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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">Txj6w8qYFn9D9nWsXTFcncw</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021000200275</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200671</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200671</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>COVID-19 e Inj&#250;ria Mioc&#225;rdica em UTI Brasileira: Alta Incid&#234;ncia e Maior Risco de Mortalidade Intra-Hospitalar</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5733-8622</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Jorge Henrique Paiter</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9082-7631</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael Lessa da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Simvoulidis</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Fernando Nogueira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pinho</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Carlos de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Roberta Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Porto</surname>
            <given-names>Andrea Dornelles</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6514-1205</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Costa de Freiras</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Liszt Palmeira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramos</surname>
            <given-names>Max Rogerio Freitas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0737-6188</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil </country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Unimed-Rio</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Unimed-Rio, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira &#8226; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - Rua Visconde de Piraj&#225;, 330 sala 1114. CEP 21941-901, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>glauciamoraesoliveira@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Nascimento JHP, Costa RL, Simvoulidis LFN, Pinho JC, Pereira RS, Porto AD, Silva ECF, Oliveira LP, Ramos MRF, Oliveira GMM</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesses</p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>116</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>275</fpage>
      <lpage>282</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>31</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamentos</title>
          <p> A incid&#234;ncia de inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica (IM) em pacientes com COVID-19 no Brasil &#233; pouco conhecida e o impacto progn&#243;stico da IM, mal elucidado.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Descrever a incid&#234;ncia de IM em pacientes com COVID-19 em unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI) e identificar vari&#225;veis associadas &#224; sua ocorr&#234;ncia. O objetivo secund&#225;rio foi avaliar a troponina I ultrassens&#237;vel (US) como preditor de mortalidade intra-hospitalar.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Estudo observacional, retrospectivo, entre mar&#231;o e abril de 2020, com casos confirmados de COVID-19 internados em UTI. Vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas foram comparadas com teste t de Student ou U de Mann-Whitney, sendo o teste X2 empregado para as categ&#243;ricas. Realizou-se an&#225;lise multivariada com as vari&#225;veis associadas &#224; IM e p&lt;0,2 objetivando determinar preditores de IM. Curva ROC foi empregada para determinar o valor da troponina capaz de predizer maior mortalidade intra-hospitalar. Fun&#231;&#245;es de sobrevida foram estimadas pelo m&#233;todo de Kaplan-Meier a partir do ponto de corte apontado pela curva ROC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Este estudo avaliou 61 pacientes (63,9% do sexo masculino, m&#233;dia de idade de 66,1&#177;15,5 anos). A IM esteve presente em 36% dos casos. Hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS) [RC 1,198; IC95%: 2,246-37,665] e &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) [RC 1,143; IC95%: 1,013-1,289] foram preditores independentes de risco. Troponina I US &gt;48,3 ng/ml, valor determinado pela curva ROC, prediz maior mortalidade intra-hospitalar [AUC 0,786; p&lt;0,05]. A sobrevida no grupo com troponina I US &gt;48,3 ng/ml foi inferior &#224; do grupo com valores &#8804;48,3 ng/dl [20,3 x 43,5 dias, respectivamente; p&lt;0,05].</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> Observou-se alta incid&#234;ncia de IM na COVID-19 grave com impacto em maior mortalidade intra-hospitalar. HAS e IMC foram preditores independentes de risco de sua ocorr&#234;ncia. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>COVID-19</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronavi&#237;rus</kwd>
        <kwd>Betacoronav&#237;rus, SARS &#8211; CoV-2</kwd>
        <kwd>Infec&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Miocardite</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Morbidade</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="28"/>
        <page-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec specific-use="in">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A COVID-19, nomeada conforme orienta&#231;&#227;o da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de (OMS), &#233; causada pelo novo coronav&#237;rus sob a designa&#231;&#227;o de SARS-CoV-2 ( <italic>severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2</italic> ) e teve seu surto descrito pela primeira vez na cidade de Wuhan, localizada na China, ao final de 2019. Foi declarada como emerg&#234;ncia em sa&#250;de p&#250;blica de interesse internacional em 30 de janeiro de 2020 e, na ocasi&#227;o em que este estudo foi escrito, existiam cerca de 12.964.809 casos confirmados e 570.288 &#243;bitos em todo o mundo.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> No Brasil, at&#233; o dia 14 de julho de 2020, foram confirmados 1.926.824 casos com 74.133 &#243;bitos.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A maioria dos casos de infec&#231;&#227;o por SARS-CoV-2 n&#227;o &#233; grave, incluindo apresenta&#231;&#245;es assintom&#225;ticas ou oligossintom&#225;ticas. Todavia, relatos sugerem que at&#233; 20% dos indiv&#237;duos infectados requerem hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, e desses, at&#233; 25% necessitam de cuidados em unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI).<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref> , <xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref> </sup> Essas taxas variam de acordo com diferen&#231;as culturais em rela&#231;&#227;o aos crit&#233;rios de admiss&#227;o &#224; UTI e caracter&#237;sticas regionais, como idade da popula&#231;&#227;o e preval&#234;ncia de outras comorbidades. Desenvolvimento de dispneia e s&#237;ndrome respirat&#243;ria aguda grave s&#227;o as indica&#231;&#245;es mais comuns de interna&#231;&#227;o em UTI.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref> - <xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref> </sup></p>
      <p>O acometimento card&#237;aco de pacientes em estado cr&#237;tico por COVID-19 n&#227;o &#233; incomum e abrange uma grande variedade de apresenta&#231;&#245;es como arritmias, cardiomiopatias e inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref> - <xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref> </sup> A incid&#234;ncia de inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica em pacientes hospitalizados varia entre 7% e 28% e algumas fontes sugerem correla&#231;&#227;o com piores desfechos cl&#237;nicos.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref> - <xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref> </sup> No entanto, as causas de les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e sua contribui&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica ainda n&#227;o foram bem elucidadas.</p>
      <p>Este trabalho teve por objetivo prim&#225;rio descrever a incid&#234;ncia de inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica em pacientes internados por COVID-19 em UTI e identificar poss&#237;veis fatores de risco relacionados &#224; sua ocorr&#234;ncia. Nosso objetivo secund&#225;rio foi avaliar a troponina I ultrassens&#237;vel (US) como preditor de mortalidade intra-hospitalar.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Trata-se de estudo observacional e retrospectivo, desenvolvido em UTI de hospital privado, localizado na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, com popula&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos internados com diagn&#243;stico confirmado de COVID-19 entre mar&#231;o e abril de 2020. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de consulta ao sistema eletr&#244;nico de prontu&#225;rios. Foram exclu&#237;dos da pesquisa os casos sem a dosagem de troponina I US e aqueles com doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica e taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular (TFG) inferior a 30 ml/min/1,73m<sup>2</sup>. Todos os participantes tinham idade superior a 18 anos. Este estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica em pesquisa da Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro. Por se tratar de estudo retrospectivo, houve dispensa do termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido. Todos os pacientes receberam terapia antimicrobiana guiada para pneumonia bacteriana comunit&#225;ria no momento da admiss&#227;o hospitalar, sendo o plano terap&#234;utico ajustado conforme a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e permitindo a reconcilia&#231;&#227;o de medicamentos de uso cr&#244;nico sempre que poss&#237;vel.</p>
