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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">jtZBbmc3rXsG96CQ7JXDTSM</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021000200259</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20190623</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190623</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>O Papel da Ecocardiografia sob Estresse na Detec&#231;&#227;o Precoce de Disfun&#231;&#227;o Diast&#243;lica em Pacientes com Doen&#231;a Pulmonar Obstrutiva Cr&#244;nica N&#227;o Grave</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cherneva</surname>
            <given-names>Zheyna</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9306-3438</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cherneva</surname>
            <given-names>Radostina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Medical Institute</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Ministry of Internal Affairs</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Sofia</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BG">Bulg&#225;ria</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Medical Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, Sofia &#8211; Bulg&#225;ria</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Saint Sophia University Hospital of Pulmonary Diseases</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Sofia</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BG">Bulg&#225;ria</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Saint Sophia University Hospital of Pulmonary Diseases, Sofia &#8211; Bulg&#225;ria</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Zheyna Cherneva &#8226; Medical Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs &#8211; Cardiology - bul General Skobelev 78 Sofia 1000 &#8211; Bulg&#225;ria E-mail: <email>jenicherneva@yahoo.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Cherneva Z, Cherneva R</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesses</p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>01</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>116</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>259</fpage>
      <lpage>265</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A dispneia por esfor&#231;o &#233; uma queixa comum de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada (ICFEP) e doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica (DPOC). A ICFEP &#233; comum na DPOC e &#233; um fator de risco independente para a progress&#227;o e exacerba&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a. A detec&#231;&#227;o precoce, portanto, tem grande relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> O objetivo deste estudo foi detectar a frequ&#234;ncia de ICFEP mascarada em pacientes com DPOC n&#227;o grave com dispneia aos esfor&#231;os, sem doen&#231;a cardiovascular manifesta, e analisar a correla&#231;&#227;o entre ICFEP mascarada e os par&#226;metros do teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#237;cio (TCPE).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Aplicamos o TCPE em 104 pacientes com DPOC n&#227;o grave com dispneia aos esfor&#231;os, sem doen&#231;a cardiovascular evidente. A ecocardiografia foi realizada antes e no pico do TCPE. Os valores de corte para disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica ventricular esquerda e direita induzida por estresse (DDVE/DDVD) foram E/e&#8217; &gt;15; E/e&#8217; &gt;6, respectivamente. A an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o foi feita entre os par&#226;metros do TCPE e o estresse E/d&#8217;. Valor de p&lt;0,05 foi considerado significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> 64% dos pacientes tinham DDVE induzida por estresse; 78% tinham DDVD induzida por estresse. Ambos os grupos com estresse DDVE e DDVD obtiveram carga menor, V&#8217;O<sub>2</sub> e pulso de O<sub>2 </sub>mais baixos, al&#233;m de apresentarem redu&#231;&#227;o na efici&#234;ncia ventilat&#243;ria (maiores inclina&#231;&#245;es de VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>). Nenhum dos par&#226;metros do TCPE foram correlacionados com E/e&#8217; DDVE/DDVD induzida por estresse.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> H&#225; uma alta preval&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica induzida por estresse em pacientes com DPOC n&#227;o grave com dispneia aos esfor&#231;os, sem doen&#231;a cardiovascular evidente. Nenhum dos par&#226;metros do TCPE se correlaciona com E/e&#8217; induzida por estresse. Isso demanda a realiza&#231;&#227;o de Ecocardiografia sob estresse por exerc&#237;cio (EES) e TCPE para detec&#231;&#227;o precoce e manejo adequado da ICFEP mascarada nesta popula&#231;&#227;o. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021; 116(2):259-265)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia sob Estresse/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Diast&#243;lica</kwd>
        <kwd>Volume Sist&#243;lico</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a Pulmonar Obstrutiva Cr&#244;nica</kwd>
        <kwd>Testes de Fun&#231;&#227;o Respirat&#243;ria</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="25"/>
        <page-count count="7"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>As anormalidades cardiovasculares s&#227;o comuns na doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica (DPOC).<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>,<xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup>A rigidez arterial est&#225; presente mesmo em pacientes com DPOC leve e sem doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. Trata-se de um fator de risco cardiovascular independente que contribui para o desenvolvimento de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup> Dispneia e intoler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio s&#227;o sintomas comuns da DPOC e disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup> Estudos recentes com grandes coortes de pacientes identificaram um fen&#243;tipo cardiovascular em pacientes com DPOC que apresentam curso cl&#237;nico e progn&#243;stico diferentes.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> O diagn&#243;stico e o manejo precoces s&#227;o, portanto, muito importantes do ponto de vista cl&#237;nico.</p>
      <p>O teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#237;cio (TCPE) pode distinguir dispneia card&#237;aca e respirat&#243;ria ou diminui&#231;&#227;o da atividade f&#237;sica.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>-<xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup>A combina&#231;&#227;o de ecocardiografia sob estresse por exerc&#237;cio (EES) e TCPE &#233; uma abordagem confi&#225;vel para identificar pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca mascarada pela fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada (ICFEP). Al&#233;m disso, os resultados das medi&#231;&#245;es invasivas s&#227;o compar&#225;veis aos dados obtidos em estudos n&#227;o invasivos durante o EES.<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os objetivos de nosso estudo foram: 1) detectar a frequ&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica subcl&#237;nica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) e do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD) em pacientes com DPOC n&#227;o grave sem doen&#231;a cardiovascular; 2) estabelecer uma correla&#231;&#227;o entre exerc&#237;cio cardiopulmonar e os par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos para disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica (E/e&#8217;).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
      <title>Materiais e m&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Pacientes e protocolo de estudo</title>
        <p>Este foi um estudo retrospectivo realizado com 224 pacientes ambulatoriais clinicamente est&#225;veis com diagn&#243;stico de DPOC no Hospital Universit&#225;rio de Doen&#231;as Respirat&#243;rias &#8220;St. Sophia&#8221;, Sofia. Apenas 163 deles atenderam aos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o para DPOC n&#227;o grave: volume expirat&#243;rio for&#231;ado no primeiro segundo maior que 50% (VEF<sub>1</sub>&gt;50%). Todos os indiv&#237;duos apresentavam dispneia aos esfor&#231;os, mas um total de 104 pacientes (64 homens, 40 mulheres; idade m&#233;dia de 62,9&#177;7,5 anos) foram considerados eleg&#237;veis, assumindo-se os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o. O per&#237;odo de recrutamento foi entre maio de 2017 e abril de 2018, e foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica local (protocolo 5/12.03.2018). Todos os participantes assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido antes do in&#237;cio do estudo.</p>
        <p>Foram considerados os seguintes crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o: 1) fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) &lt;50%; 2) disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo em repouso superior ao primeiro grau; 3) achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos sugerindo hipertens&#227;o pulmonar (press&#227;o arterial pulmonar sist&#243;lica &gt;36 mmHg, regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide (RT), velocidade m&#225;xima do jato &gt;2,8 m/s; 4) cardiopatia valvar; 5) cardiomiopatia documentada; 6) hipertens&#227;o grave n&#227;o controlada (press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica &gt;180 mmHg e press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica &gt;90 mmHg); 7) fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial ou arritmia ventricular maligna; 8) doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o; 9) anemia; 10) diabetes mellitus; 11) c&#226;ncer; 12) doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica (DRC); 13) cirurgia tor&#225;cica ou abdominal recente; 14) exacerba&#231;&#227;o recente (nos &#250;ltimos tr&#234;s meses); 15) mudan&#231;a recente (nos &#250;ltimos tr&#234;s meses) na terapia m&#233;dica.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Procedimentos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Teste de fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar</title>
