<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" article-type="research-article" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">RwN75bYDrWxLGKHJp5JJcfD</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021000200315</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20190437</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190437</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Os Efeitos da Doxorrubicina na Bioss&#237;ntese e no Metabolismo do Heme em Cardiomi&#243;citos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wang</surname>
            <given-names>Zuoyan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gao</surname>
            <given-names>Junyi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Teng</surname>
            <given-names>Haobo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0068-8728</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Peng</surname>
            <given-names>Jianjun</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Capital Medical University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Beijing Shijitan Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Beijing</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Capital Medical University Affiliated Beijing Shijitan Hospital,Beijing - China</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Jianjun Peng &#8226; Capital Medical University Affiliated Beijing Shijitan Hospital - No.10 Tieyi Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100038, China Beijing 100038 E-mail: <email>pengjianjun2361@bjsjth.cn</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Wang Z; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Wang Z, Gao J, Teng H; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Wang Z, Peng J.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesses</p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>01</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>116</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>315</fpage>
      <lpage>322</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A doxorrubicina est&#225; associada &#224; cardiotoxicidade e &#224; morbidade card&#237;aca tardia. O heme est&#225; relacionado ao stress oxidativo celular. Entretanto, sua regula&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica em cardiomi&#243;citos sob os efeitos de doxorrubicina ainda n&#227;o foi documentada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Nosso objetivo &#233; avaliar as altera&#231;&#245;es de enzimas limitantes de velocidade no caminho metab&#243;lico do heme sob o efeito de doxorrubicina.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Cardiomi&#243;citos H9c2 com doxorrubicina em concentra&#231;&#245;es diferentes (1, 2, 5, 10&#956;M respectivamente). Os testes de PCR em tempo real e Western Blot foram usados para determinar a express&#227;o de prote&#237;na e mRNA para quatro enzimas cruciais (ALAS1, ALAS2, HOX-1, e HOX-2) que regulam o metabolismo do heme celular, e os n&#237;veis de heme foram detectados por ELISA. Um <italic>p</italic>&lt;0,01 foi considerado significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Observamos um padr&#227;o com altera&#231;&#227;o dependendo da dose nos n&#237;veis de heme nas c&#233;lulas H9c2 com o n&#237;vel mais alto na concentra&#231;&#227;o de 5&#956;M de doxorrubicina, o que ocorreu sincronicamente com o n&#237;vel mais alto de regula&#231;&#227;o para cima de ALAS1, bem como as enzimas degenerativas HOX-1 e HOX-2 na express&#227;o de prote&#237;na e mRNA. Em contraste, observamos que a ALAS2 foi regulada para baixo gradualmente, inversamente proporcional &#224;s concentra&#231;&#245;es de doxorrubicina.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> O aumento da express&#227;o de ALAS1 pode ter um papel na eleva&#231;&#227;o do n&#237;vel do heme quando o cardiomi&#243;cito H9c2 for exposto &#224; doxorrubicina, e pode ser um alvo terap&#234;utico para a toxicidade mioc&#225;rdica induzida por doxorrubicina. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021; 116(2):315-322)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Doxorrubicina</kwd>
        <kwd>Bios&#237;ntese</kwd>
        <kwd>Heme</kwd>
        <kwd>Mi&#243;citos Card&#237;acos</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiotoxicidade</kwd>
        <kwd>ALAS</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation</funding-source>
          <award-id>7162089</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>Fontes de financiamento.O presente estudo foi financiado pela Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation (Grant n&#186; 7162089).</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="32"/>
        <page-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Com a progress&#227;o cont&#237;nua das drogas antitumorais e radioterapia, o &#237;ndice de sobreviv&#234;ncia dos pacientes com tumores malignos melhorou, e seu per&#237;odo de sobreviv&#234;ncia &#233; significativamente aumentado. Entretanto, o uso disseminado de drogas antitumorais &#233; acompanhado de um aumento dos eventos cardiovasculares adversos, que afeta a sobreviv&#234;ncia e a qualidade de vida do paciente. Antraciclinas s&#227;o drogas derivadas da estreptomicina, incluindo a doxorrubicina, e da epirrubicina, que s&#227;o amplamente utilizadas para tratar c&#226;ncer de mama, c&#226;ncer do pulm&#227;o de pequenas c&#233;lulas, mieloma, sarcoma, linfoma e leucemia. A miocardiopatia e a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca subsequente s&#227;o as manifesta&#231;&#245;es mais graves de cardiotoxicidade causadas por drogas antraciclinas na quimioterapia. Al&#233;m disso, a toxicidade cardiovascular das antraciclinas depende da dose e &#233; irrevers&#237;vel.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>,<xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O mecanismo exato da toxicidade mioc&#225;rdica induzida por drogas antraciclinas ainda n&#227;o &#233; clara, embora v&#225;rias teorias tenham sido propostas, incluindo a inibi&#231;&#227;o da replica&#231;&#227;o de DNA e transcri&#231;&#227;o de RNA; o dano ao DNA causado por radicais livres, peroxida&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica e alquila&#231;&#227;o; a liga&#231;&#227;o cruzada do DNA; interfer&#234;ncia no desenrolamento do DNA; a inibi&#231;&#227;o da topoisomerase II, etc.</p>
      <p>O heme &#233; uma porfirina ligante importante, como suplemento da prote&#237;na do heme, tem a fun&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica de transportar o O<sub>2</sub> no corpo. Muitas fun&#231;&#245;es biol&#243;gicas relacionadas &#224; vida, tais como o transporte de el&#233;trons, o armazenamento de oxig&#234;nio, a transdu&#231;&#227;o de sinal, e a express&#227;o gen&#233;tica s&#227;o controladas pelas v&#225;rias prote&#237;nas heme. Estudos recentes detectaram que os n&#237;veis de heme aumentaram significativamente em modelos de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica mioc&#225;rdica de ratos, sugerindo que o heme possa ter um papel importante em les&#245;es mioc&#225;rdicas isqu&#234;micas e hip&#243;xicas.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>,<xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup> Entretanto, n&#227;o h&#225; trabalhos publicados na literatura que exploram a altera&#231;&#227;o da bioss&#237;ntese ou do metabolismo do heme em cardiomi&#243;citos, sob tratamento com antraciclinas.</p>
      <p>A bioss&#237;ntese do heme &#233; iniciada pela forma&#231;&#227;o do &#225;cido &#948;-aminolevul&#237;nico (ALA) a partir da glicina (Gly) e succinil coenzima A, catalisada pela sintase do ALA (ALAS), que tem duas isoenzimas: ALAS1 e ALAS2. Por outro lado, a heme oxigenase (HOX) media o primeiro passo do catabolismo do heme, e divide o heme para formar a biliverdina. Duas isoformas ativas de HOX foram identificadas, a HOX-1 induz&#237;vel, e a menos regulada HOX-2.</p>
      <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi elucidar as altera&#231;&#245;es de perfis de quatro enzimas cruciais, a sintase do &#225;cido aminolevul&#237;nico 1 (ALAS1), a sintase do &#225;cido aminolevul&#237;nico 2 (ALAS2), heme oxigenase 1 (HOX-1), e heme oxigenase 2 (HOX-2), no cardiomi&#243;cito H9c2 em tratamento com doxorrubicina.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Cultura celular e tratamento com doxorrubicina</title>
