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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">9BkJtKkNyXyqK6GJJhn3rdb</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021000200305</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20190860</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190860</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Uso Atual de Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica Card&#237;aca Pedi&#225;trica no Brasil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8946-2492</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Kozak</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Felipe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7117-5201</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Afiune</surname>
            <given-names>Jorge Yussef</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Grosse-Wortmann</surname>
            <given-names>Lars</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Cardiologia do Distrito Federal</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia do Distrito Federal - Cardiologia Pedi&#225;trica, Bras&#237;lia, DF - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital da Crian&#231;a de Bras&#237;lia Jos&#233; de Alencar</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital da Crian&#231;a de Bras&#237;lia Jos&#233; de Alencar &#8211; Ecocardiografia, Bras&#237;lia, DF - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Doernbecher Children&#8217;s Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Oregon Health and Science University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Pediatrics</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Portland</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Oregon</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">EUA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Doernbecher Children&#8217;s Hospital, Oregon Health and Science University - Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Portland, Oregon - EUA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital for Sick Children</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of Toronto</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Pediatrics</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Toronto</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Ontario</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CA">Canad&#225;</country>
        <institution content-type="original">The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto - Department of Pediatrics, Toronto, Ontario &#8211; Canad&#225;</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Marcelo Felipe Kozak &#8226; Instituto de Cardiologia - Estrada Parque Contorno do Bosque, S/N. CEP 70658-700, SHCES, Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>marcelo.f.kozak@icloud.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos Autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Kozak MF. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Kozak MF, Afiune JY, Grosse-Wortmann L.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</p>
          <p>Declaramos n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>01</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>116</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>305</fpage>
      <lpage>312</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> Dados sobre o uso de resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca (RMC) em crian&#231;as no Brasil s&#227;o escassos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Buscamos oferecer informa&#231;&#245;es sobre as pr&#225;ticas atuais de RMC pedi&#225;tricas no Brasil.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Um question&#225;rio foi enviado a m&#233;dicos solicitantes de RMC de todo o pa&#237;s, cobrindo informa&#231;&#245;es sobre si pr&#243;prios, sobre seus servi&#231;os de RMC, contexto cl&#237;nico dos pacientes e sobre os obst&#225;culos para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de RMC em crian&#231;as. Para a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, um p &lt; 0,05 bilateral foi considerado significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> A pesquisa obteve 142 respostas. Foi relatado que a RMC est&#225; dispon&#237;vel para 79% dos respondentes, dos quais 52% raramente ou nunca a utilizam. As indica&#231;&#245;es mais comuns s&#227;o cardiomiopatias (84%), p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de corre&#231;&#227;o de tetralogia de Fallot (81%) e malforma&#231;&#245;es do arco a&#243;rtico (53%). A complexidade do exame se correlacionou &#224; rela&#231;&#227;o RMC/cirurgia (Rho = 0,48, IC 95% = 0,32-0,62, p &lt; 0,0001) e ao n&#250;mero de exames de RMC (Rho = 0,52, IC 95% = 0,38-0,64, p &lt; 0,0001). A complexidade da RMC esteve associada &#224; sua realiza&#231;&#227;o por cardiologistas pedi&#225;tricos (RC 2,04, IC 95% 1,2-3,89, p &lt; 0,01). Os principais obst&#225;culos ao uso mais frequente de RMC foram o alto custo (65%), a necessidade de seda&#231;&#227;o (60%) e o n&#250;mero insuficiente de profissionais qualificados (55%).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> A RMC pedi&#225;trica n&#227;o &#233; usada frequentemente no Brasil. A presen&#231;a de um cardiologista pedi&#225;trico a frente dos exames esteve associado ao uso de RMC em pacientes mais complexos. O treinamento de especialistas em RMC pedi&#225;trica e a educa&#231;&#227;o dos m&#233;dicos solicitantes s&#227;o passos importantes na dire&#231;&#227;o de um uso mais abrangente de RMC no Brasil. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021; 116(2):305-312)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Pediatria</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiopatias Cong&#234;nitas/cirurgia</kwd>
        <kwd>T&#233;cnicas e Procedimentos Diagn&#243;sticos</kwd>
        <kwd>Imagem por Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>Cateterismo Card&#237;aco</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="25"/>
        <page-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca (RMC) &#233; considerada o m&#233;todo padr&#227;o-ouro para a avalia&#231;&#227;o de volumes ventriculares, fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e quantifica&#231;&#227;o de fluxo in vivo.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>-<xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> Tamb&#233;m pode diagnosticar edema e fibrose com boa concord&#226;ncia com a histologia.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>,<xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, as imagens de RMC podem ser usadas como matriz para produzir modelos card&#237;acos tridimensionais, que podem ser usados para ensino, treinamento e planejamento pr&#233;-cir&#250;rgico.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>,<xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup> A combina&#231;&#227;o dessas qualidades fazem da RMC uma ferramenta poderosa no manejo de pacientes com cardiopatia cong&#234;nita (CC).</p>
      <p>Na &#250;ltima d&#233;cada, a RMC tem sido empregada rotineiramente nos principais centros de cardiologia pedi&#225;trica do mundo. Em alguns hospitais, o n&#250;mero de exames de RMC ultrapassa o n&#250;mero de cirurgias card&#237;acas: No Boston Children&#8217;s Hospital, por exemplo, houve 1270 exames de RMC e 947 cirurgias em 2016/2017 (http://www. childrenshospital.org); no Texas Children&#8217;s Hospital, houve 941 exames de RMC e 926 cirurgias em 2018 (https://www.texaschildrens.org); e no Hospital for Sick Children em Toronto, aproximadamente 700 exames de RMC e 600 cirurgias s&#227;o realizados por ano. Esses n&#250;meros se traduzem em uma rela&#231;&#227;o RMC/cirurgia entre 1,02 e 1,34.</p>
      <p>No Brasil, n&#250;meros sobre a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de RMC n&#227;o est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis para consulta p&#250;blica. A hip&#243;tese deste estudo &#233; que a RMC n&#227;o est&#225; amplamente dispon&#237;vel para a popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica e que vem sendo subutilizada. Informa&#231;&#245;es sobre seu uso, suas indica&#231;&#245;es mais frequentes e os obst&#225;culos &#224; sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o, bem como seu papel na tomada de decis&#245;es cl&#237;nico-cir&#250;rgicas, n&#227;o est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis. Dados n&#227;o publicados do Instituto de Cardiologia do Distrito Federal relatam que o n&#250;mero m&#233;dio anual de exames de RMC pedi&#225;tricos &#233; de 55, enquanto a m&#233;dia anual de cirurgias card&#237;acas pedi&#225;tricas &#233; de 180, resultando em uma rela&#231;&#227;o RMC/cirurgia de 0,31. No Hospital da Crian&#231;a e Maternidade de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, onde aproximadamente 300 cirurgias s&#227;o realizadas todo ano, apenas 21 exames de RMC foram realizados em 2018 (comunica&#231;&#227;o pessoal), resultando em uma rela&#231;&#227;o RMC/cirurgia de 0,07. Como esses n&#250;meros n&#227;o s&#227;o necessariamente representativos, buscamos obter informa&#231;&#245;es sobre o uso de RMC em crian&#231;as em todo o Brasil.