        <p>Todos os indiv&#237;duos foram submetidos a um exame cl&#237;nico preliminar, incluindo radiografia de t&#243;rax, espirometria, eletrocardiografia e ecocardiografia. Os pacientes eleg&#237;veis para o estudo realizaram espirometria e teste ergom&#233;trico em Vyntus, teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#237;cio (Carefusion, Alemanha), de acordo com as diretrizes da European Respiratory Society (ERS).<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup> Apenas pacientes com obstru&#231;&#227;o leve a moderada das vias a&#233;reas (VEF<sub>1</sub>&gt; 50%) foram selecionados.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Protocolo de teste de estresse &#8211; teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#237;cio (TCPE)</title>
        <p>Um protocolo em rampa cont&#237;nua foi aplicado de acordo com diretrizes.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup> Ap&#243;s dois minutos de pedalada sem carga (fase de repouso 0W), seguiu-se uma fase de aquecimento de tr&#234;s minutos (20W). A fase de teste incluiu incrementos de carga de 20W/2min. Os pacientes foram orientados a pedalar a 60 rota&#231;&#245;es por minuto.</p>
        <p>Os gases expirat&#243;rios foram coletados respira&#231;&#227;o a respira&#231;&#227;o. O pico de VO<sub>2</sub> foi expresso como o maior valor m&#233;dio de 30 segundos, obtido na &#250;ltima etapa do teste de esfor&#231;o. Os valores de pico de VO<sub>2</sub> s&#227;o expressos como -O<sub>2</sub> ml/kg/min. A efici&#234;ncia ventilat&#243;ria (EV/VCO<sub>2</sub>) foi medida pelo m&#233;todo V-slope. O pico da raz&#227;o de troca respirat&#243;ria (pRTR) foi o maior valor m&#233;dio de 30 segundos no &#250;ltimo est&#225;gio do teste. RTR &gt;1,10 ao final do teste EES-TCPE foi considerado como esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos ecocardiogr&#225;ficos</title>
      <p>Foram realizados ecocardiografia modo M, bidimensional com Doppler.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>,<xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup> Incid&#234;ncias apicais de quatro c&#226;maras foram usadas para medir os volumes das c&#226;maras com base na regra modificada de Simpson e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE foi considerada preservada se &gt;50%. A an&#225;lise da ecocardiografia Doppler tecidual foi realizada na dimens&#227;o septo-lateral do anel mitral e na dimens&#227;o lateral do anel tric&#250;spide para avaliar as ondas sist&#243;lica (S) e diast&#243;lica mioc&#225;rdica (E&#8217;, A&#8217;) do VE e VD. O valor E&#8217; foi usado como m&#233;dia das medi&#231;&#245;es mediais e laterais. O pico da raz&#227;o E/e&#8217; &gt;15 foi considerado um marcador para disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica ventricular esquerda induzida por estresse.</p>
      <p>A fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo direito foi avaliada por meio da excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica do plano do anel tric&#250;spide (TAPSE) e da velocidade de pico S do Doppler tecidual. A espessura da parede do ventr&#237;culo direito (EPVD) foi medida a partir do corte subcostal no eixo longo na extremidade do folheto tric&#250;spide anterior ao final da di&#225;stole. A press&#227;o pulmonar foi calculada diretamente pela amostra da insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide e indiretamente pelo tempo de acelera&#231;&#227;o (TA) do fluxo pulmonar. O &#237;ndice de volume do &#225;trio direito (IVAD) foi medido com o volume sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo direito pela regra modificada de Simpson. A disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VD induzida por estresse foi considerada se a raz&#227;o E/e&#8217; induzida por estresse fosse &gt;6. Todos os par&#226;metros foram medidos no final da expira&#231;&#227;o e tr&#234;s vezes durante diferentes ciclos card&#237;acos.<sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup></p>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Os dados demogr&#225;ficos e cl&#237;nicos foram apresentados em estat&#237;stica descritiva. O teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov foi usado para explorar a normalidade da distribui&#231;&#227;o. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas em cada grupo foram expressas como mediana e intervalo interquartil quando os dados n&#227;o foram normalmente distribu&#237;dos, e como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o (DP) se a distribui&#231;&#227;o foi normal. Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram apresentadas em propor&#231;&#245;es. Os dados foram comparados entre pacientes com e sem DDVE, bem como entre pacientes com e sem DDVD. O teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado foi usado para analisar vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas normalmente distribu&#237;das. O teste de Mann-Whitney-U foi usado em outros casos. Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram comparadas pelo teste de &#967;<sup>2</sup> ou exato de Fisher. A correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman foi usada para avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre os par&#226;metros TCPE e a raz&#227;o E/e&#8217; induzida por estresse nos ventr&#237;culos esquerdo e direito.</p>
        <p>Em todos os casos, um valor de p inferior a 0,05 foi considerado significativo, conforme determinado pelas estat&#237;sticas do software SPSS&#174; 13.0 (SPSS, Inc, Chicago, Ill).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>No grupo DPOC, 30% (32/104) dos pacientes apresentaram DDVE grau I em repouso; 14% (15/104) tinham DDVD grau I em repouso e apenas 3% (4/104) tinham tanto DDVE quanto DDVD em repouso. Ap&#243;s o TCPE, a ecocardiografia sob estresse estabeleceu que 64% (67/104) dos indiv&#237;duos tinham DDVE induzida por estresse e 78% (82/104) tinham DDVD induzida por estresse. Todos os pacientes com DDVE induzida por estresse tamb&#233;m tinham DDVD induzida por estresse. Os dados demogr&#225;ficos e cl&#237;nicos dos pacientes est&#227;o listados na <xref rid="t1" ref-type="table">Tabela 1</xref>. Os par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos dos pacientes est&#227;o apresentados na <xref rid="t2" ref-type="table">Tabela 2</xref>. Exceto para IVAD, EPVD, TA e press&#227;o arterial pulmonar sist&#243;lica ap&#243;s carga, nenhuma outra diferen&#231;a significativa foi encontrada entre os pacientes com e sem DDVE (Tabelas 1 e 2). Os resultados para pacientes com e sem DDVD foram semelhantes (Tabelas 1 e 2).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas antropom&#233;tricas e cardiopulmonares de pacientes com e sem DDVE e DDVD</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>Pacientes sem DDVE por estresse (37)</th>
                <th>Pacientes com DDVE por estresse (67)</th>
                <th>Pacientes sem DDVD por estresse (22)</th>
                <th>Pacientes com DDVD por estresse (82)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Dados demogr&#225;ficos</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade, ano</td>
                <td align="center">60,44 &#177; 7,72</td>
                <td align="center">64,16 &#177; 6,97*</td>
                <td align="center">6,95&#177;7,36</td>
                <td align="center">63,74&#177;7,60*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Masculino:feminino, n</td>
                <td align="center">21:16</td>
                <td align="center">44:23<sup>&#450;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">14:8</td>
                <td align="center">50:32<sup>&#450;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pacote, anos</td>
                <td align="center">27,21 (23,87-31,76)</td>
                <td align="center">33,79 (30,51&#177; 37,87)<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">26,52 (23,46-30,43)</td>
                <td align="center">32,11(28,82-36,13)<sup>&#450;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#205;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">27,00 (24,75-31,00)</td>
                <td align="center">27,96 (22,75-30,75)<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">28,00 (25,25-30,5)</td>
                <td align="center">26,52 (22,72-30,61)<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Fun&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CVF, l/min</td>
                <td align="center">2,06 (1,76-3,09)</td>
                <td align="center">2,34 (1,77-3,09)<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">2,05 (2,11-3,73)</td>
                <td align="center">2,21 (1,71-2,93)<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FEV<sub>1</sub>, l/min</td>
                <td align="center">1,31 (0,94-1,53)</td>
                <td align="center">1,36 (1,14-1,75)<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">1,60 (1,15-2,42)</td>
                <td align="center">1,52 (1,14-1,75)<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FEV<sub>1</sub>/CVF %</td>
                <td align="center">60,5 (46,91-67,47)</td>
                <td align="center">53,30 (45,76-66,55)<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">65,50 (54,81-68,82)</td>
                <td align="center">62,59 (46,57-66,79)<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Equil&#237;brio &#225;cido-base</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>pO<sub>2</sub>, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">68,60(63,4-71,8)</td>
                <td align="center">71,35 (64,7-74)<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">67,20 (63,56-71,68)</td>
                <td align="center">70,6 (63,2-74)<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>pCO<sub>2</sub>, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">32,30 (30,1-35,37)</td>
                <td align="center">37,65 (32,5-40)<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">34,73 (31,27-39,21)</td>
