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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">yTxgfsBzDWfGsMPtKhRVZft</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021000200285</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200128</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200128</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre Terapia com Estatinas e Menor Incid&#234;ncia de Hiperglicemia em Pacientes Internados com S&#237;ndromes Coronarianas Agudas</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4639-1003</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Furtado</surname>
            <given-names>Remo Holanda de Mendon&#231;a</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7995-8304</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Genestreti</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Rizzo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dal&#231;&#243;quio</surname>
            <given-names>Talia F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Baracioli</surname>
            <given-names>Luciano Moreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Felipe Galego</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Franci</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Giraldez</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto R. C. V.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Menezes</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferrari</surname>
            <given-names>Aline Gehlen</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Viviane Moreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Cesar A. C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nakashima</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Alberto Kenji</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Salsoso</surname>
            <given-names>Rocio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6171-1269</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Godoy</surname>
            <given-names>Lucas Colombo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nicolau</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Clinicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of Toronto</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Ringgold standard institution</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Peter Munk Cardiac Centre Toronto</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Ontario</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CA">Canad&#225;</country>
        <institution content-type="original">University of Toronto Ringgold standard institution - Peter Munk Cardiac Centre Toronto, Ontario &#8211; Canad&#225;</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Remo Holanda de Mendon&#231;a Furtado &#8226; Instituto do Coracao (InCor), Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. CEP 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>rhmfurtado@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Furtado RHM, Nicolau JC; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Furtado RHM, Dal&#231;&#243;quio TF, Baracioli LM, Lima FG, Franci A, Giraldez RRCV, Menezes FR; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Furtado RHM, Genestreti PR, Dal&#231;&#243;quio TF, Nicolau JC; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Furtado RHM; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Genestreti PR, Dal&#231;&#243;quio TF, Baracioli LM, Lima FG, Franci A, Giraldez RRCV, Menezes FR, Ferrari AG, Lima VM, Pereira CAC, Nakashima CAK, Salsoso R, Godoy LC, Nicolau JC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesses</p>
          <p>Dr. Remo Holanda de Mendon&#231;a Furtado &#8211; Honor&#225;rios: Astrazeneca. Bolsa cient&#237;fica: Astrazeneca, Dal Cor, Boehinger, Pfizer, Bayer, Sanofi.</p>
          <p>Dr. Paulo Rizzo Genestreti - Conselho Consultivo: Novo Nordisk, Sanofi, Astrazeneca. Eli-Lilly, Boehinger.</p>
          <p>Dr. Jose Carlos Nicolau &#8211; Bolsa cient&#237;fica: Amgem, Bayer, Bristol-Myers, CLS Behring, Dal Cor, Jansen, Novartis, Population Research Institute, Novo Nordisk, Sanofi, Astrazeneca,</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>01</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>116</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>285</fpage>
      <lpage>294</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> O maior risco de se desenvolver diabetes com o uso de estatinas &#233; um desafio para a seguran&#231;a do uso dessa classe de medicamentos em longo prazo. No entanto, poucos estudos analisaram essa quest&#227;o durante s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas (SCA).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Investigar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre in&#237;cio precoce da terapia com estatina e n&#237;veis de glicemia em pacientes admitidos com SCA.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Este foi um estudo retrospectivo de pacientes hospitalizados por SCA. Pacientes que nunca haviam usado estatinas foram inclu&#237;dos e divididos segundo uso ou n&#227;o de estatina nas primeiras 24 horas de interna&#231;&#227;o. O desfecho prim&#225;rio foi a incid&#234;ncia de hiperglicemia na interna&#231;&#227;o (definida como pico de glicemia &gt; 200mg/dL). Modelos de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica e modelos lineares multivariados foram usados para ajuste quanto a fatores de confus&#227;o e um modelo de pareamento por escore de propens&#227;o foi desenvolvido para compara&#231;&#245;es entre os dois grupos de interesses. Um valor de p menor que 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Um total de 2357 pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos, 1704 deles alocados no grupo que receberam estatinas e 653 no grupo que n&#227;o receberam estatinas nas primeiras 24 horas de interna&#231;&#227;o. Ap&#243;s os ajustes, uso de estatina nas primeiras 24 horas foi associado com uma menor incid&#234;ncia de hiperglicemia durante a interna&#231;&#227;o (OR ajustado = 0,61, IC95% 0,46-0,80; p &lt; 0,001) e menor necessidade de uso de insulina (OR ajustado = 0,56, IC 95% 0,41-0,76; p &lt; 0,001). Essas associa&#231;&#245;es mantiveram-se similares nos modelos de pareamento por escore de propens&#227;o, bem como ap&#243;s an&#225;lises de sensibilidade, como exclus&#227;o de pacientes que desenvolveram choque cardiog&#234;nico, infec&#231;&#227;o grave ou pacientes que foram a &#243;bito durante a interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> Entre os pacientes internados com SCA que n&#227;o receberam estatinas previamente, a terapia precoce com estatina associou-se independentemente com menor incid&#234;ncia de hiperglicemia durante a interna&#231;&#227;o. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021; 116(2):285-294)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Estatinas</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Glicemia</kwd>
        <kwd>Inibidores de Hidroximetilglutril-CoA Redutases</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="36"/>
        <page-count count="10"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>H&#225; evid&#234;ncias bem estabelecidas de que as estatinas melhoram desfechos cardiovasculares em pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) est&#225;vel.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>,<xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> Ao mesmo tempo, pacientes com risco aumentado de DAC mas sem aterosclerose evidente podem se beneficiar do tratamento com estatinas,<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>,<xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup> de modo que as diretrizes recomendam seu uso para esses dois grupos de pacientes.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> Ainda, as estatinas exercem importante papel nas s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas (SCA)<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>,<xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> e, nos pacientes submetidos &#224; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea, a terapia precoce pode prover benef&#237;cio adicional.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>,<xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup> Apesar disso, existe a preocupa&#231;&#227;o acerca do risco aumentado de se desenvolver diabetes mellitus (DM) com o uso prolongado de estatina.<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>-<xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> Ainda, as estatinas podem piorar o controle da glicemia em pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de DM, ou antecipar a evolu&#231;&#227;o para DM evidente em pacientes com s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica, n&#237;veis alterados de glicemia de jejum ou intoler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose.<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>,<xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup> Muitos mecanismos foram propostos para explicar a influ&#234;ncia de estatinas sobre a glicemia.<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup> As estatinas poderiam afetar o funcionamento de c&#233;lulas beta e diminuir a secre&#231;&#227;o de insulina, um mecanismo diretamente relacionado &#224; inibi&#231;&#227;o de 3-hidroxi-3-metilglutaril-coenzima A (HMG-CoA) redutase ou a outros potenciais mecanismos intracelulares.<sup><xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>,<xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup> Por outro lado, tamb&#233;m h&#225; evid&#234;ncia de que as estatinas possam diminuir a resist&#234;ncia insul&#237;nica, o que compensaria o mecanismo danoso mencionado anteriormente.<sup><xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Embora existam muitos dados acerca da influ&#234;ncia em longo prazo das estatinas sobre a glicemia em pacientes com DAC, dados sobre indiv&#237;duos com SCA s&#227;o escassos. Apesar da preocupa&#231;&#227;o mencionada com os efeitos sobre a toler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose em longo prazo, devido &#224; a&#231;&#227;o anti-inflamat&#243;ria das estatinas,<sup><xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref>,<xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref></sup> estes medicamentos poderiam diminuir a inflama&#231;&#227;o na fase aguda das SCA e, portanto, indiretamente reduzir os n&#237;veis de glucose relacionados ao estresse da fase aguda. Assim, nossa hip&#243;tese &#233; a de que, em pacientes internados com SCA, o uso precoce de estatina estaria associado a menor incid&#234;ncia de hiperglicemia durante a interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar na unidade coronariana (UCO).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o e vari&#225;veis do estudo</title>
        <p>Conduzimos uma an&#225;lise retrospectiva de dados de pacientes admitidos com diagn&#243;stico de SCA na UCO do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo. Todos os pacientes consecutivos admitidos em nossa UCO com diagn&#243;stico de SCA foram prospectivamente registrados em um banco de dados espec&#237;fico, de 01 de janeiro de 1998 a 01 de maio de 2019. N&#243;s identificamos pacientes que nunca haviam recebido estatinas na admiss&#227;o hospitalar, e comparamos pacientes que receberam estatinas nas primeiras 24 horas de admiss&#227;o (e continuaram o uso durante toda a interna&#231;&#227;o) com pacientes que n&#227;o as receberam.</p>
        <p>Vari&#225;veis relacionadas ao tipo de SCA &#8211; infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMCSST), infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMSSST), e angina inst&#225;vel (AI) &#8211; caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas basais, fatores de risco, hist&#243;ria de DAC, procedimentos pr&#233;vios, uso de medicamentos concomitantes, e resultados laboratoriais basais tamb&#233;m foram coletados. A glicemia foi obtida por amostras di&#225;rias de sangue, e a primeira glicemia (obtida na admiss&#227;o) e o valor mais alto de glicemia observado durante a interna&#231;&#227;o (isto &#233;, pico de glicemia) foram registrados no banco de dados para posterior an&#225;lise.</p>
        <p>Casos de SCA foram definidos como pacientes apresentando sintomas de isquemia em repouso ou piora de sintomas isqu&#234;micos em esfor&#231;o, que o levaram &#224; interna&#231;&#227;o urgente na UCO dentro dos primeiros sete dias do in&#237;cio dos sintomas. Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (IM) foi definido segundo a defini&#231;&#227;o universal atual de IM durante a coleta de dados. IAMCSST foi definido como eleva&#231;&#227;o persistente do segmento ST de pelo menos 1 mm em duas ou mais deriva&#231;&#245;es cont&#237;guas (exceto em V2-V3, em que se definiu um aumento de pelo menos 1,5mm em homens e mulheres com idade maior que 40 anos e de pelo menos 2 mm em homens com idade menor que 40 anos) ou bloqueio do ramo esquerdo novo ou presumidamente novo no eletrocardiograma de admiss&#227;o. Os casos que n&#227;o atingiram os crit&#233;rios para IM foram classificados como AI. Pacientes em uso de estatina imediatamente antes da interna&#231;&#227;o-&#237;ndice ou pacientes que n&#227;o possu&#237;am informa&#231;&#245;es de n&#237;veis de glicemia ou terapia com estatina na interna&#231;&#227;o-&#237;ndice foram exclu&#237;dos.</p>