      <p>O diagn&#243;stico de COVID-19 estava de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da OMS.<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup> Os casos foram confirmados atrav&#233;s de t&#233;cnica de rea&#231;&#227;o de cadeia de polimerase (PCR) para identifica&#231;&#227;o do SARS-CoV-2 em material de nasofaringe obtido por <italic>swab</italic> de pacientes internados em UTI. Inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica foi definida pela presen&#231;a de pelo menos um valor de troponina I card&#237;aca acima do limite superior da normalidade (LSN) do percentil 99, em conformidade com a Quarta Defini&#231;&#227;o Universal de Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio.<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup> Foram utilizados testes de troponina I US, cujo valor de refer&#234;ncia &#233; inferior a 19 ng/ml. A dosagem de troponina I foi feita conforme protocolo da UTI &#224; admiss&#227;o dos pacientes ou nas seguintes condi&#231;&#245;es: anormalidades globais ou regionais do movimento da parede do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, arritmias card&#237;acas inexplic&#225;veis, altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas din&#226;micas, s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda ou s&#237;ndrome de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
      <p>As vari&#225;veis analisadas contemplaram os seguintes dados: idade, sexo, &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea (IMC, kg/m<sup>2</sup>) e as comorbidades mais prevalentes, tempo decorrido entre o in&#237;cio dos sintomas de COVID-19 e a interna&#231;&#227;o, tempo de perman&#234;ncia em UTI, tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, ocorr&#234;ncia de inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica, necessidade de suporte hemodin&#226;mico vasopressor, necessidade de suporte ventilat&#243;rio invasivo, s&#237;ndrome do desconforto respirat&#243;rio agudo conforme os crit&#233;rios de Berlim<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> e escore SAPS 3 ( <italic>Simplified Acute Physiology Score III</italic> ).<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup></p>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram expressas atrav&#233;s de m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o e as cont&#237;nuas sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram expressas atrav&#233;s de mediana e intervalo interquartil. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas em frequ&#234;ncia absoluta e relativa. Testes de normalidade foram feitos por Kolmogorov-Smirnov. As compara&#231;&#245;es entre as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram realizadas com o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student n&#227;o pareado ou o teste U de Mann-Whitney. Para as compara&#231;&#245;es de vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, utilizou-se o teste do qui-quadrado ou o exato de Fisher. An&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica foi realizada para determinar os preditores de les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. As vari&#225;veis que apresentaram associa&#231;&#227;o com inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica a um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia p&lt; 0,20 foram inclu&#237;das no modelo de regress&#227;o multivariada. O m&#233;todo <italic>forward stepwise</italic> foi utilizado. A magnitude do efeito de cada vari&#225;vel foi estimada pelo c&#225;lculo da raz&#227;o de chance (RC) e seus respectivos intervalos de confian&#231;a (IC) a 95%. A an&#225;lise da curva ROC ( <italic>Receiver Operating Characteristic</italic> ) foi realizada para determinar o valor da troponina I US capaz de predizer mortalidade hospitalar. As fun&#231;&#245;es de sobrevida foram calculadas empregando-se o estimador n&#227;o param&#233;trico de Kaplan-Meier. Os pacientes foram estratificados por covari&#225;veis selecionadas pelo seu prov&#225;vel papel progn&#243;stico a partir de revis&#227;o da literatura. O teste log-rank foi empregado para a compara&#231;&#227;o das fun&#231;&#245;es de sobrevida para cada covari&#225;vel. As raz&#245;es de risco (RR) foram calculadas para o progn&#243;stico de vari&#225;veis associadas aos desfechos, com IC a 95%, segundo o modelo proporcional de Cox. Inicialmente foi realizada a an&#225;lise bivariada de Cox seguida pela multivariada para os fatores com prov&#225;vel papel no desfecho (p&lt;0,10). Verificou-se a proporcionalidade dos modelos de Cox pelo teste diagn&#243;stico de res&#237;duos de Schoenfeld. Os testes foram bicaudais e a signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica expressa por p&lt;0,05. Os dados foram analisados usando o SPSS 22.0 (IBM, Chicago, IL). Os gr&#225;ficos estat&#237;sticos foram gerados usando o MedCalc 19.3.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Um total de 105 casos confirmados de COVID-19 foi identificado em UTI de hospital privado, localizado na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, entre mar&#231;o e abril de 2020. Ap&#243;s serem exclu&#237;dos 35 pacientes por n&#227;o terem a dosagem de troponina I e 9 pacientes por apresentarem TFG &lt; 30 ml/min/1,73m<sup>2</sup>, foram inclu&#237;dos neste estudo 61 casos confirmados de COVID-19, dos quais, 36% possu&#237;am inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica ( <xref rid="f01" ref-type="fig">Figura 1</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Fluxograma de recrutamento de pacientes.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-02-0275-00671-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Desses pacientes, cerca de 63,9% pertenciam ao sexo masculino e tinham idade m&#233;dia de 66,1&#177;5,5 anos. A m&#233;dia de tempo decorrido desde o in&#237;cio dos sintomas de COVID-19 e a admiss&#227;o hospitalar foi de 7&#177;6 dias, em que os tempos m&#233;dios de perman&#234;ncia hospitalar e em UTI corresponderam a 19 e 15 dias, respectivamente. As comorbidades mais prevalentes foram hipertens&#227;o arterial (55,7%) e diabetes mellitus (27,8%), conforme descrito na <xref rid="t1" ref-type="table">Tabela 1</xref> . Ocorreram 15 &#243;bitos na amostra, resultando em uma taxa de mortalidade de 24,6%. Suporte intensivo invasivo foi utilizado em parcela consider&#225;vel da amostra, da qual, 59% necessitou de suporte ventilat&#243;rio invasivo, 57,4% fez uso de suporte hemodin&#226;mico com vasopressores em algum momento da interna&#231;&#227;o e 36% foi submetida a terapia renal substitutiva por meio de hemodi&#225;lise.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas de 61 pacientes com COVID-19 internados em UTI com e sem inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                <th>Popula&#231;&#227;o geral (n=61)</th>
                <th>Com inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica (n=22)</th>
                <th>Sem inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica (n=39)</th>
                <th>p-valor</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Gerais</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade</td>
                <td align="center">66,1&#177;15,5</td>
                <td align="center">67,8&#177;15,8</td>
                <td align="center">65,2&#177;16,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,6010</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo masculino</td>
                <td align="center">39 (63,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (63,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (64,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,9710</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sintomas-interna&#231;&#227;o (dias)</td>
                <td align="center">7&#177;6</td>
                <td align="center">6&#177;5</td>
                <td align="center">7&#177;3</td>
                <td align="center">0,1410</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Perman&#234;ncia em UTI (dias)</td>
                <td align="center">14,5 [5,2-28,7]</td>
                <td align="center">18,0 [8,7-33,2]</td>
                <td align="center">10,0 [5-28]</td>
                <td align="center">0,6940</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Perman&#234;ncia hospitalar (dias)</td>
                <td align="center">17,0 [9,0-36]</td>
                <td align="center">21,5 [9,7-36,2]</td>
                <td align="center">13,0 [9,0-37,7]</td>
