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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">jVZngMsdnJk9P8mSgpxNp9b</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021000200257</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20201162</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20201162</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A Galectina-3 (Biomarcador de Fibrose Mioc&#225;rdica) Prediz a Progress&#227;o na Doen&#231;a de Chagas?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3270-1595</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pedrosa</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto Coury</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Clementino Fraga Filho</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o Edson Saad</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia, Hospital Universit&#225;rio Clementino Fraga Filho / Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o Edson Saad &#8211; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Roberto Coury Pedrosa &#8226; Departamento de Cardiologia, Hospital Universit&#225;rio Clementino Fraga Filho / Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o Edson Saad &#8211; UFRJ, R. Prof. Rodolpho Paulo Rocco, 255. CEP 21941-91, Cidade Universit&#225;ria, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>coury@hucff.ufrj.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>01</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>116</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>257</fpage>
      <lpage>258</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Galectina 3</kwd>
        <kwd>Apoptose</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrose Endomioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a de Chagas</kwd>
        <kwd>Biomarcadores</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="10"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, a epidemiologia da Doen&#231;a de Chagas (DCh) mudou significativamente, como consequ&#234;ncia da urbaniza&#231;&#227;o e da migra&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> No Brasil, at&#233; o momento, &#233; a doen&#231;a negligenciada com a maior carga, da qual ~30% dos indiv&#237;duos evoluir&#225; para a est&#225;gio sintom&#225;tico de ruptura do tecido em 20 a 30 anos ap&#243;s a infec&#231;&#227;o<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> (cerca de 2% ao ano evoluem da forma indeterminada da doen&#231;a para a forma card&#237;aca, de acordo com um estudo atual).<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A inflama&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica persistente e a fibrose representam as principais caracter&#237;sticas patol&#243;gicas da DCh que estariam relacionadas com a sua progress&#227;o.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>,<xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> O uso de biomarcadores de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica para prever a progress&#227;o em pacientes com fun&#231;&#227;o normal ou quase normal do VE &#233; certamente importante na DCh, onde fatores de risco tradicionais, como a FEVE, podem n&#227;o ser t&#227;o &#250;teis. No entanto, estudos t&#234;m demonstrado o valor dos biomarcadores de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica na progress&#227;o da patog&#234;nese da DCh.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Nesta edi&#231;&#227;o, Fernandes et al.,<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> apresentam dados que contribuem para o nosso entendimento relacionado &#224; carga da fibrose mioc&#225;rdica em diferentes est&#225;gios da DCh. Para tanto, os autores avaliaram a presen&#231;a (ou n&#227;o) da Galectina-3 (Gal-3), um biomarcador de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica, em diferentes est&#225;gios da doen&#231;a comparados &#224; um grupo controle e se ela est&#225; associada a mortalidade ou necessidade de transplante de cora&#231;&#227;o no est&#225;gio mais avan&#231;ado da doen&#231;a. Para esse prop&#243;sito, foram realizados 2 estudos com desenhos distintos. Inicialmente, a fim de estratificar os grupos pelo status de cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica (CC) utilizando um desenho de estudo transversal, 330 pacientes soropositivos para <italic>T. cruzi </italic>(187 sem cardiomiopatia; 46 com CC/ECG anormal e FEVE &gt;50%; e 97 com CC/ECG anormal com FEVE &lt;50%) foram inclu&#237;dos, al&#233;m de 153 controles soronegativos (pareados por idade e sexo). Desses pacientes soropositivos, 97 com formas card&#237;acas mais graves de CC fizeram parte do estudo longitudinal prospectivo censurado at&#233; o evento (mortalidade ou necessidade de transplante card&#237;aco).</p>
    <p>Os resultados foram resumidos e analisados nos diferentes grupos. A mediana de idade foi de 49 &#177; 9,2 anos, com mediana de seguimento de 58 meses. Pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas sem cardiomiopatia (n = 187) e aqueles com cardiomiopatia e FEVE &gt;50% (n = 46) tinham n&#237;veis de Gal-3 semelhantes aos de controles saud&#225;veis (n = 153), mas aqueles com cardiomiopatia e FEVE &lt;50% (n = 97) apresentaram n&#237;veis de Gal-3 significativamente maiores do que os controles saud&#225;veis (p = 0,0001). Uma correla&#231;&#227;o significativa foi observada entre os n&#237;veis de Gal-3 e FEVE (r<sub>s</sub> = -0,16, p = 0,001). Foram observados eventos em 28 pacientes (29%). Em pacientes com cardiopatia e FEVE &lt;50%, o modelo de regress&#227;o linear ajustado mostrou uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre os n&#237;veis de Gal-3 e morte ou transplante card&#237;aco durante um seguimento de cinco anos (<italic>Hazard ratio</italic> - HR 3,11; IC 95% = 1,21&#8211; 8,04; p = 0,019).</p>