        <p>O desfecho de interesse prim&#225;rio em nossa an&#225;lise foi a ocorr&#234;ncia de hiperglicemia durante a interna&#231;&#227;o, definida como pico de glicemia &gt; 200 mg/dL em qualquer momento durante interna&#231;&#227;o, e os desfechos secund&#225;rios foram glicemia &gt; o valor mediano de pico de glicemia em nossa amostra e hiperglicemia que necessitasse terapia insul&#237;nica endovenosa. Esse ponto de corte de 200 mg/dL baseou-se nas mais recentes diretrizes considerando o n&#237;vel alvo sugerido para controle de glicemia em pacientes com SCA.<sup><xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref></sup> Tamb&#233;m exploramos as associa&#231;&#245;es entre hiperglicemia e mortalidade hospitalar.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Rotina laboratorial</title>
        <p>Todos os pacientes admitidos com SCA tiveram amostra de sangue coletada de uma veia do antebra&#231;o durante a admiss&#227;o. O sangue foi centrifugado e enviado para o laborat&#243;rio, onde os n&#237;veis de glicose foram determinados por um procedimento padr&#227;o. Para essa primeira amostra, n&#227;o foi requerido jejum, uma vez que est&#225;vamos interessados no primeiro valor aleat&#243;rio da glicemia, al&#233;m de outros valores laboratoriais de rotina.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram comparadas pelo teste do qui-quadrado ou teste exato de Fisher, e foram descritas como n&#250;meros absolutos e porcentagens. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram descritas como m&#233;dias e desvios padr&#245;es ou mediana e intervalos interquartis (IIQ), e comparadas usando-se o teste t de Student (se distribui&#231;&#227;o normal) para duas amostras ou o teste de Mann-Whitney (distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal). O teste de Shapiro Wilk e an&#225;lise visual de histogramas foram usados para avalia&#231;&#227;o de normalidade.</p>
        <p>Especificamente, o teste de Mann-Whitney foi usado nas an&#225;lises n&#227;o ajustadas para comparar os desfechos cont&#237;nuos de glicemia entre os dois grupos de interesse. Para as an&#225;lises n&#227;o ajustadas em rela&#231;&#227;o aos desfechos bin&#225;rios (incid&#234;ncia de hiperglicemia e morte hospitalar), foram usados modelos de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada.</p>
        <p>Para ajuste quanto aos fatores de confus&#227;o, foram usados modelos de regress&#227;o multivariados nas an&#225;lises ajustadas. N&#237;veis de glicemia com transforma&#231;&#227;o logar&#237;tmica para a glicemia de admiss&#227;o e pico de glicemia foram inclu&#237;dos em um modelo de regress&#227;o linear m&#250;ltiplo. A transforma&#231;&#227;o foi realizada a fim de manter a premissa de normalidade dos res&#237;duos no modelo. O modelo incluiu, como vari&#225;veis independentes, dados demogr&#225;ficos basais e vari&#225;veis relacionadas a comorbidades. Um procedimento de sele&#231;&#227;o <italic>stepwise</italic> foi usado para ajustar o modelo, com um valor limiar de 0,02 para remover covari&#225;veis e de 0,05 para adicionar covari&#225;veis ao modelo. Um modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica foi desenvolvido seguindo-se as mesmas etapas para avaliar hiperglicemia como uma vari&#225;vel categ&#243;rica (considerando as tr&#234;s defini&#231;&#245;es mencionadas) e morte hospitalar. Os modelos foram ajustados quanto &#224;s seguintes covari&#225;veis: idade, ra&#231;a, sexo, DM, hipertens&#227;o, hipercolesterolemia, tabagismo, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC), IM pr&#233;vio, interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea (ICP) pr&#233;via, cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica pr&#233;via (CABG), acidente vascular cerebral pr&#233;vio, <italic>clearance</italic> de creatinina (ClCr) &lt; 60 mL/min, fen&#243;tipo de SCA (IAMCSST versus IAMSSST ou AI), Classe II de Killip ou mais, anos de admiss&#227;o (antes ou ap&#243;s o ano de 2010, o qual foi o ponto m&#233;dio do per&#237;odo de tempo do banco de dados), cobertura do seguro sa&#250;de (privado <italic>versus</italic> p&#250;blico), e escore GRACE (registro global de eventos coronarianos agudos; do ingl&#234;s <italic>Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events</italic>).<sup><xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref></sup> Alguns pacientes n&#227;o possu&#237;am valores de hemoglobina glicada (HbA1c) e &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) dispon&#237;veis e n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos no modelo principal, mas foram inclu&#237;dos em an&#225;lises de sensibilidade (ver abaixo).</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, um modelo de pareamento por escore de propens&#227;o foi desenvolvido considerando a probabilidade de se receber estatina nas primeiras 24 horas ap&#243;s admiss&#227;o. O modelo foi constru&#237;do a partir de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, com um vizinho mais pr&#243;ximo de 1, e n&#237;vel de calibra&#231;&#227;o (<italic>caliper</italic>) de 0,001, utilizando as mesmas vari&#225;veis usadas nos modelos de regress&#227;o. Ap&#243;s o pareamento, as vari&#225;veis basais foram conferidas entre os dois grupos para verificar eventual desequil&#237;brio, com valor de p maior que 0,10 e uma diferen&#231;a padronizada menor que 10% considerados apropriados, segundo literatura pr&#233;via sobre o t&#243;pico.<sup><xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Para an&#225;lise de sensibilidade, tamb&#233;m aplicamos modelos ajustados para as vari&#225;veis basais, bem como para o uso de aspirina, inibidores de enzima conversora de angiotensina (IECA), bloqueadores de receptor da angiotensina II (BRA), betabloqueadores orais, inibidores de P2Y<sub>12</sub>, heparina n&#227;o fracionada, heparina de baixo peso molecular, betabloqueadores endovenosos, nitratos e inibidores da glicoprote&#237;na IIbIIIa endovenosos nas primeiras 24 horas da admiss&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, usamos tamb&#233;m um modelo incluindo IMC (Kg/m<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup>) e outro incluindo HbA1c na admiss&#227;o hospitalar e covari&#225;veis. Finalmente, tamb&#233;m aplicamos modelos excluindo pacientes que apresentaram choque cardiog&#234;nico, infec&#231;&#227;o grave, ou que evolu&#237;ram a &#243;bito durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>N&#227;o foi empregada imputa&#231;&#227;o de dados faltantes. Somente indiv&#237;duos com informa&#231;&#245;es v&#225;lidas sobre uso de estatina e n&#237;veis de glicemia foram inclu&#237;dos. Todos os testes foram bicaudais. Um valor de p menor que 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. As an&#225;lises foram realizadas usando o programa Stata,<sup>TM</sup> vers&#227;o 15.1 (Statacorp, College Station, TX, EUA).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lises descritivas</title>
        <p>Dos 7099 pacientes inclu&#237;dos no banco de dados entre 01 de janeiro de 1998 e 01 de maio de 2019, 2357 pacientes que nunca usaram estatinas foram inclu&#237;dos nesta an&#225;lise, 1704 desses receberam estatina nas primeiras 24 horas da admiss&#227;o e 653 n&#227;o (<xref rid="f01" ref-type="fig">Figura 1</xref>). Na popula&#231;&#227;o total do estudo, a idade m&#233;dia foi de 62,9 &#177; 12,6 anos, 713 pacientes (30,3%) eram do sexo feminino, 789 (33,5%) tinham hist&#243;ria de DM na admiss&#227;o, e 1073 (45,5%) IAMCSST como apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica das SCA (<xref rid="t1" ref-type="table">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Fluxograma representando o processo de inclus&#227;o e aloca&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-02-0285-00128-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas basais, valores laboratoriais, medicamentos nas primeiras 24 horas e estrat&#233;gias de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o para o evento-&#237;ndice de acordo com o grupo do estudo</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th>Total (N = 2357)</th>
                  <th>Grupo com estatina (N=1704)</th>
                  <th>Grupo sem estatina (N=653)</th>
                  <th>Valor p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ra&#231;a branca</td>
                  <td align="center">2102 (89,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">1500 (88,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">602 (92,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,004</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sexo feminino</td>
                  <td align="center">713 (30,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">522 (30,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">191 (29,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,51</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade (anos); m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                  <td align="center">62,9 &#177; 12,6</td>
                  <td align="center">62,6 &#177; 12,5</td>
                  <td align="center">63,8 &#177; 12,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,038</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes</td>
                  <td align="center">789 (33,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">591 (34,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">198 (30,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,045</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">1688 (71,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">1246 (73,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">442 (67,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,009</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dislipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center">1241 (52,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">912 (53,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">329 (50,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,17</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tabagismo</td>
                  <td align="center">611 (25,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">450 (26,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">161 (24,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,39</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IM pr&#233;vio</td>
                  <td align="center">653 (27,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">461 (27,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">192 (29,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,25</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CABG pr&#233;via</td>
                  <td align="center">327 (13,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">234 (13,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">93 (14,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,75</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ICP pr&#233;via</td>
                  <td align="center">413 (17,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">304 (17,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">109 (16,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,51</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AVC pr&#233;vio</td>
                  <td align="center">113 (4,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">87 (5,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (4,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,25</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IC pr&#233;via</td>
                  <td align="center">212 (9,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">162 (9,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">50 (7,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,16</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ClCr &#8804; 60 mL/min</td>
                  <td align="center">1316 (55,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">1053 (61,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">263 (40,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IAMCSST como evento-&#237;ndice</td>
                  <td align="center">1073 (45,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">781 (45,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">292 (44,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,63</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Classe II (ou mais) de Killip</td>
                  <td align="center">447 (19,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">308 (18,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">139 (21,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,075</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Escore de GRACE, m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                  <td align="center">141,6 &#177; 47,5</td>
                  <td align="center">140,5 &#177; 46,7</td>
                  <td align="center">144,3 &#177; 49,4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,14</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Seguro de sa&#250;de p&#250;blico</td>
                  <td align="center">1736 (73,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">1334 (78,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">402 (61,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Inclu&#237;dos ap&#243;s janeiro 2010</td>
                  <td align="center">950 (40,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">870 (51,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">80 (12,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>), mediana (IIQ)<sup>1 </sup></td>
                  <td align="center">25,7 (23,4 &#8211; 28,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">25,7 (23,3 &#8211; 28,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">25,9 (25,0 &#8211; 29,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,19</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Colesterol total (mg/dL), mediana (IQR)<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">182 (151-215)</td>
                  <td align="center">182 (150-217)</td>
