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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">wQkMwNgRWxFt7fVNG63BgPd</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021000200325</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20190492</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190492</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Valor do Di&#226;metro do &#193;trio Esquerdo com Escore CHA2DS2-Vasc na Predi&#231;&#227;o da Trombose Atrial Esquerda/Trombose de Ap&#234;ndice Atrial Esquerdo na Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial N&#227;o Valvar</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zhang</surname>
            <given-names>Yu</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1585-9200</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Yuan</surname>
            <given-names>Yi-Qiang</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Cardiovascular Hospital of Zhengzhou</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Zhengzhou</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cardiovascular Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou - China</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Yi-Qiang Yuan &#8226; Cardiovascular Hospital of Zhengzhou &#8211; Cardiolgy - No.17 Jingnan 5 Street, Economic &amp; Technological District Zhangzhou 450000 China Zhangzhou 450000 - China E-mail: <email>yuanyq639841@163.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Yi-Qiang Y; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Zhang Y.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesses</p>
          <p>Os autores declaram n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>03</day>
        <month>0</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>116</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>325</fpage>
      <lpage>331</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamentos</title>
          <p> A fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial &#233; a arritmia persistente mais comum e &#233; o principal fator que leva ao tromboembolismo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Investigar o valor do di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo combinado com o escore CHA2DS2-VASc na predi&#231;&#227;o da trombose atrial esquerda/trombose de ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo na fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial n&#227;o valvar.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Trata-se de estudo retrospectivo. 238 pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial n&#227;o valvar foram selecionados e divididos em dois grupos: trombose e n&#227;o trombose. Determinou-se o escore CHA2DS2-VASc. Valores de p&lt;0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada revelou que hist&#243;rico de acidente vascular cerebral/ataque isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio, doen&#231;a vascular, escore CHA2DS2-VASc, DAE, DDFVE e FEVE foram fatores de risco independentes para trombose atrial esquerda/trombose de ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo (p&lt;0,05). A an&#225;lise da curva ROC ( <italic>Receiver Operating Characteristic</italic> ) revelou que a &#225;rea sob a curva para o escore CHA2DS2-VASc na predi&#231;&#227;o de trombose atrial esquerda/trombose de ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo foi de 0,593 quando o escore CHA2DS2-VASc foi &#8805;3 pontos, e a sensibilidade e especificidade foram 86,5% e 32,6%, respectivamente, enquanto a &#225;rea sob a curva para o DAE na predi&#231;&#227;o de trombose atrial esquerda/trombose de ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo foi 0,786 quando o DAE foi &#8805;44,17 mm, e a sensibilidade e especificidade foram 89,6% e 60,9%, respectivamente. Entre os diferentes grupos CHA2DS2-VASc, a taxa de incid&#234;ncia de trombose atrial esquerda/trombose de ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo em pacientes com DAE &#8805;44,17 mm foi maior do que em pacientes com DAE &lt;44,17 mm (p &lt;0,05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> O escore CHA2DS2-VASc e o DAE est&#227;o correlacionados com a trombose atrial esquerda/trombose de ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo na fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial n&#227;o valvar. Para pacientes com escore CHA2DS2-VASc de 0 ou 1, quando o DAE &#233; &#8805;44,17 mm, o risco de trombose atrial esquerda/trombose de ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo permaneceu alto. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial N&#227;o Valvar</kwd>
        <kwd>Acidente Vascular Cerebral</kwd>
        <kwd>Avalia&#231;&#227;o de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Escore de Propens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>&#193;trio Esquerdo</kwd>
        <kwd>Ap&#234;ndice Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Trombose</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="19"/>
        <page-count count="7"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) &#233; a arritmia persistente mais comum e &#233; o principal fator que leva ao tromboembolismo.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> Nos &#250;ltimos anos, com o envelhecimento da popula&#231;&#227;o na China, a incid&#234;ncia dessa doen&#231;a aumentou.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> Portanto, essa doen&#231;a representa uma s&#233;ria amea&#231;a &#224; vida e &#224; sa&#250;de das pessoas. Quando a FA ocorre, o &#225;trio card&#237;aco n&#227;o pode se contrair regularmente e efetivamente e o fluxo sangu&#237;neo diminui, o que aumenta muito o risco de trombose atrial esquerda/trombose de ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo,<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup> e a trombose atrial esquerda/trombose de ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo aumenta ainda mais o risco de epis&#243;dios de tromboembolismo.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup> Portanto, a avalia&#231;&#227;o cient&#237;fica da trombose atrial esquerda/trombose de ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo &#233; de grande import&#226;ncia para orientar o tratamento e melhorar o progn&#243;stico dos pacientes. O CHA2DS2-VASc &#233; um escore atualmente e amplamente usado para avaliar o risco de acidente vascular cerebral em pacientes com FA n&#227;o valvar, e desempenha um papel importante na determina&#231;&#227;o de fatores de alto risco e orienta&#231;&#227;o do tratamento.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> No entanto, o escore depende principalmente do registro do hist&#243;rico do paciente. Um estudo revelou que <xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr"><sup>6</sup></xref> o tamanho do &#225;trio esquerdo estava intimamente relacionado &#224; trombose atrial esquerda/trombose de ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo. No entanto, n&#227;o est&#225; claro se o di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo combinado com o escore CHA2DS2-VASc pode melhorar os resultados preditivos de trombose atrial esquerda/trombose de ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os fatores relacionados &#224; trombose atrial esquerda/trombose de ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo em pacientes com FA n&#227;o valvar e explorar o valor do di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo combinado com o escore CHA2DS2-VASc na predi&#231;&#227;o de trombose atrial esquerda/trombose de ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo, a fim de fornecer refer&#234;ncias para a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Dados e m&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Dados gerais</title>
        <p>Trata-se de um estudo retrospectivo. Os dados foram coletados em prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos. No total, 238 pacientes com FA n&#227;o valvar, hospitalizados no Zhengzhou Cardiovascular Hospital de fevereiro de 2012 a mar&#231;o de 2017, foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo. Crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o: (1) pacientes diagnosticados por eletrocardiograma (ECG) ou ECG din&#226;mico; (2) pacientes submetidos &#224; ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica. Crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o: (1) pacientes com cardiopatia reum&#225;tica, FA valvar e FA parox&#237;stica; (2) pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aguda descompensada em 90 dias e pacientes com hist&#243;rico de cirurgia card&#237;aca; (3) pacientes com embolia pulmonar, trombose venosa profunda, hist&#243;rico de administra&#231;&#227;o de anticoagulantes, como varfarina e rivaroxabana, ou hipolipemiantes, como estatinas; (4) pacientes com tumores malignos, hipertireoidismo e disfun&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica e renal grave. Esse estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do nosso hospital. Todos os pacientes forneceram consentimento informado assinado.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todo</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Aquisi&#231;&#227;o de dados cl&#237;nicos</title>
        <p>Foram coletadas as seguintes informa&#231;&#245;es de todos os pacientes: sexo, idade, curso da FA, tabagismo e alcoolismo, hist&#243;rico de doen&#231;a cr&#244;nica, altura e peso. Calculou-se o &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC). Al&#233;m disso, glicemia em jejum (GJ), colesterol total (CT), triglicer&#237;deos (TG), colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL-c), colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL-c), contagem de plaquetas (Plt), &#225;cido &#250;rico s&#233;rico (AU) e outros indicadores bioqu&#237;micos foram coletados.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica e ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica</title>
