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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">mQXK9zStJdDJcVqXWWSkR3m</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021000200295</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20190536</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190536</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o de Padr&#245;es Press&#243;ricos Dipper e N&#227;o-Dipper e Qualidade de Vida entre Pacientes com Doen&#231;a Pulmonar Obstrutiva Cr&#244;nica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1575-6946</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ask&#305;n</surname>
            <given-names>Meryem</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Koc</surname>
            <given-names>Esra Meltem</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sozmen</surname>
            <given-names>Kaan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Turan</surname>
            <given-names>Muzaffer Onur</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soypacac&#305;</surname>
            <given-names>Zeki</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Aksun</surname>
            <given-names>Saliha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Izmir Katip Celebi University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculty of Medicine</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Family Medicine</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Izmir</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Izmir Katip Celebi University Faculty of Medicine - Department of Family Medicine, Izmir - Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Izmir Katip Celebi University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculty of Medicine</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Public Health</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Izmir</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Izmir Katip Celebi University Faculty of Medicine - Department of Public Health, Izmir - Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Izmir Katip Celebi University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculty of Medicine</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Chest Diseases</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Izmir</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Izmir Katip Celebi University Faculty of Medicine - Department of Chest Diseases,Izmir - Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Izmir Katip Celebi University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculty of Medicine</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Nephrology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Izmir</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Izmir Katip Celebi University Faculty of Medicine - Department of Nephrology, Izmir - Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Izmir Katip Celebi University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculty of Medicine</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Medical Biochemistry</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Izmir</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Izmir Katip Celebi University Faculty of Medicine - Department of Medical Biochemistry, Izmir - Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Meryem Ask&#305;n &#8226; Izmir Katip Celebi University Faculty of Medicine - Family Medicine - Izmir Katip Celebi University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine, Balat&#231;&#305;k Neighborhood No: 33/2 &#199;i&#287;li Izmir, Turkey 35620 &#8211; Turquia E-mail: <email>obgndrmeryem@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Ask&#305;n M, Koc EM, Sozmen K, Turan MO, Soypacac&#305; Z, Aksun S; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Ask&#305;n M, Turan MO, Soypacac&#305; Z, Aksun S; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Ask&#305;n M, Koc EM, Sozmen K; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Koc EM, Sozmen K, Turan MO, Soypacac&#305; Z, Aksun S.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesses</p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>116</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>295</fpage>
      <lpage>302</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> O padr&#227;o press&#243;rico n&#227;o-dipper &#233; definido por uma redu&#231;&#227;o inferior a 10% na press&#227;o arterial noturna e est&#225; associado a doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. Acredita-se que a inflama&#231;&#227;o desempenhe um papel na patog&#234;nese da doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica (DPOC) e no padr&#227;o press&#243;rico n&#227;o-dipper e ambas as doen&#231;as est&#227;o associadas a uma qualidade de vida mais baixa.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> O objetivo deste estudo foi o de investigar os efeitos do padr&#227;o press&#243;rico n&#227;o-dipper em pacientes com DPOC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Foi realizado um estudo transversal incluindo 142 pacientes com DPOC. O Question&#225;rio Respirat&#243;rio de Saint George e a Escala de Qualidade de Vida Euro foram utilizados para a coleta de dados. Para entender a rigidez arterial, o &#237;ndice de aumento e a velocidade da onda de pulso foram medidos; subsequentemente, foi realizada a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial de 24 horas. Foi aplicado um modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivari&#225;vel para entender a rela&#231;&#227;o entre as diferentes vari&#225;veis independentes e o padr&#227;o press&#243;rico. Foram considerados estatisticamente significativos valores de p inferiores a 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Como resultado, 76,1% (n = 108) dos pacientes apresentaram o padr&#227;o press&#243;rico n&#227;o-dipper. Os pacientes com padr&#227;o n&#227;o-dipper apresentaram valores mais altos de prote&#237;na C reativa (OR: 1,123; IC 95%: 1,016;1,242), &#237;ndice de aumento (OR: 1,057; IC 95%: 1,011;1,105) e pontua&#231;&#227;o total no Question&#225;rio Respirat&#243;rio de Saint George (OR: 1,021; IC 95%: 1,001;1,042), em compara&#231;&#227;o com os pacientes com padr&#227;o dipper. Adicionalmente, com o aumento do n&#250;mero de pessoas que habitavam o domic&#237;lio, verificou-se que o padr&#227;o press&#243;rico n&#227;o-dipper era mais frequente (OR: 1,339; IC 95%:1,009;1,777).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> O padr&#227;o press&#243;rico n&#227;o-dipper pode aumentar o risco cardiovascular ao desencadear a inflama&#231;&#227;o e pode afetar adversamente o progn&#243;stico da DPOC diminuindo a qualidade de vida relacionada &#224; doen&#231;a. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a Pulmonar Obstrutiva Cr&#244;nica</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Monitoramento</kwd>
        <kwd>Dipper</kwd>
        <kwd>N&#227;o Dipper</kwd>
        <kwd>Progn&#243;stico</kwd>
        <kwd>Qualidade de Vida</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Universidade Izmir Katip Celebi</funding-source>
          <award-id>2016-GAP-TIPF-0011</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>Fontes de financiamento.O presente estudo foi financiado pela Izmir Katip Celebi University Scientific Research Project Unit.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="22"/>
        <page-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica (DPOC) &#233; altamente prevalente em todo o mundo; caracteriza-se pela limita&#231;&#227;o do fluxo a&#233;reo e, segundo a Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de, ser&#225; a terceira causa de morte em 2030.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Uma redu&#231;&#227;o de mais de 10% da press&#227;o arterial noturna &#233; um processo fisiol&#243;gico<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup>. Quando a redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial noturna &#233; inferior a 10%, isto &#233; chamado de padr&#227;o press&#243;rico n&#227;o-dipper, que &#233; conhecido por estar associado a doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e les&#245;es em &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> O &#237;ndice de aumento (Aix) e a velocidade da onda de pulso (VOP) s&#227;o indicadores de rigidez arterial que podem prever eventos cardiovasculares futuros, e os valores de Aix e VOP s&#227;o mais elevados no padr&#227;o press&#243;rico n&#227;o-dipper.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref> , <xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref> </sup> &#201; controverso como o padr&#227;o press&#243;rico n&#227;o-dipper causa esses efeitos, mas acredita-se que esse padr&#227;o induz a express&#227;o de citocinas do endot&#233;lio e desencadeia um processo inflamat&#243;rio.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> Os marcadores de inflama&#231;&#227;o, como a prote&#237;na C reativa (PCR), a rela&#231;&#227;o neutr&#243;filos/linf&#243;citos (NLR) e a rela&#231;&#227;o plaquetas/linf&#243;citos (PLR), s&#227;o mais altos entre os indiv&#237;duos com press&#227;o arterial n&#227;o-dipper em compara&#231;&#227;o com seus pares.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica desempenha um papel importante na patog&#234;nese da DPOC, e acredita-se que a PCR e a NLR podem ser usados como marcadores diagn&#243;sticos e progn&#243;sticos da DPOC.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref> , <xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref> </sup> A presen&#231;a de um processo inflamat&#243;rio na patog&#234;nese tanto da DPOC quanto da press&#227;o arterial n&#227;o-dipper sugere que a incid&#234;ncia de padr&#227;o press&#243;rico n&#227;o-dipper possa ser alta em pacientes DPOC.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup> Seus efeitos negativos na qualidade de vida constituem outro ponto comum de ambas as doen&#231;as.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref> , <xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref> </sup> A qualidade de vida &#233; a percep&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de do indiv&#237;duo e tem um impacto direto na sua sa&#250;de f&#237;sica e mental; tamb&#233;m est&#225; relacionado ao n&#250;mero de exacerba&#231;&#245;es e hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es agudas na DPOC.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Estudos que investigaram os efeitos dos padr&#245;es de press&#227;o arterial na DPOC s&#227;o bastante limitados e a elucida&#231;&#227;o deste assunto pode ser um guia para o manejo da DPOC. O objetivo deste estudo &#233; investigar o efeito do padr&#227;o press&#243;rico n&#227;o-dipper nos valores laboratoriais e na qualidade de vida na DPOC.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>O diagn&#243;stico da DPOC deve ser confirmado por espirometria em pacientes com dispneia, tosse cr&#244;nica, produ&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica de expectora&#231;&#227;o e exposi&#231;&#227;o a fatores de risco de DPOC. Em nosso estudo, pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de DPOC por especialistas em doen&#231;a tor&#225;cica e, portanto, em uso de medica&#231;&#227;o, foram aceitos como DPOC. Al&#233;m disso, os exames espirom&#233;tricos dos pacientes foram verificados pelo sistema de computador.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Participantes</title>
        <p>Este estudo transversal foi realizado em pacientes com DPOC, com idades entre 18 e 80 anos, que foram admitidos &#224; cl&#237;nica de internamento ou ambulat&#243;ria para doen&#231;as pulmonares do Hospital de Treinamento e Pesquisa Atat&#252;rk da Universidade Izmir Katip Celebi. O estudo excluiu pacientes que, al&#233;m da DPOC, apresentavam infec&#231;&#227;o ativa conhecida, malignidade, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva, diabetes mellitus ou insufici&#234;ncia renal. O estudo foi realizado entre janeiro e junho de 2018.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Tamanho da amostra</title>
        <p>O tamanho da amostra foi calculado por meio do programa GPOWER 3.1. Usando o achado de uma pesquisa anterior, presumimos que os n&#237;veis m&#233;dios de PCR seriam de 4,9 &#177; 1,7 mg/lt no grupo n&#227;o-dipper e de 3,8 &#177; 1,5 mg/lt no grupo dipper. Para mostrar as diferen&#231;as entre os dois grupos, o tamanho da amostra necess&#225;rio foi calculado em 128, com poder de 95% e uma taxa de erro tipo 1 bilateral de 5%. Aumentamos o tamanho da amostra em 10% e visamos chegar a 140 pacientes.<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ferramentas de coleta de dados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas sociodemogr&#225;ficas</title>
          <p>Para examinar os dados sociodemogr&#225;ficos, o n&#237;vel de escolaridade foi categorizado em dois grupos (ensino fundamental 2 ou b&#225;sico e ensino m&#233;dio ou superior). A faixa de renda foi categorizado em tr&#234;s grupos (&#8805; 1.500 liras turcas (TL), 1.501 a 3.499 TL e &#8804; 3.500 TL). Os valores do &#237;ndice de massa corporal foram divididos em tr&#234;s categorias (normal [&#8804; 24,99 kg/m<sup>2</sup>], sobrepeso [25 a 29,99 kg/m<sup>2</sup>] e obeso [&#8805; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>]). O estado civil foi dividido em dois grupos (solteiro e casado). O consumo de &#225;lcool tamb&#233;m foi dividido em dois grupos (sim e n&#227;o). Os locais onde os pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo foram divididos em dois grupos (servi&#231;o de interna&#231;&#227;o e ambulat&#243;rio) e o hist&#243;rico familiar de DPOC foi categorizado em dois grupos (sim e n&#227;o). Os pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de hipertens&#227;o por um m&#233;dico e em uso de medicamentos prescritos foram considerados hipertensos. Pacientes que fumavam regularmente, pelo menos uma vez ao dia, foram considerados fumantes ativos. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, os pacientes foram solicitados a responder a perguntas como idade, n&#250;mero de pessoas que moravam em seus domic&#237;lios, anos de tabagismo e n&#250;mero de ma&#231;os, n&#250;mero de admiss&#245;es na unidade de emerg&#234;ncia devido &#224; DPOC durante o &#250;ltimo ano e n&#250;mero de interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares por DPOC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Question&#225;rio Respirat&#243;rio de Saint George</title>