                  <td align="center">178 (152-213)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,51</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDL colesterol (mg/dL); mediana (IIQ)<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">113 (87 &#8211; 143)</td>
                  <td align="center">114 (86 &#8211; 144)</td>
                  <td align="center">113 (90- 141)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,96</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Triglicer&#237;deos (mg/dL); mediana (IIQ)<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">128 (91-180)</td>
                  <td align="center">129 (92-184)</td>
                  <td align="center">122 (89-171)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,042</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HDL colesterol (mg/dL); mediana (IIQ)<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">37 (31-44)</td>
                  <td align="center">37 (31-44)</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (31-45)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,36</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HbA1c (%); mediana (IIQ)<sup>3</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">5,9 (5,6 &#8211; 6,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">5,9 (5,6 &#8211; 6,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">5,9 (5,3 &#8211; 6,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,054</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Aspirina</td>
                  <td align="center">2247 (95,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">1646 (96,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">601 (92,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Inibidor de P2Y<sub>12</sub><sup>4</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">1199 (50,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">1024 (60,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">175 (26,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Betabloqueador oral</td>
                  <td align="center">1424 (60,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">1048 (61,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">376 (57,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,081</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Betabloqueador endovenoso</td>
                  <td align="center">189 (8,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">95 (5,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">94 (14,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Nitrato</td>
                  <td align="center">1461 (62,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">1002 (58,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">459 (70,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HBPM</td>
                  <td align="center">1326 (56,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">1099 (64,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">227 (34,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HNF</td>
                  <td align="center">772 (32,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">463 (27,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">309 (47,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IECA/BRA</td>
                  <td align="center">1651 (70,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">1227 (72,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">424 (64,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Inibidor da GpIIbIIIa</td>
                  <td align="center">867 (36,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">632 (37,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">235 (36,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,62</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ICP prim&#225;ria</td>
                  <td align="center">544 (23,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">409 (24,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">135 (20,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,086</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fibrinol&#237;ticos</td>
                  <td align="center">264 (11,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">195 (11,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">69 (10,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,55</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o para o manejo do evento-&#237;ndice<sup>5</sup></bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ICP</td>
                  <td align="center">1341 (56.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">986 (57.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">355 (54.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.13</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CABG</td>
                  <td align="center">423 (18.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">285 (16.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">138 (21.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.013</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Abordagem cl&#237;nica</td>
                  <td align="center">637 (27.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">460 (27.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">177 (27.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.96</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>
                  <italic>Dados em n&#250;mero e % exceto se especificado de outra forma; 1- informa&#231;&#227;o sobre &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) estava dispon&#237;vel em 287 pacientes; 2- informa&#231;&#227;o sobre perfil de colesterol estava dispon&#237;vel de 2062 pacientes; 3- informa&#231;&#227;o sobre hemoglobina glicada (HbA1c) estava dispon&#237;vel de 540 pacientes; 4- Sete pacientes, todos do grupo com estatina, estavam tomando ticagrelor nas primeiras 24 horas da interna&#231;&#227;o, e todos os pacientes em terapia com inibidor de P2Y<sub>12</sub> estavam em uso de clopidogrel; 5- o procedimento de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca (CABG, coronary artery bypass grafting) e a interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea (ICP) n&#227;o s&#227;o necessariamente mutuamente exclusivas, uma vez que alguns pacientes possam ter sido submetidos a ambos. IECA: inibidor de enzima conversora de angiotensina II; BRA: bloqueadores de receptores da angiotensina 2; ClCr: clearance de creatinina; GpIIbIIIa: glicoprote&#237;na IIbIIIa; GRACE: Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events; IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; IIQ: intervalo interquartil; HBPM: heparina de baixo peso molecular; HNF: heparina n&#227;o fracionada; IM: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio; IAMCSST: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Como o esperado, houve v&#225;rias diferen&#231;as entre pacientes recebendo estatinas em compara&#231;&#227;o aos que n&#227;o receberam estatinas nas primeiras 24 horas de interna&#231;&#227;o. Os pacientes que receberam estatinas eram mais jovens, e mais propensos a apresentarem hist&#243;ria de hipertens&#227;o, DM, e ClCr&lt;60 mL/min na admiss&#227;o, entre outras diferen&#231;as. Ainda, apresentavam maior chance de serem inclu&#237;dos no banco de dados ap&#243;s janeiro de 2010. Contudo, esses pacientes apresentavam menos chance de serem da ra&#231;a branca e possu&#237;rem seguro de sa&#250;de privado (<xref rid="t1" ref-type="table">Tabela 1</xref>). Os pacientes que receberam estatinas nas primeiras 24 horas tamb&#233;m tinham maior probabilidade de serem tratados com aspirina, inibidor de P2Y<sub>12</sub>, e IECA ou BRA nas primeiras 24 horas (<xref rid="t1" ref-type="table">Tabela 1</xref>). Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos valores laboratoriais, os pacientes recebendo estatinas nas primeiras 24 horas apresentaram n&#237;veis mais elevados de triglicer&#237;deos e uma tend&#234;ncia de maiores n&#237;veis de HbA1c, mas n&#237;veis similares de colesterol total, LDL colesterol, e HDL colesterol (<xref rid="t1" ref-type="table">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre uso de estatina nas primeiras 24 horas e n&#237;veis de glicemia</title>
        <p>Na an&#225;lise n&#227;o ajustada, os n&#237;veis de glicemia na admiss&#227;o n&#227;o foram diferentes entre pacientes que receberam estatinas e aqueles n&#227;o recebendo estatinas nas primeiras 24 horas. No entanto, os pacientes tratados com estatinas apresentaram pico mais baixo de glicemia em compara&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes que n&#227;o as receberam (<xref rid="t2" ref-type="table">Tabela 2A</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2A</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise n&#227;o ajustada 1: valores medianos da primeira medida de glicemia e do pico de glicemia de acordo com os grupos de estudo (com estatina ou sem estatina)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Grupo com estatina (N=1704)</th>
                  <th>Grupo sem estatina (N=653)</th>
                  <th>Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Primeira medida de glicemia (mg/dL); mediana (IIQ)</td>
                  <td align="center">116 (97 &#8211; 159)</td>
                  <td align="center">113 (95 &#8211; 153)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,22</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pico de glicemia (mg/dL); mediana (IIQ)</td>
                  <td align="center">124 (101 &#8211; 175)</td>
                  <td align="center">134 (106 &#8211; 196)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Na an&#225;lise multivariada ajustada, a terapia com estatina nas primeiras 24 horas permaneceu independentemente associada com picos glic&#234;micos mais baixos na hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o (m&#233;dia geom&#233;trica ajustada de 139,0 versus 150,3 mg/dL, respectivamente; IC 95% da diferen&#231;a de -15.9 a -6.5 mg/dL, p ajustado &lt; 0,001). Ap&#243;s ajustes, n&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as significativas na glicemia de admiss&#227;o (<xref rid="t3" ref-type="table">Tabela 2B</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 2B</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise multivariada 2: m&#233;dias geom&#233;tricas ajustadas da medida de glicemia de acordo com o grupo de estudo (com estatina e sem estatina)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Grupo com estatina (N=1704)</th>
                  <th>Grupo sem estatina (N=653)</th>
                  <th>IC95% da diferen&#231;a</th>
                  <th>Valor de p ajustado</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Primeira medida de glicemia (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">124.4</td>
                  <td align="center">125.2</td>
                  <td align="center">- 5.2 to 3.3</td>
                  <td align="center">0.64</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pico de glicemia (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">139.0</td>
                  <td align="center">150.3</td>
                  <td align="center">-15.9 to -6.5</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>
                  <italic>Ajustado por idade, ra&#231;a, sexo, diabetes mellitus, hipertens&#227;o, hipercolesterolemia, tabagismo, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio, interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea pr&#233;via, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio, clearance de creatinina &lt; 60 ml/min, fen&#243;tipo de s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas (IAMCSST versus IAMSSST), Classe II (ou mais) de Killip, escore GRACE, tipo de seguro sa&#250;de e per&#237;odo de inclus&#227;o (antes de janeiro 2010 versus depois de janeiro de 2010) 1- an&#225;lise n&#227;o ajustada pelo teste de Mann-Whitney. 2- an&#225;lise multivariada realizada por regress&#227;o linear multivariada.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Na an&#225;lise baseada no pareamento por escore de propens&#227;o, 500 pacientes do grupo de estatina foram pareados com um n&#250;mero similar de pacientes do grupo sem estatina. Ap&#243;s o pareamento, as caracter&#237;sticas basais usadas para construir o modelo estavam bem balanceadas entre os dois grupos, sem nenhum valor de p inferior a 0,10, ou nenhuma diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia padronizada maior que10% ( 1 Suplementar e <xref rid="f01" ref-type="fig">Figura 1</xref> Suplementar). Considerando a an&#225;lise de pareamento por escore de propens&#227;o, a terapia com estatina permaneceu significativamente associada com n&#237;veis mais baixos de pico de glicemia (Tabela 2 Suplementar).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre estatina e ocorr&#234;ncia de hiperglicemia durante interna&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Na an&#225;lise n&#227;o ajustada, a terapia com estatina nas primeiras 24 horas foi associada com menor incid&#234;ncia de hiperglicemia, incluindo pico de glicemia acima de 200mg/dL, pico de glicemia acima da mediana, e hiperglicemia com necessidade de uso de insulina (<xref rid="t4" ref-type="table">Tabela 3</xref> Suplementar).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Associa&#231;&#245;es entre n&#237;veis de glicemia e morte hospitalar</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="33%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>OR n&#227;o ajustado (IC 95%); valor p</th>