        <p>Todos os exames foram realizados por um ultrassonografista experiente com o t&#237;tulo de M&#233;dico Chefe em nosso hospital. Todos os pacientes assinaram o termo de consentimento informado antes do exame. Para realizar o exame, utilizou-se um aparelho diagn&#243;stico de ultrassom Doppler colorido Philips iE33. Realizou-se ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica de rotina, e a frequ&#234;ncia da sonda foi de 2,5 MHz. Foram medidos o di&#226;metro atrial esquerdo (DAE), a dimens&#227;o diast&#243;lica final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (DDFVE) e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE). Posteriormente, administrou-se anestesia far&#237;ngea local com lidoca&#237;na. A seguir, a sonda foi colocada no es&#244;fago at&#233; a localiza&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o, e a frequ&#234;ncia da sonda foi de 5,0 MHz. As se&#231;&#245;es do &#225;trio esquerdo e do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo foram continuamente observadas para determinar se o trombo estava presente no &#225;trio esquerdo/ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo. Esses pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos: grupo trombose e grupo n&#227;o trombose.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Escore CHA2DS2-VASc</title>
        <p>O escore CHA2DS2-VASc foi calculado de acordo com os dados cl&#237;nicos b&#225;sicos dos pacientes:<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> (1) principais fatores de risco (2 pontos por item): idade &#8805;75 anos, AVC isqu&#234;mico e ataque isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio; (2) fatores secund&#225;rios (1 ponto por item): mulheres, com idades entre 65 e 74 anos, hipertens&#227;o, diabetes, doen&#231;a vascular e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica; (3) escore mais baixo de 0 e escore mais alto de 9. Quanto maior o escore, maior a possibilidade de trombose.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Para o agrupamento de dados e an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas, utilizou-se o programa estat&#237;stico SPSS vers&#227;o 21.0. Os dados cont&#237;nuos foram expressos como m&#233;dia&#177;desvio padr&#227;o (x&#177;DP) e comparados entre dois grupos usando o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student n&#227;o pareado de distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, e o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) foi usado para distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. Os dados categ&#243;ricos foram expressos em taxas (%) e comparados entre dois grupos usando o teste <italic>X2</italic> . Realizou-se a an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada para analisar os fatores relacionados que afetaram a trombose atrial esquerda/trombose de ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo. Utilizou-se a curva ROC para analisar os resultados preditivos do di&#226;metro atrial esquerdo e do escore CHA2DS2-VASc para trombose atrial esquerda/trombose de ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo. Valores de p&lt;0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Trombose atrial esquerda/trombose de ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo</title>
        <p>No total, 238 pacientes com FA n&#227;o valvar foram inclu&#237;dos neste estudo. Entre esses pacientes, 151 pacientes eram do sexo masculino e 87 do sexo feminino, e a idade desses pacientes variou de 29 a 86, com m&#233;dia de 61,1&#177;12,4 anos. Nesses 238 pacientes, ocorreu trombose atrial esquerda/trombose de ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo em 46 pacientes, e a incid&#234;ncia foi de 19,3%.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o de dados cl&#237;nicos entre o grupo trombose e o grupo n&#227;o trombose</title>
        <p>Diferen&#231;as de sexo, IMC, curso de FA, propor&#231;&#245;es de pacientes com hist&#243;rico de tabagismo e consumo de &#225;lcool, propor&#231;&#245;es de pacientes com diabetes e doen&#231;a card&#237;aca coronariana, escore CHA2DS2-VASc, GJ, CT, TG, LDL-c, Plt, AU e terapia medicamentosa entre o grupo trombose e o grupo n&#227;o trombose n&#227;o foram estatisticamente significativas (p&gt;0,05). No grupo trombose, a propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com idade &#8805;75, a propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com hipertens&#227;o, a propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, a propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com hist&#243;rico de acidente vascular cerebral/ataque isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio, a propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com hist&#243;rico de doen&#231;a vascular e o escore CHA2DS2-VASc, DAE e DDFVE foram maiores do que aqueles no grupo n&#227;o trombose, enquanto o HDL-c e FEVE foram menores do que aqueles no grupo n&#227;o trombose, e todas as diferen&#231;as foram estatisticamente significativas (p&lt;0,05, <xref rid="t1" ref-type="table">Tabela 1</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Dados cl&#237;nicos do grupo trombose e do grupo n&#227;o trombose</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">&#205;ndice</th>
                  <th>Grupo trombose (n=46)</th>
                  <th>Grupo n&#227;o trombose (n=192)</th>
                  <th><italic>t</italic> /&#967;<sup><bold>2</bold></sup></th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Idade (n, %) </bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&lt;65 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (39,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">112 (58,3)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>65&#8211;74 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (32,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">62 (32,3)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8805;75 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (28,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (9,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">12,668</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sexo (M/F)</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (69,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">119 (62,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,921</td>
                  <td align="center">0,337</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">26.82&#177;3,70</td>
                  <td align="center">25.94&#177;3,01</td>
                  <td align="center">1,696</td>
                  <td align="center">0,091</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Anos de AF (A)</td>
                  <td align="center">4.69&#177;1,69</td>
                  <td align="center">5.10&#177;1,38</td>
                  <td align="center">1,718</td>
                  <td align="center">0,087</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tabagismo (n, %)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (39,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">71 (37,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,921</td>
                  <td align="center">0,337</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Alcoolismo (n, %)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (23,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (18,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,624</td>
                  <td align="center">0,429</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o arterial (n, %)</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (69,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">91 (47,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">7,304</td>
                  <td align="center">0,007</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes mellitus (n, %)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (17,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">44 (22,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,664</td>
                  <td align="center">0,415</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Doen&#231;a coronariana (n, %)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (8,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (4,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,590</td>
                  <td align="center">0,207</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, (n, %)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (15,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (3,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">10,508</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Acidente vascular cerebral/Ataque isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio (n, %)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (37,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (5,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">101,138</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Doen&#231;a vascular (n, %)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (47,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">51 (26,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">7,890</td>
                  <td align="center">0,005</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>GJ (mmol/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">5,72&#177;0,86</td>