        <p>Foram comprados cardiomi&#243;citos H9c2 da American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, VA, EUA) e foi feita a cultura em meio DMEM/F12 contendo 10% de soro fetal bovino e 1% de meio de anticorpo duplo, nas condi&#231;&#245;es de 37 &#176;C e 5% de CO2, em c&#226;mara umidificada. As c&#233;lulas de H9c2 foram distribu&#237;das em placas de titula&#231;&#227;o de 6 po&#231;os, num &#237;ndice de 2 &#215; 10<sup>5</sup> c&#233;lulas/po&#231;o em um volume de 2 mL e em cultura de meio DMEM/F12 contendo 10% de soro fetal bovino, por 24 h. Depois disso, doses diferentes de doxorrubicina (1,2,5,10 &#956;M, respectivamente) foram adicionados aos po&#231;os da placa de titula&#231;&#227;o. Consideramos c&#233;lulas n&#227;o tratadas com doxorrubicina (tratadas com solu&#231;&#227;o salina) como grupo de controle. Depois de 24 horas de incuba&#231;&#227;o a 37&#186;C, as c&#233;lulas de po&#231;os diferentes foram coletadas separadamente por centrifuga&#231;&#227;o (10000 rpm por 10 minutos a 4&#176;C) e usadas para estudos posteriores abaixo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>PCR quantitativo em tempo real</title>
        <p>O RNA total foi extra&#237;do das c&#233;lulas H9c2 de todos os grupos utilizando o TRIzol (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham, MA, EUA), e foi feita a transcri&#231;&#227;o reversa com o kit SuperScript Double-Strand Synthesis (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA) de acordo com as instru&#231;&#245;es do fabricante, e amplificado em um sistema de PCR de tempo real 7500 Fast com SYBR GreenER qPCR SuperMix Universal (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). Os primers usados para amplificar ALAS1, ALAS2, HOX-1, e HOX-2 foram projetados usando os softwares Primer3 (v. 0.4.0). Os seguintes primers foram usados para o PCR em tempo real:</p>
        <disp-quote>
          <p>ALAS1-F:TTGCCAAAGTCCGTTTCC</p>
          <p>R: TGTAGTCATCTGCCATAGGG 3&#8217;;</p>
          <p>ALAS2-F: TCAAGGGAGAGGAGGGTCAAG</p>
          <p>R: ACGAGGCACAGTTGGGTAG</p>
          <p>HOX-1-F:TCGACAACCCCACCAAGTT</p>
          <p>R:CTGGCGAAGAAACTCTGTCT</p>
          <p>HOX-2-F:GCTTACACTCGTTACATGGG</p>
          <p>R: CACATGCTCGAACAGGTAGA</p>
          <p>GAPDH-F: GATGACATCAAGAAGGTGGTGA</p>
          <p>R:ACCCTGTTGCTGTAGCCATATTC.</p>
        </disp-quote>
        <p>As condi&#231;&#245;es de rea&#231;&#227;o foram as seguintes: 95 &#176;C por 3 min; 95 &#176;C por 30 seg, 55 &#176;C por 20 seg, 72 &#176;C por 20 seg com 40 ciclos. Foram realizadas an&#225;lises de curva de fus&#227;o para verificar a especificidade de sua amplifica&#231;&#227;o. Os valores de express&#227;o de todos os genes-alvo de cada amostra foram calculados normalizando com GAPDH controle interno, e calculados utilizando o m&#233;todo 2-&#916;&#916;CT.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Western Blot</title>
        <p>C&#233;lulas H9c2 foram centrifugadas por tripsiniza&#231;&#227;o por 5 min a 1.000 x g e lavadas com PBS frio. Em seguida, as c&#233;lulas H9c2 foram ressuspensas em tamp&#227;o de lise com inibidores de protease e fosfatase. O lisado celular foi mantido em gelo e agitado no v&#243;rtex. Depois da centrifuga&#231;&#227;o por 20 a 13,000&#215;g, o sobrenadante foi separado e armazenado a &#8722;80 &#176;C at&#233; o uso. Depois da desnatura&#231;&#227;o, 20&#956;g de prote&#237;na total foram colocados em eletroforese em gel de acrilamida contendo dodecil sulfato de s&#243;dio 12% (SDS-PAGE), e foram transferidos por eletroforese para uma membrana de fluoreto de polivinilideno (PVDF). Depois do bloqueio com TBST (50mM Tris-HCl, pH 8;154 mM NaCl e 0,1% tween20) por 2 horas em temperatura ambiente, as membranas foram testadas com anticorpos espec&#237;ficos em rela&#231;&#227;o a ALAS1 (dilui&#231;&#227;o,1:1.000; policlonal de coelho; n&#186; cat. 16200-1-AP; Proteintech), ALAS2 (dilui&#231;&#227;o,1:1.000; policlonal de coelho; n&#186; cat. ab136799; Abcam), HOX-1 (dilui&#231;&#227;o,1:1.000; policlonal de coelho; n&#186; cat. ab230513; Abcam), HOX-2(dilui&#231;&#227;o,1:500; policlonal de coelho; n&#186; cat. ab229960; Abcam) e GAPDH (dilui&#231;&#227;o, 1:1.000; clone 6C5; cat. no. ab8245; Abcam) durante a noite a 4&#176;C. Anticorpos secund&#225;rios titulados com Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) (1:1.000 dilui&#231;&#227;o; n&#186; cat. A0208, A0216; Beyotime) foram acrescentados, ap&#243;s a incuba&#231;&#227;o em temperatura ambiente por 2 horas. As membranas foram visualizadas com kits de quimioluminesc&#234;ncia amplificada (Biorbyt, Ltd., Cambridge, Reino Unido). Para quantificar a express&#227;o de prote&#237;na direcionada, os filmes de raio X foram escaneados, e as intensidades de banda foram quantificadas pelo software ImageJ 1.47. Os resultados foram normalizados em GAPDH.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Medi&#231;&#227;o de heme intracelular</title>
        <p>O ensaio de imunoabsor&#231;&#227;o enzim&#225;tica (ELISA) foi utilizado para determinar os n&#237;veis de heme intracelular. As c&#233;lulas H9c2 de cada grupo foram lisadas e submetidas a centrifuga&#231;&#227;o a 12000rpm por 15 minutos a 4 &#176;C para retirar detritos. A concentra&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;na do lisado celular foi quantificada pelo kit de Ensaio de Prote&#237;na BCA (Beyotime). O heme nos lisados celulares de H9c2 foi medido utilizando-se o Ensaio Heme QuantiChrom (BioAssay Systems), seguindo o protocolo do fabricante e normalizado a uma concentra&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;na de cada amostra.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Citometria de fluxo para determinar o &#237;ndice de apoptose em c&#233;lulas H9c2</title>
        <p>A apoptose foi avaliada utilizando-se o kit Annexin V-FITC/PI Apoptosis Detection kit (KeyGEN, China) de acordo com o protocolo do fabricante. Depois da interven&#231;&#227;o, aproximadamente 1&#215;10<sup>5</sup> c&#233;lulas H9c2 de cada grupo foram lavadas, digeridas com tripsina e as c&#233;lulas ressuspensas com 1x PBS (4&#176;C), centrifugadas a 2.000 rpm por 5-10 minutos para lavar as c&#233;lulas. As c&#233;lulas foram ressuspensas em 500&#956;l do tamp&#227;o, seguido da adi&#231;&#227;o de 5 &#956;l de Annexin V-FITC e 5 &#956;l de PI. As c&#233;lulas foram incubadas no escuro por 15 minutos em temperatura ambiente. Em seguida, as c&#233;lulas de cada grupo foram examinadas quanto ao &#237;ndice de apoptose por citometria de fluxo (BD Accuri&#8482; C6), e o experimento foi repetido tr&#234;s vezes. O &#237;ndice de apoptose foi quantificado como a porcentagem de c&#233;lulas coradas com Annexin V.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Os dados no presente estudo s&#227;o normalmente distribu&#237;dos, o que foi verificado pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk, e s&#227;o expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; SD. A ANOVA de fator &#250;nico, seguida do teste post hoc de Tukey, foi usada para examinar a signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica das diferen&#231;as entre os grupos. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada utilizando-se o software SPSS 24.0 Statistical Package Program for Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, EUA). Um p-valor bilateral de &lt;0,01 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Altera&#231;&#245;es nos n&#237;veis de heme em c&#233;lulas H9c2 com concentra&#231;&#245;es diferentes de doxorrubicina</title>