                  <th>OR ajustado (IC 95%); valor p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Glicemia na admiss&#227;o (para cada 10 mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,03 (1,01 &#8211; 1,06); &lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">1,02 (0,99 &#8211; 1,04); 0,12</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pico de glicemia (para cada 10 mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,06 (1,04 &#8211; 1,08); &lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">1,05 (1,03 &#8211; 1,07); &lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Glicemia na admiss&#227;o &gt; 200 mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">1,72 (1,15 &#8211; 2,56); 0,008</td>
                  <td align="center">1,42 (0,90-2,24); 0,14</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pico de glicemia &gt; 200 mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">3,06 (2,20-4,28); &lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">2,70 (1,76-4,16); &lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>
                  <italic>Ajustado por idade, ra&#231;a, sexo, diabetes mellitus, hipertens&#227;o, hipercolesterolemia, tabagismo, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio, interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea pr&#233;via, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio, clearance de creatinina &lt; 60 ml/min, fen&#243;tipo de s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas (IAMCSST versus IAMSSST), Classe II (ou mais) de Killip, escore GRACE, tipo de seguro sa&#250;de e per&#237;odo de inclus&#227;o (antes de janeiro 2010 versus depois de janeiro de 2010). Modelos desenvolvidos usando regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada para an&#225;lises n&#227;o ajustadas e regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada para an&#225;lises ajustadas</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s an&#225;lise multivariada ajustada, a terapia com estatina permaneceu independentemente associada com menor incid&#234;ncia de pico de glicemia acima de 200 mg/dL (OR ajustado de 0,61, IC95% 0,46-0,80; p&lt;0,001), e pico glic&#234;mico acima da mediana e hiperglicemia com necessidade de terapia insul&#237;nica (ver <xref rid="t4" ref-type="table">Tabela 3</xref> Suplementar e <xref rid="f02" ref-type="fig">Figura 2A</xref> para mais detalhes).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Risco ajustado de hiperglicemia durante interna&#231;&#227;o segundo fierentes defini&#231;&#245;es. A ajustado por regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada; B: ajustado por pareamento por escore de propens&#227;o Ajustado por idade, ra&#231;a, sexo, diabetes mellitus, hipertens&#227;o, hipercolesterolemia, tabagismo, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio, interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea pr&#233;via, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio, clearance de creatinina &lt; 60 ml/min, fen&#243;tipo de s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas (IAMCSST versus IAMSSST), Classe II (ou mais) de Killip, escore GRACE, tipo de seguro sa&#250;de e per&#237;odo de inclus&#227;o (antes de janeiro 2010 versus depois de janeiro de 2010).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-02-0285-00128-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Na an&#225;lise de pareamento por escore de propens&#227;o, os resultados foram similares &#224;queles obtidos na regress&#227;o multivariada, com associa&#231;&#245;es significativas entre uso de estatina e risco mais baixo de hiperglicemia de acordo com as tr&#234;s defini&#231;&#245;es (<xref rid="t4" ref-type="table">Tabela 3</xref> Suplementar e <xref rid="f02" ref-type="fig">Figura 2B</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lises de sensibilidade</title>
        <p>As associa&#231;&#245;es entre a terapia com estatina e menor incid&#234;ncia de hiperglicemia (pico de glicemia &gt; 200mg/dL) permaneceram consistentes mesmo ap&#243;s v&#225;rias an&#225;lises de sensibilidade, como por exemplo incluindo-se outras medica&#231;&#245;es concomitantes no modelo. Os resultados para o desfecho prim&#225;rio tamb&#233;m mantiveram-se consistentes em um modelo que considerou a data de inclus&#227;o no banco de dados como uma vari&#225;vel cont&#237;nua. Em outra an&#225;lise, onde os pacientes foram estratificados de acordo com o per&#237;odo de inclus&#227;o (antes <italic>versus</italic> ap&#243;s janeiro de 2010), n&#227;o houve modifica&#231;&#227;o de efeito significativo para o desfecho prim&#225;rio. Al&#233;m disso, quando os pacientes que desenvolveram choque cardiog&#234;nico ou infec&#231;&#227;o grave, ou que n&#227;o sobreviveram at&#233; a alta hospitalar foram exclu&#237;dos da an&#225;lise, n&#227;o restaram associa&#231;&#245;es significativas entre o uso de estatinas nas primeiras 24 horas e a menor ocorr&#234;ncia de hiperglicemia. Finalmente, nos modelos que inclu&#237;ram HbA1c (%) ou IMC como covari&#225;veis, apesar de a estimativa-ponto para as OR ter sido similar, n&#227;o restaram associa&#231;&#245;es significativas, provavelmente devido ao pequeno n&#250;mero de pacientes com aquelas duas vari&#225;veis dispon&#237;veis. Esses resultados est&#227;o descritos nas Tabelas Suplementares 4-11.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre n&#237;veis de glicemia e mortalidade hospitalar</title>
        <p>Na popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo, observou-se uma associa&#231;&#227;o independente entre valores mais altos de pico de glicemia e maior mortalidade hospitalar (OR 1,05; IC95% 1,03-1,07 para cada 10 mg/dL; p &lt; 0,001). Por outro lado, a glicemia de admiss&#227;o n&#227;o se associou independentemente com mortalidade hospitalar (<xref rid="t4" ref-type="table">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Principais achados do estudo</title>
        <p>Obtivemos resultados importantes neste estudo. Primeiramente, o uso de estatina nas primeiras 24 horas de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar nas SCA foi altamente associado a comorbidades e, mais importante, observou-se uma associa&#231;&#227;o temporal relevante, de modo que, em nossos dados, observou-se diferen&#231;a importante entre pacientes inclu&#237;dos antes de 2010 versus pacientes inclu&#237;dos ap&#243;s 2010. Tal fato est&#225; provavelmente relacionado &#224;s evid&#234;ncias acumuladas sobre o uso de estatinas nas SCA,<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>,<xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> apesar de n&#227;o existir nenhuma recomenda&#231;&#227;o para se iniciar a terapia com estatina nas primeiras 24 horas de admiss&#227;o.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>,<xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref></sup> Segundo, houve uma associa&#231;&#227;o independente entre o uso precoce de estatina e uma incid&#234;ncia mais baixa de hiperglicemia hospitalar. Essa associa&#231;&#227;o foi observada em dois diferentes modelos ajustados (regress&#227;o log&#237;stica e pareamento por escore de propens&#227;o) e ap&#243;s v&#225;rias an&#225;lises de sensibilidade realizadas para verificar a consist&#234;ncia dos achados. Portanto, apesar do risco de se desenvolver nova DM na fase cr&#244;nica, nossos resultados provavelmente excluem qualquer preju&#237;zo aparente &#224; toler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose causado pelas estatinas durante a fase aguda de SCA, um per&#237;odo em que o aumento de catecolaminas e mediadores inflamat&#243;rios podem aumentar a susceptibilidade &#224; hiperglicemia de estresse e suas potenciais consequ&#234;ncias cl&#237;nicas.<sup><xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o com estudos pr&#233;vios</title>
        <p>Apesar da vasta literatura investigando os efeitos cr&#244;nicos das estatinas sobre a toler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose, poucos estudos investigaram qualquer efeito poss&#237;vel no cen&#225;rio agudo. Yan et al.,<sup><xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref></sup> relataram um risco aumentado de hiperglicemia de estresse em pacientes com IM agudo recebendo estatinas. Mas a aus&#234;ncia de an&#225;lises ajustadas e a defini&#231;&#227;o arbitr&#225;ria do ponto de corte para hiperglicemia de estresse enfraquecem as conclus&#245;es daquele estudo. Sposito et al.,<sup><xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref></sup> estudaram essa quest&#227;o em pacientes hospitalizados com IAMCSST, e mostraram que 80mg de sinvastatina diminuiu a sensibilidade &#224; insulina em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; 10 mg de sinvastatina avaliada pelo m&#233;todo do clamp euglic&#234;mico hiperinsulin&#234;mico.<sup><xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref></sup> Apesar desses resultados parecerem contrastar com os nossos, a inclus&#227;o de somente pacientes sem DM e o uso do m&#233;todo do clamp euglic&#234;mico hiperinsulin&#234;mico limitam a generaliza&#231;&#227;o de seus resultados para um cen&#225;rio real como &#233; o caso do nosso estudo. No entanto, &#233; poss&#237;vel que, apesar do efeito adverso sobre a resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina precocemente na fase aguda das SCA, as estatinas poderiam compensar tal efeito pela redu&#231;&#227;o da resposta inflamat&#243;ria, levando a uma diminui&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis de glicemia.</p>
        <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o entre estatinas e glicemia mais baixa em situa&#231;&#245;es de estresse poderia ser atribu&#237;da, ao menos em parte, pelos efeitos diretos das estatinas sobre inflama&#231;&#227;o, o que est&#225; bem estabelecido na literatura.<sup><xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref></sup> Outros estudos sugeriram que aqueles efeitos pleiotr&#243;picos das estatinas possam ocorrer precocemente nas SCA. Dois estudos randomizados demonstraram que o tratamento de curta dura&#231;&#227;o (menos que 5 dias) com rosuvastatina, comparado a placebo, reduziu a incid&#234;ncia da les&#227;o renal aguda p&#243;s-contraste.<sup><xref rid="B27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>,<xref rid="B28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref></sup> Esse efeito parece ser mediado por uma a&#231;&#227;o anti-inflamat&#243;ria, uma vez que nenhum efeito hipolipemiante seria esperado em um prazo t&#227;o curto.<sup><xref rid="B29" ref-type="bibr">29</xref></sup> Ainda, uma metan&#225;lise mostrou que uma dose de ataque precoce de estatina diminui a incid&#234;ncia de IM relacionado ao procedimento.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup> Contudo, um ensaio randomizado mais amplo, o SECURE-PCI, n&#227;o detectou uma redu&#231;&#227;o em eventos isqu&#234;micos p&#243;s SCA com atorvastatina precoce na dose de 80 mg,<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup> apesar do potencial benef&#237;cio no subgrupo de pacientes submetidos &#224; ICP ap&#243;s a randomiza&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref rid="B30" ref-type="bibr">30</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Hiperglicemia e mortalidade ap&#243;s SCA</title>
        <p>O impacto da hiperglicemia sobre a sobrevida ap&#243;s SCA est&#225; bem estabelecido tanto em diab&#233;ticos como em pacientes sem DM.<sup><xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref></sup> Em uma an&#225;lise no estudo CARDINAL, Goyal et al.,<sup><xref rid="B31" ref-type="bibr">31</xref></sup> sugeriram que a persist&#234;ncia de n&#237;veis elevados de glicose nas 24 horas ap&#243;s a admiss&#227;o estava ainda mais associada com menor sobrevida que n&#237;veis elevados na admiss&#227;o.<sup><xref rid="B31" ref-type="bibr">31</xref></sup> Embora exista uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre glicemia e mortalidade, ainda n&#227;o se sabe se a hiperglicemia &#233; um mediador direto de morte celular aumentada e les&#227;o durante o IM, ou somente um marcador de risco basal aumentado. De uma perspectiva biol&#243;gica, a hiperglicemia possivelmente est&#225; associada com danos diretos na microcircula&#231;&#227;o e remodelamento ventricular esquerdo.<sup><xref rid="B32" ref-type="bibr">32</xref></sup> Por outro lado, resultados de estudos randomizados que n&#227;o conseguiram demonstrar um melhor progn&#243;stico com um controle mais r&#237;gido da glicemia apoiam a segunda hip&#243;tese.<sup><xref rid="B33" ref-type="bibr">33</xref>,<xref rid="B34" ref-type="bibr">34</xref></sup> Apesar disso, se a hiperglicemia estiver de fato parcialmente implicada no dano mioc&#225;rdico no IM, nossos resultados s&#227;o tranquilizadores, uma vez que eles provavelmente excluem um efeito delet&#233;rio das estatinas sobre o metabolismo glic&#234;mico durante a fase aguda das SCA.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