          <p>O Question&#225;rio Respirat&#243;rio de Saint George (SGRQ) &#233; uma escala de qualidade de vida desenvolvida especialmente para o sistema respirat&#243;rio que pode ser utilizada em pacientes com asma e DPOC, bem como em pacientes com bronquiectasia e sarcoidose.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> A escala inclui os componentes de sintomas, atividade e efeito; no final, s&#227;o obtidas as pontua&#231;&#245;es de todos os tr&#234;s componentes e da qualidade de vida total.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> A escala &#233; pontuada de 0 a 100. Para cada componente e para a pontua&#231;&#227;o total produzida, &#8216;0&#8217; indica &#8216;perfeito&#8217; e &#8216;100&#8217; indica a &#8216;pior&#8217; qualidade de vida.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> A validade e a confiabilidade da vers&#227;o turca da escala foram confirmadas.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Escala de Qualidade de Vida Euro</title>
          <p>A Escala de Qualidade de Vida Euro (EQ-5D) &#233; uma escala de qualidade de vida geral de 5 quest&#245;es, cada uma consistindo de 3 n&#237;veis.<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup> A escala &#233; composta por 5 dimens&#245;es, incluindo mobilidade, autocuidado, atividades di&#225;rias, dor e humor. As pontua&#231;&#245;es mais altas indicam maior qualidade de vida.<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup> A utilidade da pontua&#231;&#227;o EQ-5D foi calculada usando o algoritmo MVH-A1 por Dolan.<sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup> Este algoritmo fornece uma faixa de &#8722;0,594 a +1, onde valores mais altos indicam melhor qualidade de vida. A validade e a confiabilidade da escala foram confirmadas para o contexto turco.<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>&#205;ndice de aumento e velocidade da onda de pulso</title>
          <p>Ap&#243;s a aplica&#231;&#227;o do question&#225;rio e da coleta de sangue, os pacientes foram examinados quanto ao Aix e &#224; VOP. Um aparelho Mobil-O-Graph&#174; (IEM; Stolberg, Alemanha) calculou o Aix e a VOP registrando a press&#227;o arterial braquial oscilom&#233;trica; o manguito subsequentemente reinsuflou na fase diast&#243;lica durante aproximadamente 10 segundos, registrando as ondas de pulso braquial com um sensor de press&#227;o de alta fidelidade.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial de 24 horas e coleta de sangue</title>
          <p>Para medi&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial de 24 horas, os pacientes foram monitorados com um dispositivo Mobil-O-Graph NG&#174; (IEM; Stolberg, Alemanha). O dispositivo foi ajustado para realizar medi&#231;&#227;o de 24 horas, uma vez a cada 15 minutos durante o dia e uma vez a cada 30 minutos &#224; noite. No dia seguinte, no mesmo hor&#225;rio, os pacientes devolveram os dispositivos. O bra&#231;o n&#227;o dominante foi usado para a medi&#231;&#227;o, e as medidas diurnas e noturnas foram ajustadas de acordo com as horas de sono e vig&#237;lia dos pacientes. Os pacientes foram orientados a continuar suas atividades habituais e a evitar exerc&#237;cios exaustivos. Os exames de sangue foram obtidos dos pacientes antes da administra&#231;&#227;o do tratamento. Entre os pacientes hospitalizados no servi&#231;o de doen&#231;as pulmonares, o question&#225;rio foi aplicado no mesmo dia. O dispositivo de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial de 24 horas (MAPA 24h) foi aplicado em condi&#231;&#245;es semelhantes para os pacientes ambulatoriais.</p>
          <p>Os resultados da medi&#231;&#227;o da MAPA 24h foram examinados e, quando os valores m&#233;dios noturnos das press&#245;es arteriais sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica apresentavam um descenso de 10% ou mais em rela&#231;&#227;o aos valores m&#233;dios diurnos, considerava-se como press&#227;o arterial dipper.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> Quando o descenso da press&#227;o arterial foi inferior a 10%, foi considerada como padr&#227;o press&#243;rico n&#227;o dipper<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup>. Os exames de sangue de PCR foram realizados no analisador autom&#225;tico Architect C16000 (Abbott Diag., EUA) e o hemograma foi analisado no dispositivo de sangue total Mindray BC-6800 (Mindray, China).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica</title>
          <p>A aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica deste estudo foi obtida do Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa Cl&#237;nica Intervencionista da Universidade Izmir Katip Celebi sob parecer n&#250;mero 164 (data de aprova&#231;&#227;o: 22 de dezembro de 2016). Todos os procedimentos deste estudo estavam de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque de 1975, atualizada em 2013. Foi obtido o consentimento informado de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
      <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada no SPSS vers&#227;o 16. Neste estudo, a distribui&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foi avaliada pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov e os dados n&#227;o foram distribu&#237;dos normalmente. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram apresentadas como medianas e intervalos interquartis (IIQ). A compara&#231;&#227;o estat&#237;stica dos dois grupos independentes foi realizada usando o teste U de Mann Whitney. As compara&#231;&#245;es entre grupos de vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram realizadas por meio do teste do qui-quadrado. A for&#231;a de associa&#231;&#227;o entre duas vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foi avaliada por meio de testes de correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman.</p>
      <p>Os efeitos independentes com respeito &#224; presen&#231;a de press&#227;o arterial n&#227;o-dipper dos diferentes fatores de identifica&#231;&#227;o foram examinados usando modelos de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica. O teste de Hosmer-Lemeshow foi usado para avaliar o ajuste do modelo. As vari&#225;veis independentes com p &#8804; 0,10 na an&#225;lise bivariada foram inclu&#237;das no modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada com m&#233;todo de elimina&#231;&#227;o para tr&#225;s. Devido &#224; alta correla&#231;&#227;o entre a press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea sist&#243;lica noturna e a press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia noturna, apenas a press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia noturna foi adicionada ao modelo. Os coeficientes ajustados s&#227;o apresentados com seus intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95%. Todos os valores de p foram bicaudais e os valores de p inferiores a 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Foram convidados para o estudo 167 pacientes; destes, 12 n&#227;o quiseram usar o aparelho MAPA 24h ou n&#227;o quiseram participar no estudo devido a falta de tempo. Foram exclu&#237;dos 13 pacientes devido a medidas inadequadas de MAPA 24h, e o estudo foi conclu&#237;do com 142 pacientes. No total, 23,9% (n = 34) dos pacientes tinham padr&#227;o press&#243;rico dipper e 76,1% (n = 108) tinham padr&#227;o n&#227;o dipper. Desses pacientes, 43% (n = 61) foram inclu&#237;dos da cl&#237;nica de interna&#231;&#227;o e 57% (n = 81) eram pacientes ambulatoriais.</p>
      <p>De acordo com a an&#225;lise univariada, as vari&#225;veis sociodemogr&#225;ficas como idade, sexo e estado civil n&#227;o afetaram significativamente o padr&#227;o press&#243;rico. Por outro lado, o n&#250;mero mediano de pessoas que habitavam o domic&#237;lio foi mais alto nos pacientes que tinham padr&#227;o press&#243;rico n&#227;o-dipper em compara&#231;&#227;o com aqueles com padr&#227;o press&#243;rico dipper. A rela&#231;&#227;o entre as vari&#225;veis sociodemogr&#225;ficas e o padr&#227;o press&#243;rico &#233; apresentada na <xref rid="t1" ref-type="table">Tabela 1</xref> .</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Vari&#225;veis s&#243;cio-demogr&#225;ficas</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas</th>
                <th>Dipper</th>
                <th>N&#227;o-dipper</th>
                <th>Total</th>
                <th>Valor p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>(n = 34)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>(n = 108)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>(n = 142)</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Sexo n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">7 (20,6)</td>
                <td align="center">25(23,1)</td>
                <td align="center">32 (22,5)</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,819</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">27 (79,4)</td>
                <td align="center">83 (76,9)</td>
                <td align="center">110 (77,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>&#205;ndice de massa corporal n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Normal (18,5 a 24,5)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (55,9)</td>
                <td align="center">51 (47,2)</td>
                <td align="center">70 (49,3)</td>
                <td rowspan="3" align="center">0,571</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sobrepeso (25 a 29,9)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (29,4)</td>
                <td align="center">33 (30,6)</td>
                <td align="center">43 (30,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Obeso (30 a 40)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (14,7)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (22,2)</td>
                <td align="center">29 (20,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>N&#237;vel de educa&#231;&#227;o n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ensino fundamental 2 ou b&#225;sico</td>
                <td align="center">11 (32,4)</td>
                <td align="center">43 (39,8)</td>
                <td align="center">54(38)</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,544</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ensino m&#233;dio ou superior</td>
                <td align="center">23(67,6)</td>
                <td align="center">65 (60,2)</td>
                <td align="center">88 (62)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Faixa de renda n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>1500 liras turcas ou menos (baixa)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (8,3)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (6,3)</td>
                <td rowspan="3" align="center">0,217</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>1501 a 3500 liras turcas (m&#233;dia)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (58,8)</td>
                <td align="center">60 (55,6)</td>
                <td align="center">80 (56,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>3501 liras turcas ou mais (alta)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (41,2)</td>
                <td align="center">39 (36,1)</td>
                <td align="center">53 (37,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Estado civil n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Solteiro</td>
                <td align="center">9 (26,5)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (22,2)</td>
                <td align="center">33 (23,2)</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,644</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Casado</td>
                <td align="center">25 (73,5)</td>
                <td align="center">84 (77,8)</td>
                <td align="center">109 (76,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Lugar de atendimento n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Servi&#231;o de internamento</td>
                <td align="center">11 (32,4)</td>
                <td align="center">50 (46,3)</td>
                <td align="center">61 (43)</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,169</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Cl&#237;nica ambulat&#243;ria</td>
                <td align="center">23 (67,6)</td>
                <td align="center">58 (53,7)</td>
                <td align="center">81 (57)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Presen&#231;a de hipertens&#227;o n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">18 (52,9)</td>
                <td align="center">49 (47,1)</td>
                <td align="center">67 (48,6)</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,693</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">16 (47,1)</td>
                <td align="center">55 (52,9)</td>
                <td align="center">71 (51,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Hist&#243;rico familiar de DPOC n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">9 (26,5)</td>
