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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">T8GSK4TfxJvmjJ7TV6PykZC</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021000200272</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210041</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210041</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Parada Cardiorrespirat&#243;ria Extra-Hospitalar durante a Pandemia da Doen&#231;a por Coronav&#237;rus 2019 (COVID-19) no Brasil: A Mortalidade Oculta</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1466-9413</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Vit&#243;ria</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Vit&#243;ria, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Claudio Tinoco Mesquita &#8226; Universidade Federal Fluminense Faculdade de Medicina - Departamento de Radiologia - Av. Marques do Paran&#225;, 303. CEP 24230-322, Centro, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>claudiotinocomesquita@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>01</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>116</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>272</fpage>
      <lpage>274</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <p>O mundo mudou em apenas alguns meses ap&#243;s o surgimento da doen&#231;a do novo coronav&#237;rus 2019 (COVID-19), causada por um betacoronav&#237;rus denominado s&#237;ndrome respirat&#243;ria aguda grave por coronav&#237;rus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). A COVID-19 foi declarada uma pandemia pela Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de (OMS) em 11 de mar&#231;o de 2020. O Brasil apresenta atualmente o segundo maior &#237;ndice de mortalidade por COVID-19 do mundo, perdendo apenas para os EUA. A pandemia da COVID-19 est&#225; se espalhando rapidamente pelo mundo, com mais de 181 pa&#237;ses afetados. O presente editorial se refere ao artigo publicado nos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia: &#8220;Aumento de &#243;bitos domiciliares devido a parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria em tempos de pandemia de COVID-19&#8221;<sup>1</sup> Seus principais resultados mostram um aumento gradual na taxa de paradas cardiorrespirat&#243;rias extra-hospitalares durante a pandemia da doen&#231;a por coronav&#237;rus 2019 (COVID-19) na cidade de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Seus dados demonstram um aumento proporcional de 33% dos &#243;bitos domiciliares em mar&#231;o de 2020 em rela&#231;&#227;o aos per&#237;odos anteriores. O estudo &#233; o primeiro artigo brasileiro a demonstrar a mesma tend&#234;ncia observada em outros pa&#237;ses.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>COVID-19/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Betacoronav&#237;rus</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Pandemia</kwd>
        <kwd>Parada Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Idoso</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Pneumopatias</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="17"/>
        <page-count count="3"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <disp-quote>
      <p>&#8220;Em algum lugar, algo incr&#237;vel est&#225; esperando para ser descoberto&#8221;.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Carl Sagan</bold>
      </p>
    </disp-quote>
    <p>Meu interesse pessoal pela Ci&#234;ncia deve ser creditado a Carl Sagan. Durante minha juventude, tive a oportunidade de assistir seu programa de TV &#8220;Cosmos&#8221; e isso mudou tudo. Hoje, a Ci&#234;ncia &#233; uma das principais prioridades da humanidade. O mundo mudou em apenas alguns meses ap&#243;s o surgimento da doen&#231;a do novo coronav&#237;rus 2019 (COVID-19), causada por um betacoronav&#237;rus denominado s&#237;ndrome respirat&#243;ria aguda grave por coronav&#237;rus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). A COVID-19 foi declarada uma pandemia pela Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de (OMS) em 11 de mar&#231;o de 2020.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> O Brasil apresenta atualmente o segundo maior &#237;ndice de mortalidade por COVID-19 do mundo, perdendo apenas para os EUA. A pandemia de COVID-19 est&#225; se espalhando rapidamente pelo mundo, com mais de 181 pa&#237;ses afetados.</p>
