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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">c9ZjTzncLfzM8bqGT7bTfCD</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021000200283</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20201284</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20201284</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Associa&#231;&#227;o de Inj&#250;ria Mioc&#225;rdica e Mortalidade em Pacientes Hospitalizados com COVID-19</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6640-1371</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Romano</surname>
            <given-names>Edson</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Unidade de Terapia Intensiva</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o - Unidade de Terapia Intensiva / Cardiologia,S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Edson Romano &#8226; Rua Desembargador Eliseu Guilherme, 147. CEP 04004-030, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>eromano@hcor.com.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>01</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>116</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>283</fpage>
      <lpage>284</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>COVID-19</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronav&#237;rus</kwd>
        <kwd>Betacoronav&#237;rus</kwd>
        <kwd>SARS CoV-2</kwd>
        <kwd>Infec&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Miocardite</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Morbidade</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="10"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A doen&#231;a Covid-19 surgiu em dezembro de 2019 na cidade de Wuhan, prov&#237;ncia de Hubei, China, e tem como causa o novo coronav&#237;rus denominado <italic>severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2</italic> (SARS-CoV-2), s&#233;timo coronav&#237;rus identificado at&#233; o momento, diferente dos outros coronav&#237;rus que causam pneumonia e resfriado comum.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup>Devido &#224; maior e mais r&#225;pida transmissibilidade, foi declarada uma pandemia pela Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de, em 11 de mar&#231;o de 2020.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Desde ent&#227;o, v&#225;rios estudos a n&#237;vel mundial t&#234;m sido realizados e publicados com o intuito de determinar os fatores de risco para desenvolver a doen&#231;a, bem como suas complica&#231;&#245;es, graus de gravidade, tratamento e morbi-mortalidade.</p>
    <p>Um dos estudos iniciais foi realizado pelo Centro Chin&#234;s para Controle e Preven&#231;&#227;o de Doen&#231;as que avaliou o grau de gravidade de 72.314 pacientes com Covid-19 nessa popula&#231;&#227;o. Em 81,4% dos casos a doen&#231;a foi classificada como leve, grave em 13,9% e cr&#237;tica em 4,7%.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Quanto ao acometimento card&#237;aco, a manifesta&#231;&#227;o se d&#225; por inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica, que &#233; definida pelo n&#237;vel elevado de troponina e que ocorre especialmente devido a processos mioc&#225;rdicos n&#227;o isqu&#234;micos, incluindo infec&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria grave com hipoxia, sepse, inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica, tromboembolismo pulmonar, hiperestimula&#231;&#227;o adren&#233;rgica card&#237;aca durante a s&#237;ndrome da tempestade de citocinas e possivelmente miocardite por a&#231;&#227;o direta do v&#237;rus. A etiologia isqu&#234;mica tamb&#233;m se faz presente por ruptura de placa ateroscler&#243;tica coronariana, espasmo coron&#225;rio, microtrombos ou les&#227;o endotelial direta.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Um aspecto significativo, que tem sido descrito, &#233; que pacientes que apresentam inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica est&#227;o associados a maior necessidade de suporte ventilat&#243;rio e mortalidade intra-hospitalar. S&#227;o pacientes geralmente mais idosos, com maior preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, diabetes mellitus, doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Em uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica de 4 estudos com 374 pacientes, os n&#237;veis de troponina I foram significativamente maiores nos pacientes com Covid-19 grave, em compara&#231;&#227;o com a doen&#231;a n&#227;o grave.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Quanto &#224; preval&#234;ncia, estudos desenvolvidos na China t&#234;m relatado inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica com n&#237;veis elevado de troponina variando de 7% a 17% em pacientes hospitalizados, de 22% a 31% entre pacientes admitidos nas unidades de terapia intensiva (UTI) e de at&#233; 59% dos doentes que evolu&#237;ram a &#243;bito.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>,<xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup> Essa varia&#231;&#227;o na incid&#234;ncia de les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica tem sido replicada em v&#225;rias publica&#231;&#245;es por diferentes centros, como tamb&#233;m demonstrada por uma meta-an&#225;lise de 10 estudos envolvendo 3.118 pacientes em Wuhan, China, com preval&#234;ncia de inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica variando de 15% a 44% e o efeito combinado desses estudos mostrou que pacientes com troponina elevada tiveram risco de mortalidade 21 vezes maior (OR = 21,15).<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup>Essa varia&#231;&#227;o reflete a heterogeneidade das defini&#231;&#245;es de inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada e das caracter&#237;sticas regionais, o que de certa forma tamb&#233;m vai refletir nas taxas de letalidade, com dados mostrando incid&#234;ncia de 13% a 67% de pacientes com troponina elevada internados na UTI.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Faz-se, portanto, necess&#225;rio um estudo brasileiro para avalia&#231;&#227;o da presen&#231;a de inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica na nossa popula&#231;&#227;o, no que diz respeito &#224; mortalidade desse grupo de pacientes, bem como &#224; presen&#231;a de comorbidades como preditor de &#243;bito.</p>
    <p>Nesta edi&#231;&#227;o, autores brasileiros<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup> apresentam o resultado de um estudo observacional, retrospectivo, realizado na UTI de um hospital particular no Rio de Janeiro, entre mar&#231;o e abril de 2020. Foram inclu&#237;dos inicialmente 105 casos confirmados de Covid-19. Ap&#243;s exclus&#227;o de 35 pacientes por aus&#234;ncia de dosagem de troponina I e 9 por insufici&#234;ncia renal grave, restaram 61 pacientes e destes 36% evolu&#237;ram com inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica, ou seja, troponina I elevada. O objetivo prim&#225;rio foi o de descrever a incid&#234;ncia de inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica e identificar vari&#225;veis associadas &#224; sua ocorr&#234;ncia. O objetivo secund&#225;rio foi o de avaliar a troponina I ultrassens&#237;vel como preditor de mortalidade hospitalar.</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s an&#225;lise univariada e regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada de uma s&#233;rie de vari&#225;veis gerais e comorbidades, os preditores de inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foram a hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica e o &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea. A taxa de mortalidade do grupo foi de 24,6%, sendo que o valor da troponina I teve rela&#231;&#227;o com a mortalidade hospitalar.</p>