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Uma pesquisa foi distribu&#237;da a cardiologistas pedi&#225;tricos e cirurgi&#245;es card&#237;acos em todo o pa&#237;s. Esses indiv&#237;duos foram identificados, principalmente, a partir de tr&#234;s grupos de WhatsApp relacionados &#224; &#225;rea de cardiologia pedi&#225;trica: &#8220;Grande INCOR&#8221; (grupo formado por cardiologistas pedi&#225;tricos e cirurgi&#245;es card&#237;acos pedi&#225;tricos do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o de S&#227;o Paulo [INCOR]), &#8220;DCC/CP&#8221; (grupo criado pelo Departamento de Cardiopatias Cong&#234;nitas e Cardiologia Pedi&#225;trica da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia, composto por cardiologistas pedi&#225;tricos e cirurgi&#245;es card&#237;acos pedi&#225;tricos de todo o pa&#237;s) e &#8220;GBCO-Ped&#8221; (grupo brasileiro de cardio-oncologia pedi&#225;trica que inclui cardiologistas pedi&#225;tricos com interesse em cardio-oncologia). Esses grupos incluem um total de mais de 350 indiv&#237;duos. Contatos pessoais do primeiro autor tamb&#233;m foram convidados a participar. Um question&#225;rio com 10 perguntas (material suplementar) foi convertido em formato eletr&#244;nico via SurveyMonkey (Palo Alto, CA, EUA) e enviado aos participantes. Solicitou-se que os respondentes que trabalhassem em mais de uma institui&#231;&#227;o, respondessem ao question&#225;rio considerando apenas uma delas. A identidade dos respondentes e suas institui&#231;&#245;es foram preservadas, permitindo, assim a participa&#231;&#227;o de v&#225;rios respondentes de uma mesma institui&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Devido ao grande n&#250;mero de contatos da cidade de S&#227;o Paulo (SP), e como a cidade tem metade dos centros de cirurgia card&#237;aca do estado, com uma popula&#231;&#227;o maior do que a das regi&#245;es Norte e Centro-Oeste (<xref rid="f01" ref-type="fig">figura 1</xref>), optamos por tratar a cidade de S&#227;o Paulo como &#225;rea geogr&#225;fica separada, ao inv&#233;s de consider&#225;-la como parte da regi&#227;o Sudeste, para fins deste estudo.<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Distribui&#231;&#227;o geogr&#225;fica dos respondentes &#224; pesquisa sobre RMC (adaptado de https://suportegeografico77.blogspot.com/2019/04/mapa-regioes-do-brasil.html).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-02-0305-90860-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>O question&#225;rio continha perguntas a respeito dos respondentes (local de trabalho, especializa&#231;&#227;o e n&#250;mero de cirurgias card&#237;acas realizadas em sua principal institui&#231;&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia), dos servi&#231;os de RMC (disponibilidade, especialista a frente dos exames e frequ&#234;ncia dos exames), contexto cl&#237;nico dos pacientes (indica&#231;&#227;o de RMC, disposi&#231;&#227;o em indicar a opera&#231;&#227;o de Fontan sem cateterismo card&#237;aco pr&#233;vio, entre outros) e obst&#225;culos enfrentados para utilizar a RMC nessa popula&#231;&#227;o. Question&#225;rios contendo apenas respostas sobre os respondentes foram exclu&#237;dos das an&#225;lises, j&#225; que essas informa&#231;&#245;es sozinhas n&#227;o teriam acrescentado dados relevantes aos objetivos do estudo. O mesmo question&#225;rio foi enviado a um grupo de WhatsApp formado por especialistas em imagem card&#237;aca pedi&#225;trica avan&#231;ada do Brasil, do qual o autor principal faz parte, com o objetivo de obter dados sobre seus servi&#231;os de RMC.</p>
      <p>Usamos as respostas &#224; pergunta 3 (n&#250;mero de cirurgias realizadas anualmente) e &#224; pergunta 6 (n&#250;mero de exames de RMC realizados mensalmente) para estimar a rela&#231;&#227;o RMC/cirurgia para cada respondente. Transformamos todas as respostas categ&#243;ricas individuais em n&#250;meros, j&#225; que as op&#231;&#245;es de resposta eram baseadas em n&#250;meros. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao n&#250;mero de cirurgias (pergunta 3), se menos de 150 cirurgias s&#227;o realizadas anualmente, a resposta foi tratada como 100; se entre 150 e 249 cirurgias, a resposta foi tratada como 200; se entre 250 e 349 cirurgias, a resposta foi tratada como 300; e se mais de 350 cirurgias s&#227;o realizadas por ano, a resposta foi tratada como 500. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao n&#250;mero de exames de RMC realizados mensalmente (pergunta 6), se nenhum exame de RMC &#233; realizado, a respostas foi tratada como zero; se um ou dois exames de RMC s&#227;o realizados, a resposta foi tratada como 2; se entre tr&#234;s e cinco exames, a resposta foi tratada como 5; se entre seis e doze exames RMC, a resposta foi tratada como 12; e se treze ou mais exames de RMC s&#227;o realizados por m&#234;s, a resposta foi tratada como 20. Para transformar o &#237;ndice de exames de RMC mensal em &#237;ndice anual, os &#237;ndices foram multiplicados por 12.</p>
      <p>Usando esses n&#250;meros, pudemos estimar a rela&#231;&#227;o RMC/cirurgia para cada local, dividindo o n&#250;mero de exames de RMC pelo n&#250;mero de cirurgias card&#237;acas.</p>
      <p>A complexidade da RMC foi estratificada como apresentado abaixo. Procedimentos de alta complexidade envolveram &#8220;CC complexa com d&#250;vida diagn&#243;stica&#8221;, &#8220;p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de Jatene, Senning ou Mustard&#8221;, &#8220;anomalia de Ebstein&#8221;, &#8220;ventr&#237;culo direito ou esquerdo hipopl&#225;sico&#8221; (ventr&#237;culos lim&#237;trofes), &#8220;pr&#233; ou p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de Glenn e Fontan&#8221; e &#8220;RMC fetal&#8221;. Procedimentos de m&#233;dia complexidade envolveram &#8220;p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de tetralogia de Fallot&#8221;, &#8220;anomalias de situs&#8221; e &#8220;anomalia do retorno venoso pulmonar&#8221;. Procedimentos de baixa complexidade inclu&#237;ram todas as demais respostas. Essas indica&#231;&#245;es receberam uma classifica&#231;&#227;o num&#233;rica: Alta complexidade = 3, m&#233;dia complexidade = 2 e baixa complexidade = 1. As respostas individuais dos respondentes foram multiplicadas por essas pontua&#231;&#245;es somadas. A pontua&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima poss&#237;vel era de 32 e cobria todas as indica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas poss&#237;veis. Por exemplo: se algu&#233;m usa a RMC apenas para anomalia de Ebstein, ventr&#237;culo esquerdo hipopl&#225;sico, p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de tetralogia de Fallot e cardiomiopatia, a classifica&#231;&#227;o de complexidade do servi&#231;o de RMC desse respondente &#233; 9.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Considerando que o n&#250;mero de cardiologistas pedi&#225;tricos registrados no Brasil era de 491 &#224; &#233;poca (portal.cfm.org.br), o tamanho da amostra estimada para obter um intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% (IC 95%) com uma margem de erro de &#177; 3%, de acordo com a f&#243;rmula de Cochran, era de 95. Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou mediana com intervalo interquartil (25-75), conforme apropriado. Para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da normalidade dos dados, uma ferramenta de c&#225;lculo foi utilizada para calcular a &#225;rea abaixo da curva normal, presumida como aquela onde aproximadamente 95% da &#225;rea est&#225; at&#233; 1,96 desvios-padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia. Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram apresentadas como n&#250;meros e porcentagens. O teste qui-quadrado foi utilizado para avaliar as associa&#231;&#245;es entre vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas e raz&#245;es de chance (RC) ajustadas com seus IC 95%. O teste de posto de Spearman foi utilizado para avaliar as correla&#231;&#245;es entre vari&#225;veis ordinais com distribui&#231;&#245;es distorcidas. Um p &lt; 0,05 bilateral foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. As an&#225;lises foram realizadas utilizando o programa StatsDirect, v. 2.7.2 2008 (Cheshire, Reino Unido).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Nossa pesquisa obteve 142 respostas de um total de 364 entrevistados poss&#237;veis (&#237;ndice de resposta 40%). As respostas foram recebidas das seguintes regi&#245;es: Norte (1,4%), Nordeste (14,8%), Centro-Oeste (13,4%), SP (24,65%), Sudeste (n&#227;o incluindo a cidade de S&#227;o Paulo) (24,65%) e Sul (21,1%) (<xref rid="f01" ref-type="fig">Figura 1</xref>). Devido &#224; pouca participa&#231;&#227;o de respondentes do Norte, essa regi&#227;o n&#227;o foi representada em an&#225;lises posteriores, que foram estratificadas por regi&#227;o. A maioria dos respondentes (75%) trabalha nas capitais dos estados. A maioria foi composta de cardiologistas pedi&#225;tricos (91,5%), seguidos de cirurgi&#245;es card&#237;acos (7%) e cardiologistas de adultos, que tamb&#233;m atendem crian&#231;as (1,4%). O tamanho dos programas de cirurgia card&#237;aca onde os m&#233;dicos de refer&#234;ncia trabalham variou de acordo com a regi&#227;o (<xref rid="t1" ref-type="table">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Resumo dos resultados mais importantes de pesquisa estratificados por regi&#227;o e a cidade de S&#227;o Paulo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>NE (n = 21)</th>
                <th>CO (n = 19)</th>
                <th>SE (n = 35)</th>
                <th>SP (n = 35)</th>
                <th>S (n = 30)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#250;mero de cirurgias card&#237;acas estimado por centro/ano</td>
                <td align="center">200 (200-300)</td>
                <td align="center">180 (180-180)</td>
                <td align="center">200 (100-307.5)</td>
                <td align="center">400 (200-500)</td>
                <td align="center">300 (200-480)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RMC dispon&#237;vel - sim</td>