                <td align="center">35,7 (32,5-40)<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Satura&#231;&#227;o, %</td>
                <td align="center">94,9 (94,4-95,25)</td>
                <td align="center">95,00 (94,02-95,67)<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">94,75 (92,67-95,0)</td>
                <td align="center">95,00 (93,9-95,5)<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Par&#226;metros TCPE</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pico de carga, W</td>
                <td align="center">82,75 (69,8-89,1)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#9642; 76,05 (68,4-92,1)<sup>&#8224;</sup></p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">86,66 (78,65-94,76)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#9642;&#9642;73,08 (68,93-83,16)<sup>&#8224;</sup></p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pico de VM, l/min</td>
                <td align="center">40 (34-52,5)</td>
                <td align="center">38,50 (32-48)<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">41,1 (32,12-48,17)</td>
                <td align="center">39,07 (31,89-48,32)<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pico de V&#8217;O<sub>2</sub>, ml/min/kg</td>
                <td align="center">14,30(12,6-16,15)</td>
                <td align="center">13,90 (12,67-15,7)<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">14,30 (12,6-16,15)</td>
                <td align="center">13,40(15,77-12,55)<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RTR</td>
                <td align="center">1,06 (0,98-1,19)</td>
                <td align="center">1,09 (1,00-1,28)<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">1,05 (0,98-1,18)</td>
                <td align="center">1,08 (1,01-1,19)<sup>&#8224; </sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pico de pulso de O<sub>2</sub> ml/min/kg</td>
                <td align="center">9,80 (9,5-12,2)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#9642;7,90 (6,15-9,32)<sup>&#8224;</sup></p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">9,51 (9,02-13,1)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#9642;&#9642;7,92(6,27-9,84)<sup>&#8224;</sup></p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pico de inclina&#231;&#227;o VM/VCO<sub>2</sub></td>
                <td align="center">34,08 (33,98-36,72)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#9642;36,93 (34,19-38,74)<sup>&#8224;</sup></p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">34,11 (33,78-36,89)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#9642;&#9642;36,98 (34,26-38,91)<sup>&#8224;</sup></p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>*Teste t n&#227;o pareado; &#8224;Teste U de Mann-Whitney; Teste &#450;chi-quadrado; DDVE: disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DDVD: disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo direito; CVF: capacidade vital for&#231;ada; Pulso de O<sup><italic>2</italic></sup>: pulso de oxig&#234;nio; VM: ventila&#231;&#227;o minuto; RTR: raz&#227;o de troca respirat&#243;ria; V&#8217;O<sup><italic>2</italic></sup>: consumo de oxig&#234;nio; TCPE: par&#226;metros do teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#237;cio. Inclina&#231;&#227;o VM/VCO<sup><italic>2</italic></sup>: efici&#234;ncia ventilat&#243;ria; &#9642;p&lt;0,05 entre pacientes com e sem DDVE; &#9642;&#9642;p&lt;0,05 entre pacientes com e sem DDVD.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos de pacientes com e sem DDVE e DDVD</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>Pacientes sem DDVE por estresse (37)</th>
                <th>Pacientes com DDVE por estresse (67)</th>
                <th>Pacientes sem DDVD por estresse (22)</th>
                <th>Pacientes com DDVD por estresse (82)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Par&#226;metros estruturais do VE</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FEVE, %, Simpson</td>
                <td align="center">63,50(60-66)</td>
                <td align="center">60,00(57-65)*</td>
                <td align="center">65,00(60-66)</td>
                <td align="center">61,00 (67-65)*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Septo, mm</td>
                <td align="center">12,00(11-13)</td>
                <td align="center">12,00(11-13) *</td>
                <td align="center">12,00 (11-12,75)</td>
                <td align="center">12,00 (11-13)*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PW, mm</td>
                <td align="center">12,00(11,75-12)</td>
                <td align="center">12,00(11-13) *</td>
                <td align="center">12,00 (11,25-12,75)</td>
                <td align="center">12,00 (11-13)*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Par&#226;metros funcionais do VE em repouso</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Raz&#227;o E/A</td>
                <td align="center">0,79(0,75-0,85)</td>
                <td align="center">0,85 (0,76-1,20)*</td>
                <td align="center">0,78 (0,76-0,83)</td>
                <td align="center">0,84 (0,75-1,21,)*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Raz&#227;o m&#233;dia E/e&#8217;</td>
                <td align="center">6,66 (6,25-8,33)</td>
                <td align="center">6,97 (5,76-8,15)*</td>
                <td align="center">6,96 (6,27-8,33)</td>
                <td align="center">6,66 (5,63-8,1)*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="5">
                  <bold>Par&#226;metros funcionais do VE ap&#243;s o teste de esfor&#231;o</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Raz&#227;o E/A</td>
                <td align="center">1,25(0,8-1,5)</td>
                <td align="center">&#450;1,73 (1,55-2,00)*</td>
                <td align="center">1,22 (0,88-1,37)</td>
                <td align="center">&#450;&#450;1,71 (1,5-2,00)*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Raz&#227;o m&#233;dia E/e&#8217;</td>
                <td align="center">8,07 (6,7-9,6)</td>
                <td align="center">&#450;17,33 (15,71-8,46)*</td>
                <td align="center">8,12 (7,25-10)</td>
                <td align="center">&#450;&#450;17,14 (14,66-18,39)*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Par&#226;metros estruturais do VD</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IVAD, ml/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">17,57 (16,07-19,97)</td>
                <td align="center">&#450;22,66 (21,31-24,13)*</td>
                <td align="center">16,55 (15,81-17,54)</td>
                <td align="center">&#450;&#450;22,27 (20,65-23,85)*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RWT, mm</td>
                <td align="center">5,00 (4,5-6,5)</td>
                <td align="center">&#450;6,50 (6-7)*</td>
                <td align="center">5,00 (4,12-5,00)</td>
                <td align="center">&#450;&#450;6,50 (6,00-7,00)*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TAPSE, mm</td>
                <td align="center">23,00 (22,00-26,00)</td>
                <td align="center">22,00 (21,00-23,00)*</td>
                <td align="center">23,00 (21,25-26,00)</td>
                <td align="center">22,00 (21-23,5)*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Par&#226;metros funcionais do VD em repouso</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Raz&#227;o E/A</td>
                <td align="center">0,83 (0,75-0,95)</td>
                <td align="center">0,69 (0,62-0,75)*</td>
                <td align="center">0,83 (0,76-1,16)</td>
                <td align="center">0,71 (0,66-0,83)*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Raz&#227;o m&#233;dia E/e&#8217;</td>
                <td align="center">5,47 (4,56-5,69)</td>
                <td align="center">4,16(3,33-5,00)*</td>
                <td align="center">5,47 (4,56-5,69)</td>
                <td align="center">4,54(3,33-5,22)*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TA, msec</td>
                <td align="center">170 (163,75-180)</td>
                <td align="center">170(160-180)*</td>
                <td align="center">170 (165-180)</td>
                <td align="center">170(160-180)*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>sPAP, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">26,00 (25-28)</td>
                <td align="center">28,00 (25-30)*</td>
                <td align="center">25,00 (23-27)</td>
                <td align="center">28,00 (25-30)*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Par&#226;metros funcionais do VD ap&#243;s o teste de esfor&#231;o</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Raz&#227;o E/A</td>
                <td align="center">1,26 (1,09-1,48)</td>
                <td align="center">1,31(1,18-1,49)*</td>
                <td align="center">1,28 (1,14-1,5)</td>
                <td align="center">1,37 (1,22-1,52)*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Raz&#227;o m&#233;dia E/e&#8217;</td>
                <td align="center">6,21 (5,38-7,89)</td>
                <td align="center">10,83 (9,04-13,23)*</td>
                <td align="center">6,92 (5,46-8,00)</td>
                <td align="center">&#450;&#450;11,25 (9,00-13,33)*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TA, msec</td>
                <td align="center">165(155-175)</td>
                <td align="center">&#450;105(95-110)*</td>
                <td align="center">162,5(155-170)</td>
                <td align="center">&#450;&#450;110(95-115)*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>sPAP, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">32,00(30-33,25)</td>
                <td align="center">&#450;38,00 (36-42)*</td>
                <td align="center">32,00 (30-33,75)</td>