        <p>Conforme mostrado na <xref rid="f01" ref-type="fig">Figura 1</xref>, em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo de controle (5088,4&#177;153,1ng/ml), os n&#237;veis de heme das c&#233;lulas H9c2 foram significativamente regulados para cima 1,27 vezes (6493,1&#177;138,8 ng/ml), 1,56 vezes (7498,9&#177;110,2ng/ml), e no m&#225;ximo um aumento de 2,34 vezes (11896,6&#177;187,3ng/ml) nos grupos com 1&#956;M, 2&#956;M, e 5&#956;M de doxorrubicina, separadamente (p&lt;0,01). Essa tend&#234;ncia &#224; regula&#231;&#227;o para cima passou a ter um aumento de 1,95 vezes (9911,9&#177;286,8ng/ml) no grupo com 10&#956;M de doxorrubicina, em compara&#231;&#227;o com grupo de controle (p&lt;0,01).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Efeitos da doxorrubicina nos n&#237;veis de heme nas c&#233;lulas H9c2 exposta a solu&#231;&#227;o salina (grupo de controle) ou doxorrubicina com concentra&#231;&#227;o diferente por 24 horas. N&#237;veis de heme medidos por ELISA. Os dados s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia&#177;desvio padr&#227;o. *p&lt;0,01, em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo de controle.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-02-0315-90437-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Efeitos da doxorrubicina nos &#237;ndices de apoptose de c&#233;lulas H9c2</title>
        <p>A an&#225;lise de citometria de fluxo demonstrou que, em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo de controle tratado com solu&#231;&#227;o salina, o &#237;ndice de apoptose de c&#233;lulas H9c2 tratadas com concentra&#231;&#245;es diferentes de doxorrubicina aumentou significativamente, conforme mostrado na <xref rid="f02" ref-type="fig">Figura 2</xref>. Quando incubado com 1,2,5, e 10&#956;M de doxorrubicina por 24 horas, o &#237;ndice total de apoptose, incluindo a apoptose de est&#225;gio inicial e final, de H9c2 foi aumentado para 10,6&#177;1,6%, 41,1&#177;1,9%, 60,5&#177;3,6%, e 76,0&#177;2,5% respectivamente, em compara&#231;&#227;o com 2,1&#177;0,5% no grupo de controle (p&lt;0,01).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise por citometria de fluxo dos efeitos da doxorrubicina na viabilidade das c&#233;lulas H9c2 As c&#233;lulas H9c2 foram pr&#233;-tratadas com solu&#231;&#227;o salina (controle) e doxorrubicina a 1,2,5 e 10&#956;M respectivamente por 24h. (A) An&#225;lises representativas de citometria de fluxo de cinco experimentos separados correspondentes ao controle a &#224;s v&#225;rias concentra&#231;&#245;es de tratamento com doxorrubicina, respectivamente. (B) Gr&#225;fico estat&#237;stico de colora&#231;&#227;o annexin V-FITC/PI. Resultados expressos como m&#233;dia&#177;desvio padr&#227;o. *p&lt;0,01, em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo de controle.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-02-0315-90437-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Regula&#231;&#227;o da sintase do &#225;cido aminolevul&#237;nico 1 (ALAS1) e da sintase do &#225;cido aminolevul&#237;nico 2 (ALAS2) express&#227;o de RNA mensageiro (mRNA) em c&#233;lulas H9c2 depois do tratamento com doxorrubicina</p>
        <p>Como primeiro passo, foram avaliadas as enzimas limitantes de velocidade da s&#237;ntese do heme que ocorre nas mitoc&#244;ndrias, a express&#227;o do mRNA da ALAS1 e ALAS2 em tratamento com doxorrubicina. Depois da incuba&#231;&#227;o com 1&#956;M e 2&#956;M doxorrubicina, as express&#245;es de mRNA no ALAS1 foram reguladas para baixo (embora n&#227;o sejam estatisticamente significativos). Depois de tratar com 5&#956;M e 10&#956;M de doxorrubicina, as express&#245;es de mRNA de ALAS1 foram estatisticamente aumentadas at&#233; 41,1 vezes 375,3 vezes, em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo de controle separadamente. Diferente da ALAS1, a express&#227;o de mRNA de ALAS2 demonstrou um uma regula&#231;&#227;o para baixo significativa (grupo 1&#956;M:0,88 vezes, grupo 2&#956;M: 0,83vezes, grupo de 5&#956;M: 0,49 vezes, grupo 10&#956;M:0,31 vezes respectivamente, conforme mostrado na <xref rid="f03" ref-type="fig">Figura 3A</xref>.)</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; (A) altera&#231;&#227;o da express&#227;o de mRNA de ALAS1 e ALAS2 em tratamento com doxorrubicina. sintase do &#225;cido aminolevul&#237;nico 1; ALAS2, sintase do &#225;cido aminolevul&#237;nico 2. (B) Caracter&#237;sticas da altera&#231;&#227;o da express&#227;o de mRNA para enzimas catab&#243;licas do heme em tratamento com doxorrubicina. HOX-1, heme oxigenase 1; HOX-2, heme oxigenase2. * indica p&lt;0,01 versus grupo de controle.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-02-0315-90437-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Regula&#231;&#227;o da express&#227;o do mRNA para as HOX-1 e HOX-2 em c&#233;lulas H9c2 ap&#243;s o tratamento com doxorrubicina</title>
        <p>Foram examinadas as enzimas citoplasm&#225;ticas limitantes de velocidade in catabolismo do heme, HOX-1, e HOX-2. Detectamos que, depois de incubado com um n&#237;vel crescente de doxorrubicina, o mRNA de HOX-1 e HOX-2 exibiu o mesmo padr&#227;o de regula&#231;&#227;o, embora com n&#237;veis de altera&#231;&#227;o diferenciados. N&#227;o houve altera&#231;&#227;o significativa na express&#227;o do mRNA depois do tratamento com 1&#956;M e 2&#956;M, comparado com o grupo de controle, nem em HOX-1, nem HOX-2. Depois de incubado com 5&#956;M de doxorrubicina, a express&#227;o de mRNA para HOX-1 e HOX-2 se regularam para uma mudan&#231;a para cima de 4,3 vezes e 15,5 vezes, respectivamente (p&lt;0,01). Entretanto, ap&#243;s o tratamento com 10&#956;M de doxorrubicina, a regula&#231;&#227;o para cima diminuiu at&#233; o n&#237;vel de 2,6 vezes e 3,2 vezes separadamente, em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo de controle, (p&lt;0,01), conforme mostrado na <xref rid="f03" ref-type="fig">Figura 3B</xref></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Regula&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de prote&#237;na de ALAS1, ALAS2, HOX-1, e HOX-2 ap&#243;s o tratamento com doxorrubicina</title>
        <p>A an&#225;lise de Western Blot demonstrou que, de forma id&#234;ntica ao padr&#227;o de express&#227;o de mRNA, os n&#237;veis de prote&#237;na ALAS1 foram regulados para baixo significativamente no grupo de 2&#956;M de doxorrubicina, e regulado para cima no grupo de 10&#956;M de doxorrubicina, em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo de controle. Observou-se que os n&#237;veis de prote&#237;na foram regulados para baixo progressivamente, &#224; medida que a concentra&#231;&#227;o de doxorrubicina aumentou de 1&#956;M a 10&#956;M, conforme mostrado na <xref rid="f04" ref-type="fig">Figura 4A</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise de dados de Western Blot para altera&#231;&#245;es de n&#237;veis de prote&#237;na ALAS (A) e HOX (B) em c&#233;lulas H9c2 em concentra&#231;&#245;es de doxorrubicina diferentes. ALAS1: sintase do &#225;cido aminolevul&#237;nico 1; ALAS2: sintase do &#225;cido aminolevul&#237;nico; HOX-1: heme oxigenase 1; HOX-2: heme oxigenase 2. Cada teste Western Blot foi realizado tr&#234;s vezes. * indica p&lt;0,01 versus grupo de controle.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-02-0315-90437-gf04.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A express&#227;o de prote&#237;na de HOX-1 foi ligeiramente regulada para baixo no tratamento com 1&#956;M e 2&#956;M de doxorrubicina, e depois regulada para cima de forma abrupta, em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo de controle. No entanto, de forma inconsistente com o padr&#227;o de express&#227;o de mRNA, detectamos um aumento progressivo no n&#237;vel de prote&#237;na HOX-2 com o aumento da concentra&#231;&#227;o de doxorrubicina de 1&#956;M a 5&#956;M, e, em seguida, voltou para o n&#237;vel de linha de base quando tratado com 10&#956;M de doxorrubicina (<xref rid="f04" ref-type="fig">Figura 4B</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Doxorrubicina &#233; um tipo de droga antraciclina que &#233; uma droga antitumoral eficiente de amplo espectro. Ela &#233; amplamente utilizada no tratamento de v&#225;rios tumores malignos, tais como c&#226;ncer de mama, c&#226;ncer de pulm&#227;o e linfoma.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> Entretanto, os efeitos card&#237;acos t&#243;xicos da doxorrubicina na dose cl&#237;nica para quimioterapia s&#227;o graves e dependem da dose, o que pode levar a cardiomiopatia e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva, e, portanto, limitam muito seu uso cl&#237;nico.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup> Diferente do mecanismo de sua atividade antitumoral, o mecanismo prim&#225;rio de toxicidade card&#237;aca induzido pela doxorrubicina, &#233; a gera&#231;&#227;o de esp&#233;cies reativas do oxig&#234;nio (ERO) e a promo&#231;&#227;o subsequente do stress oxidativo mioc&#225;rdico.