    <p>Na maioria dos pacientes, a COVID-19 &#233; uma doen&#231;a leve com alguns sintomas respirat&#243;rios. A COVID-19 &#233; mais grave e fatal entre pacientes com fatores de risco cardiovascular ou doen&#231;as preexistentes.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup> O Centro Chin&#234;s para Controle e Preven&#231;&#227;o de Doen&#231;as publicou uma pesquisa que demonstrou que entre os pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de COVID-19, 13% tinham hipertens&#227;o, 5% tinham diabetes mellitus e 4% tinham hist&#243;rico de doen&#231;a cardiovascular. Por&#233;m, na mesma coorte, entre os pacientes que n&#227;o sobreviveram, 40% eram hipertensos, 20% eram diab&#233;ticos e 22% apresentavam doen&#231;as cardiovasculares preexistentes.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup> Pacientes com doen&#231;as cardiovasculares apresentaram a maior taxa de letalidade (10,5%). Os fatores de risco de eventos card&#237;acos ap&#243;s a pneumonia por COVID-19 incluem idade avan&#231;ada, doen&#231;as cardiovasculares pr&#233;-existentes e maior gravidade da pneumonia na apresenta&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> Doen&#231;as coronarianas tamb&#233;m est&#227;o associadas a eventos card&#237;acos agudos e desfechos desfavor&#225;veis na influenza e outras infec&#231;&#245;es virais respirat&#243;rias.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>,<xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup> A COVID-19 tamb&#233;m demonstrou danos ao sistema cardiovascular com manifesta&#231;&#245;es diversas como les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, s&#237;ndrome de Takotsubo (ST), arritmias, miocardite e choque.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> N&#227;o apenas as condi&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares cr&#244;nicas como hipertens&#227;o ou insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca s&#227;o relevantes para os desfechos da COVID-19, mas tamb&#233;m a idade, o estado imunol&#243;gico do hospedeiro e o efeito de medicamentos para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares como antitromb&#243;ticos ou anti-hipertensivos.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup> A <xref rid="f01" ref-type="fig">Figura 1</xref> demonstra a intera&#231;&#227;o entre doen&#231;as cardiovasculares/fatores de risco e COVID-19.</p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f01">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>&#8211; Intera&#231;&#227;o entre doen&#231;as cardiovasculares/fatores de risco e COVID-19. Comorbidades cardiovasculares como hipertens&#227;o e doen&#231;a arterial coronariana est&#227;o associadas a maior suscetibilidade e maior mortalidade em pacientes com COVID-19. A COVID-19 tamb&#233;m est&#225; associada a manifesta&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares, incluindo les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, miocardite, arritmias, s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda e tromboembolismo.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-02-0272-10041-gf01.tif"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Os danos que a COVID-19 causa no sistema cardiovascular provavelmente s&#227;o multifatoriais e podem resultar de um desequil&#237;brio entre alta demanda metab&#243;lica e baixa reserva card&#237;aca, inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica e trombog&#234;nese, al&#233;m de dano card&#237;aco direto provocado pelo v&#237;rus.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> As complica&#231;&#245;es do sistema cardiovascular ocorrem principalmente em pacientes com fatores de risco cardiovascular (idade avan&#231;ada, hipertens&#227;o e diabetes) ou doen&#231;as cardiovasculares preexistentes. Existem poucos relatos de pacientes com COVID-19 que apresentaram supradesnivelamento agudo do segmento ST e, para esses pacientes, as altera&#231;&#245;es ECG estavam presentes nas deriva&#231;&#245;es inferiores. Em cada caso, o diagn&#243;stico de miocardite foi apoiado por troponinas card&#237;acas elevadas, diminui&#231;&#227;o moderada da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e aus&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana com limita&#231;&#227;o de fluxo por angiocoronariografia invasiva.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup> Os achados da aut&#243;psia corroboram o conceito de que a patog&#234;nese da COVID-19 grave envolve les&#227;o direta induzida por v&#237;rus em m&#250;ltiplos &#243;rg&#227;os, incluindo cora&#231;&#227;o e pulm&#245;es, juntamente com as consequ&#234;ncias de um estado pr&#243;-coagulante com coagulopatia.<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup> A <xref rid="t1" ref-type="table">Tabela 1</xref> lista as consequ&#234;ncias cardiovasculares mais frequentes da COVID-19 descritas na literatura.</p>
    <p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>&#8211; Consequ&#234;ncias cardiovasculares da COVID-19</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Complica&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular</th>
              <th>Frequ&#234;ncia</th>
              <th>Implica&#231;&#245;es</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e miocardite</td>
              <td align="center">7&#8211;20% dos pacientes com COVID-19</td>
              <td align="center">A les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica est&#225; associada a um aumento de 5 vezes na necessidade de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica invasiva e a um aumento de 11 vezes na mortalidade</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>S&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCA)</td>
              <td align="center">Menos de 5% dos pacientes com COVID-19</td>