                <td align="center">0,5720</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SAPS 3</td>
                <td align="center">49,7&#177;28</td>
                <td align="center">55,7&#177;27,1</td>
                <td align="center">46,2&#177;32,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,2120</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Comorbidades</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica</td>
                <td align="center">34 (5,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (86,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (38,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                <td align="center">17 (27,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (27,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (28,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,9380</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DAC</td>
                <td align="center">4 (6,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (13,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,930</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DPOC</td>
                <td align="center">2 (3,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (9,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0560</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Neoplasm</td>
                <td align="center">4 (6,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (4,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (7,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,6340</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Asma</td>
                <td align="center">2 (3,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (3,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,2800</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">29,46&#177;6,3</td>
                <td align="center">32&#177;7,6</td>
                <td align="center">28&#177;5,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,0220</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Complica&#231;&#245;es</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SDRA leve</td>
                <td align="center">2 (3,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (5,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,2800</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SDRA moderada</td>
                <td align="center">18 (29,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (36,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (25,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,3780</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SDRA grave</td>
                <td align="center">17 (27,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (45,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (17,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0210</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica</td>
                <td align="center">36 (59%)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (81,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (46,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0070</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Uso de vasopressor</td>
                <td align="center">35 (57,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (81,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (43,6,%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0040</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tromboembolismo venoso</td>
                <td align="center">11 (18%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (27,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (12,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,1590</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IRA com di&#225;lise</td>
                <td align="center">22 (36%)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (54,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (25,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0240</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#211;bito</td>
                <td align="center">15 (24,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (40,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (15,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0260</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>UTI: unidade de terapia intensiva; SAPS 3: Simplified Acute Physiology Score III; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; DPOC: doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea; SDRA: s&#237;ndrome do desconforto respirat&#243;rio agudo; IRA: insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Os pacientes com inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica tiveram tempos de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar e de UTI discretamente superiores aos daqueles sem eleva&#231;&#227;o de troponina I, por&#233;m a diferen&#231;a n&#227;o foi estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos. Da mesma forma, sua avalia&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica atrav&#233;s do escore SAPS 3 n&#227;o diferiu significativamente, com mortalidade esperada de 55,7&#177;27,1% em pacientes com inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica e de 46,2&#177;32,8% em pacientes sem inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica (p=0,2), conforme descrito na <xref rid="t1" ref-type="table">Tabela 1</xref> . Na regress&#227;o multivariada, os preditores de inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica foram hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (RC 9,198; IC95%: 2,246-37,665) e IMC (RC 1,143; IC95%: 1,013-1,289) conforme descrito na <xref rid="t2" ref-type="table">Tabela 2</xref> .</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Taela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise multivariada de preditores de inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica em pacientes internados em UTI</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                <th>RC</th>
                <th>IC 95%</th>
                <th>p-valor</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade</td>
                <td align="center">1,010</td>
                <td align="center">0,977-1,045</td>
                <td align="center">0,543</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo masculino</td>
                <td align="center">0,980</td>
                <td align="center">0,330-2,907</td>
                <td align="center">0,971</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o arterial</td>
                <td align="center">10,13</td>
                <td align="center">2,544-40,198</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DAC</td>
                <td align="center">6,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,584-61,619</td>
                <td align="center">0,132</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC (Kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">1,108</td>
                <td align="center">1,009-1,218</td>
                <td align="center">0,033</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SAPS 3</td>
                <td align="center">1,010</td>
                <td align="center">0,989-1,032</td>
                <td align="center">0,341</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>RC: raz&#227;o de chance; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea; SAPS 3: Simplified Acute Physiology Score III.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A an&#225;lise da curva ROC foi realizada para determinar o valor da troponina I US capaz de predizer mortalidade hospitalar. Na <xref rid="f02" ref-type="fig">Figura 2</xref> , a &#225;rea sob a curva ROC para o desfecho foi 0,786 (IC95%: 0,662-0,880) com p = 0,001. O valor de corte para a troponina I US foi 48,3 ng/ml. Na an&#225;lise de Kaplan-Meier ( <xref rid="f03" ref-type="fig">Figura 3</xref> ), a sobrevida do grupo com troponina I US maior que 48,3 ng/ml foi 20,3 dias (IC95%: 11,4-29,2) ao passo que a sobrevida no grupo com troponina I US abaixo do valor de corte referido foi 43,5 dias (IC95%: 37,8-49,2), p = 0,0003. A an&#225;lise de sobrevida bivariada de Cox estratificada pela troponina I US demonstrou rela&#231;&#227;o com desfecho apenas para idade (RR = 1,046, IC95%: 1,006-1,087). Na an&#225;lise multivariada, nenhuma das vari&#225;veis se mostrou preditora independente de sobrevida.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Predi&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade intra-hospitalar pela dosagem de troponina. AUC: &#225;rea sob a curva ROC.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-02-0275-00671-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Sobrevida de pacientes com COVID-19 internados em UTI com e sem inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdia pelo modelo de Kaplan-Meier. Tropo US: troponina ultrassens&#237;vel</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-02-0275-00671-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O termo &#8216;inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica&#8217; &#233; empregado de forma mais abrangente para designar diferentes processos fisiopatol&#243;gicos que envolvem a morte dos cardiomi&#243;citos, podendo incluir ou n&#227;o a isquemia mioc&#225;rdica como causa contribuinte. Diferentes relatos mostram associa&#231;&#227;o entre essa condi&#231;&#227;o e a infec&#231;&#227;o por SARS-CoV-2; no entanto, o exato conhecimento sobre os mecanismos de les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica nesses casos e sua import&#226;ncia progn&#243;stica ainda representam uma lacuna de conhecimento cient&#237;fico a ser preenchida.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref> , <xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref> , <xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref> - <xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref> </sup></p>