                <td align="center">67%</td>
                <td align="center">95%</td>
                <td align="center">86%</td>
                <td align="center">94%</td>
                <td align="center">83%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Cardiologista ped. realizando exames de RMC - sim</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">68,5%</td>
                <td align="center">28,2%</td>
                <td align="center">68,6%</td>
                <td align="center">30%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#250;mero de exames de RMC estimado por centro/m&#234;s (IQ)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (2-2)</td>
                <td align="center">4,58 (4,58-4,58)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (2-5)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (2-12)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (2-5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Classifica&#231;&#227;o da complexidade da RMC: 0-32 (IQ)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (5-9)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (15-25)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (5,5-14)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (7-17,8)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (6-15)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Raz&#227;o RMC-cirurgia (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">0,11 &#177; 0,08</td>
                <td align="center">0,35 &#177; 0,27</td>
                <td align="center">0,24 &#177; 0,35</td>
                <td align="center">0,36 &#177; 0,35</td>
                <td align="center">0,14 &#177; 0,1</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>RMC: resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca; Regi&#245;es NE: Nordeste; CO: Centro-oeste; SE: Sudeste; SP: S&#227;o Paulo; S: Sul.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Um total de 79% dos respondentes relatou que a RMC est&#225; &#8216;dispon&#237;vel&#8217;. Esse &#237;ndice variou amplamente de acordo com a regi&#227;o (<xref rid="t1" ref-type="table">Tabela 1</xref>), sendo que respondentes de Goi&#226;nia, Bel&#233;m e Palmas relataram que a RMC n&#227;o est&#225; dispon&#237;vel para eles. A RMC est&#225; dispon&#237;vel para 68% dos m&#233;dicos que trabalham fora das capitais dos estados.</p>
      <p>No Brasil, a RMC &#233; realizada por radiologistas, seguida de cardiologistas pedi&#225;tricos. Em algumas &#225;reas, cardiologistas pedi&#225;tricos a frente dos exames de RMC s&#227;o raros ou inexistentes (<xref rid="f02" ref-type="fig">Figura 2</xref>). A maioria dos respondentes (61%) relatou que raramente ou nunca usam a RMC, enquanto 15% relataram que a usam frequentemente. A frequ&#234;ncia do uso de RMC variou por regi&#227;o geogr&#225;fica (<xref rid="t1" ref-type="table">Tabela 1</xref>). A rela&#231;&#227;o RMC/cirurgia no Brasil foi estimada entre 0,22 &#177; 0,27, variando de acordo com a regi&#227;o (<xref rid="t1" ref-type="table">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Tipos de especialistas que realizam RMC pedi&#225;trica no Brasil de acordo com a regi&#227;o. Ped: pediatra</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-02-0305-90860-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <sec>
        <title>Indica&#231;&#245;es de Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica Card&#237;aca</title>
        <p>Nossa pesquisa mostrou que as tr&#234;s indica&#231;&#245;es mais comuns para RMC s&#227;o cardiomiopatias (84%), p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de tetralogia de Fallot (81%) e malforma&#231;&#245;es do arco a&#243;rtico (53%) (<xref rid="t2" ref-type="table">Tabela 2</xref>). Tamb&#233;m foram encontradas diferen&#231;as regionais na complexidade da RMC (<xref rid="t1" ref-type="table">Tabela 1</xref>). Encontramos correla&#231;&#245;es entre a complexidade do exame e a rela&#231;&#227;o RMC/cirurgia (Rho = 0,48, IC 95% = 0,32-0,62, p &lt; 0,0001) e entre complexidade do exame e n&#250;mero de exames de RMC (Rho = 0,52, IC 95% = 0,38-0,64, p &lt; 0,0001). Nenhuma correla&#231;&#227;o foi encontrada entre a complexidade da RMC e o n&#250;mero de cirurgias (p = 0,73).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Indica&#231;&#245;es de RMC para crian&#231;as no Brasil</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Indica&#231;&#227;o de RMC</th>
                  <th>Respostas afirmativas (%)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cardiomiopatias</td>
                  <td align="center">84</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Status p&#243;s-reparo de tetralogia de Fallot</td>
                  <td align="center">81</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Doen&#231;a do arco a&#243;rtico</td>
                  <td align="center">53</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DCC complexa</td>
                  <td align="center">46</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Anomalia de Ebstein</td>
                  <td align="center">45</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tumores card&#237;acos</td>
                  <td align="center">44</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipoplasia ventricular direita ou esquerda</td>
                  <td align="center">36</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pr&#233;- e/ou p&#243;s-Glenn e Fontan</td>
                  <td align="center">36</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Status de p&#243;s-reparo de transposi&#231;&#227;o das grandes art&#233;rias</td>
                  <td align="center">34</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Anomalias coron&#225;rias</td>
                  <td align="center">32</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Retorno venoso pulmonar</td>
                  <td align="center">31</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>S&#237;ndrome de Marfan</td>
                  <td align="center">18</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Status p&#243;s-transplante card&#237;aco</td>
                  <td align="center">16</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cardiotoxicidade</td>
                  <td align="center">14</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Anomalias de situs</td>
                  <td align="center">14</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Arterite de Takayasu</td>
                  <td align="center">14</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RMC fetal</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>
                  <italic>RMC: resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca; DCC: doen&#231;a card&#237;aca cong&#234;nita.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Tamb&#233;m encontramos uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre alta complexidade da RMC (&#8805; 18) e a presen&#231;a de um cardiologista pedi&#225;trico a frente dos exames (RC 2,14, IC 95% 1,2-3,89, p 0,01), bem como uma correla&#231;&#227;o inversa entre alta complexidade e realiza&#231;&#227;o dos exames por um cardiologista de adultos (RC 0,42, IC 95% 0,19-0,89, p 0,03).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Necessidade de Cateterismo de Rotina Antes da Opera&#231;&#227;o de Fontan</title>
        <p>Um n&#250;mero relativamente alto de respondentes (43%) consideraria indicar opera&#231;&#227;o de Fontan sem cateterismo card&#237;aco (CATE) pr&#233;vio em pacientes selecionados, com base em achados do ecocardiograma (ECO) e da RMC.</p>
        <p>Essa disposi&#231;&#227;o em indicar a opera&#231;&#227;o de Fontan sem CATE pr&#233;vio est&#225; inversamente correlacionada ao tamanho do programa de cirurgia card&#237;aca (RC 0,6, IC 95% 0,38-0,93, p 0,02) e &#224; falta de confian&#231;a na avalia&#231;&#227;o de fluxos pela RMC (RC 0,42, IC 95% 0,31-0,56, p &lt; 0,0001).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Confian&#231;a no Ecocardiograma e Cateterismo Card&#237;aco Versus RMC para Avalia&#231;&#227;o de Fluxos</title>
        <p>Entre os respondentes, 74% relataram confiar mais nas avalia&#231;&#245;es de fluxo por ECO e/ou CATE do que em avalia&#231;&#245;es de fluxo pela RMC.</p>
        <p>N&#227;o identificamos associa&#231;&#245;es entre confian&#231;a na avalia&#231;&#227;o de fluxos pela RMC, n&#250;mero de exames de RMC realizados mensalmente, uso de RMC para pr&#233; ou p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de Glenn e Fontan, ou tipo de especialistas &#224; frente dos exames.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Obst&#225;culos ao Uso de RMC</title>
        <p>De acordo com os respondentes, os principais obst&#225;culos ao uso mais frequente de RMC foram o alto custo (65%), a necessidade de seda&#231;&#227;o (60%) e um n&#250;mero insuficiente de profissionais qualificados (55%; <xref rid="t3" ref-type="table">Tabela 3</xref>). Um dos respondentes mencionou que, em sua cidade, a RMC est&#225; dispon&#237;vel apenas para adultos.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Obst&#225;culos ao uso de RMC</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Obst&#225;culos</th>
                  <th>%</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Custo</td>
                  <td align="center">65</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Necessidade de seda&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">60</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#250;mero insuficiente de profissionais qualificados</td>