                <td align="center">&#450;&#450; 38,00 (35-40)*</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>DDVE: disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DDVD: disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo direito; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; IVAD: &#237;ndice de volume do &#225;trio direito; TAPSE: excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica do plano do anel tric&#250;spide; &#450;p &lt;0,05 entre pacientes com e sem DDVE; PW: parede posterior; SPAP: press&#227;o arterial pulmonar sist&#243;lica; EPVD: espessura da parede do ventr&#237;culo direito; TA: tempo de acelera&#231;&#227;o. &#450;&#450;p &lt;0,05 entre pacientes com e sem DDVD. </italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A capacidade de exerc&#237;cio foi reduzida em pacientes com DPOC com disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica direita e esquerda induzida por estresse, em compara&#231;&#227;o com pacientes sem (<xref rid="t1" ref-type="table">Tabela 1</xref>). Os pacientes DPOC-DDVD/DDVE alcan&#231;aram carga mais baixa, VO<sub>2</sub> e pulso de O<sub>2</sub> mais baixos. Tiveram um desempenho com inclina&#231;&#245;es de VM/VCO<sub>2</sub> significativamente maiores (<xref rid="t1" ref-type="table">Tabela 1</xref>). Nenhum dos par&#226;metros TCPE foi associado &#224; raz&#227;o E/e&#8217; esquerda ou direita induzida por estresse (<xref rid="t3" ref-type="table">Tabela 3</xref>.)</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o entre os par&#226;metros de teste de exerc&#237;cio respirat&#243;rio e cardiopulmonar com a raz&#227;o E/e&#8217; induzida por estresse para ventr&#237;culo esquerdo/ventr&#237;culo direito, respectivamente</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Par&#226;metros</th>
                <th colspan="2">DDVE</th>
                <th colspan="2">DDVD</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>Spearman rho</th>
                <th>valor de p</th>
                <th>Spearman rho</th>
                <th>valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Pico de carga, W</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
                <td align="center">0,84</td>
                <td align="center">0,03</td>
                <td align="center">0,78</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pico de VM, l/min</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
                <td align="center">0,85</td>
                <td align="center">0,12</td>
                <td align="center">0,28</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pico de VO<sub>2</sub>, ml/min/kg</td>
                <td align="center">0,12</td>
                <td align="center">0,56</td>
                <td align="center">0,03</td>
                <td align="center">0,73</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RTR</td>
                <td align="center">0,06</td>
                <td align="center">0,74</td>
                <td align="center">0,12</td>
                <td align="center">0,27</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pico de pulso de O<sub>2</sub> ml/min/kg</td>
                <td align="center">0,10</td>
                <td align="center">0,60</td>
                <td align="center">0,11</td>
                <td align="center">0,32</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pico de inclina&#231;&#227;o VM/VCO<sub>2</sub></td>
                <td align="center">0,35</td>
                <td align="center">0,07</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
                <td align="center">0,80</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CVF, l/min</td>
                <td align="center">0,28</td>
                <td align="center">0,11</td>
                <td align="center">0,10</td>
                <td align="center">0,34</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FEV<sub>1</sub>, l/min</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
                <td align="center">0,95</td>
                <td align="center">0,04</td>
                <td align="center">0,71</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>
                <italic>Teste U de Mann-Whitney; &#8224; Abreviaturas: DDVE: disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DDVD: disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo direito; CVF: capacidade vital for&#231;ada; RTR: raz&#227;o de troca respirat&#243;ria; &#450;p&lt;0,05 entre pacientes com e sem DDVE; VM/VCO<sub><italic>2:</italic></sub> efici&#234;ncia ventilat&#243;ria; &#450;&#450;p&lt;0,05 entre pacientes com e sem DDVD</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Nossos principais achados foram: 1) 64% dos pacientes com DPOC n&#227;o grave e dispneia aos esfor&#231;os que est&#227;o livres de doen&#231;a cardiovascular clinicamente evidente t&#234;m DDVE induzida por estresse; 1) 78% do mesmo grupo de pacientes t&#234;m DDVD induzida por estresse; 3) nenhum dos par&#226;metros TCPE foi correlacionado com a raz&#227;o E/e&#8217; induzida por estresse no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo ou direito. At&#233; onde sabemos, este &#233; o primeiro estudo usando a combina&#231;&#227;o EES-TCPE em pacientes com DPOC n&#227;o grave, dispneia aos esfor&#231;os e livres de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares evidentes. Aumento da raz&#227;o E/e&#8217; induzida por estresse &gt;15 do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi detectado em 64% deles; eleva&#231;&#227;o induzida por estresse da raz&#227;o E/e&#8217; &gt;6 no ventr&#237;culo direito foi encontrada em 78% dos casos. N&#227;o podemos comparar nossos dados com outros estudos de popula&#231;&#245;es de pacientes com DPOC n&#227;o grave porque a maioria deles relata a incid&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica em repouso.<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>-<xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Nedeljkovic et al. realizaram EES em uma popula&#231;&#227;o de 87 pacientes hipertensos com dispneia aos esfor&#231;os e fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda normal. Reportaram, em 9,2% dos pacientes, raz&#227;o por estresse E/e&#8217; &gt;15.<sup><xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref></sup> Kaiser et al. tamb&#233;m investigaram uma popula&#231;&#227;o geral de 87 pacientes com dispneia aos esfor&#231;os e relataram disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica em 9% deles.<sup><xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A maior preval&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica de estresse que descrevemos em pacientes com DPOC confirma que a pr&#243;pria DPOC &#233; um fator de risco cardiovascular.<sup><xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>,<xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref></sup> Rigidez arterial &#233; uma caracter&#237;stica da DPOC, independentemente do impacto do tabagismo. O estresse da parede ventricular observado durante a respira&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m &#233; relatado como um mecanismo fisiopatol&#243;gico independente para a remodela&#231;&#227;o do VE em pacientes com DPOC leve sem patologia cardiovascular evidente.<sup><xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref></sup> Tanto a rigidez arterial quanto o estresse da parede ventricular causam fibrose ventricular difusa em pacientes com DPOC livres de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.<sup><xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>,<xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em nosso estudo, pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica induzida por estresse (ambos DDVE e DDVD) atingem carga, VO<sub>2</sub> e pulso de O<sub>2</sub> mais baixos e apresentam desempenho em inclina&#231;&#245;es de VM/VCO<sub>2</sub> significativamente maiores. Nenhum dos par&#226;metros TCPE, no entanto, se correlaciona com a raz&#227;o de estresse E/e&#8217; (nem no VE nem no VD). Esses achados s&#227;o semelhantes aos relatados na popula&#231;&#227;o em geral. Nedeljkovic et al. detectaram menor carga, menor consumo de oxig&#234;nio e menor efici&#234;ncia ventilat&#243;ria em pacientes hipertensos com dispneia aos esfor&#231;os e DDVE induzida por estresse.<sup><xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref></sup> Kaiser et al. descreveram aumento da reserva de frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e redu&#231;&#227;o do pulso de oxig&#234;nio em uma popula&#231;&#227;o geral de pacientes com dispneia aos esfor&#231;os.<sup><xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref></sup> Guazzi et al. tamb&#233;m estabeleceram uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica (raz&#227;o E/e&#8217;) e consumo ao pico de oxig&#234;nio, efici&#234;ncia ventilat&#243;ria e recupera&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.<sup><xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref></sup> No grupo de pacientes com patologia cardiovascular evidente e ecocardiografia normal em repouso de Guazzi, a efici&#234;ncia ventilat&#243;ria se correlacionou melhor com o pico da raz&#227;o E/e&#8217; &gt;15. A vantagem cl&#237;nica da rela&#231;&#227;o VM/VCO<sub>2</sub> como melhor preditor da raz&#227;o por estresse E/e&#8217; tamb&#233;m foi confirmada nos pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca diast&#243;lica analisados por Nedeljkovic et al.<sup><xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref></sup> Kaiser et al. n&#227;o apoiam tais conclus&#245;es, enfatizando a import&#226;ncia do aumento da reserva da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e da diminui&#231;&#227;o no pulso de oxig&#234;nio como preditores da raz&#227;o por estresse E/e&#8217; na popula&#231;&#227;o geral de pacientes com dispneia aos esfor&#231;os e livres de doen&#231;a cardiovascular evidente.<sup><xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Parece que os par&#226;metros TCPE podem ajudar no diagn&#243;stico diferencial de dispneia na popula&#231;&#227;o em geral, bem como em pacientes com patologia cardiovascular diagnosticada.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>-<xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup> De acordo com nossos resultados, em pacientes com DPOC, esses n&#227;o s&#227;o par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos confi&#225;veis que podem servir como preditores independentes de anormalidade cardiovascular e, portanto, n&#227;o s&#227;o aplic&#225;veis no algoritmo de diagn&#243;stico de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica mascarada.</p>