        <p>Nosso estudo possui v&#225;rias limita&#231;&#245;es. Primeiramente, n&#227;o coletamos informa&#231;&#245;es detalhadas sobre dosagens e tipos de estatinas usadas. Enquanto alguns estudos mostraram distintos efeitos de diferentes estatinas sobre o metabolismo da glicose, outros sugeriram que o risco de DM com estatinas pode ser um efeito de classe.<sup><xref rid="B35" ref-type="bibr">35</xref>,<xref rid="B36" ref-type="bibr">36</xref></sup> Segundo, nosso banco de dados abrange um longo per&#237;odo de tempo, incluindo pacientes desde 1998, ano em que o uso de estatinas na fase aguda do IM era menor. Por&#233;m, n&#243;s consideramos essa covari&#225;vel nos modelos ajustados e em an&#225;lises de sensibilidade, refor&#231;ando que a associa&#231;&#227;o encontrada n&#227;o foi enganosamente causada por esse fator de confus&#227;o. Terceiro, n&#243;s n&#227;o coletamos informa&#231;&#245;es detalhadas sobre indica&#231;&#245;es e contraindica&#231;&#245;es de se iniciar ou n&#227;o terapia com estatina precocemente nas SCA. Assim, &#233; poss&#237;vel que a chance de pacientes com maior risco de morte ou em condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica cr&#237;tica receber estatinas nas primeiras 24 horas pelo m&#233;dico tenha sido menor. V&#225;rios fatores, al&#233;m do efeito do medicamento sobre o metabolismo da glicose, poderiam ter influenciado na decis&#227;o de se iniciar ou n&#227;o estatinas nas primeiras 24 horas. Ainda, apesar de ajustes para v&#225;rias comorbidades e outros fatores demogr&#225;ficos e socioecon&#244;micos tenham sido realizados, fatores de confus&#227;o residuais desconhecidos podem ter permanecido. Entretanto, o escore GRACE, um preditor bem estabelecido de mortalidade hospitalar em pacientes com SCA<sup><xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref></sup> foi inclu&#237;do como covari&#225;vel, e n&#243;s tamb&#233;m conduzimos an&#225;lises de sensibilidade excluindo pacientes que desenvolveram choque cardiog&#234;nico ou infec&#231;&#227;o grave, e pacientes que foram a &#243;bito durante a primeira interna&#231;&#227;o. Quarto, devido &#224; natureza retrospectiva de nossa an&#225;lise, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel determinar se nossos resultados estiveram sujeitos a vi&#233;s de recorda&#231;&#227;o. Quinto, pelo fato de nossos dados serem derivados de um banco de dados de um &#250;nico centro, n&#227;o est&#225; claro se nossos resultados podem ser extrapolados para outros pa&#237;ses ou para a realidade de outros hospitais. Finalmente, dada a natureza observacional do estudo, n&#227;o podemos fazer nenhuma infer&#234;ncia causal, mas apenas concluir sobre associa&#231;&#245;es, de modo que nossos achados s&#227;o somente geradores de hip&#243;teses e devem ser confirmados em ensaios randomizados espec&#237;ficos.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Em pacientes admitidos com SCA, a terapia com estatina nas primeiras 24 horas associou-se com menor incid&#234;ncia de hiperglicemia durante interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar. Esse resultado sugere que, embora as estatinas possam aumentar o risco de novo DM em longo prazo, esses medicamentos podem estar associados a efeitos ben&#233;ficos ao metabolismo da glicose em curto prazo nas SCA.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
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              <surname>White</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Coleman</surname>
              <given-names>CI</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Differing effect of statins on insulin sensitivity in non-diabetics: a systematic review and meta-analysis</article-title>
          <source>Diabetes Res Clin Pract</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>87</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>98</fpage>
          <lpage>107</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B36">
        <label>36</label>
        <mixed-citation>36. Kim J, Lee HS, Lee KY. Effect of statins on fasting glucose in non diabetic individuals: nationwide population based health examination in Korea. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2018; 17(1):155.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kim</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lee</surname>
              <given-names>HS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lee</surname>
              <given-names>KY</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effect of statins on fasting glucose in non diabetic individuals: nationwide population based health examination in Korea</article-title>
          <source>Cardiovasc Diabetol</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>17</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <size units="pages">155</size>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label/>
        <p>Aspectos &#233;ticos</p>
        <p>Este estudo est&#225; de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki e normas de boas pr&#225;ticas em pesquisa m&#233;dica envolvendo humanos. O estudo prescindiu de termo de consentimento segundo normas locais, uma vez que consistiu em an&#225;lise retrospectiva de um banco administrativo de dados, relativos aos cuidados de rotina de pacientes n&#227;o identificados, admitidos em nosso hospital.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label/>
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn id="fn_ast1" fn-type="other">
        <label>*</label>
        <p>Material suplementar</p>
        <p>Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2021/11602/2020-0128-arquivo-suplementar.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p><bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>.O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Association between Statin Therapy and Lower Incidence of Hyperglycemia in Patients Hospitalized with Acute Coronary Syndromes</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4639-1003</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Furtado</surname>
            <given-names>Remo Holanda de Mendon&#231;a</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7995-8304</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Genestreti</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Rizzo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dal&#231;&#243;quio</surname>
            <given-names>Talia F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Baracioli</surname>
            <given-names>Luciano Moreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Felipe Galego</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Franci</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Giraldez</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto R. C. V.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Menezes</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferrari</surname>
            <given-names>Aline Gehlen</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Viviane Moreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Cesar A. C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nakashima</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Alberto Kenji</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Salsoso</surname>
            <given-names>Rocio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6171-1269</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Godoy</surname>
            <given-names>Lucas Colombo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nicolau</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="CA">Canad&#225;</country>
        <institution content-type="original">University of Toronto Ringgold standard institution - Peter Munk Cardiac Centre Toronto, Ontario &#8211; Canad&#225;</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Remo Holanda de Mendon&#231;a Furtado &#8226;</bold> Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor), Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. Postal Code 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: rhmfurtado@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Furtado RHM, Nicolau JC; Acquisition of data: Furtado RHM, Dal&#231;&#243;quio TF, Baracioli LM, Lima FG, Franci A, Giraldez RRCV, Menezes FR; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Furtado RHM, Genestreti PR, Dal&#231;&#243;quio TF, Nicolau JC; Statistical analysis: Furtado RHM; Writing of the manuscript: Furtado RHM; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Genestreti PR, Dal&#231;&#243;quio TF, Baracioli LM, Lima FG, Franci A, Giraldez RRCV, Menezes FR, Ferrari AG, Lima VM, Pereira CAC, Nakashima CAK, Salsoso R, Godoy LC, Nicolau JC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>Dr. Remo Holanda de Mendon&#231;a Furtado &#8211; Honoraria: Astrazeneca. Research grant: Astrazeneca, Dal Cor, Boehinger, Pfizer, Bayer, Sanofi.</p>
          <p>Dr. Paulo Rizzo Genestreti - Advisory board: Novo Nordisk, Sanofi, Astrazeneca. Eli-Lilly, Boehinger.</p>
          <p>Dr. Jose Carlos Nicolau &#8211; Research grant: Amgem, Bayer, Bristol-Myers, CLS Behring, Dal Cor, Jansen, Novartis, Population Research Institute, Novo Nordisk, Sanofi, Astrazeneca,</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Increased risk of new-onset diabetes with statins challenges the long-term safety of this drug class. However, few reports have analyzed this issue during acute coronary syndromes (ACS).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> To explore the association between early initiation of statin therapy and blood glucose levels in patients admitted with ACS.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> This was a retrospective analysis of patients hospitalized with ACS. Statin-na&#239;ve patients were included and divided according to their use or not of statins within the first 24 hours of hospitalization. The primary endpoint was incidence of in-hospital hyperglycemia (defined as peak blood glucose &gt; 200 mg/dL). Multivariable linear and logistic regression models were used to adjust for confounders, and a propensity-score matching model was developed to further compare both groups of interest. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> A total of 2,357 patients were included, 1,704 of them allocated in the statin group and 653 in the non-statin group. After adjustments, statin use in the first 24 hours was associated with a lower incidence of in-hospital hyperglycemia (adjusted OR=0.61, 95% CI 0.46-0.80; p &lt; 0.001) and lower need for insulin therapy (adjusted OR = 0.56, 95% CI 0.41-0.76; p &lt; 0.001). These associations remained similar in the propensity-score matching models, as well as after several sensitivity analyses, such as after excluding patients who developed cardiogenic shock, severe infection or who died during index-hospitalization.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p> Among statin-na&#239;ve patients admitted with ACS, early statin therapy was independently associated with lower incidence of in-hospital hyperglycemia. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021; 116(2):285-294)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Statins</kwd>
        <kwd>Acute Coronary Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Blood Glucose</kwd>
        <kwd>Hidroxymethylglutaryl-CoA-Reductase Inhibition</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>There is established evidence that statins improve cardiovascular outcomes among patients with stable coronary artery disease (CAD).<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>,<xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> At the same time, patients with increased risk of CAD but without overt atherosclerosis may also derive benefit,<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>,<xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup> making guidelines to recommend statins for those two groups.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> Also, statins play an important role in acute coronary syndromes (ACS)<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>,<xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup>and, in patients submitted to percutaneous revascularization, early therapy can confer additional benefit.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>,<xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup> Despite these benefits, concerns have been raised about increased risk of new onset diabetes mellitus (DM) with long-term statin therapy.<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>-<xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> Furthermore, statins can worsen glucose control in patients with known diagnosis of DM, or anticipate progression to overt DM in those with metabolic syndrome, impaired fasting blood glucose and glucose intolerance.<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>,<xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup> Many possible mechanisms have been proposed to explain the influence of statins over glycemia.<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup> Statins could impair beta-cell function and decrease insulin secretion, a pathway directly related to inhibition of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase or to other potential intracellular mechanisms.<sup><xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>,<xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup> On the other hand, there is also some evidence that statins could decrease insulin resistance, thus compensating for the harmful mechanism mentioned before.<sup><xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref></sup></p>
        <p>While there is a huge body of data about long-term influence of statins over glycemia in stable CAD patients, there are scarce data in individuals with ACS. Despite the aforementioned concerns with impaired glucose tolerance in the long-term, due to their anti-inflammatory effects,<sup><xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref>,<xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref></sup> statins could potentially decrease inflammation in the acute phase of ACS and thus indirectly reduce blood glucose levels related to the acute phase stress. Therefore, we hypothesized that, in patients hospitalized with ACS, early statin therapy would be associated with lower incidence of hyperglycemia during hospitalization in the coronary care unit (CCU).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Population and variables selection</title>
          <p>We performed a retrospective data analysis of patients admitted with a diagnosis of ACS at the CCU of the Heart Institute of Sao Paulo University Medical School (<italic>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</italic>). All consecutive patients admitted to our CCU with a diagnosis of ACS were prospectively registered in a dedicated database from January 1<sup>st</sup>, 1998 through May 1<sup>st</sup>, 2019. We identified statin-na&#239;ve patients at hospital admission and compared patients who received statins in the first 24 hours of admission (and continued during the whole hospitalization) versus those who did not.</p>