              <td align="center">Redu&#231;&#227;o nas hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es por SCA e redu&#231;&#227;o de 40% no infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST durante a pandemia. Essa redu&#231;&#227;o nos casos de SCA est&#225; associada a um aumento semelhante nas paradas cardiorrespirat&#243;rias extra-hospitalares.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</td>
              <td align="center">Incid&#234;ncia de 24% em todos os pacientes com COVID-19 e 49% em pacientes que vieram a &#243;bito</td>
              <td align="center">A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca pode contribuir para a insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria em pacientes com SDRA. O manejo adequado da IC &#233; obrigat&#243;rio para reduzir a mortalidade.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Arritmias e parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria s&#250;bita</td>
              <td align="center">Arritmias malignas como taquicardia ventricular e fibrila&#231;&#227;o podem ocorrer em pacientes com n&#237;veis elevados de troponina T</td>
              <td align="center">Taquicardia atrial e ventricular e fibrila&#231;&#227;o podem ser desencadeadas por les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, causas sist&#234;micas ou intera&#231;&#245;es medicamentosas. &#201; necess&#225;ria aten&#231;&#227;o especial ao prolongamento do intervalo QT induzido por drogas</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Altera&#231;&#245;es de coagula&#231;&#227;o e trombose</td>
              <td align="center">N&#237;veis elevados de d&#237;mero-d (&gt;0,5 mg/l) podem ser encontrados em 60% dos indiv&#237;duos com doen&#231;as graves</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o se tem conhecimento do regime ideal de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o para prevenir eventos tromboemb&#243;licos, mas, geralmente, a anticoagula&#231;&#227;o &#233; prescrita empiricamente. Recomenda&#231;&#245;es sobre tratamento antitromb&#243;tico e ICP para s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas devem ser mantidas durante o tratamento da COVID-19</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>
              <italic>SDRA: s&#237;ndrome do desconforto respirat&#243;rio agudo; ICP: interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea (adaptado de Nishiga et al.<sup>11</sup> Prieto-Lobato et al.<sup>12</sup></italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; epidemiologia da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, alguns estudos mostraram diminui&#231;&#227;o na incid&#234;ncia de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio durante a pandemia de Covid-19. Solomon et al.,<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup> observaram que as taxas semanais de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio diminu&#237;ram em at&#233; 48% durante o per&#237;odo da COVID-19(12). De Filippo et al.,<sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup> encontraram diminui&#231;&#227;o semelhante na hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda em 15 hospitais no norte da It&#225;lia.<sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup> Essa diminui&#231;&#227;o est&#225; parcialmente relacionada &#224; ansiedade e ao medo que muitos pacientes demonstraram durante os meses iniciais da pandemia de contrair a COVID-19 nas unidades de emerg&#234;ncia. Devido a essa diminui&#231;&#227;o nas interna&#231;&#245;es por infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, observou-se um aumento transit&#243;rio de paradas cardiorrespirat&#243;rias extra-hospitalares (PCEH) em compara&#231;&#227;o ao mesmo per&#237;odo nos anos anteriores &#224; pandemia.<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup> Esse aumento de casos de PCEH &#233; diretamente atribu&#237;vel &#224;s infec&#231;&#245;es por COVID-19 e ao poss&#237;vel aumento de pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda que n&#227;o se dirigiram imediatamente aos servi&#231;os de emerg&#234;ncia.</p>
    <p>Devemos parabenizar os autores do artigo publicado nos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> Seus principais achados mostram um aumento gradual na taxa de paradas cardiorrespirat&#243;rias extra-hospitalares durante a pandemia de COVID-19 na cidade de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Seus dados demonstram um aumento proporcional de 33% nos &#243;bitos domiciliares em mar&#231;o de 2020 em rela&#231;&#227;o aos per&#237;odos anteriores. O estudo &#233; o primeiro artigo brasileiro a demonstrar a mesma tend&#234;ncia observada em outros pa&#237;ses.<sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>,<xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup> As principais limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo s&#227;o: curto per&#237;odo de observa&#231;&#227;o, amostra de uma &#250;nica regi&#227;o metropolitana brasileira e a falta de informa&#231;&#245;es completas sobre comorbidades em cerca de 40% dos casos. No entanto, esses dados n&#227;o invalidam as principais mensagens do estudo, que s&#227;o: (1) a necessidade de organizar o sistema de sa&#250;de para lidar com os casos de doen&#231;as agudas durante a pandemia de COVID-19, (2) conscientizar a popula&#231;&#227;o sobre a necessidade de buscar cuidados continuados de sa&#250;de e (3) a busca por melhores tratamentos e preven&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>A aprova&#231;&#227;o de vacinas eficazes para a preven&#231;&#227;o da COVID-19 e o in&#237;cio do programa nacional de imuniza&#231;&#227;o contra a COVID-19 em janeiro de 2021 nos enchem de esperan&#231;a e otimismo.