      <p>Nossos achados corroboram a presen&#231;a de comprometimento funcional em pacientes com DPOC n&#227;o grave com dispneia aos esfor&#231;os e livres de doen&#231;a cardiovascular evidente. O Doppler tecidual durante o exerc&#237;cio mostra a complexa intera&#231;&#227;o cora&#231;&#227;o-pulm&#227;o e as altera&#231;&#245;es induzidas pelo esfor&#231;o, que aumentam os comprometimentos funcionais card&#237;acos que podem n&#227;o ser evidentes em repouso. Nossos achados apoiam as recomenda&#231;&#245;es atuais de EES-TCPE como uma ferramenta para detec&#231;&#227;o precoce de ICFEP.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup> Como nenhum dos par&#226;metros do teste de esfor&#231;o cardiopulmonar provou ser preditivo de DDVE/DDVD induzida por estresse, a ecocardiografia de estresse tem grande relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica para um diagn&#243;stico preciso de patologia card&#237;aca e respirat&#243;ria em pacientes com DPOC n&#227;o graves e dispneia aos esfor&#231;os.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
        <p>O estudo teve as seguintes limita&#231;&#245;es: 1) tamanho de amostra relativamente pequeno; 2) falta de pletismografia corporal e medida da capacidade de difus&#227;o, que s&#227;o informativos para uma avalia&#231;&#227;o adequada da dispneia; 3) pacientes com DPOC apresentam oscila&#231;&#245;es de press&#227;o aumentada durante o ciclo respirat&#243;rio, e a medi&#231;&#227;o foi realizada ao final da expira&#231;&#227;o, o que pode influenciar os resultados; 4) as medi&#231;&#245;es foram feitas no in&#237;cio do per&#237;odo de recupera&#231;&#227;o (aproximadamente dois minutos) ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio limitado por sintomas. A linha do tempo das mudan&#231;as das press&#245;es pulmonar e intrator&#225;cica durante o breve intervalo entre o pico do exerc&#237;cio e sua medida no in&#237;cio da recupera&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o &#233; bem conhecida e poderia, portanto, ser subestimada.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>H&#225; uma alta preval&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica induzida por estresse em pacientes com DPOC n&#227;o grave com dispneia aos esfor&#231;os, sem doen&#231;a cardiovascular evidente. Nenhum dos par&#226;metros do TCPE se correlaciona com a raz&#227;o E/e&#8217; induzida por estresse. Portanto, a realiza&#231;&#227;o do EES-TCPE &#233; necess&#225;ria para a detec&#231;&#227;o precoce e o manejo adequado da ICFEP mascarada nesta popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>The Role of Stress Echocardiography in the Early Detection of Diastolic Dysfunction in Non-Severe Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Patients</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cherneva</surname>
            <given-names>Zheyna</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9306-3438</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cherneva</surname>
            <given-names>Radostina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BG">Bulg&#225;ria</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Medical Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, Sofia - Bulg&#225;ria</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BG">Bulg&#225;ria</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Saint Sophia University Hospital of Pulmonary Diseases, Sofia - Bulg&#225;ria</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Zheyna Cherneva &#8226;</bold> Medical Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs &#8211; Cardiology - bul General Skobelev 78 Sofia 1000 &#8211; Bulgaria E-mail: jenicherneva@yahoo.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Statistical analysis, Obtaining financing, Writing of the manuscript, Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Cherneva Z, Cherneva R</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Exertional dyspnea is a common complaint of patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). HFpEF is common in COPD and is an independent risk factor for disease progression and exacerbation. Early detection, therefore, has great clinical relevance.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> The aim of the study is to detect the frequency of masked HFpEF in non-severe COPD patients with exertional dyspnea, free of overt cardiovascular disease, and to analyze the correlation between masked HFpEF and the cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) parameters.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> We applied the CPET in 104 non-severe COPD patients with exertional dyspnea, free of overt cardiovascular disease. Echocardiography was performed before and at peak CPET. Cut-off values for stress-induced left and right ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD/ RVDD) were E/e&#8217;&gt;15; E/e&#8217;&gt;6, respectively. Correlation analysis was done between CPET parameters and stress E/e&#8217;. A p-value &lt;0.05 was considered significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> 64% of the patients had stress-induced LVDD; 78% had stress-induced RVDD. Both groups with stress LVDD and RVDD achieved lower load, lower V&#8217;O<sub>2</sub> and O<sub>2</sub>-pulse, besides showing reduced ventilatory efficiency (higher VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slopes). None of the CPET parameters were correlated to stress-induced left or right E/e&#8217;.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> There is a high prevalence of stress-induced diastolic dysfunction in non-severe COPD patients with exertional dyspnea, free of overt cardiovascular disease. None of the CPET parameters correlates to stress-induced E/e&#8217;. This demands the performance of Exercise stress echocardiography (ESE) and CPET for the early detection and proper management of masked HFpEF in this population. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021; 116(2):259-265)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Echocardiography,Stress/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure,Diastolic</kwd>
        <kwd>Stroke Volume</kwd>
        <kwd>Pulmonary Disease,Chronic Obstructive</kwd>
        <kwd>Respiratory Funstion Tests</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Cardiovascular abnormalities are common in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>,<xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> Arterial stiffness is present even in mild COPD patients free of cardiovascular diseases. It is an independent cardiovascular risk factor that contributes for the development of diastolic dysfunction.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup> Dyspnea and exercise intolerance are common symptoms for both COPD and diastolic dysfunction.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup> Recent studies with large patient cohorts have identified a cardiovascular phenotype in COPD patients who present with a different clinical course and prognosis.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> Early diagnosis and management is, therefore, very important from the clinical point of view.</p>
        <p>Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) may distinguish cardiac and respiratory dyspnea or diminished physical activity.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>-<xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup> The combination of exercise stress-echocardiography (ESE) and CPET is a reliable approach to identify patients with masked heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Moreover, the results from invasive measurements are comparable to data obtained with non-invasive studies during ESE.<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The aims of our study were: 1) to detect the frequency of subclinical left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) diastolic dysfunction in non-severe COPD patients free of cardiovascular disease; 2) to establish a correlation between cardiopulmonary exercise and echocardiographic parameters for diastolic dysfunction (E/e<sup>&#8217;</sup>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
        <title>Materials and Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Patients and Study Protocol</title>
          <p>This was a retrospective study conducted with 224 clinically stable outpatients diagnosed with COPD at the University Hospital for Respiratory Diseases &#8220;St. Sophia&#8221;, Sofia. Only 163 of them met the inclusion criteria for non-severe COPD &#8211; forced expiratory volume in the first second higher than 50% (FEV<sub>1</sub>&gt;50%). All subjects had exertional dyspnea, but a total of 104 patients (64 men, 40 women; mean age of 62.9&#177;7.5 years) were considered eligible, assuming the exclusion criteria. The recruitment period was between May 2017 and April 2018, and was approved by the local Ethics Committee (protocol 5/12.03.2018). All participants signed the informed consent form before the study initiation.</p>
          <p>The following exclusion criteria were considered: 1) left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) &lt;50%; 2) left ventricular diastolic dysfunction at rest higher than first grade; 3) echocardiographic findings suggesting pulmonary hypertension (systolic pulmonary arterial pressure &gt;36 mmHg, tricuspid regurgitation (TR) jet maximum velocity &gt;2.8 m/s; 4) valvular heart disease; 5) documented cardiomyopathy; 6) severe uncontrolled hypertension (systolic blood pressure &gt;180 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure &gt;90 mmHg); 7) atrial fibrillation or malignant ventricular arrhythmia; 8) ischemic heart disease; 9) anemia; 10) diabetes mellitus; 11) cancer; 12) chronic kidney disease (CKD); 13) recent chest or abdominal surgery; 14) recent exacerbation (over the last three months); 15) recent change (over the last three months) in medical therapy.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Procedures</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Pulmonary Function Testing</title>