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> O heme &#233; um mediador essencial da disponibilidade bioqu&#237;mica do ferro.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup> A fun&#231;&#227;o da mol&#233;cula do heme varia de acordo com a prote&#237;na ligante com a qual &#233; coordenado. Ele pode funcionar como mediador de transporte e armazenamento de oxig&#234;nio em hemoglobina<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup> ou mioglobina,<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup> e, por outro lado, ele age como um transportador de el&#233;trons em citocromos, e &#233; a fonte cr&#237;tica de ferro redox-ativo.<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup> Bhoite-Solomon et al. identificaram que o heme livre &#233; t&#243;xico para o mioc&#225;rdio, e causa cit&#243;lise por meio de dano no sarcolema, dependendo da concentra&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> Al&#233;m dos cardiomi&#243;citos, o heme livre tamb&#233;m pode ser t&#243;xico &#224;s c&#233;lulas epiteliais humanas e a c&#233;lulas semelhantes a neur&#244;nios,<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>,<xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup>por meio do stress oxidativo causado pela apoptose ou necrose da c&#233;lula. Al&#233;m disso, o heme livre pode causar dano celular endotelial, ao estimular a express&#227;o de fatores inflamat&#243;rios.<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>,<xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Entretanto, diferentemente dos v&#225;rios estudos sobre dano oxidativo a cardiomi&#243;citos mediados por ferro tratados com drogas antraciclinas, a varia&#231;&#227;o do n&#237;vel de heme intracelular e a regula&#231;&#227;o dos processos de sua s&#237;ntese e metabolismo n&#227;o foram bem avaliados no cardiomi&#243;cito em tratamento com antraciclina. No presente estudo, examinamos sistematicamente as caracter&#237;sticas de varia&#231;&#227;o de enzimas biossint&#233;ticas e degradadoras do heme pela primeira vez.</p>
      <p>No caminho de bioss&#237;ntese, h&#225; oito enzimas envolvidas, dentre as quais quatro s&#227;o enzimas mitocondriais, e quatro s&#227;o enzimas citoplasm&#225;ticas.<sup><xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup> Na primeira etapa da s&#237;ntese do heme, a glicina e succinil coenzima A s&#227;o condensadas no &#225;cido &#948;-aminolevul&#237;nico (ALA). Essa rea&#231;&#227;o precisa ser catalisada pela sintase do &#225;cido aminolevul&#237;nico (ALAS).<sup><xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref></sup> H&#225; dois tipos de ALAS: ALAS1 e ALAS2. A primeira tem uma express&#227;o universal, enquanto a &#250;ltima &#233; predominantemente expressa em c&#233;lulas precursoras de hem&#225;cias.<sup><xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref></sup> No presente estudo, observamos que n&#227;o apenas a ALAS1, mas tamb&#233;m a ALAS2 foram expressas nas c&#233;lulas H9c2 em n&#237;veis de linha de base. Ap&#243;s o tratamento com doxorrubicina, a express&#227;o de mRNA de ALAS1 e ALAS2 apresentam dois padr&#245;es de altera&#231;&#227;o distintos. A express&#227;o de prote&#237;na e mRNA de ALAS1, a princ&#237;pio, apresentou uma tend&#234;ncia &#224; inibi&#231;&#227;o (embora n&#227;o fosse estatisticamente significativa em nosso estudo) com 1&#956;M e 2&#956;M de doxorrubicina, e, depois, padr&#245;es dram&#225;ticos de regula&#231;&#227;o para cima com o tratamento com 5&#956;M e 10&#956;M de doxorrubicina.</p>
      <p>Por outro lado, a express&#227;o de prote&#237;na e mRNA de ALAS2 foi suprimida gradativamente at&#233; o n&#237;vel mais baixo, quando tratada com 10&#956;M de doxorrubicina, com 69,0% e 35,0% de redu&#231;&#227;o, respectivamente. Esse fen&#244;meno indica que, sob o efeito da doxorrubicina, a regula&#231;&#227;o de ALAS1 e ALAS2 pode tomar caminhos diferentes e ter objetivos de bioprocessos direcionadores diferentes. A regula&#231;&#227;o para baixo de ALAS2 pode ser explicada pelo feedback negativo de uma eleva&#231;&#227;o progressiva do n&#237;vel de heme. Esse efeito pode ser alcan&#231;ado reprimindo-se a transcri&#231;&#227;o de mRNA de ALAS2, conforme mostrado em nossos resultados de PCR em tempo real, bem como interrompendo-se a forma&#231;&#227;o de ALAS2 por meio de um bloco do precursor de ALAS2 at&#233; as mitoc&#244;ndrias.<sup><xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>,<xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref></sup> Nas hem&#225;cias, a express&#227;o de ALAS2 &#233; determinada pela transativa&#231;&#227;o de locais de fatores nucleares GATA-1, CACC box, e NF-E2-ligante na &#225;rea promotora, e sua s&#237;ntese &#233; regulada pela quantidade de ferro livre.<sup><xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref></sup> Entretanto, os mecanismos de regula&#231;&#227;o de ALAS2 em cardiomi&#243;citos em tratamento com doxorrubicina precisa ser pesquisada mais a fundo.</p>
      <p>Em nosso estudo, ALAS1, que deveria estar estritamente em controle de feedback negativo em n&#237;vel baixo para evitar o alto n&#237;vel citot&#243;xico de heme, foi expresso excessivamente nos aspectos do gene e da prote&#237;na, apesar do alto n&#237;vel de heme que existe simultaneamente. Podvinec et al.,<sup><xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref></sup> relataram que as drogas que induzem citocromos P450 e outras enzimas associadas que metabolizam drogas podem fazer a regula&#231;&#227;o para cima de ALAS1 simultaneamente e por meio de transcri&#231;&#227;o, que foi o primeiro passo na s&#237;ntese de heme, para coordenar com a necessidade de atividade de citocromo P450 com regula&#231;&#227;o para cima. Esse processo foi mediado por dois elementos aperfei&#231;oadores, localizados a 20 e 16 kb a montante do local de in&#237;cio transcricional de ALAS1, e sua intera&#231;&#227;o com os xeno-receptores NR1I2 e NR1I3.<sup><xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref></sup> Zordoky et al.,<sup><xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref></sup> revelaram que a doxorrubicina causa indu&#231;&#227;o significativa de v&#225;rios genes P450 do citocromo, tais como express&#227;o gen&#233;tica de CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP1B1, e CYP2B2 dependendo da concentra&#231;&#227;o. NR1I2 e NR1I3 tamb&#233;m demonstraram ser os receptores nucleares cruciais que mediaram a intera&#231;&#227;o entre a doxorrubicina e as enzimas metabolizantes.<sup><xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref></sup> Os mecanismos precisos de regula&#231;&#227;o de padr&#245;es de express&#227;o de ALAS no cardiomi&#243;cito precisar&#225; ser elucidado em estudos futuros.</p>
      <p>A heme oxidase (HOX) &#233; a enzima limitante de velocidade no processo de degrada&#231;&#227;o do heme, que pode degradar por oxida&#231;&#227;o a mol&#233;cula do heme para produzir mon&#243;xido de carbono, ferro e biliverdina. A heme oxidase tem duas isoenzimas, heme oxidase 1 (HOX-1) e heme oxidase 2 (HOX-2). A HOX-2 desempenha basicamente um papel regulat&#243;rio sob condi&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas normais, enquanto a HOX-2 pode proteger as c&#233;lulas e os tecidos em stress oxidativo.<sup><xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A express&#227;o de HOX-1 pode ser promovida por uma variedade de est&#237;mulos, incluindo a doxorrubicina<sup><xref rid="B27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref></sup> e o ac&#250;mulo de heme intracelular. Estudos anteriores revelaram que a express&#227;o de HO-1 &#233; regulada principalmente no n&#237;vel da transcri&#231;&#227;o, e identificou-se que v&#225;rios elementos regulat&#243;rios t&#234;m um papel importante na regula&#231;&#227;o para cima da HOX-1, incluindo elementos de resposta metal (MREs), elementos de resposta ao stress (StREs), AP-1, e NF-B.<sup><xref rid="B28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref></sup> Por outro lado, demonstrou-se que Bach1 tem um efeito repressor na express&#227;o de HOX-1.<sup><xref rid="B29" ref-type="bibr">29</xref></sup> No presente estudo, identificamos que a HOX-1 nos cardiomi&#243;citos de H9c2 foi inicialmente regulada para baixo quando tratada com baixa concentra&#231;&#227;o de doxorrubicina (1&#956;M e 2 &#956;M) nas c&#233;lulas H9c2 e, em seguida significativamente regulada para cima com incuba&#231;&#227;o com 5&#956;M e 10&#956;M de doxorrubicina. Nossa pesquisa indica que ser&#227;o necess&#225;rios mais estudos com foco na intera&#231;&#227;o entre v&#225;rios reguladores de e elementos de gene da HOX-1 em concentra&#231;&#245;es diferentes de doxorrubicina.</p>