      <p>As causas mais plaus&#237;veis de inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica nos pacientes com COVID-19 incluem miocardite, hipoxemia, cardiomiopatia por estresse, <italic>cor pulmonale</italic> agudo e isquemia mioc&#225;rdica causada por disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular ou doen&#231;a arterial coronariana epic&#225;rdica.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref> - <xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref> , <xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref> </sup> Todavia, a contribui&#231;&#227;o isolada de cada causa &#224; inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica ainda n&#227;o foi determinada. Os dados comprobat&#243;rios de miocardite causada por SARS-CoV-2 s&#227;o escassos, por vezes faltando avalia&#231;&#227;o histol&#243;gica card&#237;aca e an&#225;lise do genoma viral, resultando em diagn&#243;stico diferencial por suspeita cl&#237;nica. A contribui&#231;&#227;o das vias de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o relacionadas &#224; enzima conversora de angiotensina-2 para les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica neste cen&#225;rio tamb&#233;m n&#227;o foi adequadamente investigada.</p>
      <p>Vem sendo postulado que a infec&#231;&#227;o pelo SARS-CoV-2 envolva intensa resposta inflamat&#243;ria com um estado de hipercoagulabilidade e isquemia agravados por hipoxemia. Al&#233;m disso, a resposta inflamat&#243;ria sist&#234;mica pode resultar em les&#227;o endotelial com consequente aumento na gera&#231;&#227;o de trombina e redu&#231;&#227;o da fibrin&#243;lise end&#243;gena.<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup> Aspectos intr&#237;nsecos ao pr&#243;prio novo coronav&#237;rus tamb&#233;m podem contribuir diretamente para a ocorr&#234;ncia de inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica, exemplificados pelos casos suspeitos de miocardite.<sup><xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref> - <xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref> </sup> V&#225;rios mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos foram propostos e podem ser resumidos nas 6 condi&#231;&#245;es seguintes: disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, aumento do estresse oxidativo, hipoxemia, desequil&#237;brio entre oferta e demanda mioc&#225;rdica de oxig&#234;nio, les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica imunomediada e possivelmente les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica direta pelo SARS-CoV-2.<sup><xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref> - <xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref> </sup></p>
      <p>Embora as taxas possam variar, estima-se que at&#233; 25% dos indiv&#237;duos hospitalizados por COVID-19 necessitam de cuidados em UTI.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref> , <xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref> </sup> Essas taxas variam de acordo com diferen&#231;as culturais em rela&#231;&#227;o aos crit&#233;rios de admiss&#227;o &#224; UTI e caracter&#237;sticas regionais, como idade da popula&#231;&#227;o e preval&#234;ncia de outras comorbidades. Da mesma forma, as taxas de letalidade em UTI variam de 22% a 67%.<sup><xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref> - <xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref> </sup> Em um estudo italiano com 1.591 pacientes, a mortalidade em UTI era de 26%; no entanto, uma parcela significativa de sua coorte ainda se encontrava internada em UTI no momento da publica&#231;&#227;o, o que pode ter subestimado esse indicador.<sup><xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref></sup> Em nossa UTI, foi observada taxa de mortalidade equivalente a 24,6%, valor abaixo do esperado para a m&#233;dia do indicador progn&#243;stico SAPS 3 (49,7&#177;28%).</p>
      <p>A incid&#234;ncia de inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica em pacientes hospitalizados varia de 7% a 28%.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref> - <xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref> </sup> Estudos chineses recentes apontam que pacientes com COVID-19 que necessitam de cuidados em UTI possuem maior probabilidade de evoluir com inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica, estando essa condi&#231;&#227;o associada ao maior risco de mortalidade.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref> , <xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref> </sup> Nosso estudo evidenciou alta incid&#234;ncia de inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica (36%) em amostra de pacientes internados em UTI brasileira com diagn&#243;stico confirmado de COVID-19, em que a hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica foi um fator de risco independente da ocorr&#234;ncia dessa complica&#231;&#227;o. O cen&#225;rio regido por esta pandemia e a necessidade de rigoroso controle de infec&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, incluindo aquela pelo novo coronav&#237;rus, limitaram o uso de m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos complementares, comprometendo, dessa forma, a capacidade de determinar os mecanismos de les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
      <p>Uma pesquisa internacional prospectiva, realizada entre 3 e 20 de abril de 2020, com 1.216 pacientes internados por COVID-19, a maioria em UTI, buscou avaliar as principais indica&#231;&#245;es e altera&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas de acometimento card&#237;aco relacionado &#224; infec&#231;&#227;o pelo SARS-CoV-2. As indica&#231;&#245;es mais comuns da realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame foram: insufici&#234;ncia ventricular esquerda (40%), biomarcadores card&#237;acos elevados (26%) e insufici&#234;ncia ventricular direita (20%). Anormalidades do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foram relatadas em 479 pacientes (39%), sendo o comprometimento ventricular esquerdo classificado como leve (17%), moderado (12%) ou grave (9%). O referido estudo exp&#245;e o acometimento card&#237;aco atribu&#237;do &#224; COVID-19, revelando consider&#225;vel incid&#234;ncia de eleva&#231;&#227;o de biomarcadores card&#237;acos nessa popula&#231;&#227;o e preju&#237;zo &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Todavia, nem sempre &#233; poss&#237;vel determinar o exato mecanismo de inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica.<sup><xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Giuseppe Lippi e Mario Plebani, em artigo publicado recentemente, revisaram 217 artigos em busca de testes laboratoriais com poss&#237;vel import&#226;ncia progn&#243;stica para infec&#231;&#227;o pelo novo coronav&#237;rus. No entanto, 206 artigos foram exclu&#237;dos por falta de informa&#231;&#245;es t&#233;cnicas sobre os dados apresentados. Nos 11 artigos restantes, foi poss&#237;vel estabelecer as principais anormalidades laboratoriais em pacientes com progress&#227;o desfavor&#225;vel da COVID-19, destacando-se: aumento da contagem de gl&#243;bulos brancos, aumento da contagem de neutr&#243;filos, diminui&#231;&#227;o da contagem de linf&#243;citos, diminui&#231;&#227;o da albumina, aumento da desidrogenase l&#225;tica, aumento da alanina aminotransferase, aumento da aspartato aminotransferase, aumento de bilirrubina total, aumento de creatinina, aumento de troponina card&#237;aca, aumento do d&#237;mero D, maior tempo de protrombina, aumento de procalcitonina e aumento de prote&#237;na C reativa. Com rela&#231;&#227;o ao aumento de troponina I, em an&#225;lise retrospectiva, foi poss&#237;vel identificar que aumentos superiores a 2,2 vezes o LSN correlacionam-se com resultados cl&#237;nicos adversos.<sup><xref rid="B27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Estudo realizado com 2.736 pacientes com COVID-19 admitidos nos hospitais do Sistema de Sa&#250;de Mount Sinai na cidade de Nova York, entre 27 de fevereiro de 2020 e 12 de abril de 2020, observou que mesmo uma pequena quantidade de inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica, quantificada pelo aumento da troponina, e principalmente naqueles com hist&#243;ria de doen&#231;a cardiovascular foi associada com alto rico de morte.<sup><xref rid="B28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref></sup> Apesar do tamanho amostral de nosso estudo, tamb&#233;m foi poss&#237;vel demonstrar com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica a associa&#231;&#227;o entre valores de troponina I superiores a 2,5 vezes o valor LSN e mortalidade intra-hospitalar, tendo o ponto de corte sido determinado por curva ROC. Tal informa&#231;&#227;o demonstra que mesmo eleva&#231;&#245;es mais modestas desse biomarcador card&#237;aco podem ajudar a identificar indiv&#237;duos sob risco de eventos adversos. Contudo, o uso de diferentes m&#233;todos laboratoriais comporta-se como o principal limitador da an&#225;lise de um ponto de corte em grandes agregados populacionais, fazendo com que, muitas vezes, os estudos sejam em centro &#250;nico. Talvez a maior riqueza na descri&#231;&#227;o metodol&#243;gica dos artigos abrangendo esse tema possa facilitar o estudo por meio de meta-an&#225;lise e assim melhor determinar o ponto de corte relacionado a piores desfechos cl&#237;nicos.</p>