                  <td align="center">6,13&#177;1,43</td>
                  <td align="center">1,832</td>
                  <td align="center">0,068</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CT (mmol/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,82&#177;0,96</td>
                  <td align="center">4,66&#177;0,98</td>
                  <td align="center">1,036</td>
                  <td align="center">0,301</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TG (mmol/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,84&#177;1,02</td>
                  <td align="center">1,68&#177;0,92</td>
                  <td align="center">1,055</td>
                  <td align="center">0,292</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDL-c (mmol/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,00&#177;0,54</td>
                  <td align="center">2,96&#177;0,86</td>
                  <td align="center">0,298</td>
                  <td align="center">0,766</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HDL-c (mmol/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,99&#177;0,18</td>
                  <td align="center">1,16&#177;0,31</td>
                  <td align="center">3,458</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Plt (&#215;10<sup>9</sup>/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">209,08&#177;34,45</td>
                  <td align="center">214,43&#177;41,26</td>
                  <td align="center">0,815</td>
                  <td align="center">0,416</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AU (&#956;mol/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">333,70&#177;64,68</td>
                  <td align="center">342,74&#177;70,08</td>
                  <td align="center">0,798</td>
                  <td align="center">0,426</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Escore CHA2DS2-VASc</td>
                  <td align="center">2,26&#177;1,90</td>
                  <td align="center">1,64&#177;1,48</td>
                  <td align="center">2,428</td>
                  <td align="center">0,016</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Grupo CHA2DS2-VASc (n, %)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">2,635</td>
                  <td align="center">0,268</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Escore 0</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (17,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">55 (28,6)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Escore 1</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (30,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">56 (29,2)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Escores &#8805;2</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (52,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">81 (42,2)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DAE (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">45,81&#177;6,16</td>
                  <td align="center">38,55&#177;5,00</td>
                  <td align="center">6,118</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DDFVE (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">51,35&#177;4,38</td>
                  <td align="center">48,53&#177;4,11</td>
                  <td align="center">4,133</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FEVE (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">57,05&#177;10,50</td>
                  <td align="center">61,84&#177;9,17</td>
                  <td align="center">3,092</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Tratamento medicamentoso (n, %) </bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Betabloqueadores</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (32,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">54 (28,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,362</td>
                  <td align="center">0,547</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IECA/BRA</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (45,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">75 (39,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,670</td>
                  <td align="center">0,413</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>
                  <italic>MC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; GJ: glicemia em jejum; CT: colesterol total; TG: triglicer&#237;deos; LDL-c: colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; HDL-C: colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; Plt: contagem de plaquetas; AU: &#225;cido &#250;rico s&#233;rico; DAE: di&#226;metro atrial esquerdo; DDFVE: dimens&#227;o diast&#243;lica final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; IECA: inibidor da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina; BRA: bloqueadores dos receptores de angiotensina.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Fatores relacionados que afetam a trombose atrial esquerda/trombose de ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo</title>
        <p>Com a determina&#231;&#227;o de se a trombose atrial esquerda/trombose de ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo existia como uma vari&#225;vel dependente, e as vari&#225;veis com um valor de p&lt;0,10 como vari&#225;veis independentes, realizou-se an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada. Os resultados revelaram que o hist&#243;rico de acidente vascular cerebral/ataque isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio, doen&#231;a vascular, escore CHA2DS2-VASc, DAE, DDFVE e FEVE foram fatores de risco independentes para trombose atrial esquerda/trombose de ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo (p&lt;0,05, <xref rid="t2" ref-type="table">Tabela 2</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Fatores relacionados a trombo em &#225;trio esquerdo ou ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="17%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">&#205;ndice</th>
                  <th>B</th>
                  <th>EP</th>
                  <th>Wals &#967;<sup><bold>2</bold></sup></th>
                  <th>p</th>
                  <th>OR (CI: 95%)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>AVC/Ataque isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio</td>
                  <td align="center">3,597</td>
                  <td align="center">1,165</td>
                  <td align="center">9,528</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                  <td align="center">36,498 (3,718&#8764;358,322)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Doen&#231;a vascular</td>
                  <td align="center">1,280</td>
                  <td align="center">0,574</td>
                  <td align="center">4,979</td>
                  <td align="center">0,026</td>
                  <td align="center">3,597 (1,168&#8764;11,071)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HDL-c</td>
                  <td align="center">2,574</td>
                  <td align="center">1,021</td>
                  <td align="center">6,354</td>
                  <td align="center">0,012</td>
                  <td align="center">13,124 (1,773&#8764;97,142)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Escore CHA2DS2-VASc</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,441</td>
                  <td align="center">0,171</td>
                  <td align="center">6,610</td>
                  <td align="center">0,010</td>
                  <td align="center">0,644 (0,460&#8764;0,901)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DAE</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,246</td>
                  <td align="center">0,058</td>
                  <td align="center">18,025</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                  <td align="center">0,782 (0,698&#8764;0,876)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DDFVE</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,173</td>
                  <td align="center">0,063</td>
                  <td align="center">7,432</td>
                  <td align="center">0,006</td>
                  <td align="center">0,841 (0,743&#8764;0953)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FEVE</td>
                  <td align="center">0,066</td>
                  <td align="center">0,027</td>
                  <td align="center">5,925</td>
                  <td align="center">0,015</td>
                  <td align="center">1,068 (1,013&#8764;1,126)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>
                  <italic>AVC: acidente vascular cerebral; HDL-C: colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; DAE: di&#226;metro atrial esquerdo; DDFVE: dimens&#227;o diast&#243;lica final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>O valor do DAE e do escore CHA2DS2-VASc na predi&#231;&#227;o de trombose atrial esquerda/trombose de ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo</title>