                  <td align="center">55</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tempo de espera</td>
                  <td align="center">40</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Conhecimento limitado e pouca promo&#231;&#227;o da RMC</td>
                  <td align="center">24</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Inferioridade &#224; angiografia por tomografia computadorizada</td>
                  <td align="center">21</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Credibilidade limitada</td>
                  <td align="center">16</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Outros</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>
                  <italic>RMC: resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>At&#233; onde sabemos, esta &#233; a primeira pesquisa a avaliar o uso de RMC em crian&#231;as no Brasil. Foram encontradas diferen&#231;as regionais em v&#225;rios aspectos da pr&#225;tica com RMC: especialistas que realizam a RMC, indica&#231;&#245;es para RMC, rela&#231;&#227;o RMC/cirurgia, etc. Isso corrobora nossa impress&#227;o de que o uso de RMC &#233; heterog&#234;neo em todo o pa&#237;s. Este estudo identificou que, em compara&#231;&#227;o com os principais centros na Europa e Am&#233;rica do Norte, a RMC n&#227;o &#233; suficientemente utilizada no Brasil, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao n&#250;mero de cirurgias. Este estudo sugere que a raz&#227;o para esse achado pode ser multifatorial.</p>
      <p>O custo foi citado como o principal obst&#225;culo ao uso mais frequente de RMC. Entretanto, considerando a disponibilidade relativamente alta de RMC pedi&#225;trica relatada nesta pesquisa, a resposta pode, por sua vez, refletir uma dificuldade de acesso a RMC. No Brasil, a maioria dos pacientes com cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas s&#227;o tratados em institui&#231;&#245;es p&#250;blicas, que geralmente atuam com verbas muito restritas. Em evidente contraste com as necessidades de crian&#231;as e adolescentes com cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas, de acordo com os dados de 2012 do Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de do Brasil, havia 84 aparelhos de resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica dispon&#237;veis para uso do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de, e 1.263 aparelhos de resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica dispon&#237;veis para o sistema particular de sa&#250;de. A car&#234;ncia de aparelhos dispon&#237;veis &#233; acentuada, ainda mais, pela necessidade de compartilhar o aparelho com outras especialidades. Na pr&#225;tica do autor principal, por exemplo, h&#225; apenas um aparelho dispon&#237;vel para exames de RMC pedi&#225;tricos ou cong&#234;nitos uma manh&#227; por semana. Portanto, a rela&#231;&#227;o RMC/cirurgia mais alta que pode ser atingida &#233; de 0,6:1. Para fins de compara&#231;&#227;o, no Hospital for Sick Children em Toronto, h&#225; seis aparelhos para uso cl&#237;nico, um deles dedicado exclusivamente a exames de RMC pedi&#225;trica por 6 horas diariamente. Outra explica&#231;&#227;o poss&#237;vel para os obst&#225;culos da &#8216;disponibilidade de aparelhos&#8217; &#233; a quest&#227;o do reembolso. Em nossa institui&#231;&#227;o, o sistema p&#250;blico de sa&#250;de reembolsa exames de RMC com R$403, enquanto uma tomografia computadorizada (TC) &#233; reembolsada com R$322, e um ECO &#233; reembolsado com R$165. Em termos relativos, essas diferen&#231;as n&#227;o s&#227;o diferentes &#224;s existentes nos EUA. Portanto, essa n&#227;o parece ser uma raz&#227;o adequada para a subutiliza&#231;&#227;o da RMC em rela&#231;&#227;o ao ECO e &#224; TC. Em n&#250;meros absolutos, entretanto, o reembolso para todos os tipos de estudos de imagem &#233; insuficiente. (http://www2.ebserh.gov. br/documents).</p>
      <p>O segundo obst&#225;culo mais importante a uma aplica&#231;&#227;o mais frequente da RMC foi identificado como sendo a necessidade de seda&#231;&#227;o ou anestesia, geralmente solicitada para crian&#231;as abaixo dos 8 anos de idade. Essa &#233; uma preocupa&#231;&#227;o frequente para os m&#233;dicos dos pacientes e os pais das crian&#231;as. Entretanto, &#233; importante enfatizar que o n&#250;mero de eventos adversos sofridos por crian&#231;as como resultado da seda&#231;&#227;o para RMC &#233; muito baixo.<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup> Outro ponto a ser considerado &#233; que a RMC &#233; uma t&#233;cnica n&#227;o invasiva e que n&#227;o exp&#245;e pacientes &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o ionizante, caso do CATE card&#237;aco ou da TC.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> De qualquer forma, &#233; importante mencionar que s&#227;o tomadas precau&#231;&#245;es para evitar a seda&#231;&#227;o e que h&#225; muitas estrat&#233;gias que podem ser adotadas para esse fim.<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>-<xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O terceiro obst&#225;culo mais importante ao uso mais frequente de RMC foi o n&#250;mero insuficiente de profissionais qualificados. A Sociedade de Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica Cardiovascular estratifica o treinamento para RMC em tr&#234;s n&#237;veis: 1. treinamento b&#225;sico, 2. treinamento especializado e 3. treinamento avan&#231;ado.<sup><xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup> Existe uma obrigatoriedade de se realizar pelo menos 150 exames de RMC por ano para obten&#231;&#227;o do certificado de n&#237;vel 2, que constitui o n&#237;vel m&#237;nimo exigido na Europa para que cardiologistas pedi&#225;tricos realizem RMC.<sup><xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>-<xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref></sup> No Brasil, n&#227;o h&#225; regulamenta&#231;&#227;o a esse respeito, mas n&#227;o seria irracional buscar o padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia europeu. Pode ser simplesmente uma quest&#227;o de tempo at&#233; que a especializa&#231;&#227;o em RMC pedi&#225;trica/cong&#234;nita evolua em nosso pa&#237;s e que profissionais qualificados estejam dispon&#237;veis no mercado. &#201; interessante observar que a for&#231;a tarefa COCATS 4, reconhece que as habilidades em identificar cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas simples e complexas em adultos, incluindo a quantifica&#231;&#227;o de shunts card&#237;acos, geralmente s&#227;o adquiridas ap&#243;s 36 meses de exposi&#231;&#227;o aos casos de RMC em um servi&#231;o de RMC geral.<sup><xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref></sup> Portanto, recomenda-se &#8220;concentrar&#8221; a experi&#234;ncia de aprendizagem fazendo o treinamento em institui&#231;&#245;es pedi&#225;tricas especializadas. Na Europa e na Am&#233;rica do Norte, por exemplo, s&#227;o oferecidas bolsas para treinamento em RMC pedi&#225;trica/cong&#234;nita em locais onde s&#227;o realizados um alto n&#250;mero de exames pedi&#225;tricos e cong&#234;nitos. Os programas geralmente s&#227;o localizados dentro de hospitais pedi&#225;tricos, com um grande volume de cirurgias card&#237;acas. Muito frequentemente, esses locais t&#234;m cardiologistas pedi&#225;tricos como membros integrantes de suas equipes de exames de imagem. No Brasil, esse cen&#225;rio existe apenas na cidade de S&#227;o Paulo, onde o n&#250;mero de cirurgias &#233; alto e onde h&#225; cardiologistas pedi&#225;tricos rotineiramente envolvidos na pr&#225;tica de RMC pedi&#225;trica. No momento atual, portanto, nos parece que o treinamento de radiologistas e cardiologistas para se tornarem especialistas em exames de RMC pedi&#225;tricos, deveria envolver algum treinamento em centros acad&#234;micos na Europa e na Am&#233;rica do Norte.</p>
      <p>Quase todos os respondentes j&#225; solicitaram exames de RMC para pacientes com cardiomiopatia ou p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de tetralogia de Fallot, indica&#231;&#245;es de baixa e m&#233;dia complexidade. Exames mais complexos s&#227;o realizados em centros com as rela&#231;&#245;es RMC/cirurgia mais altas, especialmente quando cardiologistas pedi&#225;tricos est&#227;o envolvidos nos exames. Por outro lado, n&#227;o se identificou necessariamente a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a complexidade dos exames e o n&#250;mero de cirurgias realizadas. &#201; prov&#225;vel que locais que ofere&#231;am RMC guiadas por cardiologistas pedi&#225;tricos atraiam os casos mais complexos, talvez por estarem mais preparados para aceitar esses casos, ou por esses servi&#231;os estarem mais integrados &#224; pr&#225;tica cardiol&#243;gica.</p>
      <p>Na ampla maioria dos centros mundiais, &#233; rotina que pacientes com cora&#231;&#227;o univentricular passem por um CATE card&#237;aco pr&#233;-Fontan para avaliar a anatomia arterial pulmonar, medir a press&#227;o do leito arterial pulmonar e estimar a resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar. Alguns especialistas t&#234;m encorajado o uso apenas de RMC nesses casos, sendo o CATE destinado apenas a pacientes de alto risco.<sup><xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref>-<xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref></sup> Nessa pesquisa, 43% dos respondentes relataram que estariam dispostos a indicar uma opera&#231;&#227;o de Fontan apenas com informa&#231;&#245;es de ECO e RMC, evitando, assim, o CATE em pacientes considerados de risco padr&#227;o, embora tenhamos observado uma grande varia&#231;&#227;o nas pr&#225;ticas entre regi&#245;es.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do Estudo</title>