<sup><xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>,<xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup> Por&#233;m, enquanto a vacina&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o estiver amplamente dispon&#237;vel para a popula&#231;&#227;o, &#233; necess&#225;rio dar continuidade a medidas eficazes e cientificamente comprovadas de distanciamento social, uso de m&#225;scaras e higieniza&#231;&#227;o das m&#227;os. S&#243; ent&#227;o a pandemia de COVID-19 ser&#225; uma p&#225;gina da hist&#243;ria e n&#227;o mais uma dura realidade.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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              <surname>Weckx</surname>
              <given-names>LY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Folegatti</surname>
              <given-names>PM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aley</surname>
              <given-names>PK</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) against SARS-CoV-2: an interim analysis of four randomised controlled trials in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <comment>Internet</comment>
          <year>2020</year>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>13</lpage>
          <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33306989">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33306989</ext-link>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label/>
        <p>
          <italic>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Aumento de &#211;bitos Domiciliares devido a Parada Cardiorrespirat&#243;ria em Tempos de Pandemia de COVID-19</italic>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Out-Of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic in Brazil: The Hidden Mortality</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1466-9413</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Vit&#243;ria, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Claudio Tinoco Mesquita &#8226;</bold> Universidade Federal Fluminense Faculdade de Medicina - Departamento de Radiologia - Av. Marques do Paran&#225;, 303. Postal Code 24230-322, Centro, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brazil E-mail: claudiotinocomesquita@gmail.com </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <p>The world changed in just a few months after the emergence of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by a beta coronavirus named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). COVID-19 was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11, 2020. Brazil currently has the world&#8217;s second-highest COVID-19 death toll, second only to the USA. The COVID-19 pandemic is spreading fast in the world with more than 181 countries affected. This editorial refers to the article published in Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia: &#8220;Increase in home deaths due to cardiorespiratory arrest in times of COVID-19 pandemic.&#8221;<sup>1</sup> Their main results show a gradual increase in the rate of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest during the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in the city of Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Their data demonstrate a proportional increase of 33% of home deaths in March 2020 compared to previous periods. Their study is the first Brazilian paper to demonstrate the same trend observed in other countries.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>COVID-19/complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Betacoronavirus</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Pandemics</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Arrest</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors, Elderly</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases, Pneumopathies</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <disp-quote>
        <p>&#8220;Somewhere, something incredible is waiting to be known.&#8221;</p>
        <p>
          <bold>Carl Sagan</bold>
        </p>
      </disp-quote>
      <p>My personal interest in Science must be credited to Carl Sagan. During my youth, I saw his TV program &#8220;Cosmos&#8221; and this changed everything. Today, Science is one of the top priorities of humankind. The world changed in just a few months after the emergence of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by a beta coronavirus named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). COVID-19 was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11, 2020.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> Brazil currently has the world&#8217;s second highest Covid-19 death toll, second only to the USA. The COVID-19 pandemic is spreading fast in world with more than 181 countries affected.</p>