        <p>A an&#225;lise da &#225;rea sob a curva ROC revelou que quando o escore CHA2DS2-VASc foi usado para predizer a trombose atrial esquerda/trombose de ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo, a &#225;rea sob a curva foi de 0,593 (IC 95%: 0,495&#8211;0.690). Quando o escore CHA2DS2-VASc foi &#8805;3, a sensibilidade e a especificidade foram de 86,5% e 32,6%, respectivamente. Quando o DAE foi usado para prever trombose atrial esquerda/trombose de ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo, a &#225;rea sob a curva foi de 0,786 (IC de 95%: 0,704&#8211;0,868). Quando o DAE foi &#8805;44,17 mm, a sensibilidade e a especificidade foram 89,6% e 60,9%, respectivamente ( <xref rid="f01" ref-type="fig">Figura 1</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; A an&#225;lise da &#225;rea sob a curva ROC revelou que quando o escore CHA2DS2-VASc foi usado para predizer a trombose atrial esquerda/trombose de ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo, a &#225;rea sob a curva foi de 0,593 (IC 95%: 0,495&#8211;0,690). Quando o escore CHA2DS2-VASc foi &#8805;3, a sensibilidade e a especificidade foram de 86,5% e 32,6%, respectivamente. Quando o DAE foi usado para predizer a trombose atrial esquerda/trombose de ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo, a &#225;rea sob a curva foi de 0,786 (IC 95%: 0,704&#8211;0,868). Quando o DAE foi &gt;44,17 mm, a sensibilidade e a especificidade foram 89,6% e 60,9%, respectivamente.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-02-0325-90492-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Efeito do DAE no risco de trombose atrial esquerda/trombose de ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo em pacientes nos diferentes grupos CHA2DS2-VASc</title>
        <p>Nos diferentes grupos CHA2DS2-VASc, a incid&#234;ncia de trombose atrial esquerda/trombose de ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo em pacientes com DAE &#8805;44,17 mm foi maior do que em pacientes com DAE &lt;44,17 mm, e a diferen&#231;a foi estatisticamente significativa (p&lt;0,05, <xref rid="t3" ref-type="table">Tabela 3</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Efeito do di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo sobre o risco de trombose atrial esquerda/trombose de ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo em pacientes com diferentes grupos de CHA2DS2-VASc (mm)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="14%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th rowspan="2" align="left">Grupo CHA2DS2-VASc</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">n</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Trombo de &#225;trio esquerdo/trombo de ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo (n,%)</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">OR</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">&#967;<sup><bold>2</bold></sup></th>
                  <th rowspan="2">p</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>DAE&#8805;44,17</th>
                  <th>DAE&lt;44,17</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Escore 0</td>
                  <td align="center">63</td>
                  <td align="center">6/12 (50,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">3/51 (5,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">8,500 (IC 95%: 1,856&#8764;38.938)</td>
                  <td align="center">9,524</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Escore 1</td>
                  <td align="center">73</td>
                  <td align="center">11/16 (68,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">4/57 (7,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">9,797 (IC 95%: 2,747&#8764;34.943)</td>
                  <td align="center">15,466</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Escore &#8805;2</td>
                  <td align="center">102</td>
                  <td align="center">11/19 (57,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">11/83 (13,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,368 (IC 95%: 1,651&#8764;11.559)</td>
                  <td align="center">9,712</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Como o tipo de arritmia mais comum em Departamentos de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica Cardiovascular, a FA &#233; um fator de risco que leva ao tromboembolismo<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup>. Em compara&#231;&#227;o com a popula&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o FA, o risco de AVC em pacientes com FA aumenta cinco vezes.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, um estudo revelou que<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup> o trombo que causou AVC em pacientes com FA veio principalmente do &#225;trio esquerdo/ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo. A trombose atrial esquerda/trombose de ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo &#233; um fator de risco independente para acidente vascular cerebral em pacientes com FA n&#227;o valvar.<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup> Isso pode aumentar significativamente o risco de eventos tromboemb&#243;licos e &#233; um indicador direto de terapia anticoagulante em pacientes com FA.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> Portanto, a detec&#231;&#227;o precoce da trombose atrial esquerda/trombose de ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo ou fatores de alto risco para trombose atrial esquerda/trombose de ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo &#233; de grande import&#226;ncia para orientar o tratamento e melhorar o progn&#243;stico de pacientes com FA. Neste estudo, 238 pacientes com FA, que n&#227;o receberam anticoagula&#231;&#227;o e terapia hipolipemiante, foram inclu&#237;dos. Os resultados da ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica revelaram que a incid&#234;ncia de trombose atrial esquerda/trombose de ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo foi de 19,3%. Essa porcentagem se assemelha aos 18,6% relatados por Shuanglun Xie et al.,<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup> e aos 20,7% relatados por Weiwei Fu et al.<sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup> Esses resultados revelam que a incid&#234;ncia de trombose atrial esquerda/trombose de ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo &#233; relativamente alta em pacientes com FA sem anticoagula&#231;&#227;o e terapia hipolipemiante.</p>
      <p>O escore CHA2DS2-VASc foi estabelecido otimizando ainda mais o escore CHADS2, que &#233; um m&#233;todo cl&#237;nico comumente usado para avaliar o risco de acidente vascular cerebral em pacientes com FA atualmente, sendo tamb&#233;m usado para orientar o tratamento cl&#237;nico.<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup> Um estudo revelou que<sup><xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref></sup> um escore CHA2DS2-VASc &#8805;2 &#233; um fator de risco independente para trombose atrial esquerda/trombose de ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo em pacientes com FA. O presente estudo revelou que o escore CHA2DS2-VASc foi maior no grupo trombose do que no grupo n&#227;o trombose. No entanto, a diferen&#231;a na distribui&#231;&#227;o dos escores CHA2DS2-VASc entre os dois grupos n&#227;o foi estatisticamente significativa. A an&#225;lise univariada e multivariada revelou que o escore CHA2DS2-VASc &#233; um fator de risco independente para trombose atrial esquerda/trombose de ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo. Al&#233;m disso, esses resultados revelam que o escore CHA2DS2-VASc est&#225; correlacionado com a trombose atrial esquerda/trombose de ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo. A an&#225;lise da &#225;rea sob a curva ROC revelou uma &#225;rea sob a curva de 0,593 (IC 95%: 0,495&#8211;0.690). Quando o escore CHA2DS2-VASc foi &#8805;3, a sensibilidade e a especificidade foram de 86,5% e 32,6%, respectivamente. Esses resultados mostraram que, para pacientes com escore CHA2DS2-VASc &#8805;3, a possibilidade de trombose atrial esquerda/trombose de ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo deve ser altamente alertada. No entanto, este estudo tamb&#233;m revelou que quando o escore CHA2DS2-VASc era 0 ou 1, a trombose atrial esquerda/trombose de ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo ainda ocorria em 9 e 15 pacientes, respectivamente. Al&#233;m disso, esses resultados revelaram que, para pacientes de baixo risco com escore CHA2DS2-VASc de 0 ou 1, ainda havia risco de acidente vascular cerebral. Esses resultados sugeriram que o escore CHA2DS2-VASc tem algumas limita&#231;&#245;es na predi&#231;&#227;o de trombose atrial esquerda/trombose de ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo.</p>
      <p>Um estudo revelou que<sup><xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup> altera&#231;&#245;es morfol&#243;gicas no &#225;trio esquerdo e no ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo podem aumentar o risco de tromboembolismo em pacientes com FA. Quando a FA ocorre, quanto maior o &#225;trio card&#237;aco, mais facilmente se forma a trombose.<sup><xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref></sup> Neste estudo, comparou-se o DAE em pacientes com FA. Os resultados revelaram um DAE maior no grupo trombose do que no grupo n&#227;o trombose, sendo um fator de risco independente para trombose atrial esquerda/trombose de ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo. A an&#225;lise da curva ROC revelou que quando o DAE foi usado para predizer a trombose atrial esquerda/trombose de ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo, a &#225;rea sob a curva foi 0,786 (IC de 95%: 0,704&#8211;0,868), e quando o DAE era &#8805;44,17 mm, a sensibilidade e a especificidade eram 89,6% e 60,9%, respectivamente. Esses resultados revelaram que o tamanho do DAE se correlacionou com a trombose atrial esquerda/trombose de ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo. Portanto, quando o DAE era &#8805;44,17 mm, apresentava boa sensibilidade e especificidade na predi&#231;&#227;o de trombose atrial esquerda/trombose de ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo. Neste estudo, usamos o DAE como o &#237;ndice para prever trombose atrial esquerda/trombose de ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo. Recentemente, o volume atrial esquerdo tem sido usado como medida do aumento atrial esquerdo.