    <p>Os autores conclu&#237;ram que, em pacientes com a forma card&#237;aca, n&#237;veis mais elevados de Gal-3 estavam significativamente associados a formas graves da doen&#231;a e a uma maior taxa de mortalidade em longo prazo, o que significa que podem ser utilizados de forma eficaz para identificar pacientes de alto risco.</p>
    <p>Entretanto, os principais achados de Fernandes et al.,<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> foram os seguintes: primeiro, os n&#237;veis de Gal-3 n&#227;o mostraram nenhuma diferen&#231;a entre indiv&#237;duos normais e pacientes com DCh sem cardiomiopatia e com cardiomiopatia / FEVE &gt;50%. Esta observa&#231;&#227;o sugere que os n&#237;veis de Gal-3 nesta amostra de pacientes n&#227;o puderam ser utilizados como um marcador de progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a mioc&#225;rdica. O segundo achado importante deste estudo foi que os n&#237;veis mais elevados de Gal-3 estavam significativamente associados &#224;s formas graves da doen&#231;a e a uma maior taxa de mortalidade em longo prazo. Esse resultado n&#227;o &#233; exclusivo da DCh, pois achados semelhantes foram observados nos estudos de Nagase et al.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup> e Spinale.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A interpreta&#231;&#227;o desses resultados deve considerar o pequeno n&#250;mero de pacientes com seguimento de cinco anos e experi&#234;ncia em centro &#250;nico j&#225; citados pelos autores. No grupo de pacientes com cardiomiopatia e FEVE &lt;50%, possivelmente foram utilizados diferentes graus de comprometimento mioc&#225;rdico, j&#225; que havia um amplo espectro de FEVE (variando de 20% a 40%) levando a diferentes perfis de pacientes inclu&#237;dos nos grupos.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> &#201; evidente que a taxa de eventos foi baixa e significativamente inferior &#224; da coorte de alto risco de Rassi (taxa de mortalidade anual de 5,8% vs. 12,6%); assim, os resultados das an&#225;lises multivariadas, que inclu&#237;ram cinco vari&#225;veis independentes, devem ser considerados com cautela devido &#224; prov&#225;vel supersatura&#231;&#227;o do modelo.</p>
    <p>Um dos maiores desafios da DCh &#233; a dificuldade da identifica&#231;&#227;o, em um est&#225;gio inicial, os indiv&#237;duos infectados que far&#227;o parte dos 20% a 30% que podem desenvolver cardiomiopatia. Infelizmente, no momento, n&#227;o h&#225; como prever essa poss&#237;vel progress&#227;o. Assim, encontrar biomarcadores confi&#225;veis de progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a significaria o maior salto na hist&#243;ria da DCh desde sua descoberta em 1909 pelo Dr. Carlos Chagas. Por esse motivo, existem in&#250;meros grupos de pesquisa que se dedicam &#224; busca de biomarcadores derivados do hospedeiro e do <italic>T. cruzi</italic> .<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup> Isso significaria um avan&#231;o no manejo da DCh.</p>
  </body>
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          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Linhares-Lacerda</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Granato</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gomes</surname>
              <given-names>JF</given-names>
              <suffix>Neto</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Conde</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Freire-de-Lima</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>de Freitas</surname>
              <given-names>EO</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Circulating Plasma MicroRNA-208a as Potential Biomarker of Chronic Indeterminate Phase of Chagas Disease</article-title>
          <source>Front Microbiol</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <month>03</month>
          <day>6</day>
          <volume>9</volume>
          <size units="pages">269</size>
          <comment>Refer&#234;ncias</comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <italic>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Galectina-3 Associada a Formas Graves e Mortalidade em Longo Prazo em Pacientes com Doen&#231;a de Chagas</italic>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Does Galectin-3 (Myocardial Fibrosis Biomarker) Predict Progression in Chagas Disease?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3270-1595</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pedrosa</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto Coury</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia, Hospital Universit&#225;rio Clementino Fraga Filho / Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o Edson Saad &#8211; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Roberto Coury Pedrosa &#8226;</bold> Departamento de Cardiologia, Hospital Universit&#225;rio Clementino Fraga Filho / Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o Edson Saad &#8211; UFRJ, R. Prof. Rodolpho Paulo Rocco, 255. Postal Code 21941-91, Cidade Universit&#225;ria, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil E-mail: coury@hucff.ufrj.br </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Galectin 3</kwd>
