<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" article-type="research-article" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">vBtjnL9qFRBKtqTnxsG6C7z</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021000200229</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20190442</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190442</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efeitos Terap&#234;uticos da Tripla Antiagrega&#231;&#227;o Plaquet&#225;ria em Pacientes Femininas Idosas com Diabetes e Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Liu</surname>
            <given-names>Yang</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gao</surname>
            <given-names>Yanyan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8400-8242</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Liu</surname>
            <given-names>Hengliang</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chen</surname>
            <given-names>Qi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ji</surname>
            <given-names>Jinrui</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jia</surname>
            <given-names>Kailong</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Affiliated People&#8217;s Hospital of Zhengzhou</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">The Second School of Clinical Medicine</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Southern Medical University</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Zhengzhou</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Affiliated People&#8217;s Hospital of Zhengzhou,The Second School of Clinical Medicine,Southern Medical University, Zhengzhou - China</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Shenqiu County Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Shenqiu</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Shenqiu County Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenqiu - China</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Hengliang Liu &#8226; Zhengzhou People&#8217;s Hospital, Southern Medical University - No.33, huanghe road, jinshui district Zhengzhou 450003 &#8211; China E-mail: <email>lhldoc@163.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos Autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Liu Y, Chen Q, Ji J, Jia K; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Liu Y, Gao Y, Liu H, Chen Q, Ji J, Jia K; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Liu H, Ji J, Jia K; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Liu Y, Gao Y, Chen Q; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Gao Y, Liu H; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Liu Y, Liu H; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Liu H.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>03</day>
        <month>0</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>116</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>229</fpage>
      <lpage>235</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A dupla antiagrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria (DAP) &#233; o tratamento fundamental do infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> O presente estudo visou investigar a efic&#225;cia e a seguran&#231;a da tripla antiagrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria (TAP) em pacientes femininas idosas com diabetes e infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesn&#237;vel do segmento ST (IAMCSST), que foram submetidas &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea ICP.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Trata-se se de um estudo randomizado e mono-cego. O grupo controle A (97 pacientes idosos do sexo masculino com diabetes e STEMI, cujos escores CRUSADE foram &lt; 30) recebeu aspirina, ticagrelor e tirofibana. Um total de 162 pacientes femininas idosas com diabetes e IAMCSST foram divididas aleatoriamente em dois grupos de acordo com o escore CRUSADE. O grupo B (69 pacientes com escore CRUSADE &gt; 31) recebeu aspirina e ticagrelor. O grupo C (93 pacientes com escore CRUSADE &lt; 30) recebeu aspirina, ticagrelor e tirofibana. Valores de p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Ap&#243;s a PCI, o fluxo sangu&#237;neo grau 3 <italic>Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction</italic> (TIMI) e a perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica TIMI grau 3 foram significativamente menos prevalentes no grupo B, em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo A (p &lt; 0,05). Quando comparada aos grupos A e C, a incid&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es adversas maiores foi significativamente maior no grupo B (p &lt; 0,05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> A TAP pode efetivamente reduzir a incid&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es maiores em pacientes idosas com diabetes e IAMCSST. No entanto, aten&#231;&#227;o cuidadosa deve ser dada &#224; hemorragia em pacientes que recebem TAP. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Agrega&#231;&#227;o Plaquetaria</kwd>
        <kwd>Acidente Vascular Cerebral</kwd>
        <kwd>Mulher</kwd>
        <kwd>Idoso</kwd>
        <kwd>Diabetes Mellitus</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Interven&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Percut&#226;nea/m&#233;todos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="19"/>
