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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">XLBhRLnvCnLhF4mWd6V8z6Q</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021000200323</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200662</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200662</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Influ&#234;ncia do Tratamento com Doxorrubicina no Metabolismo da Heme em Cardiomioblastos: Estudo <italic>In Vitro</italic></article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3115-0795</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gatto</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8103-3338</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mota</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Augusto Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista - Unesp, Botucatu, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Mariana Gatto &#8226; Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho- Campus de Botucatu Faculdade de Medicina - Rua Prof. Armando Alves, s/n. CEP 18618-687, Rubi&#227;o J&#250;nior, Botucatu, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>mariana.gatto@unesp.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>01</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>116</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>323</fpage>
      <lpage>324</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Doxorrubicina/uso terap&#234;utico</kwd>
        <kwd>Antraciclinas</kwd>
        <kwd>Mi&#243;citos Card&#237;acos</kwd>
        <kwd>Heme</kwd>
        <kwd>Hemoglobina E/metabolismo</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="12"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>As &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas vem sendo marcadas com potencial avan&#231;o no diagn&#243;stico e terapia contra o c&#226;ncer, gerando queda acentuada na mortalidade e aumento da sobrevida dos pacientes.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> A doxorrubicina &#233; um f&#225;rmaco que pertence &#224; fam&#237;lia das antraciclinas, uma classe de drogas antic&#226;ncer extra&#237;das da estreptomicina.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> Embora o mecanismo de a&#231;&#227;o deste f&#225;rmaco no c&#226;ncer seja complexo, sabe-se que ele interfere na s&#237;ntese de DNA e RNA al&#233;m de induzir a produ&#231;&#227;o de radicais livres que prejudicam a membrana celular e o DNA.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup> Entretanto, muitos dos quimioter&#225;picos utilizados no protocolo de tratamento das neoplasias induzem diversos efeitos colaterais, entre eles a toxicidade card&#237;aca e repercuss&#245;es negativas no sistema vascular como isquemia trombol&#237;tica, hipertens&#227;o arterial, disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>,<xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup> O efeito cardiot&#243;xico da doxorrubicina &#233; dose-dependente e o principal mecanismo de toxicidade &#233; a indu&#231;&#227;o de estresse oxidativo no mioc&#225;rdio, com produ&#231;&#227;o elevada de esp&#233;cies reativas do oxig&#234;nio (ROS) e nitrog&#234;nio (RNS) que engatilham danos no DNA e desregula&#231;&#227;o de v&#225;rios processos intracelulares.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A mol&#233;cula heme medeia a disponibilidade do ferro e &#233; essencial para in&#250;meros processos biol&#243;gicos nos organismos aer&#243;bicos. No sistema cardiovascular desempenha papel crucial na defesa antioxidante, transdu&#231;&#227;o de sinal, transporte de oxig&#234;nio, estocagem de hemoglobina e transporte de el&#233;trons mitocondriais.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup> No metabolismo da heme participam quatro enzimas mitocondriais e quatro citoplasm&#225;ticas. Para a s&#237;ntese da heme, a glicina e a succinil coenzima A s&#227;o condensadas no &#225;cido &#948;-aminolevul&#237;nico (ALA) pela enzimas sintases de &#225;cido aminolevul&#237;nico (ALAS), conhecidas como ALAS1 e ALAS2.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> J&#225; a degrada&#231;&#227;o da heme &#233; realizada por enzimas denominadas heme oxigenase (HOX), que produzem mon&#243;xido de carbono, biliverdina e ferro. A isoenzima HOX-1 regula condi&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas normais enquanto que a isoenzima HOX-2 protege c&#233;lulas do estresse oxidativo.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup> Por outro lado, estudos experimentais mostraram que eleva&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis da prote&#237;na heme est&#227;o relacionados com aumento do estresse oxidativo e toxicidade em cardiomi&#243;citos.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>,<xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup> No entanto s&#227;o escassos na literatura trabalhos que verificaram a influ&#234;ncia das antraciclinas no metabolismo da prote&#237;na heme em cardiomi&#243;citos.</p>