          <p>All subjects underwent preliminary clinical examination including chest X-ray, spirometry, electrocardiography, echocardiography. Patients eligible for the study performed spirometry and an exercise stress test. They were performed on Vyntus, Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (Carefusion, Germany), in accordance with the European Respiratory Society (ERS) guidelines.<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup>Only patients with mild to moderate airway obstruction (FEV1 &gt;50%) were selected.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Stress Test Protocol &#8211; Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET)</title>
          <p>A continuous ramp protocol was applied according to guidelines.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup> After two minutes of unloaded pedaling (rest phase 0W), a three-minute warm-up phase (20W) followed. The test phase included 20W/2min load increments. Patients were instructed to pedal with 60 rotations per minute.</p>
          <p>Expiratory gases were collected on a breath-by-breath basis. Peak VO<sub>2</sub> was expressed as the highest 30-second average value, obtained during the last stage of the exercise test. The peak values of VO<sub>2</sub> are expressed as -O<sub>2</sub> ml/kg/min. Ventilatory efficiency (VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>) was measured by the V-slope method. Peak respiratory exchange ratio (pRER) was the highest 30-second value averaged in the last stage of the test. RER &gt;1.10 at the end of the ESE-CPET test was considered as achievement of maximal effort.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Echocardiographic Methods</title>
          <p>M-mode, two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography were performed.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>,<xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup> Apical four-chamber views were used to measure chamber volumes based on Simpson&#8217;s modified rule and LV ejection fraction was considered preserved if &gt;50%. Doppler tissue echocardiography (DTE) analysis was performed in the septal-lateral dimension of mitral annulus, and lateral dimension of tricuspid annulus to assess myocardial systolic (S) and diastolic (E&#8217;, A&#8217;) waves of LV and RV. The E&#8217; value was used as average of medial and lateral measurements. Peak E/e&#8217; ratio &gt;15 was considered a marker for stress-induced left ventricular diastolic dysfunction.</p>
          <p>Right ventricular systolic function was assessed using tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) and tissue Doppler S peak velocity. Right ventricular wall thickness (RVWT) was measured from the subcostal long-axis view at the tip of the anterior tricuspid leaflet in end-diastole. Pulmonary pressure was calculated directly by sampling the tricuspid insufficiency and indirectly by the acceleration time (AT) on pulmonary flow. Right atrium volume index (RAVI) was measured with the right ventricular end-systolic volume by the Simpson&#8217;s modified rule. Stress-induced RV diastolic dysfunction was considered if stress-induced E/e&#8217; ratio &gt;6. All parameters were measured at end-expiration and in triplicate during different heart cycles.<sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
          <p>Demographic and clinical data were presented with descriptive statistics. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to explore the normality of distribution. Continuous variables in each group of subjects were expressed as median and interquartile range when data was not normally distributed and as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD) if normal distribution was observed. Categorical variables were presented as proportions. Data were compared between patients with and without LVDD, as well as between patients with and without RVDD. The unpaired Student&#8217;s t test was used to analyze normally distributed continuous variables. The Mann-Whitney-U test was used in other cases. Categorical variables were compared by the &#967;<sup>2</sup> test or the Fisher&#8217;s exact test. The Spearman&#8217;s rank correlation was used to assess the association between CPET parameters and stress-induced E/e&#8217; ratio for the left and right ventricles.</p>
          <p>In all cases, a p value of less than 0.05 was considered significant, as determined with SPSS&#174; 13.0 Software (SPSS, Inc, Chicago, Ill) statistics.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>In the COPD group, 30% (32/104) of patients had grade I LVDD at rest; 14% (15/104) had grade I RVDD at rest and only 3% (4/104) had both RV and LVDD at rest. After CPET, the stress-echocardiography established that 64% (67/104) of the subjects had stress-induced LVDD, and 78% (82/104) had stress-induced RVDD. All patients with stress-induced LVDD also had stress-induced RVDD. The demographic and clinical data of patients are listed in <xref rid="t1001" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref>. The echocardiographic parameters of patients are shown in <xref rid="t2001" ref-type="table">Table 2</xref>. Except for RAVI, RVWT, acceleration time and systolic pulmonary arterial pressure after load, no other significant differences were found between patients with and without LVDD (Tables 1 and 2). The results for patients with and without RVDD were similar (Tables 1 and 2).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Anthropometric and cardiopulmonary characteristics of patients with and without LVDD and RVDD</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Patients w/o stress LVDD (37)</th>
                  <th>Patients with stress LVDD (67)</th>
                  <th>Patients w/o stress RVDD (22)</th>
                  <th>Patients with stress RVDD (82)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Demographic data</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age, year</td>
                  <td align="center">60.44 &#177; 7.72</td>
                  <td align="center">64.16 &#177; 6.97*</td>
                  <td align="center">6.95&#177;7.36</td>
                  <td align="center">63.74&#177;7.60*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male:Female gender, n</td>
                  <td align="center">21:16</td>
                  <td align="center">44:23<sup>&#450;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">14:8</td>
                  <td align="center">50:32<sup>&#450;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Packet, years</td>
                  <td align="center">27.21 (23.87-31.76)</td>
                  <td align="center">33.79 (30.51&#177; 37.87)<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">26.52 (23.46-30.43)</td>
                  <td align="center">32.11(28.82-36.13)<sup>&#450;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Body mass index, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">27.00 (24.75-31.00)</td>
                  <td align="center">27.96 (22.75-30.75)<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">28.00 (25.25-30.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">26.52 (22.72-30.61)<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Respiratory function </bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FVC, l/min</td>
                  <td align="center">2.06 (1.76-3.09)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.34 (1.77-3.09)<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">2.05 (2.11-3.73)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.21 (1.71-2.93)<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FEV<sub>1</sub>, l/min</td>
                  <td align="center">1.31 (0.94-1.53)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.36 (1.14-1.75)<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">1.60 (1.15-2.42)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.52 (1.14-1.75)<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FEV<sub>1</sub>/FVC %</td>
                  <td align="center">60.5 (46.91-67.47)</td>
                  <td align="center">53.30 (45.76-66.55)<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">65.50 (54.81-68.82)</td>
                  <td align="center">62.59 (46.57-66.79)<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Acid-base balance</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>pO<sub>2</sub>, mmHg</td>
                  <td align="center">68.60(63.4-71.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">71.35 (64.7-74)<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">67.20 (63.56-71.68)</td>
                  <td align="center">70.6 (63.2-74)<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>pCO<sub>2</sub>, mmHg</td>
                  <td align="center">32.30 (30.1-35.37)</td>
                  <td align="center">37.65 (32.5-40)<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">34.73 (31.27-39.21)</td>
                  <td align="center">35.7 (32.5-40)<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sat, %</td>
                  <td align="center">94.9 (94.4-95.25)</td>
                  <td align="center">95.00 (94.02-95.67)<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">94.75 (92.67-95.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">95.00 (93.9-95.5)<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>CPET parameters</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Peak Load, W</td>
                  <td align="center">82.75 (69.8-89.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p> 76.05 (68.4-92.1)<sup>&#8224;</sup></p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">86.66 (78.65-94.76)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#9642;73.08 (68.93-83.16)<sup>&#8224;</sup></p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Peak VE, l/min</td>