        <page-count count="7"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A dupla antiagrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria (DAP) &#233; um tratamento fundamental do infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM). Em compara&#231;&#227;o com o clopidogrel, o efeito inibit&#243;rio do ticagrelor nas plaquetas no DAPT &#233; r&#225;pido e potente, com inibi&#231;&#227;o dupla e combina&#231;&#227;o revers&#237;vel. Al&#233;m disso, pode dilatar as art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias e &#233; recomendado pelas diretrizes.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> No entanto, estudos t&#234;m demonstrado que o ticagrelor e o clopidogrel podem aumentar significativamente o risco de hemorragia, em compara&#231;&#227;o com o uso isolado do clopidogrel.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A incid&#234;ncia de fluxo sangu&#237;neo lento, n&#227;o-refluxo e complica&#231;&#245;es tromb&#243;ticas em pacientes do sexo feminino com diabetes e IAM &#233; maior do que em pacientes sem diabetes ou em pacientes do sexo masculino com diabetes e IAM que est&#227;o recebendo DAP.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref> - <xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref> </sup> Os inibidores dos receptores da glicoprote&#237;na IIb/IIIa, em adi&#231;&#227;o &#224; DAP, podem efetivamente reduzir o aparecimento de complica&#231;&#245;es, tais como fluxo sangu&#237;neo lento, n&#227;o-refluxo, trombose aguda e subaguda e eventos card&#237;acos adversos maiores (ECAM).<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref> - <xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref> </sup> Por&#233;m, ainda n&#227;o se sabe se a combina&#231;&#227;o de medicamentos da tripla antiagrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria (TAP), especialmente o ticagrelor, aumentaria o risco de hemorragia. A quest&#227;o urgente no tratamento de IAM &#233; como equilibrar o risco de eventos isqu&#234;micos e de complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; DAP (aspirina e ticagrelor), o presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar a efic&#225;cia e seguran&#231;a a curto prazo da TAP (aspirina, ticagrelor e tirofibana), em mulheres idosas com diabetes e IAM.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
      <title>Materiais e M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Participantes e Agrupamento</title>
        <p>Este estudo foi realizado em dois centros, no Hospital Popular de Zhengzhou da Universidade M&#233;dica do Sul e no Hospital de Medicina Tradicional Chinesa do Condado de Shenqiu, ambos na prov&#237;ncia de Henan. Foram inclu&#237;das pacientes femininas idosas com diabetes e infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesn&#237;vel do segmento ST (IAMCSST), internadas na unidade coronariana e que receberam interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea (ICP) de janeiro de 2013 a dezembro de 2018. O estudo foi randomizado e mono-cego. O sangue foi coletado imediatamente ap&#243;s a admiss&#227;o. Foi calculado o escore <italic>Can Rapid Risk Stratification of UnsTabela Angina Patients Suppress Adverse Outcomes With Early Implementation of the ACC/AHA Guidelines</italic> (CRUSADE)<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup> dos pacientes de acordo com hemat&#243;crito, taxa de depura&#231;&#227;o da creatinina, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, press&#227;o arterial, exist&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, diabetes mellitus e doen&#231;as vasculares anteriores. Trata-se de um estudo prospectivo. De acordo com o escore CRUSADE, as pacientes foram divididas aleatoriamente em dois grupos: grupo B (pontua&#231;&#227;o maior que 30) e grupo C (pontua&#231;&#227;o menor que 30). A DAP (aspirina e ticagrelor) foi administrada &#224;s pacientes do grupo B e a TAP (aspirina, ticagrelor e tirofibana) foi administrada &#224;s pacientes do grupo C. Pacientes idosos do sexo masculino com diabetes e IAMCSST, que receberam ICP de emerg&#234;ncia durante o mesmo per&#237;odo de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, foram alocados ao grupo A (grupo controle) e receberam a mesma terapia medicamentosa que os pacientes do grupo C. O diagn&#243;stico de IAMCSST foi de acordo com as diretrizes da Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup> e o diagn&#243;stico de diabetes mellitus foi de acordo com os crit&#233;rios da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de S&#225;ude.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> Foram aplicados os seguintes crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o: (1) pacientes com in&#237;cio de IAMCSST em &#8804; 12 hours, (2) pacientes com diagn&#243;stico conhecido de diabetes mellitus, (3) pacientes que concordaram em receber ICP de emerg&#234;ncia e DAP ou TAP e (4) pacientes com idade entre 60 e 79 anos. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram os seguintes: (1) pacientes com in&#237;cio de IAMCSST &gt; 12 horas, (2) pacientes com press&#227;o arterial &#8805; 180/110 mmHg, (3) pacientes com dissec&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica suspeita, (4) pacientes com ICP recuperada ap&#243;s tromb&#243;lise para IAMCSST, (5) pacientes com hist&#243;rico de hemorragia cerebral e acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico em um ano, (6) pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia hep&#225;tica e/ou renal grave e (7) pacientes com hist&#243;rico de doen&#231;as hemorr&#225;gicas.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup> O presente estudo est&#225; de acordo com as normas de &#233;tica m&#233;dica. Com a aprova&#231;&#227;o do Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital Popular de Zhengzhou, todos os tratamentos foram realizados com o consentimento esclarecido dos pacientes ou de seus familiares.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Interven&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Percut&#226;nea de Emerg&#234;ncia</title>