                <td align="center">43 (39,8)</td>
                <td align="center">52 (36,6)</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,221</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">25 (73,5)</td>
                <td align="center">65 (60,2)</td>
                <td align="center">90 (63,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Tabagismo n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">8 (23,5)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (29,4)</td>
                <td align="center">29 (20,4)</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,629</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">26 (76,5)</td>
                <td align="center">87 (80,6)</td>
                <td align="center">113 (79,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Uso de &#225;lcool n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">12 (35,3)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (23,1)</td>
                <td align="center">37 (26,1)</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,182</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">22 (64,7)</td>
                <td align="center">83 (76,9)</td>
                <td align="center">105 (73,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Vari&#225;veis n&#227;o categ&#243;ricas</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade, mediano (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center">65 (59,75-73)</td>
                <td align="center">66 (55-71,75)</td>
                <td align="center">66 (55,75-72)</td>
                <td align="center">0,739</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#250;mero de moradores no domic&#237;lio, mediano (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (1-2)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (2-3)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (2-3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,038<sup>*</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo, ma&#231;os-ano, mediano (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center">42,5 (23,75-60)</td>
                <td align="center">50 (30-80)</td>
                <td align="center">50 (30-74,25)</td>
                <td align="center">0,317</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#250;mero de visitas ao departamento de emerg&#234;ncia, mediano (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center">3,5 (1-6)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (1,25-6)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (1-6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,929</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#250;mero de hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es durante o &#250;ltimo ano, mediano (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (0-3)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0-2)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0-2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,296</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>p: percentis; IIQ: intervalo interquartil. * Signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p &lt; 0,05).</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Os valores m&#233;dios da press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea sist&#243;lica noturna, press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia noturna, Aix e PCR foram significativamente maiores entre os participantes com padr&#227;o press&#243;rico n&#227;o-dipper em compara&#231;&#227;o com seus pares. A associa&#231;&#227;o entre a press&#227;o arterial de 24 horas e os resultados laboratoriais &#233; mostrada na <xref rid="t2" ref-type="table">Tabela 2</xref> . Quando a qualidade de vida do paciente foi examinada de acordo com o padr&#227;o press&#243;rico, os sintomas, efeitos e pontua&#231;&#245;es totais do SGRQ foram maiores entre os pacientes com press&#227;o arterial n&#227;o-dipper. e a pontua&#231;&#227;o do EQ-5D foi menor; as diferen&#231;as foram estatisticamente significativas. ( <xref rid="t3" ref-type="table">Tabela 3</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Valores de press&#227;o arterial ambulatorial de 24 horas e resultados laboratoriais</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Valores de press&#227;o arterial e resultados laboratoriais</th>
                <th>Dipper (n = 34)</th>
                <th>N&#227;o-dipper (n = 108)</th>
                <th>Total (n = 142)</th>
                <th>Valor p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>PAS m&#233;dia de 24 h, mmHg, mediano (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center">122 (111-129)</td>
                <td align="center">122,5 (116-129,75)</td>
                <td align="center">122 (115,75-129,25)</td>
                <td align="center">0,985</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAD m&#233;dia de 24 h, mmHg, mediano (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center">76 (71- 85,75)</td>
                <td align="center">73,5 (67,25-82)</td>
                <td align="center">74 (68-84)</td>
                <td align="center">0,236</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PA m&#233;dia de 24 h, mmHg, mediano (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center">97 (88-113)</td>
                <td align="center">97 (90-105)</td>
                <td align="center">97 (88,75-106)</td>
                <td align="center">0,305</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#233;dia de 24 h, mediano (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center">84 (69,75-88)</td>
                <td align="center">77 (70-84,75)</td>
                <td align="center">77,5 (70-88)</td>
                <td align="center">0,152</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Press&#227;o de pulso de 24 h, mmHg, mediano (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center">47 (37-51)</td>
                <td align="center">47 (42-52)</td>
                <td align="center">47 (42-51,25)</td>
                <td align="center">0,979</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAS m&#233;dia diurna, mmHg, mediano (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center">128 (110,75-145)</td>
                <td align="center">124 (116-131)</td>
                <td align="center">124,5 (116-133)</td>
                <td align="center">0,224</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAD m&#233;dia diurna, mmHg, mediano (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center">74 (71-83)</td>
                <td align="center">75 (67-82)</td>
                <td align="center">74 (69-82)</td>
                <td align="center">0,622</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PA m&#233;dia diurna, mmHg, mediano (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center">99 (73,25-91,5)</td>
                <td align="center">97 (90-104)</td>
                <td align="center">98 (91-106)</td>
                <td align="center">0,098</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#233;dia diurna, mediano (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center">84 (73,25-91,5)</td>
                <td align="center">78 (71-86,75)</td>
                <td align="center">80 (71-87)</td>
                <td align="center">0,127</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Press&#227;o de pulso diurna, mmHg, mediano (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center">47 (38-52,25)</td>
                <td align="center">47 (42-52)</td>
                <td align="center">47 (42-52)</td>
                <td align="center">0,781</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAS m&#233;dia noturna, mmHg, mediano (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center">118 (107,75-120)</td>
                <td align="center">120 (115-133)</td>
                <td align="center">118 (114-131,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,012<sup>*</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAD m&#233;dia noturna, mmHg, mediano (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center">71 (64,75-73)</td>
                <td align="center">72 (65-80)</td>
                <td align="center">72 (65-78)</td>
                <td align="center">0,099</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PA m&#233;dia noturna, mmHg, mediano (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center">94 (82,5-94)</td>
                <td align="center">94 (87-104,5)</td>
                <td align="center">94 (86-101)</td>
                <td align="center">0,045<sup>*</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#233;dia noturna, mediano (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center">74,5 (54-88)</td>
                <td align="center">73 (61-82)</td>
                <td align="center">73 (61-82)</td>
                <td align="center">0,698</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Press&#227;o de pulso noturna, mmHg, mediano (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center">44 (43,25-51,5)</td>
                <td align="center">47,5 (44-52)</td>
                <td align="center">47 (44-52)</td>
                <td align="center">0,105</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#205;ndice de aumento, mediano (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center">20,40 (14,75-24,3)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (18-35)</td>
                <td align="center">23,05 (17-33)</td>
                <td align="center">0,020<sup>*</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Velocidade da onda de pulso, mediano (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center">9,65 (8,67-10,32)</td>
                <td align="center">9,2 (8-10,2)</td>
                <td align="center">9,45 (8,2-10,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,794</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Contagem de leuc&#243;citos, mediano (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center">8,85 (7,71-10,63)</td>
                <td align="center">9,61 (8,64-11,18)</td>
                <td align="center">9,44 (8,32-11,14)</td>
                <td align="center">0,073</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PCR, mediano (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center">0,97 (0,02-3)</td>
                <td align="center">4,34 (1,12-7,42)</td>
                <td align="center">2,86 (0,6-6,54)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001<sup>*</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>NLR, mediano (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center">2,89 (2,29-5,47)</td>
                <td align="center">3,93 (2,28-6,19)</td>
                <td align="center">3,76 (2,31-5,88)</td>
                <td align="center">0,210</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PLR, mediano (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center">130,5 (95,16-203,58)</td>
                <td align="center">160,37 (115,38-201,61)</td>
                <td align="center">152,06 (107,74-201)</td>
                <td align="center">0,110</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>IIQ: intervalo interquartil; NLR: rela&#231;&#227;o neutr&#243;filos/linf&#243;citos; PA: press&#227;o arterial; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PCR: prote&#237;na C reativa; PLR: rela&#231;&#227;o plaquetas/linf&#243;citos. * Signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p &lt; 0,05)</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Pontua&#231;&#245;es no Question&#225;rio Respirat&#243;rio de Saint George e na Escala de Qualidade de Vida Euro</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Pontua&#231;&#245;es</th>
                <th>Dipper (n = 34)</th>
                <th>N&#227;o-dipper (n =108)</th>
                <th>Total (n = 142)</th>
                <th>Valor p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>SGRQ sintomas, mediano (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center">74,13 (56,43-78,97)</td>
                <td align="center">78,08 (64,97-83,68)</td>
                <td align="center">76,08 (61,4-82,27)</td>
                <td align="center">0,021<sup>*</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SGRQ atividade, mediano (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center">62,49 (48,38-86,72)</td>
                <td align="center">74,48 (60,67-87,53)</td>
                <td align="center">71,4 (53,83-87,53)</td>
                <td align="center">0,091</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SGRQ impacto, mediano (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center">47,64 (25,15-67,32)</td>
                <td align="center">58,1 (46,33-74,77)</td>
                <td align="center">56,99 (38,33-74,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,025<sup>*</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SGRQ total, mediano (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center">53,84 (35,64-73,64)</td>
                <td align="center">65,23 (53,84-79,85)</td>
                <td align="center">63,71 (52,01-78,63)</td>
                <td align="center">0,021<sup>*</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>EQ5D, mediano (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center">0,51 (0,51-0,58)</td>
                <td align="center">0,51 (0,51-0,51)</td>
                <td align="center">0,51 (0,51-0,51)</td>
                <td align="center">0,034<sup>*</sup></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>