<sup><xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref></sup> Esse &#237;ndice pode ser inclu&#237;do em estudos futuros. Neste estudo, os pacientes foram estratificados de acordo com o escore CHA2DS2-VASc, a fim de analisar o efeito do DAE na trombose atrial esquerda/trombose de ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo. Esses resultados revelaram que, independentemente de o escore CHA2DS2-VASc ser 0, 1 ou &#8805;2, um DAE &#8805;44,17 mm aumentou significativamente o risco de trombose atrial esquerda/trombose de ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo. Esses resultados revelaram que uma avalia&#231;&#227;o adicional do DAE com base no escore CHA2DS2-VASc seria &#250;til para avaliar o risco de trombose atrial esquerda/trombose de ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo e orientar a terapia de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>No entanto, considerando que este &#233; um estudo unic&#234;ntrico e com amostra pequena, pode haver algumas defici&#234;ncias na representatividade da amostra. Portanto, estudos de coorte multic&#234;ntricos e com amostras maiores s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para esclarecer ainda mais a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o escore CHA2DS2-VASc e o DAE na predi&#231;&#227;o de trombose atrial esquerda/trombose de ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo e orienta&#231;&#227;o da terapia de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Em resumo, o escore CHA2DS2-VASc e o DAE est&#227;o correlacionados &#224; trombose atrial esquerda/trombose de ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo em pacientes com FA n&#227;o valvar. Para pacientes com escore CHA2DS2-VASc de 0 ou 1, o tamanho do DAE deve ser considerado. Quando o DAE era &#8805;44,17 mm, o risco de trombose atrial esquerda/trombose de ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo ainda &#233; relativamente alto, sendo necess&#225;rio conduzir terapias de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o adicionais.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
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          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>8</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>e79519</fpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>19. Arsanjani R, Flint N, Beigel R, Khachatryan T, Shalev A, Shturman A, et al. Comparison of accuracy of left atrial area and volume by two-dimensional trans-thoracic echocardiography versus computed tomography. Am J Cardiol. 2019;123(7):1180-4.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Arsanjani</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Flint</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Beigel</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Khachatryan</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shalev</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shturman</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Comparison of accuracy of left atrial area and volume by two-dimensional trans-thoracic echocardiography versus computed tomography</article-title>
          <source> Am J Cardiol </source>
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          <lpage>1184</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p><bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold> .O presente estudo n&#227;o contou com fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Value of left atrial diameter with CHA2DS2-VASc score in predicting left atrial/left atrial appendage thrombosis in non-valvular atrial fibrillation</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zhang</surname>
            <given-names>Yu</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1585-9200</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Yuan</surname>
            <given-names>Yi-Qiang</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cardiovascular Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou - China</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Correspond&#234;ncia: Yi-Qiang Yuan &#8226;Cardiovascular Hospital of Zhengzhou &#8211; Cardiolgy - No.17 Jingnan 5 Street, Economic &amp; Technological District Zhangzhou 450000 China Zhangzhou 450000 - ChinaE-mail: <email>yuanyq639841@163.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Obtaining financing and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Yi-Qiang Y; Data acquisition, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript: Zhang Y.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>The authors report no conflict of interest concerning the materials and methods used in this study or the findings specified in this paper.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Atrial fibrillation is the most common persistent arrhythmia, and is the main factor that leads to thromboembolism.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>To investigate the value of left atrial diameter combined with CHA2DS2-VASc score in predicting left atrial/left atrial appendage thrombosis in non-valvular atrial fibrillation.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>This is a retrospective study. 238 patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation were selected and divided into two groups: thrombosis and non-thrombosis. CHA2DS2-VASc score was determined. P&lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the history of stroke/transient ischemic attack, vascular disease, CHA2DS2-VASc score, left atrial diameter (LAD), left ventricular end-diastolic dimension (LVEDD) and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) were independent risk factors for left atrial/left atrial appendage thrombosis (p&lt;0.05). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed that the area under the curve for the CHA2DS2-VASc score in predicting left atrial/left atrial appendage thrombosis was 0.593 when the CHA2DS2-VASc score was &#8805;3 points, and sensitivity and specificity were 86.5% and 32.6%, respectively, while the area under the curve for LAD in predicting left atrial/left atrial appendage thrombosis was 0.786 when LAD was &#8805;44.17 mm, and sensitivity and specificity were 89.6% and 60.9%, respectively. Among the different CHA2DS2-VASc groups, the incidence rate of left atrial/left atrial appendage thrombosis in patients with LAD &#8805;44.17 mm was higher than patients with LAD &lt;44.17 mm (p&lt;0.05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>CHA2DS2-VASc score and LAD are correlated with left atrial/left atrial appendage thrombosis in non-valvular atrial fibrillation. For patients with a CHA2DS2-VASc score of 0 or 1, when LAD is &#8805;44.17 mm, the risk for left atrial/left atrial appendage thrombosis remained high. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation Non Valvar</kwd>
        <kwd>Stroke</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Assessment</kwd>
        <kwd>Propensity Score</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Atria</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrial Appendage</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common persistent arrhythmia, and is the major factor that leads to thromboembolism.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup>In recent years, with the aging of the population in China, the incidence of this disease has increased.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup>Therefore, this disease represents a serious threat to people&#8217;s life and health. When AF occurs, the cardiac atrium cannot regularly and effectively constrict, and blood flow slows down, which greatly increases the risk of left atrial/left atrial appendage thrombosis,<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup>and left atrial/left atrial appendage thrombosis further increases the risk of thromboembolism events.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup>Therefore, scientific evaluation of left atrial/left atrial appendage thrombosis is of great significance for guiding treatment and improving the prognosis of patients. CHA2DS2-VASc is a presently and widely used scoring system to assess the risk of stroke in patients with non-valvular AF, and plays an important role in determining high-risk factors and guiding treatment.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup>However, the scoring system relies mainly on patient&#8217;s history record. A study revealed that<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup>left atrial size was closely correlated to left atrial/left atrial appendage thrombosis. However, it remains unclear whether the left atrial diameter combined with the CHA2DS2-VASc scoring system can improve the predictive results of left atrial/left atrial appendage thrombosis. The objective of this study was to analyze the factors related to left atrial/left atrial appendage thrombosis in patients with non-valvular AF, and explore the value of left atrial diameter combined with the CHA2DS2-VASc score in predicting left atrial/left atrial appendage thrombosis, in order to provide reference for clinical practice.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Data and methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>General data</title>