    <p>Nesse sentido, o estudo publicado nos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia desta edi&#231;&#227;o teve como finalidade explorar as mudan&#231;as na bioss&#237;ntese da heme em linhagem de cardiomi&#243;citos tratados com doxorrubicina.<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup> Para isso os autores avaliaram mudan&#231;as no perfil proteico e g&#234;nico das enzimas ALAS1, ALAS2, HOX-1 e HOX-2 em culturas de cardiomi&#243;citos H9C2 tratadas com diferentes concentra&#231;&#245;es do f&#225;rmaco por 24 horas.<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup> Os autores demonstraram que o tratamento com doxorrubicina aumentou significativamente os n&#237;veis de heme e que as enzimas ALAS1 e ALAS2 se comportaram de maneiras distintas. Menores doses de doxorrubicina inibiram a express&#227;o de ALAS1 nos cardiomi&#243;citos H9C2 e os autores sugerem que seja um mecanismo de feedback negativo, para prevenir a toxicidade celular induzida por n&#237;veis elevados de heme. Quando a dose do f&#225;rmaco foi aumentada, a express&#227;o de ALAS1 tamb&#233;m aumentou, resultado corroborado por estudo pr&#233;vio.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> Os n&#237;veis de ALAS2 foram decaindo conforme a dose da doxorrubicina era aumentada e os autores propuseram que este mecanismo &#233; um efeito para contra regular o elevado n&#237;vel de heme.</p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s enzimas HOX-1 e HOX-2, ambas apresentaram o mesmo comportamento a n&#237;vel g&#234;nico, com express&#227;o aumentada em rela&#231;&#227;o ao controle quando doses maiores do f&#225;rmaco foram utilizadas. A n&#237;vel proteico foram detectados n&#237;veis aumentados de HOX-1 somente com as doses mais elevadas do medicamento enquanto HOX-2 apresentou aumento dos n&#237;veis de maneira dose-dependente.<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup> Os pesquisadores sugeriram que os resultados relacionados ao perfil proteico de HOX-1 e HOX-2 pode ser devido a diferen&#231;as nos mecanismos de regula&#231;&#227;o dessas enzimas. Al&#233;m disso, existem poucos estudos que verificaram a rela&#231;&#227;o de HOX-2 e doxorrubicina em cardiomi&#243;citos.</p>
    <p>Embora a doxorrubicina seja amplamente utilizada, muitos dos seus mecanismos cardiot&#243;xicos permanecem incertos. A pesquisa em que se baseia esse minieditorial mostrou que o tratamento com esse medicamento em cardiomi&#243;citos modula de maneira distinta os n&#237;veis g&#234;nicos e proteicos de enzimas cruciais da s&#237;ntese e degrada&#231;&#227;o das prote&#237;nas heme. Estudos futuros s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para elucidar o exato papel dessas enzimas em cardiomi&#243;citos sob o tratamento com doxorrubicina.</p>
  </body>
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          <article-title>Os efeitos da doxorrubicina na bioss&#237;ntese e no metabolismo do heme em cardiomi&#243;citos</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>116</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>315</fpage>
          <lpage>322</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
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        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12. Podvinec M, Handschin C, Looser R, Meyer UA. Identification of the xenosensors regulating human 5-aminolevulinate synthase. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2004 Jun 15;101(24):9127&#8211;32.</mixed-citation>
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            <name>
              <surname>Podvinec</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Handschin</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Looser</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Meyer</surname>
              <given-names>UA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Identification of the xenosensors regulating human 5-aminolevulinate synthase</article-title>
          <source>Proc Natl Acad Sci</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <month>06</month>
          <day>15</day>
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          <issue>24</issue>
          <fpage>9127</fpage>
          <lpage>9132</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <italic>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Os Efeitos da Doxorrubicina na Bioss&#237;ntese e no Metabolismo do Heme em Cardiomi&#243;citos</italic>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Influence of Doxorubicin Treatment on Heme Metabolism in Cardiomyoblasts: <italic>An In Vitro</italic> Study</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3115-0795</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gatto</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8103-3338</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mota</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Augusto Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista - Unesp, Botucatu, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"> Mailing Address: Mariana Gatto &#8226; Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho- Campus de Botucatu Faculdade de Medicina - Rua Prof. Armando Alves, s/n. Postal Code 18618-687, Rubi&#227;o J&#250;nior, Botucatu, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: mariana.gatto@unesp.br </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Doxorubicin/therapeutic use</kwd>
        <kwd>Anthracyclines</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocytes, Cardiac</kwd>
        <kwd>Heme</kwd>