      <p>In the majority of patients, COVID-19 is a mild disease with some respiratory symptoms. COVID-19 is more severe and fatal among patients with pre-existing cardiovascular risk factors or diseases.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup> The Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention published a survey demonstrating that among patients diagnosed with COVID-19, 13% had hypertension, 5% had diabetes mellitus and 4% had a history of cardiovascular disease. However, in the same cohort, among patients who had not survived, 40% had hypertension, 20% had diabetes and 22% had pre-existing cardiovascular diseases.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup> Patients with cardiovascular diseases had the highest case fatality rate (10.5%). Risk factors of cardiac events after COVID-19 pandemic include older age, pre-existing cardiovascular diseases and greater severity of pneumonia at presentation.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> Coronary heart disease has also been found to be associated with acute cardiac events and poor outcomes in influenza and other respiratory viral infections.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>,<xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup> COVID-19 has also demonstrated damage to the cardiovascular system with several manifestations, such as myocardial injury, acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, Takotsubo syndrome (TS), arrhythmias, myocarditis and shock.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> Not only chronic cardiovascular conditions, such as hypertension or heart failure, are relevant to the COVID-19 outcomes, but also age, immunological status of the host and the effect of cardiovascular drugs like antithrombotic drugs or antihypertensives.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup><xref rid="f01001" ref-type="fig">Figure 1</xref> demonstrates the interaction between cardiovascular diseases/risk factors and COVID-19.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01001">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Interaction between cardiovascular diseases/risk factors and COVID-19. Cardiovascular comorbidities such as hypertension and coronary artery disease are associated with increased susceptibility and higher mortality in patients with COVID-19. COVID-19 is also associated with cardiovascular manifestations including myocardial injury, myocarditis, arrhythmias, acute coronary syndrome and thromboembolism.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-02-0272-10041-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The damage that COVID-19 causes in the cardiovascular system is probably multifactorial and can result from an imbalance between high metabolic demand and low cardiac reserve, systemic inflammation and thrombogenesis, in addition to direct cardiac damage from the virus.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> Cardiovascular system complications occur mainly in patients with cardiovascular risk factors (advanced age, hypertension and diabetes) or preexisting cardiovascular diseases. There are few reports of COVID-19 patients who presented with acute ST-segment elevations and, for those patients, the ECG changes were present in the inferior leads. In each case, a diagnosis of myocarditis was supported by elevated cardiac troponins, a moderate decrease of left ventricular ejection fraction and the absence of flow-limiting coronary artery disease by invasive coronary angiography.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup> Autopsy findings support the concept that the pathogenesis of severe COVID-19 disease involves direct viral-induced injury of multiple organs, including heart and lungs, coupled with the consequences of a procoagulant state with coagulopathy.<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup><xref rid="t1001" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref> lists the most frequent cardiovascular consequences of COVID-19 described in the literature.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1001">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Cardiovascular consequences of COVID-19</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Cardiovascular Complication</th>
                <th>Frequency</th>
                <th>Implications</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Myocardial injury and myocarditis</td>
                <td align="center">7&#8211;20% of patients with COVID-19</td>
                <td align="center">Myocardial injury is associated with a 5-fold increase in the need for invasive mechanical ventilation and an 11-fold increase in mortality</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Acute coronary syndrome (ACS)</td>
                <td align="center">Less than 5% of patients with COVID-19</td>