      <p>O pequeno n&#250;mero de pacientes inclu&#237;do nesta pesquisa e a falta de dados sobre a frequ&#234;ncia de inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica em pacientes assintom&#225;ticos ou apenas levemente sintom&#225;ticos infectados por SARS-CoV-2 s&#227;o importantes limita&#231;&#245;es do nosso estudo. O protocolo da UTI pode ter influenciado a amostra, uma vez que ap&#243;s a admiss&#227;o, o marcador biol&#243;gico foi novamente dosado em caso de altera&#231;&#227;o do estado cl&#237;nico ou de exame complementar. Outro aspecto importante foi a perda maior que 10% da amostra ocasionada pela n&#227;o dosagem de troponina. Todavia, isto n&#227;o foi capaz de impedir a associa&#231;&#227;o de morte com aumento de troponina, mas pode ter selecionado os casos mais graves onde a troponina foi dosada, servindo os dados obtidos como parte de pesquisa explorat&#243;ria em coorte retrospectiva sobre o tema. Para evitar o vi&#233;s estat&#237;stico, tanto quanto poss&#237;vel, s&#227;o necess&#225;rios dados de m&#250;ltiplos centros e amostras maiores para confirmar ainda mais os resultados apresentados.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>A incid&#234;ncia de inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica de pacientes internados em UTI com diagn&#243;stico confirmado de COVID-19 foi 36% da amostra, na qual hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica e IMC foram preditores de risco independentes. Foi demonstrado o impacto da inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica na mortalidade, ao passo que a sobrevida no grupo com valor de troponina I US superior a 43,8 ng/dl foi inferior &#224; do grupo com valores de troponina I US menores que aquele valor.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Jorge Henrique Paiter Nascimento pelo Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o Edson Saad - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ).</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p><bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold> .O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>COVID-19 and Myocardial Injury in a Brazilian ICU: High Incidence and Higher Risk of In-Hospital Mortality</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5733-8622</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Jorge Henrique Paiter</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9082-7631</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael Lessa da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Simvoulidis</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Fernando Nogueira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pinho</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Carlos de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Roberta Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Porto</surname>
            <given-names>Andrea Dornelles</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6514-1205</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Costa de Freiras</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Liszt Palmeira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramos</surname>
            <given-names>Max Rogerio Freitas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0737-6188</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Unimed-Rio,Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira &#8226;</bold> Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - Rua Visconde de Piraj&#225;, 330 sala 1114. Postal Code 21941-901, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil E-mail: glauciamoraesoliveira@gmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Statistical analysis, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Nascimento JHP, Costa RL, Simvoulidis LFN, Pinho JC, Pereira RS, Porto AD, Silva ECF, Oliveira LP, Ramos MRF, Oliveira GMM</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>The incidence of myocardial injury (MI) in patients with COVID-19 in Brazil and the prognostic impact of MI have not been elucidated.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p>To describe the incidence of MI in patients with COVID-19 in the intensive care unit (ICU) and to identify variables associated with its occurrence. The secondary objective was to assess high-sensitivity troponin I as a predictor of in-hospital mortality.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>Retrospective, observational study conducted between March and April 2020 with cases of confirmed COVID-19 admitted to the ICU. Numerical variables were compared by using Student t test or Mann-Whitney U test. The chi-square test was used for categorical variables. Multivariate analysis was performed with variables associated with MI and p&lt;0.2 to determine predictors of MI. The ROC curve was used to determine the troponin value capable of predicting higher in-hospital mortality. Survival functions were estimated by use of the Kaplan-Meier method from the cut-off point indicated in the ROC curve.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>This study assessed 61 patients (63.9% of the male sex, mean age of 66.1&#177;15.5 years). Myocardial injury was present in 36% of the patients. Systemic arterial hypertension (HAS) [OR 1.198; 95%CI: 2.246-37.665] and body mass index (BMI) [OR 1.143; 95%CI: 1.013-1.289] were independent risk predictors. High-sensitivity troponin I &gt;48.3 ng/mL, which was determined in the ROC curve, predicts higher in-hospital mortality [AUC 0.786; p&lt;0.05]. Survival in the group with high-sensitivity troponin I &gt;48.3 ng/mL was lower than that in the group with values &#8804;48.3 ng/dL [20.3 x 43.5 days, respectively; p&lt;0.05].</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>There was a high incidence of MI in severe COVID-19 with impact on higher in-hospital mortality. The independent risk predictors of MI were SAH and BMI. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>COVID-19</kwd>
        <kwd>SARS-CoV-2</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronavirus</kwd>
        <kwd>Betacoronavirus</kwd>
        <kwd>Infection</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocarditis</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospitalization</kwd>
        <kwd>Morbidity</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>The disease caused by the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) was named COVID-19 according to guidance issued by the World Health Organization (WHO). Its outbreak was first described in the city of Wuhan, China, at the end of 2019. COVID-19 was declared a public health emergency of international concern on January 30<sup>th</sup>, 2020, and at the time this paper was written 12 964 809 confirmed cases and 570 288 deaths had been counted worldwide.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup>By July 14<sup>th</sup>, 2020, Brazil had 1 926 824 confirmed cases and 74 133 deaths.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Most cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection are not severe and include asymptomatic and oligosymptomatic presentations. Nevertheless, reports have suggested that up to 20% of infected individuals require hospitalization, of whom as much as 25% need admission to the intensive care unit (ICU).<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref> , <xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref> </sup>Those rates vary according to cultural differences regarding ICU admission criteria and regional characteristics, such as population age and prevalence of other comorbidities. Development of dyspnea and severe acute respiratory syndrome are the most common indications for ICU adimission.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref> - <xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref> </sup></p>