          <p>This was a retrospective study. Data was collected from medical records. A total of 238 patients with non-valvular AF, who were hospitalized in Zhengzhou Cardiovascular Hospital from February 2012 to March 2017, were enrolled into the study. Inclusion criteria: (1) patients diagnosed by electrocardiogram (ECG) or dynamic ECG; (2) patients who underwent transesophageal echocardiography. Exclusion criteria: (1) patients with rheumatic heart disease, valvular AF and paroxysmal AF; (2) patients with acute myocardial infarction and acute decompensated heart failure within 90 days, and patients with previous history of cardiac surgery; (3) patients with pulmonary embolism, deep venous thrombosis, history of administration of anticoagulant drugs, such as warfarin and rivaroxaban, or lipid-lowering drugs, such as statins; (4) patients with malignant tumors, hyperthyroidism, and severe liver and kidney dysfunction. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of our hospital. All patients provided a signed informed consent.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Clinical data acquisition</title>
          <p>Gender, age, course of AF, smoking and alcohol addiction, chronic disease history, height and weight of all patients were collected, and the body mass index (BMI) was calculated. In addition, fasting blood glucose (FBG), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), platelet count (Plt), serum uric acid (UA) and other biochemical indicators were collected.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Transthoracic echocardiography and transesophageal echocardiography</title>
          <p>All examinations were performed by an experienced sonographer with the title of Chief Physician in our hospital. All patients were routinely informed and signed an informed consent before examination. A Philips iE33 color Doppler ultrasound diagnostic apparatus was used to complete the examination. Transthoracic echocardiography was routinely performed, and the probe frequency was 2.5 MHz. Left atrial diameter (LAD), left ventricular end-diastolic dimension (LVEDD), and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) were measured. Subsequently, local pharyngeal anesthesia with lidocaine was administered. Then, the probe was placed into the esophagus up to the location of the heart, and the probe frequency was 5.0 MHz. The left atrial and left atrial appendage sections were continuously observed to determine whether thrombus was present in the left atrial/left atrial appendage. These patients were divided into two groups: thrombosis group and non-thrombosis group.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>CHA2DS2-VASc score</title>
          <p>The CHA2DS2-VASc score was calculated according to the basic clinical data of patients:<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup>(1) major risk factors (2 points per item): age of &#8805;75 years old, ischemic stroke, and transient ischemic attack; (2) secondary factors (1 point per item): female, aged 65&#8211;74, hypertension, diabetes, vascular disease, and chronic heart failure; (3) a lowest score of 0 and a highest score of 9. The higher the score was, the greater the possibility of thrombosis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Data collation and statistical analyses were conducted using the statistical software SPSS 21.0. Continuous data were expressed as mean&#177;standard deviation (x&#177;SD), and compared between two groups using Student&#8217;s unpaired <italic>t</italic> -test of normal distribution, and Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) test was used for normal distribution. Categorical data were expressed in rate (%), and compared between two groups using <italic>X</italic> <sup>2</sup>-test. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to analyze related factors that affected the left atrial/left atrial appendage thrombosis. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to analyze the predictive results of left atrial diameter and CHA2DS2-VASc score for left atrial/left atrial appendage thrombosis. p&lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Left atrial/left atrial appendage thrombosis</title>
          <p>A total of 238 patients with non-valvular AF were enrolled in this study. Among these patients, 151 patients were male and 87 patients were female, and the age of these patients ranged from 29 to 86, with an average age of 61.1&#177;12.4. In these 238 patients, left atrial/left atrial appendage thrombosis occurred in 46 patients, and the incidence was 19.3%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Comparison of clinical data between the thrombosis group and the non-thrombosis group</title>
          <p>Differences in gender, BMI, course of AF, proportions of patients with a history of smoking and alcohol consumption, proportions of patients with diabetes and coronary heart disease, CHA2DS2-VASc score, FBG, TC, TG, LDL-C, Plt, UA and drug therapy between the thrombosis group and non-thrombosis group were not statistically significant (p&gt;0.05). In the thrombosis group, the proportion of patients aged &#8805;75, the proportion of patients with hypertension, the proportion of patients with heart failure, the proportion of patients with a history of stroke/transient ischemic attack, the proportion of patients with a history of vascular disease, and the CHA2DS2-VASc score, LAD and LVEDD were higher than those in the non-thrombosis group, while HDL-C and LVEF were lower than those in the non-thrombosis group, and all differences were statistically significant (p&lt;0.05, <xref rid="t1001" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Clinical Data of Thrombosis Group &amp; Non-Thrombosis Group</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="20%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Index</th>
                    <th>Thrombosis Group (n=46)</th>
                    <th>Non-Thrombosis Group (n=192)</th>
                    <th><italic>t</italic> /&#967;<sup><bold>2</bold></sup></th>
                    <th>p</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age (n, %)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&lt;65 yo</td>
                    <td align="center">18 (39.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">112 (58.3)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>65&#8211;74 yo</td>
                    <td align="center">15 (32.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">62 (32.3)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#8805;75 yo</td>
                    <td align="center">13 (28.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">18 (9.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">12.668</td>
                    <td align="center">0.002</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Sex (M/F)</td>
                    <td align="center">32 (69.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">119 (62.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.921</td>
                    <td align="center">0.337</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                    <td align="center">26.82&#177;3.70</td>
                    <td align="center">25.94&#177;3.01</td>
                    <td align="center">1.696</td>
                    <td align="center">0.091</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Years of AF (A)</td>
                    <td align="center">4.69&#177;1.69</td>
                    <td align="center">5.10&#177;1.38</td>
                    <td align="center">1.718</td>
                    <td align="center">0.087</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Smoke (n, %)</td>
                    <td align="center">18 (39.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">71 (37.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.921</td>
                    <td align="center">0.337</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Alcohol drinking (n, %)</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (23.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">36 (18.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.624</td>
                    <td align="center">0.429</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hypertension (n, %)</td>
                    <td align="center">32 (69.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">91 (47.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">7.304</td>
                    <td align="center">0.007</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diabetes (n, %)</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (17.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">44 (22.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.664</td>
                    <td align="center">0.415</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Coronary disease (n, %)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (8.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (4.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.590</td>
                    <td align="center">0.207</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HF (n, %)</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (15.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (3.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">10.508</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Stroke/TIA (n, %)</td>
                    <td align="center">17 (37.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (5.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">101.138</td>
                    <td align="center">0.000</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Vascular disease (n, %)</td>
                    <td align="center">22 (47.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">51 (26.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">7.890</td>