        <kwd>Hemoglobin E/metabolism</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>The last decades have been marked with potential advances in cancer diagnosis and therapy, leading to a decrease in mortality and increased patient survival.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> Doxorubicin is a drug that belongs to the anthracycline family, a class of anticancer drugs extracted from streptomycin.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> Although the mechanism of action of this drug in cancer is complex, it is known that it interferes with the synthesis of DNA and RNA in addition to inducing the production of free radicals that damage the cell membrane and DNA.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup> However, many of the chemotherapeutic agents used in the neoplasms treatment protocols induce several side effects, including cardiac toxicity and negative repercussions in the vascular system such as thrombolytic ischemia, arterial hypertension, ventricular dysfunction and heart failure.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>,<xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup> The cardiotoxic effect of doxorubicin is dose-dependent, and the primary mechanism of toxicity is the induction of oxidative stress in the myocardium, with high production of reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen (RNS) species that trigger DNA damage and deregulation of various processes intracellular.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The heme molecule mediates the iron availability and is essential for numerous biological processes in aerobic organisms. In the cardiovascular system, it plays a crucial role in antioxidant defense, signal transduction, oxygen transport, hemoglobin storage, and mitochondrial electron transport.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup> Four mitochondrial and four cytoplasmic enzymes participate in heme metabolism. For heme synthesis, glycine and succinyl coenzyme A are condensed into &#948;-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) by the enzymes aminolevulinic acid synthases (ALAS), known as ALAS1 and ALAS2.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> The degradation of heme is carried out by enzymes called heme oxygenase (HOX), which produces carbon monoxide, biliverdin, and iron. HOX-1 isoenzyme regulates normal physiological conditions while HOX-2 isoenzyme protects the cells from oxidative stress.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup> On the other hand, experimental studies have shown that elevated heme protein levels are related to increased oxidative stress and toxicity in cardiomyocytes.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>,<xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup> However, few studies in the literature verified the influence of anthracyclines on heme protein metabolism in cardiomyocytes.</p>
      <p>In this sense, the study published in the Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia of this edition aimed to explore changes in heme biosynthesis in a cardiomyocytes cell lineage treated with doxorubicin.<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup> The authors evaluated changes in the protein and gene profile of the enzymes ALAS1, ALAS2, HOX-1, and HOX-2 in cultures of H9C2 cardiomyocytes treated with different concentrations of the doxorubicin for 24 hours.<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup> The authors demonstrated that treatment with doxorubicin significantly increased heme levels and that the enzymes ALAS1 and ALAS2 showed different behaviors. Lower doses of doxorubicin inhibited ALAS1 expression in H9C2 cardiomyocytes, and the authors suggest that it is a negative feedback mechanism to prevent cell toxicity induced by high levels of heme. When the dose of the drug was increased, ALAS1 expression also increased, a result corroborated by a previous study.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> ALAS2 levels decreased as the dose of doxorubicin was increased, and the authors proposed that this mechanism is an effect to counteract the high level of heme.</p>
      <p>Regarding the HOX-1 and HOX-2 enzymes, both showed the same behavior at the gene level, with increased expression compared to the control when higher doses of the drug were used. At the protein level, increased levels of HOX-1 were detected only with the highest doses of the doxorubicin, while HOX-2 showed increased levels in a dose-dependent manner.<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup> The authors suggested that results related to the protein profile of HOX-1 and HOX-2 may be due to differences in the regulatory mechanisms of these enzymes. Also, few studies have verified the relationship between HOX-2 and doxorubicin in cardiomyocytes.</p>
      <p>Although doxorubicin is widely used, many of its cardiotoxic mechanisms remain unclear. The research on which this short editorial is based has shown that treatment with doxorubicin in cardiomyocytes modulates gene and protein levels of crucial enzymes in the synthesis and degradation of heme proteins in a different way. Future studies are needed to elucidate the exact role of these enzymes in cardiomyocytes under treatment with doxorubicin.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label/>
          <p>
            <italic>Short Editorial related to the article: Effects of Doxorubicin on Heme Biosynthesis and Metabolism in Cardiomyocyte</italic>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