        <p>Reconhecemos que, embora o tamanho da amostra estimada seja suficiente para responder nossas perguntas, o alto n&#250;mero de n&#227;o respondentes, algo esperado nesse tipo de pesquisa, &#233; uma fonte de vi&#233;s em potencial. A limita&#231;&#227;o mais importante da pesquisa, entretanto, foi o fato de que o n&#250;mero real de exames de RMC pedi&#225;tricas por centro continua desconhecido. Tentamos obter esses n&#250;meros de radiologistas e cardiologistas que s&#227;o respons&#225;veis ou fazem parte de equipes de imagem dos maiores programas de cirurgia card&#237;aca pedi&#225;trica no Brasil, mas apenas uma institui&#231;&#227;o concordou em compartilhar seus dados. Portanto, as rela&#231;&#245;es RMC/cirurgia encontradas, e todas as associa&#231;&#245;es entre o n&#250;mero de exames de RMC e n&#250;mero de cirurgias foram simples estimativas, e podem n&#227;o ser, at&#233; certo ponto, representativas da situa&#231;&#227;o no Brasil. Para mitigar incertezas e melhorar a comparabilidade entre institui&#231;&#245;es, oferecemos op&#231;&#245;es de resposta que inclu&#237;ram faixas de n&#250;meros ao inv&#233;s de n&#250;meros precisos. &#201; poss&#237;vel que tenhamos recebido respostas de v&#225;rios indiv&#237;duos da mesma institui&#231;&#227;o e que essas respostas possam, at&#233; certo ponto, ter expressado estimativas individuais e n&#227;o dados institucionais concretos, e, tamb&#233;m, que algumas institui&#231;&#245;es possam ter sido desproporcionalmente mais representadas no grupo de respondentes. Da mesma forma, n&#227;o conseguimos avaliar a disponibilidade da RMC e outros aspectos na regi&#227;o Norte do Brasil, devido &#224; baixa participa&#231;&#227;o de colegas dessa &#225;rea.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>A RMC pedi&#225;trica est&#225; dispon&#237;vel para aproximadamente 2/3 dos m&#233;dicos, mas n&#227;o &#233; muito frequentemente utilizada no Brasil. Os exames geralmente s&#227;o realizados por radiologistas. A RMC &#233; mais comumente indicada para cardiomiopatias e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de tetralogia de Fallot. A presen&#231;a de um cardiologista pedi&#225;trico a frente dos exames de RMC est&#225; associada ao uso de RMC em pacientes mais complexos. Os obst&#225;culos ao uso mais frequente da RMC foram custo, necessidade de seda&#231;&#227;o e falta de profissionais qualificados. Um maior treinamento de especialistas em RMC pedi&#225;trica e uma maior educa&#231;&#227;o sobre o m&#233;todo aos m&#233;dicos solicitadores dos exames s&#227;o passos importantes para o aumento do uso de RMC no Brasil. A colabora&#231;&#227;o entre institui&#231;&#245;es &#233; recomendada e necess&#225;ria a fim de se ter um cen&#225;rio mais fidedigno sobre o uso da RMC na popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica no Brasil.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Gostar&#237;amos de agradecer aos colegas que contribu&#237;ram com seu tempo para responder &#224; pesquisa. Gostar&#237;amos de agradecer, especialmente, aos Drs. Ant&#244;nio Soares Souza e Mari Roedo, radiologistas do Hospital de Base de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, por terem compartilhado conosco o n&#250;mero de exames de RMC de sua institui&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    </ack>
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    <fn-group>
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        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</p>
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        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e Consentimento Informado</p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p><bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>.O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
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    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Current Use of Pediatric Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Brazil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8946-2492</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Kozak</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Felipe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7117-5201</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Afiune</surname>
            <given-names>Jorge Yussef</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Grosse-Wortmann</surname>
            <given-names>Lars</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia do Distrito Federal - Cardiologia Pedi&#225;trica, Bras&#237;lia, DF - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital da Crian&#231;a de Bras&#237;lia Jos&#233; de Alencar &#8211; Ecocardiografia, Bras&#237;lia, DF - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="US">USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Doernbecher Children&#8217;s Hospital, Oregon Health and Science University - Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Portland, Oregon - USA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="CA">Canada</country>
        <institution content-type="original">The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto - Department of Pediatrics, Toronto, Ontario &#8211; Canada</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Marcelo Felipe Kozak &#8226;</bold> Instituto de Cardiologia - Estrada Parque Contorno do Bosque, S/N. Postal Code 70658-700, SHCES, Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brazil E-mail: marcelo.f.kozak@icloud.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data and Statistical analysis: Kozak MF; Analysis and interpretation of the data, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Kozak MF, Afiune JY, Grosse-Wortmann L.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Data on the use of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) on children in Brazil is lacking.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> This study sought to provide information on current pediatric CMR practices in Brazil.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> A questionnaire was sent out to referring physicians around the country. It covered information on the respondents, their CMR practices, the clinical context of the patients, and barriers to CMR use among children. For statistical analysis, two-sided p &lt; 0.05 was considered significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> The survey received 142 replies. CMR was reported to be available to 79% of the respondents, of whom, 52% rarely or never use CMR. The most common indications were found to be cardiomyopathies (84%), status of post-tetralogy of Fallot repair (81%), and aortic arch malformations (53%). Exam complexity correlated with CMR-to-surgery ratio (Rho = 0.48, 95% CI = 0.32-0.62, p &lt; 0.0001) and with the number of CMR exams (Rho = 0.52, 95% CI = 0.38-0.64, p &lt; 0.0001). Further, a high CMR complexity score was associated with pediatric cardiologists conducting the exams (OR 2.14, 95% CI 1.2-3.89, p &lt; 0.01). The main barriers to a more frequent use of CMR were its high cost (65%), the need for sedation (60%), and an insufficient number of qualified professionals (55%).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> Pediatric CMR is not used frequently in Brazil. The presence of a pediatric cardiologist who can perform CMR exams is associated with CMR use on more complex patients. Training pediatric CMR specialists and educating referring providers are important steps toward a broader use of CMR in Brazil. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021; 116(2):305-312)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Pediatrics</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Defects,Congenital/surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagnostic Techniques Procedures</kwd>
        <kwd>Magnetic Resonance Imaging</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiac Catheterization</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) is considered the gold standard for the assessment of ventricular volumes, systolic function, and <italic>in vivo</italic> flow quantification.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>-<xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> It can also diagnose edema and fibrosis with good agreement with histology.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>,<xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> In addition, CMR images may be used as a matrix source in order to produce three-dimensional cardiac models that can be used for teaching, training, and preoperative planning.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>,<xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup> The combination of these advantages makes CMR a powerful tool in the management of patients with congenital heart disease (CHD).</p>
        <p>Over the last decade, CMR has been routinely employed at leading pediatric cardiology centers worldwide. In some hospitals, the number of CMR exams exceeds the number of cardiac surgeries. At Boston Children&#8217;s Hospital, for example, there were 1,270 CMR exams and 947 surgeries in 2016/2017 (http://www.childrenshospital.org); at Texas Children&#8217;s Hospital, there were 941 CMR exams and 926 surgeries in 2018 (https://www.texaschildrens.org); and at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, roughly 700 CMR exams and 600 surgeries are performed each year. These figures result in a CMR-to-surgery ratio between 1.02 and 1.34.</p>