      <p>Apesar de apresentar padr&#227;o semelhante ao da express&#227;o de mRNA com HOX-1, o n&#237;vel de prote&#237;na da HOX-2 foi elevado progressivamente juntamente com o aumento de concentra&#231;&#227;o de doxorrubicina de 1&#956;M a 5&#956;M, e baixou abruptamente abaixo do n&#237;vel de linha de base quando tratado com 10&#956;M de doxorrubicina. A diferen&#231;a no perfil de altera&#231;&#227;o do n&#237;vel de prote&#237;na entre HOX-1 e HOX-2 pode ser devida &#224; diferen&#231;a em seus mecanismos de regula&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref rid="B30" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>,<xref rid="B31" ref-type="bibr">31</xref></sup> Em ratos, a express&#227;o de HO-2 &#233; modulada por glicocorticoides, por meio do elemento de resposta do glicocorticoide (GRE).<sup><xref rid="B32" ref-type="bibr">32</xref></sup> At&#233; onde sabemos, este &#233; o primeiro estudo sobre o efeito da doxorrubicina na express&#227;o de HOX-2 em cardiomi&#243;citos. Entretanto, o mecanismo de a&#231;&#227;o preciso entre a doxorrubicina e a regula&#231;&#227;o de HOX-2 ainda &#233; uma quest&#227;o cr&#237;tica n&#227;o resolvida.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
        <p>Falta de resultados na detec&#231;&#227;o de atividades de enzimas em c&#233;lulas H9c2 era considerado como a principal limita&#231;&#227;o de nosso estudo. Enquanto isso, o n&#237;vel de stress oxidativo, de acordo com a altera&#231;&#227;o do metabolismo de heme n&#227;o foi explorada, o que pode elucidar melhor a rela&#231;&#227;o entre enzimas metab&#243;licas do heme e cardiotoxicidade induzida por doxorrubicina. Mais estudos cobrindo esses aspectos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para esclarecer o efeito da doxorrubicina na bioss&#237;ntese e no metabolismo do heme.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>O aumento da express&#227;o de ALAS1 pode ter um papel na eleva&#231;&#227;o do n&#237;vel do heme quando o cardiomi&#243;cito H9c2 for exposto &#224; doxorrubicina. Embora as HOX tenham sido reguladas para cima em concentra&#231;&#245;es de doxorrubicina de moderada a alta, seus efeitos degradadores foram sufocados pela ativa&#231;&#227;o da s&#237;ntese do heme n&#227;o controlada. Os mecanismos espec&#237;ficos para a perda de controle de feedback negativo na forma&#231;&#227;o do heme em tratamento com doxorrubicina, e o papel poss&#237;vel das ALAS como alvo terap&#234;utico contra a citotoxicidade por heme induzida por doxorrubicina dever&#225; ser estudada em investiga&#231;&#245;es futuras.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p><bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>.O presente estudo foi financiado pela Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation (Grant n&#186; 7162089).</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Effects of Doxorubicin on Heme Biosynthesis and Metabolism in Cardiomyocyte</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wang</surname>
            <given-names>Zuoyan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gao</surname>
            <given-names>Junyi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Teng</surname>
            <given-names>Haobo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0068-8728</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Peng</surname>
            <given-names>Jianjun</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Capital Medical University Affiliated Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Beijing - China</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Jianjun Peng &#8226;</bold> Capital Medical University Affiliated Beijing Shijitan Hospital - No.10 Tieyi Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100038, China Beijing 100038 E-mail: pengjianjun2361@bjsjth.cn </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Writing of the manuscript: Wang Z; Acquisition of data and Statistical analysis: Wang Z, Gao J, Teng H; Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Wang Z, Peng J.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Doxorubicin is associated with cardiotoxicity and late cardiac morbidity. Heme is related to cellular oxidative stress. However, its specific regulation in cardiomyocytes under doxorubicin effects has not yet been documented.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> This study seeks to evaluate the changing profiles of rate-limiting enzymes in the heme metabolism pathway under the effect of doxorubicin.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> H9c2 cardiomyocytes were incubated with doxorubicin at different concentrations (1,2,5,10&#956;M respectively). The real-time PCR and Western Blot were used to determine the mRNA and protein expression for four pivotal enzymes (ALAS1, ALAS2, HOX-1, and HOX-2) regulating cellular heme metabolism, as well as the levels of heme were detected by ELISA. p&lt;0.01 was considered significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> This study observed a dose-dependent changing pattern in heme levels in H9c2 cells with the highest level at the 5&#956;M concentration for doxorubicin, which occurred synchronously with the highest upregulation level of ALAS1, as well as the degradative enzymes, HOX-1, and HOX-2 in mRNA and protein expression. By contrast, ALAS2, contrary to the increasing concentrations of doxorubicin, was found to be progressively down-regulated.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> The increase in ALAS1 expression may play a potential role in the heme level elevation when H9c2 cardiomyocyte was exposed to doxorubicin and may be a potential therapeutic target for doxorubicin-induced myocardial toxicity. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021; 116(2):315-322)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Doxorubicin</kwd>
        <kwd>Biosynthesis</kwd>
        <kwd>Heme</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocites, Cardiac</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiotoxicity</kwd>
        <kwd>ALAS</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>With the continuing progression of anti-tumor drugs and radiotherapy, the survival rate of patients with malignant tumors has been improved, and their survival-span is significantly prolonged. However, the widespread use of anti-tumor drugs is accompanied by an increase in cardiovascular adverse events, which affects patient survival and quality of life. Anthracyclines are drugs derived from streptomycin, including doxorubicin, and epirubicin, which are widely used to treat breast cancer, small cell lung cancer, myeloma, sarcoma, lymphoma, and leukemia. Myocardiopathy and subsequent heart failure are the most serious manifestation of cardiotoxicity caused by anthracycline drugs in chemotherapy. Moreover, the cardiovascular toxicity of anthracyclines is dose-dependent and irreversible.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>,<xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The exact mechanism of anthracycline drugs that induced myocardial toxicity remains unclear, though a variety of theories have been proposed, including the inhibition of DNA replication and RNA transcription, DNA damage caused by free radicals, lipid peroxidation and alkylation, DNA cross-linking, interference with DNA unwinding, inhibition of topoisomerase &#8545;, among others.</p>
        <p>Heme is an important porphyrin ligand, as a supplement of the heme protein, and is responsible for the physiological function of O<sub>2</sub> transport in the body. Many biological functions related to life, such as electron transport, oxygen storage, signal transduction, and gene expression are controlled by different heme proteins. Recent studies found that heme levels increased significantly in rat models of myocardial ischemic heart failure, suggesting that heme may play an important role in ischemic and hypoxic myocardial injury.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>,<xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup> However, there has been no published literature that specifically explored the changing of heme biosynthesis or metabolism in cardiomyocyte under anthracyclines treatment.</p>