        <p>Cardiac impairment in critically-ill patients with COVID-19 is not uncommon and comprises a wide range of presentations, such as arrhythmias, cardiomyopathies, and myocardial injury.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref> - <xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref> </sup>The incidence of myocardial injury in hospitalized patients varies from 7% to 28%, and correlation of myocardial injury with worse clinical outcomes has been suggested.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref> - <xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref> </sup>However, the causes of myocardial injury and its contribution to the prognosis are yet to be elucidated.</p>
        <p>This study&#8217;s primary objective was to describe the incidence of myocardial injury in patients with COVID-19 admitted to the ICU and to identify possible risk factors related to its occurrence. This study&#8217;s secondary objective was to assess high-sensitivity troponin I as a predictor of in-hospital mortality.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>This is a retrospective observational study conducted in the ICU of a private hospital in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, with patients admitted with the diagnosis of confirmed COVID-19 between March and April 2020. Data were collected from the electronic medical records system. The cases without high-sensitivity troponin I measures and those with chronic renal disease and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) lower than 30 mL/min/1.73m<sup>2</sup>were excluded from the study. All participants were older than 18 years. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee in Research of the Rio de Janeiro State University. Written informed consent was waived because of the retrospective nature of this study. All patients received antimicrobial therapy for community-acquired bacterial pneumonia on hospital admission, and the therapeutic plan was adjusted according to clinical course, allowing medication reconciliation whenever possible.</p>
        <p>The diagnosis of COVID-19 was in accordance with the guidance from the WHO.<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup>The cases were confirmed by use of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to identify SARS-CoV-2 in the nasopharyngeal swab from patients admitted to the ICU. Myocardial injury was defined as the detection of at least one cardiac troponin I value above the 99<sup>th</sup>percentile upper reference limit (URL), in accordance with the Fourth Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction.<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup>High-sensitivity troponin I assays, whose reference value is lower than 19 ng/mL, were used. Troponin I was measured according to the ICU protocol on patient&#8217;s admission or under the following conditions: global or regional left ventricular wall motion abnormalities, inexplicable cardiac arrhythmias, dynamic electrocardiographic changes, acute coronary syndrome, or heart failure syndrome.</p>
        <p>The following variables were analyzed: age, sex, body mass index (BMI, kg/m<sup>2</sup>) and the most prevalent comorbidities, time from COVID-19 symptom onset to hospitalization, length of ICU stay, length of hospital stay, myocardial injury detection, need for hemodynamic support with vasopressors, need for invasive ventilatory support, acute respiratory distress syndrome according to the Berlin definition,<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup>and the Simplified Acute Physiology Score III (SAPS 3).<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup></p>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
          <p>The normally distributed continuous variables were expressed as mean and standard deviation, and the nonnormally distributed continuous variables were expressed as median and interquartile interval. The categorical variables were expressed as absolute and relative frequencies. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to test for normality. The continuous variables were compared by using unpaired Student <italic>t</italic> test or Mann-Whitney U test. The categorical variables were compared by using the chi-square test or Fisher exact test. Logistic regression was used to determine the predictors of myocardial injury. The variables that associated with myocardial injury at the significance level of p&lt; 0.20 were included in the multivariate regression model. The forward stepwise method was used. The magnitude of the effect of each variable was estimated by calculating the odds ratio (OR) and the respective 95% confidence interval (CI). The Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve was analyzed to determine the high-sensitivity troponin I value capable of predicting in-hospital mortality. The survival functions were calculated by using the nonparametric Kaplan-Meier estimator. The patients were divided according to covariables selected by their probable prognostic role based on literature review. The log-rank test was used to compare the survival functions for each covariable. Relative risks (RR) were calculated for the prognosis of the variables associated with the outcomes, with 95% CI, according to the Cox proportional hazards model. Initially, Cox bivariate analysis was performed, and then multivariate analysis was performed for the factors possibly playing a role in the outcome (p&lt;0.10). Schoenfeld residuals were used to check the proportional hazards of the Cox models. The tests were two-tailed, and the level of statistical significance adopted was p&lt;0.05. Data were analyzed by use of the SPSS 22.0 (IBM, Chicago, IL). The statistical graphs were generated by using MedCalc 19.3.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>This study identified 105 cases of confirmed COVID-19 in the ICU of a private hospital, in the city of Rio de Janeiro, between March and April 2020. After excluding 35 patients who had no troponin I value and 9 patients with GFR &lt; 30 mL/min/1.73m<sup>2</sup>, 61 cases of confirmed COVID-19 were included in this study, 36% of which had myocardial injury ( <xref rid="f01001" ref-type="fig">Figure 1</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Flowchart for recruiting patients.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-02-0275-00671-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Of the 61 patients, 63.9% were of the male sex and the mean age was 66.1&#177;5.5 years. The mean time from COVID-19 symptom onset to hospital admission was 7&#177;6 days, and the mean lengths of hospital and ICU stay were 19 and 15 days, respectively. The most prevalent comorbidities were arterial hypertension (55.7%) and diabetes mellitus (27.8%), as shown in <xref rid="t1001" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref> . Fifteen patients died, resulting in a mortality rate of 24.6%. Invasive intensive support was used in a significant part of the sample, 59% of which required invasive ventilatory support, 57.4% required hemodynamic support with vasopressors at some point during hospitalization, and 36% underwent renal replacement therapy by use of hemodialysis.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Characteristics of 61 patients admitted to the intensive care unit with and without myocardial injury</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Characteristics</th>
                  <th>General population (n=61)</th>
                  <th>With myocardial injury (n=22)</th>
                  <th>Without myocardial injury (n=39)</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>General</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age</td>
                  <td align="center">66.1&#177;15.5</td>
                  <td align="center">67.8&#177;15.8</td>
                  <td align="center">65.2&#177;16.3</td>
                  <td align="center">0.6010</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male sex</td>
                  <td align="center">39 (63.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (63.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (64.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.9710</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>From symptom to admission (days)</td>
                  <td align="center">7&#177;6</td>
                  <td align="center">6&#177;5</td>
                  <td align="center">7&#177;3</td>
                  <td align="center">0.1410</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Length of ICU stay (days)</td>
                  <td align="center">14.5 [5.2-28.7]</td>
                  <td align="center">18.0 [8.7-33.2]</td>
                  <td align="center">10.0 [5-28]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.6940</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Length of hospital stay (days)</td>
                  <td align="center">17.0 [9.0-36]</td>
                  <td align="center">21.5 [9.7-36.2]</td>
                  <td align="center">13.0 [9.0-37.7]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.5720</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SAPS 3</td>
                  <td align="center">49.7&#177;28</td>
                  <td align="center">55.7&#177;27.1</td>
                  <td align="center">46.2&#177;32.8</td>