                    <td align="center">0.005</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>FBG (mmol/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">5.72&#177;0.86</td>
                    <td align="center">6.13&#177;1.43</td>
                    <td align="center">1.832</td>
                    <td align="center">0.068</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>TC (mmol/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">4.82&#177;0.96</td>
                    <td align="center">4.66&#177;0.98</td>
                    <td align="center">1.036</td>
                    <td align="center">0.301</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>TG (mmol/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.84&#177;1.02</td>
                    <td align="center">1.68&#177;0.92</td>
                    <td align="center">1.055</td>
                    <td align="center">0.292</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LDL-c (mmol/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">3.00&#177;0.54</td>
                    <td align="center">2.96&#177;0.86</td>
                    <td align="center">0.298</td>
                    <td align="center">0.766</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HDL-c (mmol/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.99&#177;0.18</td>
                    <td align="center">1.16&#177;0.31</td>
                    <td align="center">3.458</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Plt (&#215;10<sup>9</sup>/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">209.08&#177;34.45</td>
                    <td align="center">214.43&#177;41.26</td>
                    <td align="center">0.815</td>
                    <td align="center">0.416</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>UA (&#956;mol/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">333.70&#177;64.68</td>
                    <td align="center">342.74&#177;70.08</td>
                    <td align="center">0.798</td>
                    <td align="center">0.426</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CHA2DS2-VASc score</td>
                    <td align="center">2.26&#177;1.90</td>
                    <td align="center">1.64&#177;1.48</td>
                    <td align="center">2.428</td>
                    <td align="center">0.016</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CHA2DS2-VASc group (n, %)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">2.635</td>
                    <td align="center">0.268</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>0 score</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (17.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">55 (28.6)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>1 score</td>
                    <td align="center">14 (30.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">56 (29.2)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#8805;2 scores</td>
                    <td align="center">24 (52.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">81 (42.2)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LAD (mm)</td>
                    <td align="center">45.81&#177;6.16</td>
                    <td align="center">38.55&#177;5.00</td>
                    <td align="center">6.118</td>
                    <td align="center">0.000</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVEDD (mm)</td>
                    <td align="center">51.35&#177;4.38</td>
                    <td align="center">48.53&#177;4.11</td>
                    <td align="center">4.133</td>
                    <td align="center">0.000</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVEF (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">57.05&#177;10.50</td>
                    <td align="center">61.84&#177;9.17</td>
                    <td align="center">3.092</td>
                    <td align="center">0.002</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Drug treatment (n, %)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#946;-blockers</td>
                    <td align="center">15 (32.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">54 (28.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.362</td>
                    <td align="center">0.547</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ACEI/ARB</td>
                    <td align="center">21 (45.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">75 (39.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.670</td>
                    <td align="center">0.413</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>BMI: body mass index; HF: heart failure; TIA: transient ischemic attack; FBG: fasting blood glucose; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglyceride; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; Plt: platelet count; UA: serum uric acid; LAD: left atrial diameter; LVEDD: left ventricular end-diastolic dimension; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; ACEI: angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin receptor blockers.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Related factors that affect left atrial/left atrial appendage thrombosis</title>
          <p>With the determination of whether the left atrial/left atrial appendage thrombosis existed as a dependent variable, and the variables with a p-value &lt;0.10 as independent variables, multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed. The results revealed that the history of stroke/transient ischemic attack, vascular disease, CHA2DS2-VASc score, LAD, LVEDD and LVEF were independent risk factors for left atrial/left atrial appendage thrombosis (p&lt;0.05, <xref rid="t2001" ref-type="table">Table 2</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Related factors of thrombus in left atrium or left atrial appendage</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="17%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Index</th>
                    <th>B</th>
                    <th>SE</th>
                    <th>Wals &#967;<sup><bold>2</bold></sup></th>
                    <th>p</th>
                    <th>OR (95%CI)</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Stroke/TIA</td>
                    <td align="center">3.597</td>
                    <td align="center">1.165</td>
                    <td align="center">9.528</td>
                    <td align="center">0.002</td>
                    <td align="center">36.498 (3.718&#8764;358.322)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Vascular disease</td>
                    <td align="center">1.280</td>
                    <td align="center">0.574</td>
                    <td align="center">4.979</td>
                    <td align="center">0.026</td>
                    <td align="center">3.597 (1.168&#8764;11.071)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HDL-c</td>
                    <td align="center">2.574</td>
                    <td align="center">1.021</td>
                    <td align="center">6.354</td>
                    <td align="center">0.012</td>
                    <td align="center">13.124 (1.773&#8764;97.142)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CHA2DS2-VASc score</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.441</td>
                    <td align="center">0.171</td>
                    <td align="center">6.610</td>
                    <td align="center">0.010</td>
                    <td align="center">0.644 (0.460&#8764;0.901)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LAD</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.246</td>
                    <td align="center">0.058</td>
                    <td align="center">18.025</td>
                    <td align="center">0.000</td>
                    <td align="center">0.782 (0.698&#8764;0.876)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVEDD</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.173</td>
                    <td align="center">0.063</td>
                    <td align="center">7.432</td>
                    <td align="center">0.006</td>
                    <td align="center">0.841 (0.743&#8764;0.953)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVEF</td>
                    <td align="center">0.066</td>
                    <td align="center">0.027</td>
                    <td align="center">5.925</td>
                    <td align="center">0.015</td>
                    <td align="center">1.068 (1.013&#8764;1.126)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>TIA: transient ischemic attack; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LAD: left atrial diameter; LVEDD: left ventricular end-diastolic dimension; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>The value of LAD and CHA2DS2-VASc score in predicting left atrial/left atrial appendage thrombosis</title>
          <p>The ROC curve analysis revealed that when the CHA2DS2-VASc score was used to predict left atrial/left atrial appendage thrombosis, the area under the curve (AUC) was 0.593 (95% CI: 0.495&#8211;0.690). When the CHA2DS2-VASc score was &#8805;3, sensitivity and specificity were 86.5% and 32.6%, respectively. When LAD was used to predict left atrial/left atrial appendage thrombosis, the AUC was 0.786 (95% CI: 0.704&#8211;0.868). When LAD was &#8805;44.17 mm, sensitivity and specificity were 89.6% and 60.9%, respectively ( <xref rid="f01001" ref-type="fig">Figure 1</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; The ROC curve analysis results showed that when the CHA2DS2-VASc score was used to predict left atrial/left atrial appendage thrombosis, the area under the curve was 0.593 (95% CI: 0.495&#8211;0.690). When the CHA2DS2-VASc score was &#8805;3, sensitivity and specificity were 86.5% and 32.6%, respectively. When LAD was used to predict left atrial/left atrial appendage thrombosis, the area under the curve was 0.786 (95% CI: 0.704&#8211;0.868). When LAD was &gt;44.17 mm, sensitivity and specificity were 89.6% and 60.9%, respectively.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-02-0325-90492-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Effect of LAD on the risk of left atrial/left atrial appendage thrombosis in patients in the different CHA2DS2-VASc groups</title>