                <italic>EQ5D: Escala de Qualidade de Vida Euro; IIQ: intervalo interquartil; p: percentis; SGRQ: Question&#225;rio Respirat&#243;rio de Saint George. * Signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p &lt; 0,05)</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>De acordo com a an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada, a PCR (OR: 1,123; IC 95%: 1,016;1,242), o Aix (OR: 1,057; IC 95%: 1,011;1,105) e a pontua&#231;&#227;o total do SGRQ (OR: 1.021; IC 95%: 1,001;1,042) eram mais altos nos pacientes com padr&#227;o press&#243;rico n&#227;o-dipper do que naqueles com o padr&#227;o dipper. Al&#233;m disso, os indiv&#237;duos com padr&#227;o press&#243;rico n&#227;o-dipper viviam em domic&#237;lios mais lotados, em compara&#231;&#227;o com os indiv&#237;duos com padr&#227;o press&#243;rico dipper (OR: 1,339; IC 95%: 1,009;1,777) ( <xref rid="t4" ref-type="table">Tabela 4</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica do padr&#227;o press&#243;rico n&#227;o-dipper</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="2" align="left">Fatores determinantes</th>
                <th colspan="3">Raz&#227;o de chances (Univariado)</th>
                <th colspan="3">Raz&#227;o de chances (Multivariado)</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>&#946;</th>
                <th>IC 95%</th>
                <th>Valor p</th>
                <th>&#946;</th>
                <th>IC 95%</th>
                <th>Valor p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade</td>
                <td align="center">0,997</td>
                <td align="center">0,961;1,034</td>
                <td align="center">0,879</td>
                <td align="center">0,995</td>
                <td align="center">0,950;1,042</td>
                <td align="center">0,817</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Sexo</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">0,861</td>
                <td align="center">0,335;2,212</td>
                <td align="center">0,756</td>
                <td align="center">1,100</td>
                <td align="center">0,341;3,546</td>
                <td align="center">0,873</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#250;mero de moradores no domic&#237;lio</td>
                <td align="center">1,169</td>
                <td align="center">0,903;1,515</td>
                <td align="center">0,236</td>
                <td align="center">1,339</td>
                <td align="center">1,009;1,777</td>
                <td align="center">0,043*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PA m&#233;dia noturna, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">1,038</td>
                <td align="center">0,999;1,078</td>
                <td align="center">0,055</td>
                <td align="center">1,033</td>
                <td align="center">0,991;1,077</td>
                <td align="center">0,122</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#205;ndice de aumento</td>
                <td align="center">1,049</td>
                <td align="center">1,008;1,092</td>
                <td align="center">0,018*</td>
                <td align="center">1,057</td>
                <td align="center">1,011;1,105</td>
                <td align="center">0,015**</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PCR</td>
                <td align="center">1,141</td>
                <td align="center">1,025;1,270</td>
                <td align="center">0,016*</td>
                <td align="center">1,123</td>
                <td align="center">1,016;1,242</td>
                <td align="center">0,024*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SGRQ Total</td>
                <td align="center">1,023</td>
                <td align="center">1,003;1,043</td>
                <td align="center">0,025*</td>
                <td align="center">1,021</td>
                <td align="center">1,001;1,042</td>
                <td align="center">0,040*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>EQ5D</td>
                <td align="center">0,440</td>
                <td align="center">0,076;2,540</td>
                <td align="center">0,358</td>
                <td align="center">0,766</td>
                <td align="center">0,118;4,960</td>
                <td align="center">0,780</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>
                <italic>&#946;: coeficiente de regress&#227;o; EQ5D: Escala de Qualidade de Vida Euro; IC 95%: intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%; PA: press&#227;o arterial; PCR: prote&#237;na C reativa; SGRQ: Question&#225;rio Respirat&#243;rio de Saint George. * Signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p &lt; 0,05).</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Neste estudo, n&#243;s investigamos os efeitos dos padr&#245;es press&#243;ricos dipper e n&#227;o-dipper nos resultados laboratoriais e na qualidade de vida de pacientes com DPOC. De acordo com os achados do nosso estudo, os pacientes com DPOC e padr&#227;o press&#243;rico n&#227;o-dipper apresentaram valores mais altos de PCR e Aix, bem como menor qualidade de vida devido &#224; DPOC. O aumento na preval&#234;ncia do padr&#245;es press&#243;rico n&#227;o-dipper com o n&#250;mero de pessoas habitando o domic&#237;lio foi outro achado do estudo.</p>
      <p>A MAPA 24h usada para diagn&#243;stico e acompanhamento da hipertens&#227;o fornece informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a presen&#231;a de press&#227;o dipper e n&#227;o-dipper.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> Em nosso estudo, 76,1% dos pacientes com DPOC apresentaram o padr&#227;o press&#243;rico n&#227;o-dipper. Nersesyan et al. verificaram que a taxa do padr&#227;o press&#243;rico n&#227;o-dipper em pacientes com DPOC foi de 72,7%.<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup> No estudo realizado por Aidar et al.,<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup> o descenso na press&#227;o noturna foi superior a 10%, em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; press&#227;o diurna, no grupo controle saud&#225;vel, enquanto o valor m&#233;dio da press&#227;o noturna em pacientes com DPOC foi inferior a 10%, em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; press&#227;o diurna.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup> Embora os dados de frequ&#234;ncia n&#227;o tenham sido compartilhados no estudo de Aidar et al.,<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup> entende-se que a queda da press&#227;o arterial noturna era insuficiente em pacientes com DPOC. A presen&#231;a de processos inflamat&#243;rios com base em ambas as condi&#231;&#245;es pode explicar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre a press&#227;o n&#227;o-dipper e a DPOC. No entanto, os efeitos de cada fator um sobre o outro ainda n&#227;o s&#227;o claros.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup> Neste estudo, os n&#237;veis de PCR foram mais altos entre os indiv&#237;duos com padr&#227;o press&#243;rico n&#227;o-dipper. Um estudo anterior conduzido por Kaya et al.<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup> apresentou o mesmo achado, onde os valores de PCR foram mais altos em pacientes com padr&#227;o n&#227;o-dipper, em compara&#231;&#227;o com pacientes com o padr&#227;o dipper.<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup> Estudos pr&#233;vios t&#234;m demonstrado que a press&#227;o n&#227;o-dipper diminui o n&#250;mero de c&#233;lulas progenitoras endoteliais, interrompe os mecanismos de reparo vascular e a homeostase endotelial e conseq&#252;entemente induz a inflama&#231;&#227;o, aumentando a express&#227;o de citocinas endoteliais.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> Em nosso estudo, sugerimos que os n&#237;veis mais elevados de PCR em indiv&#237;duos com padr&#227;o press&#243;rico n&#227;o-dipper foram causados por mecanismos semelhantes.</p>
      <p>Em nosso estudo, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre os valores de NLR e PLR com respeito aos padr&#245;es press&#243;ricos. Estudos anteriores mostraram que os valores de NLR e PLR s&#227;o mais elevados em pacientes com press&#227;o arterial n&#227;o-dipper.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> Golpe et al. investigaram a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o padr&#227;o press&#243;rico e marcadores inflamat&#243;rios em pacientes com DPOC, concluindo que o padr&#227;o press&#243;rico n&#227;o afeta os n&#237;veis de neutr&#243;filos e linf&#243;citos.<sup><xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref></sup> Visto que a amostra do nosso estudo consistia apenas de pacientes com DPOC e que as vias inflamat&#243;rias desempenham um papel importante na DPOC, os valores de NLR e PLR podem n&#227;o ter sido afetados pelo padr&#227;o press&#243;rico.</p>
      <p>Como resultado de nosso estudo, encontramos valores de Aix mais altos entre os pacientes com press&#227;o arterial n&#227;o-dipper; este achado est&#225; de acordo com os resultados de estudos anteriores na literatura.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup> O Aix &#233; considerado um dos melhores indicadores de rigidez arterial e condi&#231;&#245;es relacionadas &#224; aterosclerose e acredita-se que ele preveja eventos cardiovasculares pr&#243;ximos.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup> A press&#227;o arterial n&#227;o-dipper desencadeia o processo inflamat&#243;rio e causa aterosclerose e arteriosclerose, e acredita-se que esteja associada ao aumento do risco de mortalidade cardiovascular e danos aos &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref> , <xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref> </sup> Considerando o risco aumentado de inflama&#231;&#227;o e aterosclerose causado pela press&#227;o arterial n&#227;o-dipper, pode-se esperar que o Aix seja mais alto em indiv&#237;duos com padr&#227;o press&#243;ricos n&#227;o-dipper. Como resultado desse achado corroborado por nosso estudo, pode ser &#250;til monitorar de perto os pacientes com DPOC e o padr&#227;o press&#243;rico n&#227;o-dipper, a fim de melhorar o manejo de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.</p>
      <p>Em nosso estudo, a qualidade de vida geral medida pela EQ-5D foi menor em pacientes com padr&#245;es press&#243;rico n&#227;o-dipper de acordo com as an&#225;lises univariadas; no entanto, essa rela&#231;&#227;o perdeu sua import&#226;ncia nas an&#225;lises multivariadas. As pontua&#231;&#245;es da escala de qualidade de vida do SGRQ, que s&#227;o espec&#237;ficas para a DPOC, foram mais altas em pacientes com padr&#227;o press&#243;rico n&#227;o-dipper e essa rela&#231;&#227;o permaneceu significativa nas an&#225;lises multivariadas. Um dos motivos para isso pode ser o fato de que a EQ-5D mede a qualidade de vida geral, enquanto o SGRQ &#233; espec&#237;fico para a DPOC. Considerando que a qualidade de vida geral de indiv&#237;duos com DPOC &#233; inferior &#224; de indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis, o padr&#227;o press&#243;rico n&#227;o-dipper em pacientes com DPOC pode diminuir a qualidade de vida ainda mais.<sup><xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup> O estudo de Wacker et al. relatou que, em associa&#231;&#227;o com a carga da doen&#231;a, a pontua&#231;&#227;o do SGRQ prediz exacerba&#231;&#245;es agudas da DPOC, hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es devido a exacerba&#231;&#245;es e mortalidade devido a todas as causas.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup> Em indiv&#237;duos com o padr&#227;o press&#243;rico n&#227;o-dipper, a nossa pontua&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia no SGRQ foi mais alto; isto pode indicar a import&#226;ncia do controle da press&#227;o arterial durante o manejo da DPOC.</p>
      <p>Em nosso estudo, verificamos que o aumento no n&#250;mero de pessoas habitando o domic&#237;lio aumentou a preval&#234;ncia do padr&#227;o press&#243;rico n&#227;o-dipper. Maior n&#250;mero de pessoas morando no mesmo domic&#237;lio e o n&#250;mero de filhos s&#227;o fatores que aumentam a responsabilidade e, consequentemente, levam ao estresse em indiv&#237;duos.<sup><xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref></sup> Visto que o estresse fisiologicamente desencadeia a libera&#231;&#227;o da epinefrina e da norepinefrina, pode-se esperar que o padr&#227;o press&#243;rico n&#227;o-dipper seja mais frequente em pessoas com fatores de alto estresse.<sup><xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a taxa de superlota&#231;&#227;o descreve a propor&#231;&#227;o de pessoas que vivem em moradias superlotadas, conforme definido pelo n&#250;mero de c&#244;modos dispon&#237;veis para a fam&#237;lia, o tamanho da fam&#237;lia, a idade de seus membros e a sua situa&#231;&#227;o familiar; 40% da popula&#231;&#227;o da Turquia vive em moradias superlotadas.<sup><xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref></sup> Esta realidade pode constituir um alto risco para o a popula&#231;&#227;o turca em rela&#231;&#227;o ao desenvolvimento do padr&#227;o press&#243;rico n&#227;o-dipper.</p>