        <p>Heme biosynthesis is initiated by the formation of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) from glycine (Gly) and succinyl-CoA, catalyzed by ALA synthase (ALAS), which has two isoenzymes: ALAS1 and ALAS2. On the other hand, heme oxygenase (HOX) mediates the first step of heme catabolism, and it cleaves heme to form biliverdin. Two active isoforms of HOX have been identified: the inducible HOX-1 and the less regulated HOX-2.</p>
        <p>The purpose of this study was to elucidate the changing profiles of four pivotal enzymes, aminolaevulinic acid synthase 1 (ALAS1), aminolaevulinic acid synthase 2 (ALAS2), heme oxygenase 1 (HOX-1), and heme oxygenase 2 (HOX-2), in H9c2 cardiomyocyte under doxorubicin treatment.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Cell culture and doxorubicin treatment</title>
          <p>H9c2 cardiomyocytes were purchased from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, VA)and then cultured with DMEM/F12 medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum and 1% double-antibody medium, under the conditions of 37&#176;C and 5% CO<sub>2</sub> in a humidified chamber. The H9c2 cells were then plated onto 6-well plates at 2 &#215; 10<sup>5</sup> cells/well in a volume of 2 mL and cultured in DMEM/F12 medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum for 24 h. After, different doses of doxorubicin (1,2,5,10 &#956;M, respectively) were added to the plate well. The doxorubicin-untreated cells (treated with saline) represented the control group. After a 24h-incubation at 37&#186;C, the cells of different wells were harvested separately by centrifugation (10,000 rpm for 10 minutes at 4&#176;C) and used for further study below.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Quantitative real-time PCR</title>
          <p>Total RNA was extracted from H9c2 cells of all the groups, using TRIzol (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA) and reverse transcribed with the SuperScript Double-Strand Synthesis kit (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.), according to the manufacturer&#8217;s instructions, and amplified on a 7500 Fast real-time PCR system with SYBR GreenER qPCR SuperMix Universal (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA). Primers used for amplification of ALAS1, ALAS2, HOX-1, and HOX-2 were designed using Primer3 (v. 0.4.0) software. The following primers were used for real-time PCR:</p>
          <disp-quote>
            <p>ALAS1-F:TTGCCAAAGTCCGTTTCC</p>
            <p>R: TGTAGTCATCTGCCATAGGG 3&#8217;;</p>
            <p>ALAS2-F: TCAAGGGAGAGGAGGGTCAAG</p>
            <p>R: ACGAGGCACAGTTGGGTAG</p>
            <p>HOX-1-F:TCGACAACCCCACCAAGTT</p>
            <p>R:CTGGCGAAGAAACTCTGTCT</p>
            <p>HOX-2-F:GCTTACACTCGTTACATGGG</p>
            <p>R: CACATGCTCGAACAGGTAGA</p>
            <p>GAPDH-F: GATGACATCAAGAAGGTGGTGA</p>
            <p>R:ACCCTGTTGCTGTAGCCATATTC.</p>
          </disp-quote>
          <p>The reaction conditions were as follows: 95&#176;C for 3 min; 95&#176;C for 30 sec, 55&#176;C for 20sec, and 72&#176;C for 20sec with 40 cycles. Melting curve analyses were performed to verify their amplification specificity. The expression values of all targeted genes from each sample were calculated by normalizing with internal control GAPDH and calculated using the 2-&#916;&#916;CT method.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Western Blot</title>
          <p>H9c2 cells were trypsinized, centrifuged for 5 min at 1,000 x g and washed with cold PBS. The H9c2 cells were then resuspended in lysis buffer with protease and phosphatase inhibitors. The cell lysate was kept in ice and vortexed. After centrifugation for 20 min at 13,000&#215;g, the supernatant was separated and stored at &#8722;80 &#176;C until use. After denaturation, 20&#956;g of total protein were loaded onto 12% sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) gels for protein separation, and electrophoretically transferred to a polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membrane. After blocking with 5%milk in TBST (50mM Tris-HCl, pH 8;154 mM NaCl and 0.1% tween20) for 2 hours at room temperature, the membranes were probed with specific antibodies against ALAS1 (dilution,1:1,000; rabbit polyclonal; cat. no. 16200-1-AP; Proteintech), ALAS2 (dilution,1:1,000; rabbit polyclonal; cat. no. ab136799; Abcam), HOX-1 (dilution,1:1,000; rabbit polyclonal; cat. no. ab230513; Abcam), HOX-2 (dilution,1:500; rabbit polyclonal; cat. no. ab229960; Abcam), and GAPDH (dilution, 1:1,000; clone 6C5; cat. no. ab8245; Abcam) overnight at 4&#176;C. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-labeled secondary antibodies (1:1,000 dilution; cat.nos. A0208, A0216; Beyotime) was added, followed by incubation at room temperature for 2 h. Membranes were visualized by enhanced chemiluminescence kits (Biorbyt, Ltd., Cambridge, UK). To quantify the targeting protein expression, the X-ray films were scanned, and band intensities were quantified by ImageJ 1.47 software. The results were normalized to GAPDH.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Intracellular heme measurement</title>
          <p>Enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA) was employed to determine intracellular heme levels. H9c2 cells of each group were lysed and followed by centrifugation at 12,000 rpm for 15 minutes at 4&#176;C to remove debris. The protein concentration of the cell lysate was quantified by an enhanced BCA Protein Assay kit (Beyotime). The heme in H9c2 cell lysates was measured by using QuantiChrom Heme Assay (BioAssay Systems) following the manufacture&#8217;s protocol and normalized to a protein concentration of each sample.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Flow cytometry to determine the apoptosis rate in H9c2 cells</title>
          <p>Apoptosis was assessed using the Annexin V-FITC/PI Apoptosis Detection kit (KeyGEN, China) according to the manufacturer&#8217;s protocol. After the intervention, approximately 1&#215;10<sup>5</sup> H9c2 cells of each group were washed and digested with trypsin, and then resuspended with 1x PBS (4&#176;C) and centrifuged at 2,000 rpm for 5-10 minutes to wash the cells. The cells were resuspended in 500&#956;l of the buffer, followed by the addition of 5 &#956;l of Annexin V-FITC and 5 &#956;l of PI. The cells were incubated in the dark for 15 minutes at room temperature. Next, the cells of each group were examined for apoptosis rate by flow cytometry (BD Accuri&#8482; C6). The experiment was repeated three times. The apoptotic rate was quantified as the percentage of cells stained with Annexin V.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
          <p>Data in the present study are normally distributed, which was verified by Shapiro- Wilk test, and are expressed as mean &#177; SD. One-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey&#8217;s post hoc test, was used to examine the statistical significance of differences between groups. Statistical analysis was performed by using the SPSS 24.0 Statistical Package Program for Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). A two-sided p-value of &lt;0.01 was considered significant.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>The changing of the heme level in H9c2 cells with a different concentration of doxorubicin</title>
          <p>As shown in <xref rid="f01001" ref-type="fig">Figure 1</xref>, compared with the control group (5088.4&#177;153.1ng/ml), heme levels of H9c2 cells were significantly up-regulated to a 1.27-fold (6493.1&#177;138.8 ng/ml), a 1.56-fold (7498.9&#177;110.2ng/ml), and a maximum 2.34-fold (11896.6&#177;187.3ng/ml) increase in 1&#956;M, 2&#956;M, and 5&#956;M doxorubicin groups, separately (p&lt;0.01). This up-regulation trend was dropped back to a 1.95-fold (9911.9&#177;286.8ng/ml) increase in the 10&#956;M doxorubicin group, as compared to the control group (p&lt;0.01).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Effects of doxorubicin on heme levels in H9c2 cells exposed to saline (control group) or doxorubicin with different concentrations for 24 hours. Heme levels were measured by ELISA. Data are presented as the mean&#177;standard deviation. *p&lt;0.01, compared with the control group.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-02-0315-90437-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>The Effects of doxorubicin on the apoptosis rate of H9c2 cells</title>