          <p>Variables concerning ACS type &#8211; ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), or unstable angina (UA) &#8211; baseline demographic characteristics, risk factors, past CAD history or procedures, concomitant medications and baseline laboratory results were also collected. Blood glucose was obtained by blood sample daily; the first blood glucose level (admission glucose level) and the highest blood glucose level during hospitalization (i.e., peak glucose level) were registered in the database for further analysis.</p>
          <p>We defined an ACS case as any patient presenting with new-onset ischemic symptoms at rest or worsening exertional ischemic symptoms requiring urgent hospital admission within the first seven days of symptoms onset. Myocardial infarction (MI) was defined according to the current Universal Definition of MI during data collection. STEMI was defined as persistent ST elevation of at least 1 mm in two or more contiguous leads (except V2-V3, where at least 1.5 mm was required in women and men older than 40 years and at least 2 mm in men younger than 40 years) or new/presumably new left bundle branch block at admission electrocardiogram (ECG). Cases not fulfilling criteria for MI were classified as UA. Patients were excluded if they were taking any statin immediately prior to index-hospitalization or if they did not have information regarding blood glucose levels or statin therapy at index hospitalization.</p>
          <p>The primary outcome of interest in our analysis was the occurrence of in-hospital hyperglycemia, defined as peak blood glucose level &gt; 200 mg/dL at any time during hospitalization, and secondary outcomes were peak blood glucose &gt; median value of the peak blood glucose in our sample, and hyperglycemia requiring intravenous insulin therapy. This cut-off of 200 mg/dL was based on the most recent guidelines considering the suggested target level for glucose control in patients with ACS.<sup><xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref></sup> We also explored the associations between hyperglycemia and in-hospital mortality.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Laboratory routine</title>
          <p>Every patient admitted with ACS had blood drawn from a forearm vein by venipuncture during admission. Blood was then centrifugated and sent to the laboratory, where glucose was determined by a standard procedure. For this first sample, fasting was not required, since we were interested in the first random blood glucose after ACS presentation. For further measures, fasting blood glucose was obtained, together with other routine laboratory samples.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Categorical variables were compared with &#967;2 or Fisher&#8217;s exact tests as appropriate and were described as absolute numbers and percentages. Continuous variables are described as means &#177; standard deviations or median with interquartile ranges (IQR) and were compared with two-sample Student&#8217;s t-test (normal distribution) or the Mann-Whitney test (non-Gaussian distribution), as appropriate. Shapiro-Wilk test and visual analysis of histograms were used for normality testing.</p>
          <p>Specifically, the Mann-Whitney test was used in the unadjusted analyses to compare the continuous outcomes of blood glucose between the two groups of interest. For the unadjusted analyses regarding the binary outcomes (incidence of hyperglycemia and in-hospital death), univariate logistic regression models were used.</p>
          <p>In order to adjust for confounders, multivariable regression models were used in the adjusted analyses. Log-transformed blood glucose levels for the admission and peak glycemia were included in a multiple linear regression model. Transformation was done to meet normality of residuals assumption in the model. The model included as independent variables the baseline demographic data and comorbidity-related variables. A stepwise selection procedure was used to fit the model, with a threshold p-value of 0.2 to remove covariates and 0.05 for to add covariates in the model. A logistic regression model was also built following the same steps to assess hyperglycemia as a categorical variable (considering the three aforementioned definitions) and in-hospital death. Those models were adjusted for the following covariates: age, race, sex, DM, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, smoking, heart failure (HF), prior MI, prior percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), prior coronary artery bypass graft (CABG), prior stroke, creatinine clearance (CrCl) &lt; 60 mL/min, ACS phenotype (STEMI versus NSTEMI or UA), Killip class 2 or more, year of admission (before or after 2010, which was the midpoint of the time span of the database), type of health insurance coverage (private versus government-funded), and GRACE (Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events) score.<sup><xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref></sup> Values of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and body mass index (BMI) were not available for all patients and were not included in the main model, but were included in sensitivity analyses (see below).</p>
          <p>Additionally, a propensity score matching model was developed, considering the probability of receiving statin in the first 24 hours after admission. The model was built from a logistic regression and used a nearest neighbor of 1 and a caliper of 0.001, using the same variables used in the regression models. After matching, baseline variables were checked between the two groups to verify whether there remained imbalances, with both a p-value above 0.10 and a standardized mean difference less than 10% considered as appropriate, according to previous literature on the topic.<sup><xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref></sup></p>
          <p>For sensitivity analysis, we also ran additional models adjusting for all baseline variables, and for the use of aspirin, angiotensin converting-enzyme inhibitors (ACEI), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB), oral betablockers, P2Y<sub>12</sub> inhibitor, unfractionated heparin, low-molecular-weight heparin, intravenous betablockers, nitrates, and intravenous glycoprotein IIbIIIa inhibitors in the first 24 hours of admission. Besides that, we also ran a model including BMI in kg/m<sup>2</sup> and another one including HbA1c at hospital admission as covariates. Finally, we also ran models excluding patients who developed cardiogenic shock, severe infection or who have died during the index hospitalization.</p>
          <p>No imputation was used for missing data. Only individuals with valid information regarding statin use and blood glucose levels were included. All tests are two-tailed. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The software Stata<sup>TM</sup> version 15.1 (Statacorp, College Station, TX, USA) was used for statistical calculations.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Descriptive analyses</title>
          <p>Out of 7,099 patients included in the database between January 1<sup>st</sup> 1998 through May 1<sup>st</sup> 2019, a total of 2,357 statin-na&#239;ve patients were included in this analysis &#8211; 1,704 were administered statin in the first 24 hours of hospital admission and 653 not (<xref rid="f01001" ref-type="fig">Figure 1</xref>). In the overall study population, the mean age was 62.9 &#177; 12.6 years, 713 patients (30.3%) were female, 789 (33.5%) had a history of known DM at admission, and 1,073 (45.5%) had STEMI as the clinical ACS presentation (<xref rid="t1001" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Flowchart of patients&#8217; selection and allocation process.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-02-0285-00128-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Baseline characteristics, laboratory values, medications in the first 24 hours and revascularization strategies for the index-event according to study groups</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Variables</th>
                    <th>Total (N = 2357)</th>
                    <th>Statin group (N=1704)</th>
                    <th>No statin group (N=653)</th>
                    <th>p-value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>White race</td>
                    <td align="center">2102 (89.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">1500 (88.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">602 (92.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.004</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Female sex</td>
                    <td align="center">713 (30.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">522 (30.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">191 (29.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.51</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age in yrs; mean &#177; SD</td>
                    <td align="center">62.9 &#177; 12.6</td>
                    <td align="center">62.6 &#177; 12.5</td>
                    <td align="center">63.8 &#177; 12.9</td>
                    <td align="center">0.038</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diabetes</td>
                    <td align="center">789 (33.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">591 (34.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">198 (30.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.045</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hypertension</td>
                    <td align="center">1688 (71.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">1246 (73.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">442 (67.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.009</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Dyslipidemia</td>
                    <td align="center">1241 (52.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">912 (53.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">329 (50.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.17</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Smoking</td>
                    <td align="center">611 (25.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">450 (26.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">161 (24.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.39</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Prior MI</td>
                    <td align="center">653 (27.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">461 (27.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">192 (29.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.25</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Prior CABG</td>
                    <td align="center">327 (13.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">234 (13.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">93 (14.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.75</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Prior PCI</td>
                    <td align="center">413 (17.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">304 (17.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">109 (16.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.51</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Prior stroke</td>
                    <td align="center">113 (4.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">87 (5.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">26 (4.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.25</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Prior HF</td>
                    <td align="center">212 (9.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">162 (9.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">50 (7.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.16</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CrCl &#8804; 60 mL/min</td>
                    <td align="center">1316 (55.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">1053 (61.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">263 (40.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>STEMI as index-event</td>
                    <td align="center">1073 (45.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">781 (45.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">292 (44.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.63</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Killip class 2 or more</td>
                    <td align="center">447 (19.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">308 (18.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">139 (21.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.075</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>GRACE score, mean &#177; SD</td>
                    <td align="center">141.6 &#177; 47.5</td>
                    <td align="center">140.5 &#177; 46.7</td>
                    <td align="center">144.3 &#177; 49.4</td>
                    <td align="center">0.14</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Public health insurance</td>
                    <td align="center">1736 (73.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">1334 (78.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">402 (61.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Included after jan-2010</td>
                    <td align="center">950 (40.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">870 (51.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">80 (12.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>BMI in kg/m<sup>2</sup>, median (IQR)<sup>1 </sup></td>