        <p>In Brazil, numbers on the use of CMR are not publicly available. It was hypothesized that CMR is not widely available for the pediatric population and that it is being underused. Information on CMR use, the most frequent indications for and barriers to its use, as well as the role of CMR in cardiac and surgical decision-making are not available. Unpublished data from the Heart Institute of Distrito Federal show that their average annual number of pediatric CMR exams is 55, while their average annual number of pediatric cardiac surgeries is 180, resulting in a CMR-to-surgery ratio of 0.31. At the Children&#8217;s and Maternity Hospital of S&#227;o Jose do Rio Preto, where approximately 300 surgeries are performed each year, only 21 CMR exams were performed in 2018 (personal communication), resulting in a CMR-to-surgery ratio of 0.07. Because these numbers are not necessarily representative, the present study sought to obtain information on the use of CMR on children in Brazil.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>A survey was distributed to pediatric cardiologists and cardiac surgeons from across Brazil. These individuals were identified mainly from three WhatsApp groups related to the field of pediatric cardiology: &#8220;Grande INCOR&#8221; (a group consisting of current and prior pediatric cardiologists and pediatric cardiac surgeons from the Heart Institute of S&#227;o Paulo [INCOR]), &#8220;DCC/CP&#8221; (a group created by the Department of Congenital Heart Disease and Pediatric Cardiology of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology, including pediatric cardiologists and pediatric cardiac surgeons from around the country), and &#8220;GBCO-Ped&#8221; (a Brazilian pediatric cardio-oncology group, which includes pediatric cardiologists with any interest in cardio-oncology). These groups include a total of more than 350 individuals. The first author&#8217;s individual contacts were also asked to participate. A questionnaire with 10 questions (Supplementary Material) was converted into electronic format via SurveyMonkey (Palo Alto, CA, USA) and sent out to the aforementioned groups. Respondents who worked in more than one institution were asked to provide answers regarding only one of them. The identity of the respondents and their institutions remained anonymous, thus allowing for multiple respondents from a single institution.</p>
        <p>Due to the large number of contacts from the city of S&#227;o Paulo (SP) and because it is a city with half of the cardiac surgery centers in the state of S&#227;o Paulo with a population that is larger than the regions North and Central-West (<xref rid="f01001" ref-type="fig">Figure 1</xref>), SP, for the purpose of this study, was thus treated as a separate geographic area, rather than part of the Southeast region.<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; CMR survey respondents&#8217; geographic distribution (adapted from https://suportegeografico77.blogspot.com/2019/04/mapa-regioes-do-brasil.html).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-02-0305-90860-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The questionnaire contained questions covering the respondents (workplace, expertise, and number of cardiac surgeries performed at his/her main reference institution), CMR practices (availability, specialist performing the exams, and frequency of CMR exams), clinical contexts of the patients (CMR indication, readiness to proceed with Fontan operation without a prior cardiac catheterization, among others), and barriers faced when using CMR in this population. Questionnaires containing only answers about the respondents were excluded from the analysis, since this information alone would have not added relevant data to the objectives of the study. The same questionnaire was sent out to a WhatsApp group of cardiac imagers with pediatric/congenital expertise in Brazil, in which the first author participates, with the objective of obtaining data on their numbers of CMR exams and their CMR practices.</p>
        <p>This study used the answers to Questions 3 (the number of surgeries performed annually) and 6 (the number of CMR exams performed monthly) to estimate the CMR-to-surgery ratio for each respondent. Each individual categorical answer was transformed into a number, since the answer options were number based. With regard to the number of surgeries (Question 3), if fewer than 150 surgeries were performed annually, the answer was treated as 100; if between 150 and 249 surgeries were performed, the answer was treated as 200; if between 250 and 349 surgeries were performed, the answer was treated as 300; and if 350 or more surgeries were performed a year, the answer was treated as 500. With regard to the number of CMR exams performed monthly (Question 6), if no CMR exams were performed, the answer was treated as zero; if one or two CMR exams were performed, the answer was treated as 2; if three to five CMR exams were performed, the answer was treated as 5; if six to twelve CMR exams were performed, the answer was treated as 12; and if thirteen or more CMR exams were performed a month, the answer was treated as 20. These rates were multiplied by twelve in order to transform the monthly rate of CMR exams into an annual rate.</p>
        <p>Using these numbers, it was possible to estimate the CMR-to-surgery ratio for each site by dividing the number of CMR exams by the number of cardiac surgeries.</p>
        <p>The complexity of the CMR was stratified as follows. High complexity procedures involved &#8220;complex CHD with a diagnostic query,&#8221; &#8220;status following Jatene, Senning, or Mustard operations&#8221;, &#8220;Ebstein&#8217;s anomaly,&#8221; &#8220;hypoplastic right or left ventricles&#8221; (borderline ventricles), &#8220;status pre- or post- Glenn and Fontan operations,&#8221; and &#8220;fetal CMR&#8221;. Medium complexity procedures involved &#8220;status post-tetralogy of Fallot repair,&#8221; &#8220;situs anomalies,&#8221; and &#8220;pulmonary venous return anomalies&#8221;. Low complexity procedures defined all of the remaining answers. These indications received a numerical score: High complexity = 3, medium complexity = 2, and low complexity = 1. The respondents&#8217; individual answers were multiplied by these scores added together. The maximum possible score was 32, which covered all possible clinical indications. For instance: if someone has used CMR only for Ebstein&#180;s anomaly, hypoplastic left ventricle, status post-tetralogy of Fallor repair and cardiomyopathy, this respondent&#180;s score is 9.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical Analyses</title>
          <p>Considering that the number of registered pediatric cardiologists in Brazil is 491 (portal.cfm.org.br), the sample size estimated to have a 95% confidence interval (CI) and a margin of error of &#177; 3%, which, according to Cochran&#180;s formula, was 95. Continuous variables were expressed as means plus or minus standard deviation or median with interquartile range (25-75), as appropriate. For the assessment of data normality, a calculation tool was employed to calculate the area under a normal curve, assumed to be when approximately 95% of the area was within 1.96 standard deviations of the mean. Categorical variables were summarized as numbers and percentages. The chi-square test was used to assess associations between categorical variables and adjusted odds ratios (ORs) with their 95% CIs. Spearman&#8217;s rank test was used to assess correlations between ordinal variables with skewed distributions. Two-sided p &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Analyses were performed using StatsDirect, v. 2.7.2 2008 (Cheshire, UK).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Our survey produced 142 responses for a response rate of 142/364 (40%). In summary, responses were received from the following regions: the North (1.4%), the Northeast (14.8%), the Central-West (13.4%), SP (24.65%), the Southeast (not including S&#227;o Paulo) (24.65%), and the South (21.1%) (<xref rid="f01001" ref-type="fig">Figure 1</xref>). Due to the limited participation of respondents from the North, this region was not represented in further analyses that were stratified by region. Most of the respondents (75%) worked in state capitals and were most commonly pediatric cardiologists (91.5%), followed by cardiac surgeons (7%), and adult cardiologists who also treat children (1.4%). The size of the cardiac surgery programs where the referring physicians worked varied by region (<xref rid="t1001" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Summary of the most important survey results stratified by region and the city of S&#227;o Paulo</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>NE (n = 21)</th>
                  <th>CW (n = 19)</th>
                  <th>SE (n = 35)</th>
                  <th>SP (n = 35)</th>
                  <th>S (n = 30)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Estimated number of cardiac surgeries per center/year</td>
                  <td align="center">200 (200-300)</td>
                  <td align="center">180 (180-180)</td>
                  <td align="center">200 (100-307.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">400 (200-500)</td>
                  <td align="center">300 (200-480)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CMR available &#8211; yes</td>
                  <td align="center">67%</td>
                  <td align="center">95%</td>
                  <td align="center">86%</td>
                  <td align="center">94%</td>