      <p>&#201; necess&#225;rio mencionar que existem algumas limita&#231;&#245;es em nosso estudo. Primeiro, considerando que o nosso estudo &#233; transversal, h&#225; um problema de temporalidade em que n&#227;o podemos ter certeza se o fator precedeu ou n&#227;o a ocorr&#234;ncia do desfecho. Em nosso caso, n&#227;o sabemos se a inflama&#231;&#227;o causou o padr&#227;o press&#243;rico n&#227;o-dipper ou vice-versa; portanto, estudos prospectivos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para avaliar a causalidade. A n&#227;o inclus&#227;o de um grupo de controle saud&#225;vel pode ser uma limita&#231;&#227;o. Comparar indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis com pacientes com DPOC pode fornecer melhores informa&#231;&#245;es sobre os efeitos dos padr&#245;es press&#243;ricos. Al&#233;m disso, em nosso estudo, n&#227;o foi investigada a presen&#231;a de s&#237;ndrome da apneia do sono. Tem sido verificado que o padr&#227;o press&#243;rico n&#227;o-dipper &#233; alto em pacientes com s&#237;ndrome da apn&#233;ia do sono e a s&#237;ndrome da apn&#233;ia do sono &#233; comum em pacientes com DPOC.<sup><xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref> , <xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref> </sup> A nossa taxa de participa&#231;&#227;o foi menor do que a esperada; no entanto, determinamos diferen&#231;as nos principais indicadores, como PCR e as pontua&#231;&#245;es de qualidade de vida EQ5D e SGRQ, que estavam relacionados &#224;s hip&#243;teses prim&#225;rias e alcan&#231;amos mais de 90% nos c&#225;lculos de poder post hoc para esses par&#226;metros.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>O padr&#227;o press&#243;rico n&#227;o-dipper foi mais comum em pacientes com DPOC e os pacientes com DPOC e press&#227;o arterial n&#227;o-dipper apresentaram n&#237;veis de PCR e valores Aix mais elevados. Isto representa um risco aumentado de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e les&#245;es em &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo. Ao mesmo tempo, o padr&#227;o n&#227;o-dipper de press&#227;o arterial afeta adversamente a qualidade de vida dos pacientes com DPOC e isso parece afetar negativamente as exacerba&#231;&#245;es da doen&#231;a, hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es e mortalidade. Por estes motivos, o monitoramento rigoroso da press&#227;o arterial em pacientes com DPOC pode contribuir para o aumento da qualidade de vida individual e a redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de mortalidade relacionados &#224;s doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Este estudo recebeu financiamento da Unidade de Projetos de Pesquisa Cient&#237;fica da Universidade Izmir Katip Celebi sob o acordo de bolsa n&#250;mero 2016-GAP-TIPF-0011.</p>
    </ack>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
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        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. WHO. World Health statistics 2008.[Accessed in 2018 06]. Available: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.who.int/whosis/whostat/EN_WHS08_Full.pdf?ua=1">http://www.who.int/whosis/whostat/EN_WHS08_Full.pdf?ua=1</ext-link></mixed-citation>
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          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>WHO</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source> World Health statistics 2008 </source>
          <date-in-citation content-type="access-date">Accessed in 2018 06</date-in-citation>
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        </element-citation>
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        <mixed-citation>22. Genta-Pereira DC, Furlan SF, Omote DQ, Giorgi DMA, Bortolotto LA, Lorenzi-Filho G, et al. Nondipping Blood Pressure Patterns Predict Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Patients Undergoing Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring. Hypertension. 2018; 72 (4): 979-85.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Genta-Pereira</surname>
              <given-names>DC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Furlan</surname>
              <given-names>SF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Omote</surname>
              <given-names>DQ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Giorgi</surname>
              <given-names>DMA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bortolotto</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lorenzi-Filho</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Nondipping Blood Pressure Patterns Predict Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Patients Undergoing Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring</article-title>
          <source> Hypertension </source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>72</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>979</fpage>
          <lpage>985</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p><bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold> .O presente estudo foi financiado pela Izmir Katip Celebi University Scientific Research Project Unit.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Evaluation of Dipper and Non-dipper Blood Pressure Patterns and Quality of Life Among Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1575-6946</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ask&#305;n</surname>
            <given-names>Meryem</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Koc</surname>
            <given-names>Esra Meltem</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sozmen</surname>
            <given-names>Kaan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Turan</surname>
            <given-names>Muzaffer Onur</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soypacac&#305;</surname>
            <given-names>Zeki</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Aksun</surname>
            <given-names>Saliha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Izmir Katip Celebi University Faculty of Medicine - Department of Family Medicine, Izmir - Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Izmir Katip Celebi University Faculty of Medicine - Department of Public Health, Izmir - Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Izmir Katip Celebi University Faculty of Medicine - Department of Chest Diseases Izmir, - Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Izmir Katip Celebi University Faculty of Medicine - Department of Nephrology Izmir, - Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Izmir Katip Celebi University Faculty of Medicine - Department of Medical Biochemistry, Izmir - Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Meryem Ask&#305;n &#8226;</bold> Izmir Katip Celebi University Faculty of Medicine - Family Medicine - Izmir Katip Celebi University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine, Balat&#231;&#305;k Neighborhood No: 33/2 &#199;i&#287;li Izmir, Turkey 35620 &#8211; Turkey E-mail: obgndrmeryem@hotmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Ask&#305;n M, Koc EM, Sozmen K, Turan MO, Soypacac&#305; Z, Aksun S; Data acquisition and Writing of the manuscript: Ask&#305;n M, Turan MO, Soypacac&#305; Z, Aksun S; Analysis and interpretation of the data and Statistical analysis: Ask&#305;n M, Koc EM, Sozmen K; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Koc EM, Sozmen K, Turan MO, Soypacac&#305; Z, Aksun S.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>The authors report no conflict of interest concerning the materials and methods used in this study or the findings specified in this paper.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Non-dipper blood pressure is defined by less than a 10% reduction in nighttime blood pressure, and it is associated with cardiovascular disease. Inflammation is thought to play a role in the pathogenesis of both chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and non-dipper blood pressure pattern, and both diseases are associated with lower quality of life.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of non-dipper blood pressure pattern in patients with COPD.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>A cross-sectional study was carried out with 142 patients with COPD. The Saint George Respiratory Questionnaire and the Euro Quality of Life Scale were used to collect data. To understand arterial stiffness, the augmentation index and pulse wave velocity were measured, and 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring was subsequently performed. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to understand the relationship between different independent variables and blood pressure pattern. P values lower than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>As a result, 76.1% (n = 108) of the patients had non-dipper blood pressure pattern. Non-dipper patients had higher C-reactive protein (OR:1.123; 95% CI:1.016;1.242), augmentation index (OR: 1.057; 95% CI: 1.011;1.105) and Saint George Respiratory Questionnaire total score (OR: 1.021; 95% CI: 1.001;1.042) than dipper patients. Also, as the number of people living at home increased, non-dipper blood pressure pattern was found to be more frequent (OR: 1.339; 95% CI: 1.009;1.777).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>Non-dipper blood pressure pattern may increase cardiovascular risk by triggering inflammation and may adversely affect the prognosis of COPD by lowering the disease-related quality of life. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Pulmonary Disease Chronic Obstructive</kwd>
        <kwd>Monitoring</kwd>
        <kwd>Dipper, No-Dipper</kwd>
        <kwd>Prognosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Quality of Life</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is highly prevalent worldwide; it is characterized by the limitation of airway flow and, according to the World Health Organization, it will be the third leading cause of death in 2030.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A reduction in blood pressure by more than 10% at night is a physiological process<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup>. If the reduction in blood pressure at night is less than 10%, it is called the non-dipper blood pressure pattern, which is known to be associated with cardiovascular disease and end-organ damage.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup>The augmentation index (Aix) and pulse wave velocity (PWV) are indicators of arterial stiffness that can predict future cardiovascular events, and Aix and PWV values are higher in the non-dipper blood pressure pattern.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref> , <xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref> </sup>It is controversial how non-dipper blood pressure pattern causes these effects, but it is thought that this pattern induces cytokine expression from the endothelium and triggers an inflammatory process.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup>Inflammation markers such as C-reactive protein (CRP), the neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and the platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) are higher among individuals with non-dipper blood pressure compared to their counterparts.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Systemic inflammation plays a major role in the pathogenesis of COPD, and it is believed that CRP and NLR can be used as markers for diagnosis and prognosis of COPD.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref> , <xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref> </sup>The presence of an inflammatory process in the pathogenesis of both COPD and non-dipper blood pressure suggests that the incidence of non-dipper blood pressure pattern may be high in patients with COPD.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup>Another common point of both diseases is their negative effects on quality of life.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref> , <xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref> </sup>Quality of life is the health perception of the individual, and it has a direct impact on physical and mental health; it is also related to the number of acute exacerbations and hospitalizations in COPD.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Studies that have investigated the effects of blood pressure patterns on COPD are quite limited, and elucidation of this subject might be a guide for COPD management. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of non-dipper blood pressure pattern on laboratory values and quality of life in COPD.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>The diagnosis of COPD should be confirmed via spirometry in patients with dyspnea, chronic cough, chronic sputum production, and exposure to risk factors of COPD. In our study, patients diagnosed with COPD by chest disease specialists, who were therefore taking medication, were accepted as COPD. In addition, spirometry examinations of patients were checked by the computer system.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Participants</title>
          <p>This cross-sectional study was conducted with patients with COPD, between the ages of 18 and 80 years, who were admitted to Izmir Katip Celebi University Atat&#252;rk Training and Research Hospital&#8217;s inpatient or outpatient clinic for pulmonary diseases. The study excluded patients who, in addition to COPD, had known active infection, malignancy, congestive heart failure, diabetes mellitus, or renal failure. The study was conducted between January and June 2018.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Sample size</title>
          <p>The sample size was calculated using the GPOWER 3.1 program. By using a previous research finding, we assumed the mean CRP levels would be 4.9 &#177; 1.7 mg/lt in the non-dipper group and 3.8 &#177; 1.5 mg/lt in the dipper group. In order to show the differences between the two groups, the required sample size was calculated at 128, with 95% power and a two-sided type-1 error rate of 5%. We increased the sample size by 10% and aimed to reach 140 patients.<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data collection tools</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Sociodemographic characteristics</title>