                    <td align="center">25.7 (23.4 &#8211; 28.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">25.7 (23.3 &#8211; 28.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">25.9 (25.0 &#8211; 29.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.19</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Total cholesterol in mg/dL, median (IQR)<sup>2</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">182 (151-215)</td>
                    <td align="center">182 (150-217)</td>
                    <td align="center">178 (152-213)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.51</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LDL cholesterol in mg/dL; median (IQR)<sup>2</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">113 (87 &#8211; 143)</td>
                    <td align="center">114 (86 &#8211; 144)</td>
                    <td align="center">113 (90- 141)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.96</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Triglycerides in mg/dL; median (IQR)<sup>2</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">128 (91-180)</td>
                    <td align="center">129 (92-184)</td>
                    <td align="center">122 (89-171)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.042</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HDL cholesterol in mg/dL; median (IQR)<sup>2</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">37 (31-44)</td>
                    <td align="center">37 (31-44)</td>
                    <td align="center">38 (31-45)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.36</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HbA1c in %; median (IQR)<sup>3</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">5.9 (5.6 &#8211; 6.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">5.9 (5.6 &#8211; 6.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">5.9 (5.3 &#8211; 6.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.054</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Aspirin</td>
                    <td align="center">2247 (95.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">1646 (96.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">601 (92.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>P2Y12 inhibitor<sup>4</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">1199 (50.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">1024 (60.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">175 (26.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Oral beta-blocker</td>
                    <td align="center">1424 (60.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">1048 (61.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">376 (57.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.081</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Intravenous beta-blocker</td>
                    <td align="center">189 (8.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">95 (5.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">94 (14.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Nitrate</td>
                    <td align="center">1461 (62.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">1002 (58.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">459 (70.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LMWH</td>
                    <td align="center">1326 (56.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">1099 (64.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">227 (34.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>UFH</td>
                    <td align="center">772 (32.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">463 (27.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">309 (47.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ACEI/ARB</td>
                    <td align="center">1651 (70.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">1227 (72.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">424 (64.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>GpIIbIIIa inhibitor</td>
                    <td align="center">867 (36.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">632 (37.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">235 (36.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.62</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Primary PCI</td>
                    <td align="center">544 (23.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">409 (24.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">135 (20.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.086</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Fibrinolytic</td>
                    <td align="center">264 (11.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">195 (11.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">69 (10.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.55</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Revascularization for the index event<sup>5</sup></bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PCI</td>
                    <td align="center">1341 (56.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">986 (57.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">355 (54.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.13</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CABG</td>
                    <td align="center">423 (18.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">285 (16.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">138 (21.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.013</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Medical management</td>
                    <td align="center">637 (27.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">460 (27.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">177 (27.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.96</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>Data are for n and % unless otherwise specified; 1- information about BMI was available for 287 patients; 2- information about cholesterol panel was available for 2062 patients; 3- information about HbA1c was available for 540 patients; 4- Seven patients, all in the statin group, were taking ticagrelor within the first 24 hours of admission, and all remaining patients on a P2Y<sub>12 </sub>inhibitor were taking clopidogrel; 5- CABG and PCI are not necessarily mutually exclusive since some patients may have been submitted to both. ACEI: angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; CABG: coronary artery bypass grafting; CrCl: creatinine clearance; GpIIbIIIa: glycoprotein IIbIIIa; GRACE: Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events; HF: heart failure; IQR: inter-quartile range; LMWH: low molecular weight heparin; MI: myocardial infarction; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; STEMI: ST-elevation myocardial infarction; UFH: unfractionated heparin. </italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>As expected, there were several differences between patients taking statins compared with those not taking statins in the first 24 hours of hospitalization. Patients taking statins were younger, and more likely to have a history of hypertension, DM and CrCl &lt; 60 mL/min at admission, among other differences. Also, they were more likely to have been included in the database after January 2010. Conversely, they were less likely to be white and to have private health insurance (<xref rid="t1001" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref>). Patients taking statins in the first 24 hours were also more likely to be treated with aspirin, P2Y<sub>12</sub> inhibitor and ACEI or ARB in the first 24 hours (<xref rid="t1001" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref>). In terms of baseline laboratory values, patients taking statins in the first 24 hours had higher levels of triglycerides and a trend for higher levels of HbA1c, but similar levels of total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and HDL-cholesterol (<xref rid="t1001" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Association between statin use in the first 24 hours and blood glucose levels</title>
          <p>In the unadjusted analysis, blood glucose levels at admission were not different between patients taking statins and those not taking statins in the first 24 hours. However, patients taking statins in the first 24 hours, as compared to those not taking, had lower peak blood glucose (Table 2A).</p>
          <p>In the adjusted multivariable analysis, statin therapy in the first 24 hours remained independently associated with lower peak blood glucose during index hospitalization (adjusted geometric means 139.0 versus 150.3 mg/dL, respectively; 95% CI of the difference of -15.9 to -6.5 mg/dL, adjusted p &lt; 0.001 ). After adjustments, there remained no significant differences in admission blood glucose (<xref rid="t3001" ref-type="table">Table 2B</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 2B</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Multivariable analysis2: adjusted geometric means of the blood glucose level according to statin treatment group</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th>Statin group (N=1704)</th>
                    <th>No statin group (N=653)</th>
                    <th>95% CI of the difference</th>
                    <th>Adjusted p-value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>1<sup>st</sup> blood glucose in mg/dL</td>
                    <td align="center">124.4</td>
                    <td align="center">125.2</td>
                    <td align="center">- 5.2 to 3.3</td>
                    <td align="center">0.64</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Peak blood glucose in mg/dL</td>
                    <td align="center">139.0</td>
                    <td align="center">150.3</td>
                    <td align="center">-15.9 to -6.5</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>Adjusted for age, race, sex, diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, smoking, heart failure, prior myocardial infarction, prior percutaneous coronary intervention, prior coronary artery bypass graft, prior stroke, creatinine clearance &lt; 60 ml/min, ACS phenotype (STEMI versus NSTEMI), Killip class 2 or more, GRACE score, health insurance coverage status and period of inclusion (before versus after January 2010) 1- Unadjusted analysis made by Mann Whitney test. 2- Multivariable analysis performed by multivariate linear regression</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>In a propensity score matched analysis, 500 patients from the statin group were matched with a similar number of patients from the group without statin therapy. After matching, baseline characteristics used to build the model were well balanced between the two groups, without any p-value &lt; 0.10 nor any standardized mean difference &gt; 10 % (Supplementary <xref rid="t1001" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref> and Supplementary <xref rid="f01001" ref-type="fig">Figure 1</xref>). Considering the propensity score matched analysis, statin therapy remained significantly associated with lower levels of peak blood glucose (Supplementary <xref rid="t2001" ref-type="table">Table 2</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2A</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Unadjusted analysis1: median values of the first blood glucose level and peak blood glucose according to statin treatment groups</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th>Statin group (N=1704)</th>
                    <th>No statin group (N=653)</th>
                    <th>P-value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>First blood glucose level (mg/dL); median (IQR)</td>
                    <td align="center">116 (97 &#8211; 159)</td>
                    <td align="center">113 (95 &#8211; 153)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.22</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Peak blood glucose (mg/dL); median (IQR)</td>
                    <td align="center">124 (101 &#8211; 175)</td>
                    <td align="center">134 (106 &#8211; 196)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Association between statin and occurrence of in-hospital hyperglycemia</title>
          <p>In the unadjusted analysis, statin therapy in the first 24 hours was associated with lower incidence of hyperglycemia, including peak blood glucose above 200 mg/dL, peak blood glucose above the median, and hyperglycemia with the need for insulin therapy (Supplementary <xref rid="t4001" ref-type="table">Table 3</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t4001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Associations between blood glucose levels and in-hospital death</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th>Unadjusted OR (95% CI); p-value</th>
                    <th>Adjusted OR (95% CI); p-value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Admission blood glucose (for every 10 mg/dL)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.03 (1.01 &#8211; 1.06); &lt; 0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">1.02 (0.99 &#8211; 1.04); 0.12</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Peak blood glucose (for every 10 mg/dL)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.06 (1.04 &#8211; 1.08); &lt; 0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">1.05 (1.03 &#8211; 1.07); &lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Admission blood glucose &gt; 200 mg/dL</td>
                    <td align="center">1.72 (1.15 &#8211; 2.56); 0.008</td>
                    <td align="center">1.42 (0.90-2.24); 0.14</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Peak blood glucose &gt; 200 mg/dL</td>