                  <td align="center">40 (34-52.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">38.50 (32-48)<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">41.1 (32.12-48.17)</td>
                  <td align="center">39.07 (31.89-48.32)<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Peak V&#8217;O<sub>2</sub>, ml/min/kg</td>
                  <td align="center">14.30(12.6-16.15)</td>
                  <td align="center">13.90 (12.67-15.7)<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">14.30 (12.6-16.15)</td>
                  <td align="center">13.40(15.77-12.55)<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RER</td>
                  <td align="center">1.06 (0.98-1.19)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.09 (1.00-1.28)<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">1.05 (0.98-1.18)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.08 (1.01-1.19)<sup>&#8224; </sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Peak O<sub>2</sub> pulse ml/min/kg</td>
                  <td align="center">9.80 (9.5-12.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>7.90 (6.15-9.32)<sup>&#8224;</sup></p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">9.51 (9.02-13.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#9642;7.92(6.27-9.84)<sup>&#8224;</sup></p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Peak VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope</td>
                  <td align="center">34.08 (33.98-36.72)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>36.93 (34.19-38.74)<sup>&#8224;</sup></p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">34.11 (33.78-36.89)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#9642;36.98 (34.26-38.91)<sup>&#8224;</sup></p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>*Unpaired t test; &#8224;Mann-Whitney U test; &#450;chi-square test; &#167;Abbreviations: LVDD: left ventricular diastolic dysfunction; RVDD: right ventricular diastolic dysfunction; O<sub><italic>2</italic></sub> pulse: oxygen pulse; FVC: forced vital capacity; VE: minute ventilation; RER: respiratory exchange ratio; V&#8217;O<sub><italic>2</italic></sub>: oxygen consumption; VE/VCO<sub><italic>2</italic></sub> slope: ventilatory efficiency; &#9642;p&lt;0.05 between patients with and without LVDD; &#9642;&#9642;p&lt;0.05 between patients with and without RVDD.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Echocardiographic parameters of patients with and without LVDD and RVDD</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Patients w/o stress LVDD (37)</th>
                  <th>Patients with stress LVDD (67)</th>
                  <th>Patients w/o stress RVDD (22)</th>
                  <th>Patients with stress RVDD (82)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>LV structural parameters </bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVEF, %, Simpson</td>
                  <td align="center">63.50(60-66)</td>
                  <td align="center">60.00(57-65)*</td>
                  <td align="center">65.00(60-66)</td>
                  <td align="center">61.00 (67-65)*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Septum, mm</td>
                  <td align="center">12.00(11-13)</td>
                  <td align="center">12.00(11-13) *</td>
                  <td align="center">12.00 (11-12.75)</td>
                  <td align="center">12.00 (11-13)*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PW, mm</td>
                  <td align="center">12.00(11.75-12)</td>
                  <td align="center">12.00(11-13) *</td>
                  <td align="center">12.00 (11.25-12.75)</td>
                  <td align="center">12.00 (11-13)*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>LV functional parameters at rest</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>E/A ratio</td>
                  <td align="center">0.79(0.75-0.85)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.85 (0.76-1.20)*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.78 (0.76-0.83)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.84 (0.75-1.21.)*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>E/e&#8217; aver ratio</td>
                  <td align="center">6.66 (6.25-8.33)</td>
                  <td align="center">6.97 (5.76-8.15)*</td>
                  <td align="center">6.96 (6.27-8.33)</td>
                  <td align="center">6.66 (5.63-8.1)*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>LV functional parameters after exercise stress test</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>E/A ratio</td>
                  <td align="center">1.25(0.8-1.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#450;1.73 (1.55-2.00)*</td>
                  <td align="center">1.22 (0.88-1.37)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#450;&#450;1.71 (1.5-2.00)*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>E/e&#8217; aver</td>
                  <td align="center">8.07 (6.7-9.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#450;17.33 (15.71-8.46)*</td>
                  <td align="center">8.12 (7.25-10)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#450;&#450;17.14 (14.66-18.39)*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>RV structural parameters </bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RAVI, ml/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">17.57 (16.07-19.97)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#450;22.66 (21.31-24.13)*</td>
                  <td align="center">16.55 (15.81-17.54)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#450;&#450;22.27 (20.65-23.85)*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RWT, mm</td>
                  <td align="center">5.00 (4.5-6.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#450;6.50 (6-7)*</td>
                  <td align="center">5.00 (4.12-5.00)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#450;&#450;6.50 (6.00-7.00)*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TAPSE,mm</td>
                  <td align="center">23.00 (22.00-26.00)</td>
                  <td align="center">22.00 (21.00-23.00)*</td>
                  <td align="center">23.00 (21.25-26.00)</td>
                  <td align="center">22.00 (21-23.5)*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>RV functional parameters at rest</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>E/A ratio</td>
                  <td align="center">0.83 (0.75-0.95)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.69 (0.62-0.75)*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.83 (0.76-1.16)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.71 (0.66-0.83)*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>E/e&#8217; aver</td>
                  <td align="center">5.47 (4.56-5.69)</td>
                  <td align="center">4.16(3.33-5.00)*</td>
                  <td align="center">5.47 (4.56-5.69)</td>
                  <td align="center">4.54(3.33-5.22)*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AT, msec</td>
                  <td align="center">170 (163.75-180)</td>
                  <td align="center">170(160-180)*</td>
                  <td align="center">170 (165-180)</td>
                  <td align="center">170(160-180)*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>sPAP, mmHg</td>
                  <td align="center">26.00 (25-28)</td>
                  <td align="center">28.00 (25-30)*</td>
                  <td align="center">25.00 (23-27)</td>
                  <td align="center">28.00 (25-30)*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>RV functional parameters after exercise stress test</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>E/A ratio</td>
                  <td align="center">1.26 (1.09-1.48)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.31(1.18-1.49)*</td>
                  <td align="center">1.28 (1.14-1.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.37 (1.22-1.52)*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>E/e&#8217; aver</td>
                  <td align="center">6.21 (5.38-7.89)</td>
                  <td align="center">10.83 (9.04-13.23)*</td>
                  <td align="center">6.92 (5.46-8.00)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#450;&#450;11.25 (9.00-13.33)*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AT, msec</td>
                  <td align="center">165(155-175)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#450;105(95-110)*</td>
                  <td align="center">162.5(155-170)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#450;&#450;110(95-115)*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>sPAP, mmHg</td>
                  <td align="center">32.00(30-33.25)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#450;38.00 (36-42)*</td>
                  <td align="center">32.00 (30-33.75)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#450;&#450; 38.00 (35-40)*</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic>*Mann-Whitney U test; LVDD: left ventricular diastolic dysfunction; RVDD: right ventricular diastolic dysfunction; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; RAVI: Right atrium volume index; TAPSE: tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; PW: posterior wall; SPAP: systolic pulmonary arterial pressure; RWT: right ventricular wall thickness; AT: accelaration time. &#450;p&lt;0.05 between patients with and without LVDD; &#450;&#450;p&lt;0.05 between patients with and without RVDD.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Exercise capacity was reduced in COPD patients with stress-induced right and left diastolic dysfunction, compared to those without it (<xref rid="t1001" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref>). The COPD-RVDD/LVDD patients achieved lower load, lower VO<sub>2</sub> and O<sub>2</sub>-pulse. They performed with significantly higher VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slopes (<xref rid="t1001" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref>). None of the CPET parameters was associated with stress-induced left or right E/e&#8217; ratio (<xref rid="t3001" ref-type="table">Table 3</xref>.)</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Correlation analysis between respiratory and cardiopulmonary exercise testing parameters with stress-induced E/e&#8217; ratio for the left ventricle/right ventricle, respectively</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Parameters</th>
