231;a vascular, idade de 65 a 74 anos, categoria de sexo) &#233; uma ferramenta validada para prever o risco de acidente vascular cerebral e &#234;mbolos sist&#234;micos em pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial n&#227;o-valvular e tem sido amplamente utilizado para orientar a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>-<xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo (AAE) representa uma das principais fontes de trombos card&#237;acos respons&#225;veis pelo acidente vascular cerebral em pacientes com FA<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup> e isso provavelmente se deve &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas anat&#244;micas dessa estrutura, que facilitam o fluxo sangu&#237;neo mais lento em seu interior. Um achado interessante &#233; que a trombose do AAE pode ocorrer mesmo em pacientes com escore CHA2DS2-VASc menor (&lt;2) e isso pode estar relacionado &#224; sua morfologia. A rela&#231;&#227;o entre os achados da ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica e o escore CHA2DS2-VASc ainda n&#227;o foi estabelecida, uma vez que a maioria dos estudos avalia a associa&#231;&#227;o da presen&#231;a de trombo com o escore.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>,<xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup> Linhares et al.,<sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup> recentemente apresentaram resultados interessantes sugerindo que a morfologia trombog&#234;nica do AAE identificada na ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica (ETE) apresentou maior risco de acidente vascular cerebral, independentemente do escore CHA2DS2-VASc.<sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Entretanto, n&#227;o est&#225; claro se outro par&#226;metro, o di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo (DAE) combinado com o sistema de escore CHA2DS2-VASc pode melhorar os resultados preditivos de trombose do &#225;trio esquerdo/ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo. O artigo de Zhang Y e Yi Qiang Y,<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup> um estudo retrospectivo incluindo 238 pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial n&#227;o valvar, prop&#245;e investigar o valor do di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo combinado com o escore CHA2DS2-VASc na predi&#231;&#227;o da trombose do &#225;trio esquerdo/ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo na fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial n&#227;o valvar. Os autores descobriram que a an&#225;lise da curva de caracter&#237;stica de opera&#231;&#227;o do receptor revelou que a &#225;rea sob a curva para o escore CHA2DS2-VASc na previs&#227;o de trombose atrial esquerda/trombose do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo foi 0,593 quando o escore CHA2DS2-VASc era &#8805;3 pontos, e a sensibilidade e especificidade foram de 86,5% e 32,6%, respectivamente, enquanto a &#225;rea sob a curva para o DAE na previs&#227;o de trombose atrial esquerda/trombose do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo foi 0,786 quando o DAE era &#8805; 44,17 mm, e a sensibilidade e especificidade foram de 89,6% e 60,9%, respectivamente. Al&#233;m disso, eles descobriram que, entre os diferentes grupos CHA2DS2-VASc, a incid&#234;ncia de trombose atrial esquerda/trombose do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo em pacientes com DAE &#8805; 44,17 mm foi maior do que em pacientes com DAE &lt;44,17 mm.</p>
    <p>Em vez de uma resposta definitiva a essa pergunta intrigante, o artigo de Zhang Y e Yi-Qiang Y,<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup> representa principalmente um importante gerador de hip&#243;teses. Os achados s&#227;o realmente interessantes. No entanto, os leitores devem considerar aspectos importantes que podem limitar a generaliza&#231;&#227;o e a aplica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica desses achados no momento atual. Primeiro, a sensibilidade do modelo preditivo permaneceu moderada mesmo ap&#243;s a adi&#231;&#227;o do par&#226;metro DAE; segundo, a especificidade do modelo foi muito baixa para ser sugerida como uma ferramenta padr&#227;o; terceiro, devido aos grandes intervalos de confian&#231;a observados na an&#225;lise da associa&#231;&#227;o dos diferentes grupos do escore CHA2DS2-VASc, DAE e ocorr&#234;ncia de trombose, uma consider&#225;vel incerteza ainda permanece nesses resultados. Finalmente, estudos prospectivos maiores s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para entender melhor o papel dos par&#226;metros card&#237;acos, como o DAE e o risco de tromboembolismo.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <italic>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Valor do Di&#226;metro do &#193;trio Esquerdo com Escore CHA2DS2-Vasc na Predi&#231;&#227;o da Trombose Atrial Esquerda/Trombose de Ap&#234;ndice Atrial Esquerdo na Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial N&#227;o Valvar</italic>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Beyond CHA2DS2-VASc for Predicting the Risk of Thromboembolism and Stroke - Not That Simple!</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1840-4372</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Machline-Carrion</surname>
            <given-names>M. Julia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">ePHealth Primary Care Solutions, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"> Mailing Address: M. Julia Machline-Carrion &#8226; Rua Inhambu, 635, apt 132. Postal Code 04520-012, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil E-mail: mjuliacarrion@gmail.com </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Diabetes</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Atherosclerosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>Stroke</kwd>