        <kwd>Apoptosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Endomyocardial Fibrosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Chagas Disease Biomarkers</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>In recent decades, the epidemiology of Chagas disease (Chd) has changed significantly as a consequence of urbanization and migration.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> In Brazil, to date, it is the neglected disease with the highest burden, of which ~30% of individuals will progress to the symptomatic tissue disruptive stage within 20 &#8211; 30 years after being infected<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> (around 2% per year progress from the indeterminate to the cardiac form, according to a contemporary study).<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Persistent myocardial inflammation and fibrosis represent the main pathological characteristics of Chd that would be correlated with its progression.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>,<xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> The use of myocardial fibrosis biomarkers to predict progression in patients with normal or near normal LV function is certainly important in Chd, where traditional risk factors, such as LVEF, may not be as useful. Nevertheless, studies have shown the value of myocardial fibrosis biomarkers in the progression of Chd pathogenesis.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In this edition, Fernandes et al.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> present data that contributes to our understanding related to the burden of myocardial fibrosis in different stages of Chd. To this end, the authors assessed the presence (or not) of Galectin-3 (Gal-3), a myocardial fibrosis biomarker, in different stages of the disease compared to a control group and whether it is associated with mortality or need for a heart transplant in the most advanced stage of the disease. For this purpose, 2 studies with different designs were carried out. Initially, in order to stratify the groups by the Chagas cardiomyopathy (CC) status using a cross-sectional study design, 330 patients seropositive for <italic>T. cruzi</italic> (187 without cardiomyopathy; 46 CC-abnormal ECG and LVEF&gt;50%; and 97 CC-abnormal ECG with LVEF&lt;50%) were included, in addition to 153 seronegative controls (matched by age and gender). Of these seropositive patients, 97 with more severe cardiac forms of CC were part of the prospective longitudinal study censored until the event (mortality or need for a heart transplant).</p>
      <p>The results were summarized and analysed in the different groups. The median age was 49 &#177; 9.2 years, with a median follow-up of 58 months. Chagas disease patients without cardiomyopathy (n = 187) and those with cardiomyopathy and LVEF &gt;50% (n = 46) had Gal-3 levels similar to those of healthy controls (n = 153), but those with cardiomyopathy and LVEF &lt;50% (n = 97) had significantly higher Gal-3 levels than the healthy controls (p = 0.0001). A significant correlation was observed between Gal-3 levels and LVEF (r<sub>s</sub>=-0.16, p=0.001). Events were observed in 28 patients (29%). In patients with cardiopathy and LVEF&lt; 50%, the adjusted linear regression model showed a significantly association between Gal-3 levels and death or heart transplantation during a five-year follow-up (Hazard ratio - HR 3.11; 95% CI = 1.21&#8211; 8.04; p = 0.019). The authors concluded that in patients with the cardiac form, higher Gal-3 levels were significantly associated with severe forms of the disease and a higher long-term mortality rate, which means that they can be effectively used to identify high-risk patients.</p>
      <p>Nevertheless, the major findings of Fernandes et al.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> were as follows: First, Gal-3 levels did not show any difference between normal individuals and Chd patients without cardiomyopathy and with cardiomyopathy / LVEF &gt;50%. This observation suggests that Gal-3 levels in this patient sample could be not used as a marker of myocardial disease progression . The second important finding of this study was that the higher Gal-3 levels were significantly associated with the severe forms of the disease and a higher long-term mortality rate. This result is not unique to Chd, as similar findings were seen in the studies by Nagase et al.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup> and Spinale.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The interpretation of these results should consider the small number of patients who had a five-year follow-up and single center experience already quoted by the authors. In the group of patients with cardiomyopathy and LVEF &lt;50%, different degrees of myocardial involvement were possibly used, since there was a wide spectrum of LVEF (ranging from 20% to 40%) leading to different patient profiles included in the groups.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> It is noticeable that the rate of events was low and significantly inferior to that of the Rassi high risk cohort (annual mortality rate of 5.8% vs. 12.6%); thus, the results from the multivariate analyses, which included 5 independent variables, should be taken with caution due to likely model oversaturation.</p>
      <p>One of the mayor challenges in Chd is the difficulty in identifying at an early stage the infected subjects who will be part of those 20% to 30% who might develop cardiomyopathy. Unfortunately, at present there is no way to predict this possible progression. Thus, finding reliable biomarkers of disease progression would mean the greatest leap forward in the history of Chd since its discovery in 1909 by Dr. Carlos Chagas. For this reason, there are numerous research groups devoted to the search of both host-derived and T. cruzi-derived biomarkers.<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup> This would mean a breakthrough in the management of Chd</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <italic>Short Editorial related to the article: Galectin-3 Associated with Severe Forms and Long-term Mortality in Patients with Chagas Disease</italic>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