                  <td align="center">0.2120</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Comorbidities</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Systemic arterial hypertension</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (5.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (86.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (38.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (27.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (27.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (28.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.9380</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CAD</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (6.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (13.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.930</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>COPD</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (3.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (9.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.0560</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Neoplasm</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (6.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (4.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (7.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.6340</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Asthma</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (3.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (3.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.2800</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">29.46&#177;6.3</td>
                  <td align="center">32&#177;7.6</td>
                  <td align="center">28&#177;5.4</td>
                  <td align="center">0.0220</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Complications</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mild ARDS</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (3.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (5.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.2800</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Moderate ARDS</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (29.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (36.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (25.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.3780</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Severe ARDS</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (27.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (45.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (17.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.0210</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mechanical ventilation</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (59%)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (81.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (46.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.0070</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Vasopressor use</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (57.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (81.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (43.6.%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.0040</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Venous thromboembolism</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (18%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (27.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (12.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.1590</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ARF with dialysis</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (36%)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (54.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (25.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.0240</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Death</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (24.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (40.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (15.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.0260</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>ICU: intensive care unit; SAPS 3: Simplified Acute Physiology Score III; CAD: coronary artery disease; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; BMI: body mass index; ARDS: acute respiratory distress syndrome; ARF: acute renal failure.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>The patients with myocardial injury had slightly longer lengths of hospital and ICU stay than those without troponin I elevation, but the difference was not statistically significant between the groups. Similarly, their prognostic assessment by use of the SAPS 3 score did not significantly differ, with an expected mortality of 55.7&#177;27.1% among patients with myocardial injury and of 46.2&#177;32.8% among those without myocardial injury (p=0.2), as shown in <xref rid="t1001" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref> . On multivariate regression, the predictors of myocardial injury were systemic arterial hypertension (OR 9.198; 95%CI: 2.246-37.665) and BMI (OR 1.143; 95%CI: 1.013-1.289), as shown in <xref rid="t2001" ref-type="table">Table 2</xref> .</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Multivariate analysis of myocardial injury predictors in patients admitted to the intensive care unit</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Characteristics</th>
                  <th>OR</th>
                  <th>95%CI</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age</td>
                  <td align="center">1.010</td>
                  <td align="center">0.977-1.045</td>
                  <td align="center">0.543</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male sex</td>
                  <td align="center">0.980</td>
                  <td align="center">0.330-2.907</td>
                  <td align="center">0.971</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Arterial hypertension</td>
                  <td align="center">10.13</td>
                  <td align="center">2.544-40.198</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Coronary artery disease</td>
                  <td align="center">6.0</td>
                  <td align="center">0.584-61.619</td>
                  <td align="center">0.132</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Body mass index</td>
                  <td align="center">1.108</td>
                  <td align="center">1.009-1.218</td>
                  <td align="center">0.033</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SAPS 3</td>
                  <td align="center">1.010</td>
                  <td align="center">0.989-1.032</td>
                  <td align="center">0.341</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic>OR: odds ratio; 95%CI: 95% confidence interval; SAPS 3: Simplified Acute Physiology Score III.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>The ROC curve was analyzed to determine the high-sensitivity troponin I value capable of predicting in-hospital mortality. In <xref rid="f02001" ref-type="fig">Figure 2</xref> , the area under the ROC curve for the outcome was 0.786 (95%CI: 0.662-0.880; p = 0.001). The cut-off point for high-sensitivity troponin I was 48.3 ng/mL. In Kaplan-Meier analysis ( <xref rid="f03001" ref-type="fig">Figure 3</xref> ), the survival in the group with high-sensitivity troponin I over 48.3 ng/mL was 20.3 days (95%CI: 11.4-29.2), while the survival in the group with high-sensitivity troponin I below that value was 43.5 days (95%CI: 37.8-49.2), p = 0.0003. On Cox bivariate survival analysis stratified according to high-sensitivity troponin I, only age related to the outcome (RR=1.046; 95%CI: 1.006-1.087). On multivariate analysis, no variable was an independent predictor of survival.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Prediction of in-hospital mortality based on troponin values. AUC: area under the ROC curve.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-02-0275-00671-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Survival of patients with COVID-19 admitted to the intensive care unit with and without myocardial injury, Kaplan-Meier method. HS-Tropo: high-sensitivity troponin.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-02-0275-00671-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The term &#8216;myocardial injury&#8217; is widely used to designate different pathophysiological processes that involve the death of cardiomyocytes and can include myocardial ischemia as a contributing cause. Different reports have shown association between that condition and the SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, the exact mechanism of myocardial injury in such cases and its prognostic importance are yet to be known.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref> , <xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref> , <xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref> - <xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref> </sup></p>