        <kwd>Embolism and Thrombosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Cerebrovascular Circulation</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Ischemic stroke can result from a variety of causes, such as atherosclerosis of the cerebral circulation, occlusion of cerebral small vessels, and cardiac embolism.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> Of these causes, cardioembolic stroke has a particular significance because cardiac embolism causes more severe strokes than other ischemic stroke subtypes.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> In about 20% of patients who have had ischemic stroke, a major risk cardiac source, such as atrial fibrillation (AF) and/or left ventricular thrombi, is identified. Thus, assessing the presence of AF, and the risk of thromboembolism associated to cardiac lesions play a key role in stroke prevention. <sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Age, male gender, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, valvular heart disease, congestive heart failure, coronary heart disease, chronic kidney disease, inflammatory disorders, sleep apnea, and tobacco use have all been established as risk factors for both AF<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup> and stroke.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> However, it may be that other atrial factors besides AF can result in thromboembolism, and in some cases, AF may be a lagging marker of these other thrombogenic atrial abnormalities. AF often occurs in the setting of atrial abnormalities such as mechanical dysfunction in the left atrial appendage.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup> These abnormalities of atrial substrate have recently been associated with stroke risk independently of AF. The CHA2DS2-VASc (congestive heart failure, hypertension, age &#8805; 75 years, diabetes mellitus, stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA), vascular disease, age 65 to 74 years, sex category) score is a validated tool to predict the risk of stroke and systemic emboli in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation and has been widely used to guide clinical practice.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>-<xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Left atrial appendage (LAA) represents one of the main sources of cardiac thrombi responsible for stroke in patients with AF<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup> and this is probably due to the anatomical characteristics of this structure, which facilitate slower blood flow inside it. An interesting finding is that LAA thrombosis can occur even in patients with a lower CHA2DS2VASc score (&lt; 2) and this may be related to its morphology. The relationship between the findings of transesophageal echocardiography and the CHA2DS2-VASc score has not yet been established, since most studies evaluate the association in the presence of thrombus with the score.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>,<xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup> Linhares et al.,<sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup> recently presented interesting results suggesting that the thrombogenic morphology of LAA identified in transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) presented a higher risk of stroke regardless of the CHA2DS2VASc score.<sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>However, it remains unclear whether another parameter, the left atrial diameter (LAD) combined with the CHA2DS2-VASc scoring system can improve the predictive results of left atrial/left atrial appendage thrombosis. Zhang Y e Yi-Qiang Y,<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup> in a retrospective study including 238 patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation, proposed to investigate the value of left atrial diameter combined with CHA2DS2-VASc score in predicting the left atrial/left atrial appendage thrombosis in non-valvular atrial fibrillation. The authors have found that the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed that the area under the curve for the CHA2DS2-VASc score in predicting left atrial/ left atrial appendage thrombosis was 0.593 when the CHA2DS2-VASc score was &#8805; 3 points, and the sensitivity and specificity was 86.5% and 32.6%, respectively, while the area under the curve for LAD in predicting left atrial/ left atrial appendage thrombosis was 0.786 when LAD was &#8805; 44.17 mm, and the sensitivity and specificity was 89.6% and 60.9%, respectively. Additionally, they have found that among the different CHA2DS2-VASc groups, the incidence of left atrial/ left atrial appendage thrombosis in patients with a LAD of &#8805; 44.17 mm was higher than in patients with a LAD &lt; 44.17 mm.</p>
      <p>Rather than a definitive answer to this intriguing question, the paper by Zhang Y and Yi-Qiang Y<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup> mostly represents an important hypothesis generator. The findings are interesting indeed. However, the readers should consider important aspects that may limit the generalizability and clinical application of these findings at the present moment. First, the sensitivity of the predictive model remained moderate even after the addition of the LAD parameter; second, the specificity of the model was too low to be suggested as a standard tool; third, due to the large confidence intervals observed in the analysis of the association of the different different CHA2DS2-VASc groups, LAD and occurrence of thrombosis, a considerable uncertainty still remains in these results. Finally, larger prospective studies are needed to better understand the role of cardiac parameters, such as LAD and the risk of thromboembolism.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <italic>Short Editorial relatet to the article: Value of Left Atrial Diameter with CHA2DS2-VASc Score in Predicting Left Atrial/Left Atrial Appendage Thrombosis in Non-valvular Atrial Fibrillation</italic>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