          <p>The flow cytometry analysis showed that, compared with the control group treated with saline, the apoptosis rate of H9c2 cells treated with different concentrations of doxorubicin was significantly increased, as shown in <xref rid="f02001" ref-type="fig">Figure 2</xref>. When incubated with 1, 2, 5, and 10&#956;M doxorubicin for 24h, the total apoptosis rate, including both early and end-stage apoptosis, of H9c2 was increased to 10.6&#177;1.6%, 41.1&#177;1.9%, 60.5&#177;3.6%, and 76.0&#177;2.5%, respectively, as compared to 2.1&#177;0.5% in the control group (p&lt;0.01).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Flow cytometry analysis to evaluate the effects of doxorubicin on H9c2 cell viability. H9c2 cells were pretreated with saline (control) and doxorubicin at 1, 2, 5 and 10&#956;M, respectively, for 24h. (A) Representative flow cytometry analyses of five individual experiments corresponding to control and different concentration doxorubicin treatment, respectively. (B) Statistical graph of annexin V-FITC/PI staining. Results was expressed as mean&#177;SD. * p&lt;0.01 vs control group.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-02-0315-90437-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Regulation of aminolaevulinic acid synthase 1 (ALAS1) and aminolaevulinic acid synthase 2 (ALAS2) messenger RNA (mRNA) expression in H9c2 cells after doxorubicin treatment</title>
          <p>As the first step and rate-limiting enzymes for heme synthesis that occur in the mitochondria, the mRNA expression of ALAS1 and ALAS2 under doxorubicin treatment were evaluated. After incubating with 1&#956;M and 2&#956;M doxorubicin, the mRNA expressions of ALAS1 were down-regulated (though not statistically significant). After treating with 5&#956;M and 10&#956;M doxorubicin, the ALAS1 mRNA expressions were statistically increased to 41.1-fold and 375.3-fold, separately, as compared to the control group. Unlike ALAS1, ALAS2 mRNA expression proved to be progressively and significantly down-regulated (1&#956;M group:0.88-fold, 2&#956;M group: 0.83-fold, 5&#956;M group: 0.49-fold, 10&#956;M group:0.31-fold respectively, as shown in <xref rid="f03001" ref-type="fig">Figure 3A</xref>.)</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; (A) mRNA expression changes of ALAS1 and ALAS2 under doxorubicin treatment. ALAS1, aminolaevulinic acid synthase 1; ALAS2, aminolaevulinic acid synthase 2. (B) Characteristics of mRNA expression changes for heme catabolic enzymes under doxorubicin treatment. HOX-1, heme oxygenase 1; HOX-2, heme oxygenase 2. * indicate p&lt;0.01 vs. Control group.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-02-0315-90437-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Regulation of mRNA expression for HOX-1 and HOX-2 in H9c2 cells after doxorubicin treatment</title>
          <p>The cytoplastic rate-limiting enzymes in heme catabolism, HOX-1 and HOX-2, were examined. It was found that after having been incubated with an increasing level of doxorubicin, the HOX-1 and HOX-2 mRNA exhibited the same regulation pattern, although with different changing levels. No significant change was observed in mRNA expression after 1&#956;M and 2&#956;M doxorubicin treatment, when compared with the control group, for either HOX-1 or HOX-2. After incubating with 5&#956;M doxorubicin, the mRNA expression for HOX-1 and HOX-2 significantly up-regulated to 4.3-fold and 15.5-fold changes, respectively (p&lt;0.01). But after treatment with 10&#956;M doxorubicin, the up-regulation was declined to the extent of 2.6-fold and 3.2-fold, separately, when compared with the control group (p&lt;0.01), as shown in <xref rid="f03001" ref-type="fig">Figure 3B</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Regulation of ALAS1, ALAS2, HOX-1, and HOX-2 protein levels after doxorubicin treatment</title>
          <p>Western blot analysis showed that, identical to their mRNA expression pattern, ALAS1 protein levels were significantly down-regulated in the 2&#956;M doxorubicin group and up-regulated in 10&#956;M doxorubicin groups, when compared with the control group. ALAS2 protein levels were found to be progressively down-regulated as the doxorubicin concentration increased from 1&#956;M to 10&#956;M, as shown in <xref rid="f04001" ref-type="fig">Figure 4A</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f04001">
              <label>Figure 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Analysis data of western blotting for ALAS (A) and HOX (B) protein level change in H9c2 cells at different concentrations for doxorubicin. ALAS1, aminolaevulinic acid synthase 1; ALAS2, aminolaevulinic acid synthase; HOX-1, heme oxygenase 1; HOX-2, heme oxygenase 2. Each western blot was conducted three times. * indicate p&lt;0.01 vs. control group.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-02-0315-90437-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Protein expression of HOX-1 was slightly down-regulated under 1&#956;M and 2&#956;M doxorubicin treatment, and then sharply up-regulated when compared with the control group. However, inconsistent with the mRNA expression pattern, our study detected a progressive increase in the HOX-2 protein level, with an increase in the doxorubicin concentration from 1&#956;M to 5&#956;M, and then a decline to the baseline level when treated with 10&#956;M doxorubicin (<xref rid="f04001" ref-type="fig">Figure 4B</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Doxorubicin is a kind of anthracycline drug, which is an effective broad-spectrum anti-tumor drug. It is widely used in the treatment of various malignant tumors, such as breast cancer, lung cancer, and lymphoma.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> But the toxic cardiac effects of doxorubicin in a clinical chemotherapy dose is severe and dose-dependent, which can cause cardiomyopathy and congestive heart failure, and thus greatly limits its clinical use.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup> Different from the mechanism of its anti-tumor activity, the primary mechanism of cardiac toxicity induced by doxorubicin, is the generation of iron-mediated reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the subsequent promotion of myocardial oxidative stress.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> Heme is an essential mediator of the biochemical availability of iron.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup>The function of the heme molecule varies according to the binding protein it coordinates with. It may serve as a mediator of oxygen transport and storage in hemoglobin<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup> or myoglobin,<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup> whereas it acts as an electron transporter in cytochromes and is the critical source of redox-active iro.<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup> Bhoite-Solomon et al. found that free heme is toxic to the myocardium and caused cytolysis through sarcolemma damage in a concentration-dependent manner.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> In addition to cardiomyocyte, free heme can also be toxic to human epithelial cells and neuron-like cells<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>,<xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup> through oxidative stress caused by cell apoptosis or necrosis. Moreover, free heme can cause endothelial cell injury by stimulating the expression of inflammatory factors.<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>,<xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>However, unlike the abundant studies in the iron-mediated oxidative injury in cardiomyocyte treated with anthracycline drugs, the intracellular heme level variation and the regulation processes of its synthesis and metabolism have not been well evaluated in cardiomyocyte under anthracycline treatment. The present study systematically examined the variation characteristics of biosynthetic and degradative enzymes for heme for the first time.</p>