        <p>The most plausible causes of myocardial injury in patients with COVID-19 include myocarditis, hypoxemia, stress cardiomyopathy, acute <italic>cor pulmonale</italic> , and myocardial ischemia caused by microvascular dysfunction or epicardial coronary artery disease.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref> - <xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref> , <xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref> </sup>However, the isolated contribution of each cause to myocardial injury is yet to be determined. The current body of evidence about myocarditis caused by SARS-CoV-2 is scarce and sometimes lacks cardiac histological assessment and viral genome analysis, resulting in differential diagnosis based on clinical suspicion. In addition, the contribution of the angiotensin-converting-enzyme II signaling pathways to myocardial damage in this scenario has not been thoroughly investigated.</p>
        <p>It has been postulated that SARS-CoV-2 infection involves an intense inflammatory response with a hypercoagulable state and ischemia aggravated by hypoxemia. In addition, the systemic inflammatory response can result in endothelial injury with consequent increase in thrombin generation and reduction in endogenous fibrinolysis.<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup>Furthermore, intrinsic aspects of the novel coronavirus can contribute directly to myocardial injury, such as the cases with suspected myocarditis.<sup><xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref> - <xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref> </sup>Several pathophysiological mechanisms have been proposed and can be summarized in the following 6 conditions: endothelial dysfunction, increased oxidative stress, hypoxemia, imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand, immune-mediated myocardial injury, and possible direct myocardial injury by SARS-CoV-2.<sup><xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref> - <xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref> </sup></p>
        <p>Although the rates may vary, up to 25% of the individuals hospitalized from COVID-19 are estimated to require intensive care.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref> , <xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref> </sup>Those rates vary according to cultural differences regarding the ICU admission criteria and regional characteristics, such as population age and prevalence of other comorbidities. Likewise, the fatality rates in the ICU range from 22% to 67%.<sup><xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref> - <xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref> </sup>In an Italian study with 1591 patients, the ICU mortality was 26%; however, a significant part of the cohort remained at the ICU at the time of the study publication, which might have underestimated that indicator.<sup><xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref></sup>In our ICU, the mortality rate was 24.6%, which is below the expected mean according to the prognosis indicator SAPS 3 (49.7&#177;28%).</p>
        <p>The incidence of myocardial injury in patients hospitalized varies from 7% to 28%.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref> - <xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref> </sup>Recent Chinese studies have shown that patients with COVID-19 requiring intensive care are more likely to progress with myocardial injury, which is associated with a higher mortality risk.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref> , <xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref> </sup>Our study evidenced a high incidence of myocardial injury (36%) in a sample of patients admitted to a Brazilian ICU with the diagnosis of confirmed COVID-19, and systemic arterial hypertension was an independent risk factor for that complication. This pandemic and the need for strict control of hospital infection, including that by the novel coronavirus, have limited the use of complementary diagnostic methods, therefore hindering the ability to determine the mechanisms of myocardial injury.</p>
        <p>An international prospective study, conducted between April, 3, and April, 20, 2020, with 1216 patients hospitalized from COVID-19, mostly in the ICU, aimed at assessing the major indications for echocardiography and the echocardiographic changes of the SARS-CoV-2-related cardiac impairment. The most common indications for echocardiography were: left ventricular failure (40%), elevated levels of cardiac biomarkers (26%), and right ventricular failure (20%). Left ventricular abnormalities were reported in 479 patients (39%), and the left ventricular impairment was classified as mild (17%), moderate (12%) or severe (9%). That study shows the cardiac impairment attributed to COVID-19, revealing a significant incidence of elevation in cardiac biomarkers and damage to the ventricular function in that population. However, the exact mechanism of myocardial injury cannot always be determined.<sup><xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In a recently published study, Giuseppe Lippi and Mario Plebani have reviewed 217 articles searching for laboratory tests that might have prognostic importance for the novel coronavirus infection. However, 206 articles were excluded because of lack of technical information on the data presented. In the remaining 11 articles, the following major laboratory abnormalities in patients with unfavorable progression of COVID-19 could be established: increased white blood cell count, increased neutrophil count, reduced lymphocyte count, decrease in albumin levels, increase in lactic dehydrogenase levels, increase in alanine aminotransferase levels, increase in aspartate aminotransferase levels, increase in total bilirubin levels, increase in creatinine levels, increase in cardiac troponin levels, increase in D-dimer levels, longer prothrombin time, and increase in procalcitonin and in C-reactive protein levels. Regarding troponin I, a retrospective analysis has shown that increases greater than 2.2 times the URL correlated with adverse clinical results.<sup><xref rid="B27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A study carried out with 2736 patients with COVID-19 admitted to the Mount Sinai Health System hospitals in New York city between February 27, 2020, and April 12, 2020, has reported that even small amounts of myocardial injury, quantified by troponin elevation, mainly in patients with history of cardiovascular disease were associated with high risk of death.<sup><xref rid="B28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref></sup>Despite its small sample size, our study could show the statistical significance of the association between troponin I levels greater than 2.5 times the URL and in-hospital mortality, and the cut-off point was determined by use of the ROC curve. This shows that even modest elevations in that cardiac biomarker can help identify individuals at risk for adverse events. However, the use of different laboratory methods is the major limiting factor of the analysis of a cut-off point for large population clusters, with studies being conducted at single centers. The higher diversity of the methodologies of the articles on that subject might require assessment by use of meta-analysis to better determine the cut-off point related to worse clinical outcomes.</p>
        <p>The small number of patients included in this study and the lack of data on the frequency of myocardial injury in asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic SARS-CoV-2-infected patients are important limitations. The ICU protocol may have influenced the sampling, because, after admission, the biomarker was measured again if a change in the clinical status or in complementary tests occurred. Another important aspect was the sample loss greater than 10% caused by the absence of troponin measurement. However, that could not prevent the association of death with troponin elevation, but might have selected the most severe cases, whose troponin levels were measured, and the data obtained served as part of an exploratory research in a retrospective cohort about the theme. To prevent statistical bias, data from multiple centers and larger samples are necessary to confirm the results presented.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>In the sample studied, the incidence of myocardial injury among patients admitted to the ICU with the diagnosis of confirmed COVID-19 was 36%, and systemic arterial hypertension and BMI were independent risk predictors. This study showed the impact of myocardial injury on mortality. In addition, survival in the group with high-sensitivity troponin I levels higher than 43.8 ng/dL was lower than that in the group with high-sensitivity troponin I levels lower than that value.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Jorge Henrique Paiter Nascimento, from Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o Edson Saad - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ).</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p><bold>Sources of Funding</bold> .There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