                  <td align="center">83%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ped cardiologist performing CMR exams &#8211; yes</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">68.5%</td>
                  <td align="center">28.2%</td>
                  <td align="center">68.6%</td>
                  <td align="center">30%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Estimated number of CMR exams per center/month (IQ)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (2-2)</td>
                  <td align="center">4.58 (4.58-4.58)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (2-5)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (2-12)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (2-5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CMR complexity score:0-32 (IQ)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (5-9)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (15-25)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (5.5-14)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (7-17.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (6-15)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CMR-to-surgery ratio (SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.11 &#177; 0.08</td>
                  <td align="center">0.35 &#177; 0.27</td>
                  <td align="center">0.24 &#177; 0.35</td>
                  <td align="center">0.36 &#177; 0.35</td>
                  <td align="center">0.14 &#177; 0.1</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>CMR: cardiac magnetic resonance imaging; Regions: NE: Northeast; CW: Central-West; SE: Southeast; SP: S&#227;o Paulo; S: South.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>CMR was reported as &#8216;available&#8217; by 79% of the respondents. This rate varied widely by region (<xref rid="t1001" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref>), with respondents from Goi&#226;nia, Bel&#233;m, and Palmas reporting that CMR was not available to them. CMR was available to 68% of the physicians who work outside of capital cities.</p>
        <p>In Brazil, CMR is performed by radiologists, followed by pediatric cardiologists. In some areas, pediatric cardiologists who perform CMR exams are rare or non-existent (<xref rid="f02001" ref-type="fig">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Types of specialists performing pediatric CMR in Brazil by region.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-02-0305-90860-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Most of the respondents (61%) reported that they rarely or never use CMR, while 15% reported that they use it often. The frequency of CMR use varied by geographic region (<xref rid="t1001" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref>). The overall Brazilian CMR-to-surgery ratio was estimated to be 0.22 &#177; 0.27, which also varied by region (<xref rid="t1001" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Indications</title>
          <p>Our survey showed that the three most common indications for CMR were cardiomyopathies (84%), status post-tetralogy of Fallot repair (81%), and aortic arch malformations (53%) (<xref rid="t2001" ref-type="table">Table 2</xref>). Regional differences on CMR complexity were also found (<xref rid="t1001" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; CMR indications for children in Brazil</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">CMR Indication</th>
                    <th>Affirmative Answers (%)</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Cardiomyopathies</td>
                    <td align="center">84</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Status post-tetralogy of Fallot repair</td>
                    <td align="center">81</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Aortic arch disease</td>
                    <td align="center">53</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Complex CHD</td>
                    <td align="center">46</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Ebstein&#8217;s anomaly</td>
                    <td align="center">45</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Cardiac tumors</td>
                    <td align="center">44</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Right or left ventricular hypoplasia</td>
                    <td align="center">36</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Pre- and or post-Glenn and Fontan</td>
                    <td align="center">36</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Status post-transposition of the great arteries repair</td>
                    <td align="center">34</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Coronary anomalies</td>
                    <td align="center">32</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Pulmonary venous return</td>
                    <td align="center">31</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Marfan</td>
                    <td align="center">18</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Status post-heart transplant</td>
                    <td align="center">16</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Cardiotoxicity</td>
                    <td align="center">14</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Situs anomalies</td>
                    <td align="center">14</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Takayasu arteritis</td>
                    <td align="center">14</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Fetal CMR</td>
                    <td align="center">3</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>CMR: cardiac magnetic resonance imaging; CHD: congenital heart disease.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>Our findings showed correlations between exam complexity and CMR-to-surgery ratio (Rho = 0.48, 95% CI = 0.32-0.62, p &lt; 0.0001), as well as between exam complexity and the number of CMR exams (Rho = 0.52, 95% CI = 0.38-0.64, p &lt; 0.0001). No correlation was found between CMR complexity and number of surgeries (p = 0.73).</p>
          <p>The results also pointed to a positive correlation between a high CMR complexity score (&#8805; 18) and whether the exam was performed by a pediatric cardiologist (OR 2.14, 95% CI 1.2-3.89, p 0.01), as well as an inverse correlation between high complexity and performance by an adult cardiologist (OR 0.42, 95% CI 0.19-0.89, p 0.03).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Need for Routine Catheterization prior to Fontan</title>
          <p>A relatively high number of the respondents (43%) would consider ordering a Fontan operation without prior cardiac catheterization (cath) in selected patients, based on the combination of echocardiography (echo) and CMR assessments.</p>
          <p>It was observed that the willingness to proceed with the Fontan completion without prior cath correlated inversely with the size of the cardiac surgery program (OR 0.6, 95% CI 0.38-0.93, p 0.02) and with a lack of confidence in CMR flow assessment (OR 0.42, 95% CI 0.31-0.56, p &lt; 0.0001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Confidence in Echocardiography and Cardiac Catheterization versus CMR for Flow Assessments</title>
          <p>Of the respondents, 74% reported relying more on flow assessments by echo and/or cath than on the flow assessment by CMR.</p>
          <p>No associations were found between confidence in echo/cath or CMR flow assessment and the number of CMR exams performed monthly, the use of CMR for pre- or post- Glenn and Fontan surgeries, or the type of specialist performing the CMR exams.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Barriers to CMR Use</title>
          <p>According to the respondents, the main barriers to the more frequent use of CMR are its high cost (65%), the need for sedation or anesthesia (60%), and the insufficient number of qualified professionals (55%; <xref rid="t3001" ref-type="table">Table 3</xref>). One of the respondents mentioned that CMR is available only for adults in the city where he/she is employed.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Barriers to CMR use</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Barriers</th>
                    <th align="left">%</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Cost</td>
                    <td align="center">65</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Need for sedation</td>
                    <td align="center">60</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Insufficient number of qualified professionals</td>
                    <td align="center">55</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Waiting time</td>
                    <td align="center">40</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Limited education on and promotion of CMR</td>
                    <td align="center">24</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Inferiority to computed tomography angiography</td>
                    <td align="center">21</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Limited credibility</td>
                    <td align="center">16</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Other</td>
                    <td align="center">5</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>CMR: cardiac magnetic resonance imaging.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>To the best of our knowledge, this is the first survey to assess the use of CMR in children in Brazil. Regional differences were identified in many aspects of CMR practice: specialist performing CMR, CMR indications, CMR-to-surgery ratio, among others. This corroborates our impression that CMR use is diverse throughout the country. This study found that, in comparison to the leading centers in Europe and North America, CMR is very underused in Brazil as regards the number of surgeries. This study suggests that the reason for this finding may be multifactorial.</p>