        <p>In the heme biosynthesis pathway, there are eight enzymes involved, among which four are mitochondrial enzymes, and four are cytoplasmic enzymes.<sup><xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup> For the first step of heme synthesis, glycine and succinyl coenzyme A are condensed into &#948;-aminolevulinic acid (ALA). This reaction needs to be catalyzed by aminolevulinic acid synthase (ALAS).<sup><xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref></sup> There are two types of ALAS: ALAS1 and ALAS2. The former has a universal expression, while the latter is dominantly expressed in red blood cell precursor cells.<sup><xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref></sup> The present study found that not only ALAS1, but also ALAS2, were both expressed in the H9c2 cells at baseline levels. After the treatment with doxorubicin, ALAS1 and ALAS2 mRNA expression exhibit two distinct changing patterns. The ALAS1 mRNA and protein expression at first presented a trend of inhibition (though not statistically significant in our study) with 1&#956;M and 2&#956;M doxorubicin and then showed a dramatic up-regulation pattern with 5&#956;M and 10&#956;M doxorubicin treatment.</p>
        <p>By contrast, mRNA and protein expression of ALAS2 were progressively suppressed to the lowest level when treated with 10&#956;M doxorubicin, with 69.0% and 35.0% reductions, respectively. This phenomenon indicates that, under the effect of doxorubicin, the regulation of ALAS1 and ALAS2 may occur through the different pathways and seek different targeting bioprocesses. The step-down-regulation of ALAS2 can be explained by the negative feedback from a progressive elevation of heme level. This effect might be achieved by repressing ALAS2 mRNA transcription, as shown in our real-time PCR results, as well as by interrupting ALAS2 formation through a block of the ALAS2 precursor into mitochondria.<sup><xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>,<xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref></sup> In red blood cells, the expression of ALAS2 is determined by the trans-activation of nuclear factors GATA-1, CACC box, and NF-E2-binding sites in the promoter area, and its synthesis is regulated by the amount of free iron. <sup><xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref></sup> However, the regulation mechanism of ALAS2 in cardiomyocyte under doxorubicin treatment will need to be further researched.</p>
        <p>In our study, ALAS1, which was supposed to be strictly under negative feedback control at a low level to prevent a high cytotoxic heme level, was overexpressed both in gene and protein aspects, despite the simultaneously existing high heme level. Podvinec et al.<sup><xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref></sup> reported that drugs that induce cytochromes P450 and other drug-metabolizing related enzymes might simultaneously and transcriptionally up-regulate ALAS1 expression, which is the first step in the heme synthesis, to coordinate with the need of up-regulated cytochrome P450 activity. This process was mediated through two enhancer elements, located 20 and 16 kb upstream of the transcriptional start site of ALAS1, and their interaction with the xenoreceptors NR1I2 and NR1I3.<sup><xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref></sup> Zordoky et al.<sup><xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref></sup> revealed that doxorubicin caused a significant induction of several cytochrome P450 genes, such as CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP1B1, and CYP2B2 gene expression in a concentration-dependent manner. NR1I2 and NR1I3 have also been proved to be the crucial nuclear receptors mediating the interaction between doxorubicin and metabolizing enzymes.<sup><xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref></sup> The precise mechanism for the regulation of ALAS expression patterns in the cardiomyocyte will need to be elucidated in future study.</p>
        <p>Heme oxidase (HOX) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the process of heme degradation, which can oxidatively degrade the heme molecule to produce carbon monoxide, iron, and biliverdin. Heme oxidase has two isoenzymes, heme oxidase 1 (HOX-1) and heme oxidase 2 (HOX-2). HOX-2 mainly plays a regulatory role under normal physiological conditions, while HOX-2 may protect cells and tissues under oxidative stress.<sup><xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The HOX-1 expression may be promoted by a variety of stimuli including doxorubicin<sup><xref rid="B27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref></sup> and intracellular accumulation of heme. Previous studies revealed that HO-1 expression is primarily regulated at the transcriptional level, several regulatory elements have been identified to play important roles in up-regulating HOX-1, including metal response elements (MREs), stress response elements (StREs), AP-1, and NF-B. <sup><xref rid="B28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref></sup> On the other hand, Bach1 has proven to have a repressor effect on HOX-1 expression.<sup><xref rid="B29" ref-type="bibr">29</xref></sup>The present study found HOX-1 in H9c2 cardiomyocytes was down-regulated in the first place when treated with low concentration doxorubicin (1&#956;M and 2&#956;M) in H9c2 cells and then significantly up-regulated with 5&#956;M and 10&#956;M doxorubicin incubation. Our research indicates that further studies focusing on the interaction between various regulators and HOX-1 gene elements under different doxorubicin concentration will be needed.</p>
        <p>In spite of exhibiting a similar pattern of mRNA expression with HOX-1, the HOX-2 protein level was progressively elevated, along with the doxorubicin concentration, which increased from 1&#956;M to 5&#956;M and abruptly declined below the baseline level when treated with 10&#956;M doxorubicin. The difference in the changing profile of the protein level between HOX-1 and HOX-2 may be due to the difference in their regulation mechanisms.<sup><xref rid="B30" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>,<xref rid="B31" ref-type="bibr">31</xref></sup>In rats, HOX-2 expression is modulated by glucocorticoids through the glucocorticoid responsive element (GRE).<sup><xref rid="B32" ref-type="bibr">32</xref></sup> To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study on the effect of doxorubicin on HOX-2 expression in cardiomyocytes; however, the precise mechanism of action between doxorubicin and HOX-2 regulation remains a critical, unsolved question.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Study limitations</title>
          <p>The lack of results in detecting enzyme activities in H9c2 cells was believed to be the main limitation of our study. Meanwhile, the oxidative stress level, according to the changes in heme metabolism, has not been explored, which may well elucidate the relationship between heme metabolic enzymes and doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. Further studies covering these aspects are warranted to clarify the effect of doxorubicin on the heme biosynthesis and metabolism.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>The increase in ALAS1 expression may play a potential role in the heme level elevation when H9c2 cardiomyocyte is exposed to doxorubicin. Although HOXs were upregulated under moderate-high concentration doxorubicin treatment, their degradative effects were overwhelmed by the uncontrolled heme synthesis activation. The specific mechanisms for the loss of negative feedback control to heme formation under doxorubicin treatment and the potential role of ALAS as a therapeutic target against the doxorubicin-induced heme cytotoxicity will need to be studied in future investigations.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p><bold>Sources of Funding</bold>.This study was funded by Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation (Grant n&#186; 7162089).</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