                    <td align="center">3.06 (2.20-4.28); &lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">2.70 (1.76-4.16); &lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>Adjusted for: age, race, sex, diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, smoking, heart failure, prior myocardial infarction, prior percutaneous coronary intervention, prior coronary artery bypass graft, prior stroke, creatinine clearance &lt; 60 ml/min, ACS phenotype (STEMI versus NSTEMI), Killip class 2 or more, GRACE score, type of health insurance and period of inclusion (before versus after January 2010). Models were performed using univariate logistic regression for unadjusted analyses and multivariate logistic regression for adjusted analyses</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>After adjusted multivariable analysis, statin therapy remained independently associated with lower incidence of peak blood glucose above 200 mg/dL (adjusted OR = 0.61, 95% CI 0.46-0.80; p &lt; 0.001), as well as peak blood glucose above the median and hyperglycemia requiring insulin therapy (See Supplementary <xref rid="t4001" ref-type="table">Table 3</xref> and <xref rid="f02001" ref-type="fig">Figure 2A</xref> for more details).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Adjusted risk of in-hospital hyperglycemia according to different definitions. A Adjusted by multivariable logistic regression. B: adjustment by propensity score matching. Adjusted for: age, race, sex, diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, smoking, heart failure, prior myocardial infarction, prior percutaneous coronary intervention, prior coronary artery bypass graft, prior stroke, creatinine clearance &lt; 60 ml/min, ACS phenotype (STEMI versus NSTEMI), Killip class 2 or more, GRACE score, type of health insurance and period of inclusion (before versus after Jan-2010).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-02-0285-00128-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>In the propensity score matching analysis, results were similar to those obtained in the multivariable regression approach, with significant associations between statin use and lower risk of hyperglycemia according to all three definitions (Supplementary <xref rid="t4001" ref-type="table">Table 3</xref> and <xref rid="f02001" ref-type="fig">Figure 2B</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Sensitivity analyses</title>
          <p>Associations between statin therapy and lower incidence of hyperglycemia (peak blood glucose &gt; 200 mg/dL) remained consistent after several sensitivity analyses were conducted, such as including other concomitant medications in the model. Results for the primary endpoint also remained consistent in a model that considered the date of inclusion in the database as a continuous variable. In another analysis, where patients were stratified according to period of inclusion (before versus after January 2010), there was no significant effect modification for the primary endpoint Additionally, when patients who developed cardiogenic shock or severe infection, or who did not survive up to hospital discharge were excluded from the analysis, there remained significant associations between use of statin in the first 24 hours and lower occurrence of hyperglycemia. Finally, in models that included HbA1c (%) or BMI as covariates, although the point estimates for the OR&#180;s remained similar, no significant association remained, probably due to the small number of patients with those two variables available. These results are described in Supplementary Tables 4 to 11.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Association between blood glucose levels and in-hospital mortality</title>
          <p>In the overall study population, higher peak blood glucose levels were independently associated with higher in-hospital mortality (OR 1.05; 95%CI 1.03-1.07 for every 10 mg/dL; p &lt; 0.001). On the other hand, admission blood glucose was not independently associated with in-hospital mortality (<xref rid="t4001" ref-type="table">Table 3</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study main findings</title>
          <p>There are several important results of this study. First, that statin use in the first 24 hours of hospitalization in ACS was highly associated with comorbidities and, more importantly, there was an important temporal association, such that, in our data, a large difference existed between patients included before versus patients included after 2010. This is likely related to the body of evidence accumulated regarding the use of statins in ACS,<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>,<xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> although there is no guideline recommendation supporting initiation of statin therapy within the first 24 hours of hospital admission.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>,<xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref></sup> Second, there was an independent association between early statin therapy and lower incidence of in-hospital hyperglycemia. This association was observed in two different adjusted models (logistic regression and propensity score matching) and after several sensitivity analyses performed to verify the consistency of the findings. Therefore, despite the established risk of new-onset DM in the chronic phase, our results probably exclude any apparent harm, or impairment in glucose tolerance with statins during the acute phase of ACS, a period where the surge of catecholamines and inflammatory mediators may increase susceptibility to stress hyperglycemia and its potential clinical consequences.<sup><xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Comparison with previous studies</title>
          <p>Despite the vast literature investigating the effects of statins over impaired glucose tolerance chronically, few reports have investigated any possible effect in the acute scenario. Yan et al.<sup><xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref></sup> have reported a higher risk of stress hyperglycemia in patients with acute MI receiving statins, but the lack of adjusted analysis and the arbitrary cut-off for stress hyperglycemia weaken the conclusions of that study. Sposito et al.<sup><xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref></sup> studied this issue in patients hospitalized with STEMI, showing that simvastatin 80 mg decreased insulin sensitivity compared to simvastatin 10 mg assessed by euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp.<sup><xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref></sup> Although these results appear to contrast to ours, the inclusion of only patients without DM and the use of euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp limit the generalization of their finds to a real-world scenario such as our study. Nevertheless, it is possible that, despite an adverse effect over insulin resistance early in the acute phase of ACS, statins could compensate for that by reduction in inflammatory response, leading to a decrease in glucose blood levels.</p>
          <p>The association between statins and lower blood glucose in stress situations could be at least partially explained by the direct effects of statins on inflammation, which is well-established in the literature.<sup><xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref></sup> Other reports have suggested that those pleiotropic effects from statins may occur early in the course of ACS. Two randomized studies have demonstrated that short-duration (less than 5 days) treatment with rosuvastatin, compared to placebo, decreased the incidence of post-contrast acute kidney injury.<sup><xref rid="B27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>,<xref rid="B28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref></sup> This effect seemed to be mediated by an anti-inflammatory action, since no lipid-lowering effect would be expected in such a short timeframe.<sup><xref rid="B29" ref-type="bibr">29</xref></sup> Additionally, an early statin loading has been found to decrease the incidence of peri-procedural MI in one meta-analysis.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup> However, a larger randomized study, the SECURE-PCI trial, did not find a decrease in ischemic events after ACS with an 80 mg loading dose of atorvastatin,<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup> despite a potential benefit in the subgroup of patients who were submitted to PCI after randomization.<sup><xref rid="B30" ref-type="bibr">30</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Hyperglycemia and mortality after ACS</title>
          <p>The impact of hyperglycemia on survival after ACS is well-established both in patients with and without DM.<sup><xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref></sup> In a sub-analysis in the CARDINAL trial, Goyal et al.<sup><xref rid="B31" ref-type="bibr">31</xref></sup> have suggested that persistence of elevated blood glucose through 24 hours after admission was even more associated with lower survival than admission high blood glucose.<sup><xref rid="B31" ref-type="bibr">31</xref></sup> While there is an association between glycemia and mortality, it is not completely understood whether high blood glucose is a direct mediator of increased cell death and injury during MI, or just a marker of increased baseline risk. From a biological perspective, hyperglycemia may be associated with direct impairment of microcirculation and adverse left ventricular remodeling.<sup><xref rid="B32" ref-type="bibr">32</xref></sup> On the other hand, findings from randomized studies that failed to demonstrate better prognosis with stricter glycemic control support the latter hypothesis.<sup><xref rid="B33" ref-type="bibr">33</xref>,<xref rid="B34" ref-type="bibr">34</xref></sup> Nevertheless, if high blood glucose could be partially implicated in myocardial damage during MI, our results are reassuring, since they likely exclude a harmful effect of statins on glucose metabolism in the acute phase of ACS.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Study limitations</title>
          <p>Our study has several limitations. First, we did not collect detailed information on dosages and types of statins that were used. Although some studies have found differential effects among different statins on glucose metabolism, other studies have suggested that the risk of DM with statins might be a class effect.<sup><xref rid="B35" ref-type="bibr">35</xref>,<xref rid="B36" ref-type="bibr">36</xref></sup> Second, our database spans over a long timeline, including patients since 1998, when the use of statins during acute phase of MI was less widespread. However, we considered this covariate in the adjusted models and in additional sensitivity analyses, thus supporting the findings that the association was not spuriously driven by this confounding factor. Third, we did not collect detailed information about indications and contraindications for starting or not early statin therapy in ACS. Accordingly, it might be possible that patients at a higher risk of death or in critical clinical condition were less likely to be administered statins in the first 24 hours by the treating physician. Several factors, in addition to the drug effect on glucose metabolism, may have influenced the decision to initiate statins in the first 24 hours. Also, although adjustments were made for several comorbidities and other demographic and socioeconomic factors, unknown residual confounders may remain. However, the GRACE score, a well-established predictor of in-hospital death among patients with ACS<sup><xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref></sup> was included as covariate, and we also performed several sensitivity analyses excluding patients who developed cardiogenic shock or severe infection, and those who died during index hospitalization. Fourth, due to the retrospective nature of our analysis, it could not be determined whether our findings were subject to reporting bias. Fifth, our data come from a single-center database, so it is uncertain whether our findings could be extrapolated to other countries or to different standards of practice in other hospitals. Finally, due to the observational nature of our study, we cannot make any causal inference but only conclude about associations, so that our findings are only hypothesis-generating and should be confirmed in dedicated randomized trials.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>In patients admitted with ACS, statin therapy in the first 24 hours was associated with lower incidence of in-hospital hyperglycemia. This finding suggests that, while statins can increase the risk of new-onset DM in the long-term, they could be associated with salutary effects over glucose metabolism in the short-term in ACS.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Compliance with Ethical Standards</p>
          <p>This study is in accordance with the recommendations of Helsinki Declaration and Good Clinical Practice norms on medical research in humans. Since this study was a retrospective analysis based on a de-identified administrative database of routine care of patients admitted to our hospital, Informed Consent Form was waived according to local regulations.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn id="fn_ast1001" fn-type="other">
          <label>*</label>
          <p>Supplemental Materials</p>
          <p>For additional information, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2021/11602/2020-0128-arquivo-suplementar.pdf">click here</ext-link>.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p><bold>Sources of Funding</bold>.There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