        <p>Cost was cited as the main barrier to more frequent CMR use. However, considering the relatively high availability of pediatric CMR reported in this survey, this answer might instead be reflecting a difficulty of access to CMR. In Brazil, most patients with CHD are treated at public facilities, which usually operate with very restricted budgets. In stark contrast to the needs of children and adolescents with CHD, according to 2012 data from the Brazilian Ministry of Health, 84 MRI scanners were available for the country&#8217;s publicly funded health insurance, and 1,263 MRI scanners were available for private practice. The paucity of available scan time is further worsened by the need to share the magnet with other pediatric and/or adult specialties. At the first author&#8217;s practice, for example, there is only one scanner, which is available for routine pediatric or congenital CMR exams only one morning per week. Therefore, the highest CMR-to-surgery ratio we can achieve is 0.6:1. For the sake of comparison, at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, there are six scanners for clinical use, one of which is dedicated exclusively to pediatric CMR exams for 6 hours every day. Another possible explanation for the reported barrier of &#8216;scanner availability&#8217; is the question of reimbursement. At our site, the public health care system reimburses CMR exams with BRL$403 (US$103), while BRL$322 (US$83) is reimbursed for a computed tomography (CT), and BRL$165 (US$42) is reimbursed for an echo. In relative terms, these differences are not dissimilar to those in the US. Therefore, it does not seem to be a suitable reason for the underuse of CMR as regards echo and CT. In absolute figures, however, the reimbursement for all types of imaging studies is insufficient (http://www2.ebserh.gov.br/documents).</p>
        <p>The second most important barrier to a more frequent application of CMR was found to be the need for sedation or anesthesia, which is usually requested for children under 8 years of age. This is often a concern for both the referring physician and his or her parents. However, it is important to emphasize that the number of adverse events experienced by children as a result of sedation for CMR is very low.<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup> Another point to consider is that CMR is a non-invasive technique that does not expose patients to ionizing radiation, as is the case with the use of cardiac cath or CT.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> However, it is important to mention that measures are taken to avoid sedation and that there are many strategies that can be used to this end.<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>-<xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The third most important barrier to a more frequent use of CMR was reported to be an insufficient number of qualified professionals. The Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance stratifies CMR training into three levels: 1. basic training, 2. specialized training, and 3. advanced training.<sup><xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup> There is a requirement to perform at least 150 CMR cases a year to obtain the level 2 certificate which constitutes the minimum level required in Europe for pediatric cardiologists to perform a CMR.<sup><xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>-<xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref></sup> In Brazil, there is no regulation on this matter, but it would not seem unreasonable to seek the implementation of European standards. It may be simply a matter of time before specialization in pediatric/congenital CMR evolves and more qualified professionals are available in the market. Interestingly, the COCATS 4 task force recognizes that skills to identify basic and complex CHD in adults, including quantification of shunts, are usually acquired after 36 months of exposure to CMR cases in a general CMR setting.<sup><xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref></sup> Therefore, it is advisable to &#8220;concentrate&#8221; the learning experience by training in specialized pediatric facilities. In Europe and North America, for example, pediatric/congenital CMR fellowships are offered at sites that perform a high number of pediatric and congenital exams. These programs are usually located within pediatric hospitals with a high volume of cardiac surgeries. More often than not, these sites have a pediatric cardiologist as an integral member of their imaging teams. In Brazil, this setup exists only in the city of S&#227;o Paulo, where the number of surgeries is high and where there are pediatric cardiologists routinely involved in the pediatric CMR practice. At the present time, training radiologists and cardiologists to become experts in pediatric CMR exams realistically involves physicians training at academic centers in Europe and North America.</p>
        <p>Almost all of the respondents had previously requested CMR exams for patients with cardiomyopathy or after tetralogy of Fallot repair, indications of low and medium complexity. More complex CMR exams are performed in centers with the highest CMR-to-surgery ratios and especially when pediatric cardiologists are involved in scanning. On the other hand, the complexity of the exams was not necessarily found to be related to the number of surgeries performed. It seems possible that sites that offer CMR and that employ pediatric cardiologists attract more complicated cases, perhaps because they are more prepared to take on these cases or because these services tend to be more integrated into cardiology practice.</p>
        <p>In the vast majority of centers worldwide, it is routine for a patient with a univentricular heart to receive a pre-Fontan cardiac cath for the assessment of the pulmonary arterial anatomy, measurement of the pressure of the pulmonary arterial bed, and estimation of pulmonary vascular resistance. Some experts have encouraged the routine sole use of CMR in pre-Fontan patients, with cath reserved for high-risk patients.<sup><xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref>-<xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref></sup> In this survey, 43% of respondents reported that they would be willing to order a Fontan operation only with information from echo and CMR, thus avoiding cath in patients who are deemed to be standard risk, although there is a large variation in practices between regions.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Study Limitations</title>
          <p>The authors of this study recognize that, although the sample size estimated was sufficient to address our questions, the high number of non-respondents, something expected in these kinds of surveys, was a potential source of bias. The most important limitation of our survey, however, was the fact that the actual number of pediatric CMR exams per center remains unknown. We tried to obtain these numbers from radiologists and cardiologists who lead or are part of the imaging teams of the largest pediatric cardiac surgery programs in Brazil, but only one site agreed to share its CMR statistics. Therefore, the CMR-to-surgery ratios found and all associations between the number of CMR exams and the number of surgeries were mere estimates, and may not be, to some extent, representative of Brazil. To mitigate uncertainties and improve comparability between sites, our study offered answer options that included ranges rather than precise numbers. It is possible that we have received responses from several individuals from the same institution and that these responses may, to a certain extent, have expressed individual estimates rather than concrete institutional data and that some institutions may have been overrepresented in the pool of respondents. It was also impossible to evaluate the availability of CMR and other aspects of CMR in the North of Brazil due to the low participation of colleagues from this area.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>Pediatric CMR is available to approximately 2/3 of practitioners, but it is rarely used in Brazil. Exams are most often performed by radiologists. CMR is most commonly obtained for cardiomyopathies and after tetralogy of Fallot repair. The presence of a pediatric cardiologist to perform the CMR exams is associated with CMR use in more complex patients. Obstacles to a more frequent use of CMR are cost, the need for sedation, and a lack of qualified professionals. Training pediatric CMR specialists and educating referring providers are important steps toward an increased use of CMR in Brazil. Collaboration between institutions is advisable and necessary in order to have a better picture of the use of CMR in the pediatric population in Brazil.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgements</title>
        <p>We would like to thank our colleagues who contributed their time to take the survey. We would especially like to thank Dr. Antonio Soares Souza and Dr. Mari Roedo, radiologists from the Hospital de Base of S&#227;o Jose do Rio Preto, for having shared their institution&#8217;s CMR exam numbers.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p><bold>Sources of Funding</bold>.There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