                <td align="center">Reduction in hospitalizations for ACS and a 40% reduction in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction during the pandemic. This decrease in ACS cases is associated with a similar increase in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Heart failure</td>
                <td align="center">Incidence of 24% in all patients with COVID-19 and 49% in patients who died</td>
                <td align="center">Heart failure can contribute to respiratory failure in patients with ARDS. Adequate management of HF is mandatory to reduce mortality.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Arrhythmias and sudden cardiac arrest</td>
                <td align="center">Malignant arrhythmias, such as ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation, can occur in patients with elevated levels of troponin T</td>
                <td align="center">Atrial and ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation can be triggered by myocardial injury, systemic causes or drug interactions. Special attention is needed with drug-induced QT prolongation</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Coagulation abnormalities and thrombosis</td>
                <td align="center">Elevated levels of d-dimer (&gt;0.5 mg/l) can be found in 60% of those with severe illnesses</td>
                <td align="center">Optimal anticoagulation regimen to prevent thromboembolic events is not known but anticoagulation is often empirically prescribed. Recommendations on antithrombotic treatment and PCI for acute coronary syndromes should be maintained during COVID-19 treatment</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1001">
              <p>
                <italic>ARDS: acute respiratory distress syndrome; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention (adapted from Nishiga et al.<sup>11</sup> and Prieto-Lobato et al.<sup>12</sup>)</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Concerning coronary artery disease epidemiology, some studies showed a decreased incidence of hospitalization for acute myocardial infarction during the COVID-19 pandemic. Solomon et al.<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup> noted that the weekly rates of hospitalization for acute myocardial infarction decreased by up to 48% during the COVID-19 period. De Filippo et al.<sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup> found a similar decrease in hospitalization for acute coronary syndrome in 15 hospitals in northern Italy.<sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup> This decrease is partially related to the anxiety and fear of catching COVID-19 in the emergency department that many patients demonstrated during the initial months of the pandemic. Due to this decrease in myocardial infarction hospitalizations, a transient increase in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (AOHCA) was observed, compared to the equivalent time period in the years before the pandemic.<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup> This increase of AOHCA is directly attributable to COVID-19 infections and to the potential increase of patients with acute coronary syndrome that did not go immediately to emergency settings.</p>
      <p>We must congratulate the authors of the article published in Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> Their main findings show a gradual increase in the rate of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in the city of Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Their data demonstrates a proportional increase of 33% of home deaths in March 2020 compared to previous periods. Their study is the first Brazilian paper to demonstrate the same trend observed in other countries.<sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>,<xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup> The main limitations of the study are: short observation period, sample from a single Brazilian metropolitan region and lack of complete information on comorbidities in about 40% of cases. However, these data do not invalidate the main messages of the study, which are: (1) the need to organize the health system to deal with cases of acute diseases during the COVID-19 pandemic, (2) educating the population about the need to seek continued health care, and (3) the search for better treatments and prevention.</p>
      <p>The approval of effective vaccines for the prevention of COVID-19 and the beginning of the Brazilian national immunization program against COVID-19 in January 2021 fill us with hope and optimism.<sup><xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>,<xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup> However, as long as vaccination is not widely available to the population, it is necessary to continue with effective and scientifically proven measures of social distancing, the use of masks and hand hygiene. Only then will the COVID-19 pandemic be a page in history and no longer a harsh reality.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label/>
          <p>
            <italic>Short Editorial related to the article: Increased Home Death Due to Cardiopulmonary Arrest in Times of COVID-19 Pandemic</italic>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