          <p>In the different CHA2DS2-VASc groups, the incidence of left atrial/left atrial appendage thrombosis in patients with LAD &#8805;44.17 mm was higher than that in patients with LAD &lt;44.17 mm, and the difference was statistically significant (p&lt;0.05, <xref rid="t3001" ref-type="table">Table 3</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; The effect of left atrial diameter on the risk of thrombosis in left atrium/left atrial appendage in patients with different CHA2DS2-VASc groups (mm).</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="14%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th rowspan="2" align="left">CHA2DS2-VASc group</th>
                    <th rowspan="2">n</th>
                    <th colspan="2">left atrial/left atrial appendage thrombus (n, %)</th>
                    <th rowspan="2">OR</th>
                    <th rowspan="2">&#967;<sup><bold>2</bold></sup></th>
                    <th rowspan="2">p</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>LAD&#8805;44.17</th>
                    <th>LAD&lt;44.17</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>0 score</td>
                    <td align="center">63</td>
                    <td align="center">6/12 (50.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">3/51 (5.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">8.500 (95% <italic>CI</italic>:  1.856&#8764;38.938)</td>
                    <td align="center">9.524</td>
                    <td align="center">0.002</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>1 score</td>
                    <td align="center">73</td>
                    <td align="center">11/16 (68.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">4/57 (7.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">9.797 (95% <italic>CI</italic>:  2.747&#8764;34.943)</td>
                    <td align="center">15.466</td>
                    <td align="center">0.000</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#8805;2 score</td>
                    <td align="center">102</td>
                    <td align="center">11/19 (57.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">11/83 (13.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">4.368 (95% <italic>CI</italic>:  1.651&#8764;11.559)</td>
                    <td align="center">9.712</td>
                    <td align="center">0.002</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>As the most common arrhythmia type in the Internal Medicine-Cardiovascular Department, AF is a risk factor that leads to thromboembolism.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup>Compared with the non-AF population, the risk of stroke in patients with AF is increased by five times.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup>In addition, a study revealed that<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup>the thrombus that caused stroke in AF patients mostly came from the left atrial /left atrial appendage. Left atrial/left atrial appendage thrombosis is an independent risk factor for stroke in patients with non-valvular AF.<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup>This may significantly increase the risk of thromboembolic events, and is a direct indicator of anticoagulant therapy in AF patients.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup>Therefore, early detection of left atrial/left atrial appendage thrombosis or high-risk factors for left atrial/left atrial appendage thrombosis is of great significance for guiding treatment and improving the prognosis of AF patients. In this study, 238 AF patients, who did not receive anticoagulation and lipid-lowering therapy, were enrolled. The transesophageal echocardiography results revealed that the incidence of left atrial/left atrial appendage thrombosis was 19.3%. This is similar to 18.6%, reported by Shuanglun Xie et al.,<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup>and 20.7%, reported by Weiwei Fu et al.<sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup>These results reveal that the incidence of left atrial/left atrial appendage thrombosis is relatively high in AF patients without anticoagulation and lipid-lowering therapy.</p>
        <p>The CHA2DS2-VASc scoring system was established by further optimizing the CHADS2 scoring system, which is a clinical method commonly used to assess the risk of stroke in AF patients at present, and also used to guide clinical treatment.<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup>A study revealed that<sup><xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref></sup>a CHA2DS2-VASc score of &#8805;2 is an independent risk factor for left atrial/left atrial appendage thrombosis in AF patients. This study revealed that the CHA2DS2-VASc score was higher in the thrombosis group than in the non-thrombosis group. However, the difference in the distribution of CHA2DS2-VASc scores between the two groups was not statistically significant. Univariate and multivariate analysis revealed that the CHA2DS2-VASc score is an independent risk factor for left atrial/left atrial appendage thrombosis. Furthermore, these results reveal that the CHA2DS2-VASc score is correlated to left atrial/left atrial appendage thrombosis. The ROC curve analysis revealed that the AUC was 0.593 (95% CI: 0.495&#8211;0.690). When the CHA2DS2-VASc score was &#8805;3, sensitivity and specificity were 86.5% and 32.6%, respectively. These results showed that for patients with a CHA2DS2-VASc score of &#8805;3, the possibility of left atrial/left atrial appendage thrombosis should be highly alerted. However, this study also revealed that when the CHA2DS2-VASc score was 0 or 1, left atrial/left atrial appendage thrombosis still occurred in 9 and 15 patients, respectively. Furthermore, these results revealed that for low-risk patients with a CHA2DS2-VASc score of 0 or 1, there was still a risk of stroke. These results suggested that the CHA2DS2-VASc score has some limitations in predicting left atrial/left atrial appendage thrombosis.</p>
        <p>A study revealed that<sup><xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup>morphological changes in the left atrium and left atrial appendage might increase the risk of thromboembolism in AF patients. When AF occurs, the bigger the cardiac atrium, the more easily thrombosis forms.<sup><xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref></sup>In this study, LAD in AF patients was compared. The results revealed that LAD was greater in the thrombosis group than in the non-thrombosis group, which was an independent risk factor for left atrial/left atrial appendage thrombosis. The ROC curve analysis revealed that when LAD was used to predict left atrial/left atrial appendage thrombosis, the AUC was 0.786 (95% CI: 0.704&#8211;0.868), and when LAD was &#8805;44.17 mm, sensitivity and specificity were 89.6% and 60.9%, respectively. These results revealed that LAD size was correlated to left atrial/left atrial appendage thrombosis. Hence, when LAD was &#8805;44.17 mm, this had good sensitivity and specificity in predicting left atrial/left atrial appendage thrombosis. In this study, we used LAD as the index to predict left atrial/left atrial appendage thrombosis. Recently, left atrial volume has been used as a measure of left atrial enlargement.<sup><xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref></sup>This index might be included in future studies. In this study, patients were further stratified according to the CHA2DS2-VASc score, in order to analyze the effect of LAD on left atrial/left atrial appendage thrombosis. These results revealed that regardless of whether the CHA2DS2-VASc score was 0, 1 or &#8805;2, LAD &#8805;44.17 mm significantly increased the risk of left atrial/left atrial appendage thrombosis. These results revealed that further assessment of LAD on the basis of the CHA2DS2-VASc score would be helpful for evaluating the risk of left atrial/left atrial appendage thrombosis and guiding anticoagulation therapy.</p>
        <p>However, considering that this study is a single-center, small-sample size study, there may be some shortcomings in sample representativeness. Hence, multi-center and large-sample size cohort studies are needed to further clarify the relationship between the CHA2DS2-VASc score and LAD in predicting left atrial/left atrial appendage thrombosis and guiding anticoagulation therapy.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>In summary, the CHA2DS2-VASc score and LAD are correlated to left atrial/left atrial appendage thrombosis in patients with non-valvular AF. For patients with a CHA2DS2-VASc score of 0 or 1, LAD size should be further considered. When LAD was &#8805;44.17 mm, the risk of left atrial/left atrial appendage thrombosis is still relatively high, and it is necessary to conduct further anticoagulation therapy.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p><bold>Sources of Funding</bold> .There was no external funding source for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