            <p>In order to examine sociodemographic data, education level was categorized into two groups (middle school or lower and high school or higher). Income level was categorized into three groups (&#8805; 1500 Turkish Liras (TL), 1501 to 3499 TL, and &#8804; 3500 TL). Body mass index values were divided into three categories (normal [&#8804; 24.99 kg/m<sup>2</sup>], overweight [25 to 29.99 kg/m<sup>2</sup>], and obese [&#8805; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>]). Marital status was divided into two groups (single and married). Alcohol intake was also divided into two groups (yes and no). Places where patients were included in the study were divided into two groups (inpatient service and outpatient clinic), and COPD history in their families was categorized into two groups (yes and no). Patients diagnosed with hypertension by a physician and receiving prescription medication were considered as having hypertension. Patients who smoked regularly, at least once a day, were considered as active smokers. Regarding continuous variables, patients were asked to respond to questions such as age, number of people living at home, years of smoking and package numbers, number of admissions to the emergency unit due to COPD during the last year, and number of hospital admissions for COPD.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Saint George&#8217;s Respiratory Questionnaire</title>
            <p>Saint George&#8217;s Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) is a quality of life scale especially developed for the respiratory system that can be used in patients with asthma and COPD, as well as in patients with bronchiectasis and sarcoidosis.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup>The scale includes the components of symptoms, activity, and effect, and, after scoring, all three components and total quality of life scores are obtained.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup>The scale is scored from 0 to 100. For each component and for the produced total score, &#8216;0&#8217; indicates &#8216;perfect&#8217; and &#8216;100&#8217; indicates &#8216;worst&#8217; quality of life.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup>The validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the scale have been confirmed.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup></p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Euro Quality of Life Scale</title>
            <p>The Euro Quality of Life Scale (EQ-5D) is a 5-question overall quality of life scale, each consisting of 3 levels.<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup>The scale is composed of 5 dimensions, including mobility, self-care, daily activities, pain, and mood. Higher scores indicate higher quality of life.<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup>The utility of the EQ-5D score was computed using the MVH-A1 algorithm by Dolan.<sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup>This algorithm provides a range from &#8722;0.594 to +1, where higher values indicate better quality of life. The scale&#8217;s validity and reliability have been confirmed in Turkish settings.<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup></p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Augmentation index and pulse wave velocity</title>
            <p>After the administration of the questionnaire and blood sampling, patients were examined in terms of Aix and PWV. A Mobil-O-Graph&#174; (IEM; Stolberg, Germany) device calculated the Aix and PWV by recording oscillometric brachial blood pressure; the cuff subsequently reinflated at the diastolic phase for approximately 10 seconds, recording brachial pulse waves with a high-fidelity pressure sensor.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and blood sampling</title>
            <p>For 24-hour blood pressure measurement, patients were monitored with a Mobil-O-Graph NG&#174; (IEM; Stolberg, Germany) device. The device was adjusted to perform a 24-hour measurement, once every 15 minutes during the day and once every 30 minutes at night. The next day, at the same time, patient returned the devices. The non-dominant arm was used for measurement, and day and night measurements were adjusted according to the patients&#8217; sleeping and waking hours. Patients were instructed to continue their usual activities and to avoid exhausting exercise. Blood tests were obtained from patients before treatment was administered. Among patients who were hospitalized in the pulmonary diseases service, the questionnaire was applied on the same day. The 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (24-h ABPM) measuring device was applied in similar conditions for outpatients.</p>
            <p>The results of 24-h ABPM measurement were examined, and, if nighttime average values of systolic and diastolic blood pressures were decreased by 10% or more with respect to day-time average values, this was considered as dipper blood pressure<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup>. When the decrease in blood pressure was less than 10%, it was considered as non-dipper blood pressure pattern.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup>CRP blood tests were carried out in a Architect C16000 autoanalyzer (Abbott Diag., USA), and the hemogram was analysed in a Mindray BC-6800 whole blood device (Mindray, China).</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Ethical approval</title>
            <p>The ethical approval for the study was obtained from the Izmir Katip Celebi University Interventional Clinical Research Ethics Committee under decision number 164 (date of approval: December 22, 2016). All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Statistical analysis</title>
            <p>Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 16. In this study, the distribution of the continuous variables were assessed with Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, and the data were not distributed normally. Continuous variables were presented as medians and inter quartile ranges (IQR). Statistical comparison of two independent groups was performed using the Mann Whitney U test. The between-group comparisons of categorical variables were performed using the chi-square test. The strength of association between two continuous variables was assessed using Spearman correlation tests.</p>
            <p>Independent effects with respect to the presence of non-dipper blood pressure of the different identifying factors were examined using logistic regression models. The Hosmer-Lemeshow test was used for assesing the model fit. Independent variables with p &#8804; 0.10 on bivariate analysis were included in the multivariate logistic regression model with a &#8220;backward&#8221; elimination method. Due to high correlation between nighttime systolic blood pressure and nighttime mean arterial pressure, only nighttime mean arterial pressure was added to the model. Adjusted coefficients are presented with their 95% confidence intervals. All p values were two-tailed, and p values lower than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>One hundred and sixty-seven patients were invited to the study. Twelve patients did not want to wear the 24-h ABPM device or did not want to participate in the study due to lack of time. Thirteen patients were excluded from the study due to inappropriate 24-h ABPM measurements, and the study was completed with 142 patients. In total, 23.9% (n = 34) of the patients had dipper and 76.1% (n = 108) had non-dipper blood pressure pattern. Among these patients, 43% (n = 61) participated from the inpatient clinic, and 57% (n = 81) were outpatients.</p>
        <p>According to univariate analysis, sociodemographic variables such as age, sex, and marital status did not significantly affect the blood pressure pattern. On the other hand, the median number of people living in the household were higher in those who had non-dipper blood pressure pattern compared to those with dipper blood pressure pattern. The relationship between sociodemographic variables and blood pressure pattern is presented in <xref rid="t1001" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref> .</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Sociodemographic variables</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Categorical variables</th>
                  <th>Dipper</th>
                  <th>Non-dipper</th>
                  <th>Total</th>
                  <th>P value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>(n = 34)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>(n = 108)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>(n = 142)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Sex n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Female</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (20.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">25(23.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (22.5)</td>
                  <td rowspan="2" align="center">0.819</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (79.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">83 (76.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">110 (77.5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Body mass index n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Normal (18.5 to 24.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (55.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">51 (47.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">70 (49.3)</td>
                  <td rowspan="3" align="center">0.571</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Overweight (25 to 29,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (29.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (30.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">43 (30.3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Obese (30 to 40)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (14.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (22.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (20.4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Level of education n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Middle school and lower</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (32.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">43 (39.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">54(38)</td>
                  <td rowspan="2" align="center">0.544</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>High school and higher</td>
                  <td align="center">23(67.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">65 (60.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">88 (62)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Income level n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>1500 Turkish liras or below (low)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (8.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (6.3)</td>
                  <td rowspan="3" align="center">0.217</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>1501 to 3500 Turkish lira (medium)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (58.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">60 (55.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">80 (56.3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>3501 Turkish liras or higher (high)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (41.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">39 (36.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">53 (37.3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Marital status n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Single</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (26.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (22.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (23.2)</td>
                  <td rowspan="2" align="center">0.644</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Married</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (73.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">84 (77.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">109 (76.8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Place of attendance n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Inpatient services</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (32.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">50 (46.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">61 (43)</td>
                  <td rowspan="2" align="center">0.169</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Outpatient clinic</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (67.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">58 (53.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">81 (57)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Presence of hypertension n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (52.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">49 (47.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">67 (48.6)</td>
                  <td rowspan="2" align="center">0.693</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>No</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (47.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">55 (52.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">71 (51.4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Family history of COPD n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (26.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">43 (39.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">52 (36.6)</td>