                  <th colspan="2">LVDD</th>
                  <th colspan="2">RVDD</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Spearman rho</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                  <th>Spearman rho</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Peak Load , W</td>
                  <td align="center">0.02</td>
                  <td align="center">0.84</td>
                  <td align="center">0.03</td>
                  <td align="center">0.78</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Peak VE, l/min</td>
                  <td align="center">0.02</td>
                  <td align="center">0.85</td>
                  <td align="center">0.12</td>
                  <td align="center">0.28</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PeakVO<sub>2</sub>, ml/min/kg</td>
                  <td align="center">0.12</td>
                  <td align="center">0.56</td>
                  <td align="center">0.03</td>
                  <td align="center">0.73</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RER</td>
                  <td align="center">0.06</td>
                  <td align="center">0.74</td>
                  <td align="center">0.12</td>
                  <td align="center">0.27</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PeakO<sub>2</sub> pulse ml/min/kg</td>
                  <td align="center">0.10</td>
                  <td align="center">0.60</td>
                  <td align="center">0.11</td>
                  <td align="center">0.32</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Peak VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope</td>
                  <td align="center">0.35</td>
                  <td align="center">0.07</td>
                  <td align="center">0.02</td>
                  <td align="center">0.80</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FVC, l/min</td>
                  <td align="center">0.28</td>
                  <td align="center">0.11</td>
                  <td align="center">0.10</td>
                  <td align="center">0.34</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FEV<sub>1</sub>, l/min</td>
                  <td align="center">0.01</td>
                  <td align="center">0.95</td>
                  <td align="center">0.04</td>
                  <td align="center">0.71</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>
                  <italic>LVDD: left ventricular diastolic dysfunction; RVDD: right ventricular diastolic dysfunction; RER: respiratory exchange ratio; VO<sub><italic>2:</italic></sub> oxygen consumption; VE/VCO<sub><italic>2</italic></sub> slope: ventilatory efficiency; FVC: forced vital capacity; VE: minute ventilation.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Our main findings were: 1) 64% of the patients with non-severe COPD and exertional dyspnea who are free of clinically evident cardiovascular disease have stress-induced LVDD; 1) 78% of the same group of patients have stress-induced RVDD; 3) none of the CPET parameters was correlated with stress-induced E/e&#8217; ratio either in the left or the right ventricle. To our knowledge, this is the first study using combined ESE-CPET in non-severe COPD patients with exertional dyspnea and free of overt cardiovascular diseases. Stress-induced increase of E/e&#8217; ratio &gt;15 of the left ventricle was detected in 64% of them; stress-induced elevation of E/e&#8217; ratio &gt;6 of the right ventricle was met in 78% of cases. We cannot compare our data to other studies of non-severe COPD patient populations because most of them report on the incidence of diastolic dysfunction at rest+<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>-<xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Nedeljkovic et al. performed ESE in a population of 87 hypertensive patients with exertional dyspnea and normal left ventricular function. They found in 9.2% of the patients a stress ratio E/e&#8217; &gt;15.<sup><xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref></sup> Kaiser et al. also investigated a general population of 87 patients with exertional dyspnea and reported diastolic dysfunction in 9% of them.<sup><xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The higher prevalence of stress diastolic dysfunction that we describe in COPD patients confirms that COPD itself is a cardiovascular risk factor.<sup><xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>,<xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref></sup>Arterial stiffness is a feature of COPD, regardless of the smoking burden. The ventricular wall stress seen during respiration is also reported as an independent pathophysiological mechanism for LV remodeling in mild COPD patients without overt cardiovascular pathology.<sup><xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref></sup> Both arterial stiffness and ventricular wall stress cause diffuse LV fibrosis in COPD patients free of cardiovascular diseases.<sup><xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>,<xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In our study, patients with stress-induced diastolic dysfunction (both LVDD and RVDD) achieve lower load, VO<sub>2</sub> and O<sub>2</sub>-pulse and perform with significantly higher VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slopes. None of the CPET parameters, however, correlates with stress E/e&#8217; ratio (neither in LV nor RV). These findings are similar to what have been reported in the general population. Nedeljkovic et al. detected lower load, lower oxygen consumption and lower ventilatory efficiency in hypertensive patients with exertional dyspnea and stress-induced LVDD.<sup><xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref></sup> Kaiser et al. described increased heart rate reserve and reduced oxygen pulse in a general population of patients with exertional dyspnea.<sup><xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref></sup> Guazzi et al. also established an association between diastolic dysfunction (E/e&#8217; ratio) and peak oxygen consumption, ventilatory efficiency and heart rate recovery.<sup><xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref></sup> In Guazzi&#8217;s group of patients with overt cardiovascular pathology and normal echocardiography at rest, ventilatory efficiency correlated best to peak E/e&#8217; ratio&gt;15. The clinical advantage of VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> ratio as the best predictor of stress E/e&#8217; ratio was also confirmed in the diastolic heart failure patients analyzed by Nedeljkovic et al.<sup><xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref></sup> Kaiser et al. do not support such conclusions, emphasizing the importance of the increased heart rate reserve and diminished oxygen pulse as predictors of stress E/e&#8217; ratio in the general population of patients with exertional dyspnea and free of overt cardiovascular disease.<sup><xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref></sup></p>
        <p>It seems that the CPET parameters may help in the differential diagnosis of dyspnea in the general population, as well as in patients with diagnosed cardiovascular pathology.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>-<xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup> According to our results, in COPD patients, these are not reliable clinical parameters that may serve as independent predictors for cardiovascular abnormality and, thus, are not applicable in the diagnostic algorithm of masked diastolic dysfunction.</p>
        <p>Our findings support the presence of functional impairment in non-severe COPD patients with exertional dyspnea and free of overt cardiovascular disease. The performance of tissue Doppler imaging during exercise demonstrates the complex heart-lung interaction and the effort-induced changes, which increase cardiac functional impairments that may not be evident at rest. Our findings support the current recommendations for ESE-CPET as a tool for early detection of HFpEF.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup>As none of the cardiopulmonary exercise testing parameters proved to be predictive of stress-induced LVDD/RVDD, stress echocardiography has great clinical relevance for an accurate diagnosis of cardiac and respiratory pathology in non-severe COPD patients with exertional dyspnea.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Study limitations</title>
          <p>The study had the following limitations: 1) relatively small sample size; 2) lack of body plethysmography and diffusion capacity measurement, which are informative for the proper assessment of dyspnea; 3) COPD patients experience enhanced pressure swings during the respiratory cycle, and the measurement was performed at the end of expiration, which may influence results; 4) measurements were made in early recovery period (approximately 2 min) after symptom-limited exercise. The timeline of changes of pulmonary and intrathoracic pressures during the brief interval between peak exercise and their measurement in early recovery is not well known and it could, therefore, be underestimated.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>There is a high prevalence of stress-induced diastolic dysfunction in non-severe COPD patients with exertional dyspnea, free of overt cardiovascular disease. None of the CPET parameters correlates with the stress-induced E/e&#8217; ratio. Therefore, the performance of ESE-CPET is needed for the early detection and proper management of masked HFpEF in this population.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p><bold>Sources of Funding</bold>.There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