    <p>Apesar deste estudo ter limita&#231;&#245;es importantes, como o pequeno n&#250;mero de pacientes e a perda de casos por aus&#234;ncia de dosagem de troponina I, ficou demonstrado o impacto da inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica na mortalidade hospitalar e a identifica&#231;&#227;o de preditores de risco como a hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica e o &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea.</p>
    <p>Estudos nacionais mais robustos e multic&#234;ntricos] poder&#227;o confirmar os achados revelados neste estudo, bem como tra&#231;ar um perfil da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira.</p>
  </body>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <italic>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: COVID-19 e Inj&#250;ria Mioc&#225;rdica em UTI Brasileira: Alta Incid&#234;ncia e Maior Risco de Mortalidade Intra-Hospitalar</italic>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
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    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Association of Cardiac Injury with Mortality in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6640-1371</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Romano</surname>
            <given-names>Edson</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o - Unidade de Terapia Intensiva / Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Edson Romano &#8226;</bold> Rua Desembargador Eliseu Guilherme, 147. Postal Code 04004-030, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: eromano@hcor.com.br </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>COVID-19</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronavirus, Betacoronavirus, SARS CoV-2, Infection</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocarditis</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospitalization</kwd>
        <kwd>Morbidity</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Covid-19 disease emerged in December 2019 in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China. It is caused by the new coronavirus called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the seventh coronavirus identified to date, which is different from other coronaviruses that cause pneumonia and common cold.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup>Due to the greater and faster transmissibility, a pandemic was declared by the World Health Organization on 11 March 2020.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Since then, several studies worldwide have been conducted and published with the aim of determining the risk factors for developing the disease, as well as its complications, degrees of severity, treatment, morbidity, and mortality.</p>
      <p>One of the initial studies was conducted by the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, which evaluated the degree of severity of 72,314 patients with Covid-19 in this population. In 81.4% of the cases, the disease was classified as mild, severe in 13.9%, and critical in 4.7%.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Regarding cardiac involvement, the manifestation occurs with myocardial injury, which is defined by high levels of troponin, and it occurs especially due to non-ischemic myocardial processes, including respiratory infection with severe hypoxia, sepsis, systemic inflammation, pulmonary thromboembolism, cardiac adrenergic hyperstimulation during cytokine storm syndrome, and possibly myocarditis due to direct action of the virus. Ischemic etiology is also present due to rupture of coronary atherosclerotic plaque, coronary spasm, microthrombi, or direct endothelial lesion.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A significant aspect that has been described is that patients with myocardial injury are associated with a greater need for ventilatory support and in-hospital mortality. They are generally older patients with a higher prevalence of systemic arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, and heart failure.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In a systematic review of 4 studies with 374 patients, troponin I levels were significantly higher in patients with severe Covid-19 compared to those with non-severe forms of the disease.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Regarding prevalence, studies developed in China have reported myocardial injury with elevated troponin levels ranging from 7% to 17% in hospitalized patients, from 22% to 31% among patients admitted to intensive care units (ICU), and up to 59% of patients who died.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>,<xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup> This variation in the incidence of myocardial injury has been replicated in various publications in different centers, and it has also been demonstrated in a meta-analysis of 10 studies involving 3,118 patients in Wuhan, China, with a prevalence of myocardial injury ranging from 15% to 44%; the combined effect of these studies showed that, in patients with high troponin, the mortality risk was 21 times higher (OR = 21.15).<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup>This variation reflects the heterogeneity of the definitions of myocardial injury and of the population studied and regional characteristics, which will in some way also reflect the lethality rates, with data showing an incidence of 13% to 67% of patients with elevated troponin hospitalized in the ICU.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Therefore, a Brazilian study is necessary to evaluate the presence of myocardial injury in our population, with regard to the mortality of this group of patients, as well as the presence of comorbidities as a predictor of death.</p>
      <p>In this edition, Brazilian<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup> authors present the results of an observational, retrospective study conducted in the ICU of a private hospital in Rio de Janeiro, between March and April 2020. Initially, 105 confirmed cases of Covid-19 were included. After excluding 35 patients due to the absence of troponin I and 9 due to severe renal failure, 61 patients remained, and 36% of them presented myocardial injury with elevated troponin I. The primary objective was to describe the incidence of myocardial injury and to identify variables associated with its occurrence. The secondary objective was to evaluate ultrasensitive troponin I as a predictor of hospital mortality.</p>
      <p>After univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression of a series of general variables and comorbidities, the predictors of myocardial injury with statistical significance were systemic arterial hypertension and body mass index. The mortality rate of this group was 24.6%, and the troponin I value was related to hospital mortality.</p>
      <p>Although this study has important limitations, such as a small number of patients and loss of cases due to the absence of troponin I dosage, the impact of myocardial injury on in-hospital mortality and the identification of risk predictors such as systemic arterial hypertension and body mass index were demonstrated.</p>
      <p>More robust, multicenter national studies may confirm the findings revealed in this study and draw a profile of the Brazilian population.</p>
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            <italic>Short Editorial related to the article: COVID-19 and Myocardial Injury in a Brazilian ICU: High Incidence and Higher Risk of In-Hospital Mortality</italic>
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