                  <td rowspan="2" align="center">0.221</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>No</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (73.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">65 (60.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">90 (63.4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Smoking n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (23.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (29.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (20.4)</td>
                  <td rowspan="2" align="center">0.629</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>No</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (76.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">87 (80.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">113 (79.6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Use of alcohol n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (35.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (23.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">37 (26.1)</td>
                  <td rowspan="2" align="center">0.182</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>No</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (64.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">83 (76.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">105 (73.9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Non-categorical variables</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age, median (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">65 (59.75-73)</td>
                  <td align="center">66 (55-71.75)</td>
                  <td align="center">66 (55.75-72)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.739</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Number of people living at home, median (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (1-2)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (2-3)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (2-3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.038<sup>*</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Smoking, pack years, median (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">42.5 (23.75-60)</td>
                  <td align="center">50 (30-80)</td>
                  <td align="center">50 (30-74.25)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.317</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Number of visits to emergency department in the last year, median (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,5 (1-6)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (1.25-6)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (1-6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.929</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Number of hospitalization in the last year, median (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (0-3)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (0-2)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (0-2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.296</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>p: percentiles; IQR: interquartile range. * Statistical significance (p &lt; 0.05)</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Mean nighttime systolic blood pressure, mean nighttime arterial pressure, Aix, and CRP values were significantly higher among participants with non-dipper blood pressure pattern compared to thier counterparts. The association between 24-hour blood pressure and laboratory results are shown in <xref rid="t2001" ref-type="table">Table 2</xref> . When patient quality of life was examined according to blood pressure pattern, SGRQ symptoms, effects, and total scores were higher among the patients with non-dipper blood pressure, and the EQ-5D score was lower; the differences were statistically significant. ( <xref rid="t3001" ref-type="table">Table 3</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; 24-Hour Ambulatory Blood Pressure Values and Laboratory</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Blood pressure values and laboratory results</th>
                  <th>Dipper (n = 34)</th>
                  <th>Non-dipper (n = 108)</th>
                  <th>Total (n = 142)</th>
                  <th>P value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>24-h mean SBP, mmHg, median (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">122 (111-129)</td>
                  <td align="center">122.5 (116-129.75)</td>
                  <td align="center">122 (115.75-129.25)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.985</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>24-h mean DBP, mmHg, median (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">76 (71- 85.75)</td>
                  <td align="center">73.5 (67.25-82)</td>
                  <td align="center">74 (68-84)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.236</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>24-h mean AP, mmHg, median (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">97 (88-113)</td>
                  <td align="center">97 (90-105)</td>
                  <td align="center">97 (88.75-106)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.305</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>24-h mean heart rate, median (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">84 (69.75-88)</td>
                  <td align="center">77 (70-84.75)</td>
                  <td align="center">77.5 (70-88)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.152</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>24-h pulse pressure, mmHg, median (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">47 (37-51)</td>
                  <td align="center">47 (42-52)</td>
                  <td align="center">47 (42-51.25)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.979</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Daytime mean SBP, mmHg, median (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">128 (110.75-145)</td>
                  <td align="center">124 (116-131)</td>
                  <td align="center">124.5 (116-133)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.224</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Daytime mean DBP, mmHg, median (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">74 (71-83)</td>
                  <td align="center">75 (67-82)</td>
                  <td align="center">74 (69-82)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.622</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Daytime mean AP, mmHg, median (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">99 (73.25-91.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">97 (90-104)</td>
                  <td align="center">98 (91-106)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.098</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Daytime mean heart rate, median (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">84 (73.25-91.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">78 (71-86.75)</td>
                  <td align="center">80 (71-87)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.127</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Daytime pulse pressure, mmHg, median (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">47 (38-52.25)</td>
                  <td align="center">47 (42-52)</td>
                  <td align="center">47 (42-52)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.781</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Nighttime mean SBP, mmHg, median (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">118 (107.75-120)</td>
                  <td align="center">120 (115-133)</td>
                  <td align="center">118 (114-131.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.012<sup>*</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Nighttime mean DBP, mmHg, median (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">71 (64.75-73)</td>
                  <td align="center">72 (65-80)</td>
                  <td align="center">72 (65-78)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.099</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Nighttime mean AP, mmHg, median (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">94 (82.5-94)</td>
                  <td align="center">94 (87-104.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">94 (86-101)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.045<sup>*</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Nighttime mean heart rate, median (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">74.5 (54-88)</td>
                  <td align="center">73 (61-82)</td>
                  <td align="center">73 (61-82)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.698</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Nighttime pulse pressure, mmHg, median (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">44 (43.25-51.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">47.5 (44-52)</td>
                  <td align="center">47 (44-52)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.105</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Augmentation index, median (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">20.40 (14.75-24.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (18-35)</td>
                  <td align="center">23.05 (17-33)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.020<sup>*</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pulse wave velocity, median (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">9.65 (8.67-10.32)</td>
                  <td align="center">9.2 (8-10.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">9.45 (8.2-10.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.794</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>WBC, median (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">8.85 (7.71-10.63)</td>
                  <td align="center">9.61 (8.64-11.18)</td>
                  <td align="center">9.44 (8.32-11.14)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.073</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CRP, median (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.97 (0.02-3)</td>
                  <td align="center">4.34 (1.12-7.42)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.86 (0.6-6.54)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001<sup>*</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NLR, median (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.89 (2.29-5.47)</td>
                  <td align="center">3.93 (2.28-6.19)</td>
                  <td align="center">3.76 (2.31-5.88)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.210</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PLR, median (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">130.5 (95.16-203.58)</td>
                  <td align="center">160.37 (115.38-201.61)</td>
                  <td align="center">152.06 (107.74-201)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.110</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic>SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; AP: arterial pressure; WBC: White blood cells; CRP: C reactive protein; NLR: neutrophil lymphocyte ratio; PLR: platelet lymphocyte ratio; IQR: interquartile range. * Statistical significance (p &lt;0.05)</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Saint George&#8217;s Respiratory Questionnaire and Euro Quality of Life Scale scores</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Scores</th>
                  <th align="left">Dipper (n = 34)</th>
                  <th align="left">Non-dipper (n =108)</th>
                  <th align="left">Total (n = 142)</th>
                  <th align="left">p value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>SGRQ Symptoms, median (IQR)</td>
                  <td>74.13 (56.43-78.97)</td>
                  <td>78.08 (64.97-83.68)</td>
                  <td>76.08 (61.4-82.27)</td>
                  <td>0.021<sup>*</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SGRQ Activity, median (IQR)</td>
                  <td>62.49 (48.38-86.72)</td>
                  <td>74.48 (60.67-87.53)</td>
                  <td>71.4 (53.83-87.53)</td>
                  <td>0.091</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SGRQ Impact, median (IQR)</td>
                  <td>47.64 (25.15-67.32)</td>
                  <td>58.1 (46.33-74.77)</td>
                  <td>56.99 (38.33-74.3)</td>
                  <td>0.025<sup>*</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SGRQ Total, median (IQR)</td>
                  <td>53.84 (35.64-73.64)</td>
                  <td>65.23 (53.84-79.85)</td>
                  <td>63.71 (52.01-78.63)</td>
                  <td>0.021<sup>*</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>EQ-5D, median (IQR)</td>
                  <td>0.51 (0.51-0.58)</td>
                  <td>0.51 (0.51-0.51)</td>
                  <td>0.51 (0.51-0.51)</td>
                  <td>0.034<sup>*</sup></td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>
                  <italic>p: percentiles; SGRQ : Saint George&#8217;s Respiratory Questionnaire; EQ-5D: Euro Quality of Life Scale; IQR: interquartile range. * Statistical significance (p &lt; 0.05)</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>According to multivariate logistic regression analysis, CRP (OR: 1.123; 95% CI: 1.016;1.242), Aix (OR: 1.057; 95% CI: 1.011;1.105), and SGRQ total score (OR: 1.021; 95% CI: 1.001;1.042) were higher in patients with non-dipper blood pressure pattern than in those with dipper blood pressure. In addition, individuals with non-dipper blood pressure pattern were living in more crowded houses, compared to individuals with dipper blood pressure pattern (OR: 1.339; 95% CI: 1.009;1.777) ( <xref rid="t4001" ref-type="table">Table 4</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4001">
            <label>Table 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Logistic regression analysis of non-dipper blood pressure</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th rowspan="2" align="left">Determining factors</th>
                  <th colspan="3">Odds ratio (Univariate)</th>
                  <th colspan="3">Odds ratio (Multivariate)</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>&#946;</th>
                  <th>95% CI</th>
                  <th>p value</th>
                  <th>&#946;</th>
                  <th>95% CI</th>
                  <th>p value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age</td>
                  <td align="center">0.997</td>
                  <td align="center">0.961;1.034</td>
                  <td align="center">0.879</td>
                  <td align="center">0.995</td>
                  <td align="center">0.950;1.042</td>
                  <td align="center">0.817</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Sex</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Female</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male</td>
                  <td align="center">0.861</td>
                  <td align="center">0.335;2.212</td>
                  <td align="center">0.756</td>
                  <td align="center">1.100</td>
                  <td align="center">0.341;3.546</td>
                  <td align="center">0.873</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Number of people living at home</td>
                  <td align="center">1.169</td>
                  <td align="center">0.903;1.515</td>
                  <td align="center">0.236</td>
                  <td align="center">1.339</td>
                  <td align="center">1.009;1.777</td>
                  <td align="center">0.043*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Nighttime mean AP, mmHg</td>
                  <td align="center">1.038</td>
                  <td align="center">0.999;1.078</td>
                  <td align="center">0.055</td>
                  <td align="center">1.033</td>
                  <td align="center">0.991;1.077</td>
                  <td align="center">0.122</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Augmentation index</td>
                  <td align="center">1.049</td>
                  <td align="center">1.008;1.092</td>
                  <td align="center">0.018*</td>
                  <td align="center">1.057</td>
                  <td align="center">1.011;1.105</td>
                  <td align="center">0.015**</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CRP</td>
                  <td align="center">1.141</td>
                  <td align="center">1.025;1.270</td>
                  <td align="center">0.016*</td>
                  <td align="center">1.123</td>
                  <td align="center">1.016;1.242</td>
                  <td align="center">0.024*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SGRQ Total</td>
                  <td align="center">1.023</td>
                  <td align="center">1.003;1.043</td>
                  <td align="center">0.025*</td>
                  <td align="center">1.021</td>
                  <td align="center">1.001;1.042</td>
                  <td align="center">0.040*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>EQ-5D</td>
                  <td align="center">0.440</td>
                  <td align="center">0.076;2.540</td>
                  <td align="center">0.358</td>
                  <td align="center">0.766</td>
                  <td align="center">0.118;4.960</td>
                  <td align="center">0.780</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4001">
                <p>
                  <italic>&#946;: regression coefficient; 95% CI: confidence interval; AP: arterial pressure; CRP: C reactive protein; SGRQ : Saint George&#8217;s Respiratory Questionnaire; EQ-5D: Euro Quality of Life Scale. * Statistical significance (p &lt; 0.05)</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In this study, we investigated the effects of the dipper and non-dipper blood pressure patterns on laboratory results and quality of life of patients with COPD. According to our study findings, patients with COPD and non-dipper blood pressure pattern had higher CRP and Aix values and lower quality of life due to COPD. The increase in the prevalence of the non-dipper blood pressure pattern with the number of people living at home is another finding of the study.</p>
        <p>The 24-h ABPM used for diagnosis and follow-up of hypertension provides information about the presence of dipper and non-dipper blood pressure.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup>In our study, 76.1% of patients with COPD had a non-dipper blood pressure pattern. Nersesyan et al. found that the rate of non-dipper blood pressure pattern in patients with COPD was 72.7%.<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup>In the study performed by Aidar et al.,<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup>the decrease in nighttime blood pressure was higher than 10%, with respect to daytime blood pressure, in the healthy control group, while the mean value of nighttime blood pressure in patients with COPD was below 10%, with respect to daytime blood pressure.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup>Although the frequency data were not shared in the study by Aidar et al.,<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup>it was understood that the decrease in nighttime blood pressure of patients with COPD was insufficient. The presence of inflammatory processes based on both conditions might explain the association between non-dipper blood pressure and COPD. However, the effects of each factor on one another are still unclear.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup>In this study, CRP levels were higher among individuals with non-dipper blood pressure pattern. A previous study conducted by Kaya et al.<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup>presented the same finding, where CRP values were higher in patients with non-dipper pattern, compared to patients with dipper blood pressure.<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup>Previous studies have shown that non-dipper blood pressure decreases the number of endothelial progenitor cells, disrupts vascular repair mechanisms and endothelial homeostasis, and consequently induces inflammation by increasing the expression of endothelial cytokines.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup>In our study, we suggest that the higher CRP levels in individuals with the non-dipper blood pressure pattern were caused by similar mechanisms.</p>
        <p>In our study, there was no significant difference between NLR and PLR values based on blood pressure patterns. Previous studies have shown that NLR and PLR values are higher in patients with non-dipper blood pressure.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup>Golpe et al. investigated the relationship between blood pressure pattern and inflammatory markers in patients with COPD, and they concluded that blood pressure pattern does not affect neutrophil and lymphocyte levels.<sup><xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref></sup>Given that the sample of our study only consisted of patients with COPD and that inflammatory pathways play a major role in COPD, the NLR and PLR values may not have been affected by the blood pressure pattern.</p>
        <p>As a result of our study, we found higher Aix values among patients with non-dipper blood pressure; this finding is in concordance with the results of previous studies in the literature.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup>Aix is considered as one of the best indicators of arterial stiffness and atherosclerosis-related conditions, and it is thought to predict oncoming cardiovascular events.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup>Non-dipper blood pressure triggers the inflammatory process and causes atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis, and it is thought to be associated with increased risk for both cardiovascular mortality and end-organ damage.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref> , <xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref> </sup>Considering the increased risk of inflammation and atherosclerosis caused by non-dipper blood pressure, Aix might be expected to be higher in individuals with non-dipper blood pressure pattern. As a result of this finding supported by our study, it might be useful to closely monitor patients with COPD and non-dipper blood pressure pattern, in order to improve management of cardiovascular diseases.</p>
        <p>In our study, the general quality of life measured by EQ-5D was lower in patients with non-dipper blood pressure pattern according to univariate analyses; however, this relationship lost its significance in multivariate analyses. SGRQ quality of life scale scores, which were specific for COPD, were higher in patients with non-dipper blood pressure pattern, and this relationship remained significant in multivariate analyses. One reason for this could be due to the fact that the EQ-5D measures the overall quality of life, while the SGRQ is specific for COPD. Considering that the overall quality of life of individuals with COPD is lower than that of healthy individuals, the non-dipper blood pressure pattern in patients with COPD may further decrease the quality of life.<sup><xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup>The study of Wacker et al. reported that, in association with disease burden, SGRQ score predicts acute COPD exacerbations, hospitalizations due to exacerbations, and deaths due to all causes.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup>In individuals with a non-dipper blood pressure pattern, our mean SGRQ score was higher, which may indicate the importance of blood pressure control during COPD management.</p>
        <p>In our study, we found that the increase in the number of people living at home increased the prevalence of the non-dipper blood pressure pattern. Increased number of people living in the same house and the number of children are factors that increase the responsibility and hence lead to stress on individuals.<sup><xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref></sup>As stress physiologically triggers the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine, the non-dipper blood pressure pattern can be expected to be more frequent in people with high stress factors.<sup><xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref></sup>Moreover, the overcrowding rate describes the proportion of people living in overcrowded dwellings, as defined by the number of rooms available to the household, the household&#8217;s size, its members&#8217; ages, and their family situation; 40% of the population of Turkey lives in overcrowded families.<sup><xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref></sup>This case may constitute a high risk for people of Turkey for the development of non-dipper blood pressure pattern.</p>
        <p>It is necessary to mention that there are some limitations to our study. First, as our study is cross-sectional, there is a temporality problem where we cannot be sure whether the factor preceded the occurrence of the outcome or not. In our case, we do not know whether inflammation caused non-dipper blood pressure pattern or vice verse; hence, prospective studies are needed in order to assess causality. Failure to include a healthy control group may be a limitation. Comparisons of healthy individuals and patients with COPD might provide better information regarding the effects of blood pressure patterns. Also, in our study, the presence of sleep apnea syndrome was not investigated. Non-dipper blood pressure pattern was found to be high in patients with sleep apnea syndrome, and sleep apnea syndrome is common in patients with COPD.<sup><xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref> , <xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref> </sup>Our participation rate was lower than expected; however, we determined differences in major indicators such as CRP and EQ-5D and SGRQ quality of life scores, which were related to the primary hypotheses, and we achieved more than 90% power in post hoc power calculations for these parameters.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>The non-dipper blood pressure pattern was more common in patients with COPD, and patients with COPD and non-dipper blood pressure had higher CRP levels and Aix values. This poses an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and end-organ damage. At the same time, the non-dipper blood pressure pattern adversely affects quality of life of patients with COPD, and this is thought to negatively affect exacerbations of the disease, hospitalizations, and mortality. For these reasons, close monitoring of blood pressure in patients with COPD may contribute to increased individual quality of life and decreased levels of mortality related to cardiovascular diseases.</p>
      </sec>
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    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgments</title>
        <p>This study received funding from Izmir Katip Celebi University Scientific Research Projects Unit under grant agreement 2016-GAP-TIPF-0011.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding. This study was funded by Izmir Katip Celebi University Scientific Research Project Unit.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
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  </sub-article>
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