        <p>Foi registrado eletrocardiograma de dezoito deriva&#231;&#245;es imediatamente ap&#243;s a admiss&#227;o e os sinais vitais foram verificados. Imediatamente ap&#243;s a admiss&#227;o, foi coletado o sangue para an&#225;lise de enzimas card&#237;acas, troponina e outros itens bioqu&#237;micos e de rotina relacionados. Al&#233;m disso, foram administrados 100 mg de aspirina (Bayer, Alemanha; 100 mg/comprimido) e 180 mg de ticagrelor (Belinda Tabelats, Astra Zeneca; 90 mg/comprimido) por via oral aos pacientes nos tr&#234;s grupos. Foram realizadas angiografia coron&#225;ria e ICP de emerg&#234;ncia. Quando trombos foram encontrados, foi utilizado um cateter de aspira&#231;&#227;o de trombo para aspir&#225;-los (10 pacientes, 6 pacientes e 9 pacientes nos grupos A, B e C, respectivamente). Foi injetado cloridrato de tirofibana (10 &#181;g/kg) na art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria nos pacientes dos grupos A e C. Ap&#243;s a ICP, 0,075 &#181;g/kg&#183;min de cloridrato de tirofibana foi bombeado continuamente na veia durante 24 horas <sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup>. Foram usados stents farmacol&#243;gicos em todos os pacientes. Apenas o vaso culpado foi tratado durante a emerg&#234;ncia. Quando um vaso n&#227;o culpado precisava de tratamento, foi realizada ICP seletiva 10 a 14 dias depois. Adicionalmente, 100 mg/d de aspirina e 90 mg/d de ticagrelor foram administrados duas vezes por via oral continuamente em pacientes nos tr&#234;s grupos. Posteriormente, a DAP foi aplicada durante pelo menos 12 meses. Al&#233;m disso, bloqueadores do receptor, estatinas, agentes hipoglic&#234;micos e inibidores da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina foram administrados continuamente.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Crit&#233;rios de Observa&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Foram coletados e contados os dados para tempo primeiro contato m&#233;dico-bal&#227;o, tempo porta-bal&#227;o, idade, sexo, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, press&#227;o sist&#243;lica, creatinina s&#233;rica, classifica&#231;&#227;o Killip da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, enzimas mioc&#225;rdicas, troponina, hemat&#243;crito, hist&#243;rico de doen&#231;a vascular ou diabetes mellitus e a exist&#234;ncia de parada card&#237;aca. Os escores GRACE<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup> e CRUSADE integral<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup> foram calculados com base nesses dados. Foi calculado o SYNTAX integral<sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup> de acordo com as caracter&#237;sticas patol&#243;gicas da angiografia coron&#225;ria. Subsequentemente, foram determinadas as caracter&#237;sticas do vaso culpado e foram registrados os dados do di&#226;metro e do comprimento dos stents. Por exemplo, se mais de dois stents eram necess&#225;rios para mais de dois vasos culpados, o comprimento dos stents separados era somado para obter o comprimento. Se a les&#227;o-alvo foi mais comprida e mais de dois stents foram colocados em s&#233;rie, 4 mm eram subtra&#237;dos do comprimento total. O di&#226;metro e o comprimento dos stents para cirurgia secund&#225;ria seletiva de vasos n&#227;o culpados n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos. Foram registrados os dados de tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar e eventos adversos, incluindo ICP seletiva durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, angina pectoris p&#243;s-infarto, re-infarto durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, trombose aguda e subaguda do stent, arritmia grave (taquicardia ventricular persistente, fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial ou flutter atrial hemodinamicamente inst&#225;vel rec&#233;m-emergido e bloqueio atrioventricular de alto grau, excluindo arritmia de reperfus&#227;o durante a ICP), fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca acima de Killip grau III, choque cardiog&#234;nico e mortalidade em 30 dias<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref> - <xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref> </sup> dos pacientes dos tr&#234;s grupos. A classifica&#231;&#227;o de sangramento <italic>Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction</italic> (TIMI) foi registrada da maneira seguinte: (1) hemorragia grave: hemorragia intracraniana ou sangramento clinicamente vis&#237;vel (incluindo diagn&#243;stico por imagem), diminui&#231;&#227;o da hemoglobina &#8805; 5 g/dl e diminui&#231;&#227;o do hemat&#243;crito &#8805; 15%); (2) hemorragia moderada: sangramento clinicamente vis&#237;vel (incluindo diagn&#243;stico por imagem), diminui&#231;&#227;o da hemoglobina entre 3 e 5 g/dl, sangramento leve; (3) hemorragia leve: sangramento clinicamente vis&#237;vel (incluindo diagn&#243;stico por imagem), com diminui&#231;&#227;o da hemoglobina &lt; 3 g/dl.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref> - <xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref> , <xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref> </sup> Tamb&#233;m foram registrados o grau de fluxo sangu&#237;neo TIMI e o grau de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica TIMI (TMPG) dos vasos relacionados ao infarto ap&#243;s a ICP.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref> - <xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref> , <xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref> </sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>M&#233;todos Estat&#237;sticos</title>
        <p>Foi usado o software SPSS 17.0 para an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica de todos os dados. Os dados de medi&#231;&#227;o, expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o, apresentaram distribui&#231;&#227;o normal de acordo com o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. A compara&#231;&#227;o entre os dois grupos foi realizada pelo teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado. Os dados de contagem foram expressos em n&#250;meros de casos (raz&#227;o de constituintes), e a compara&#231;&#227;o entre os dois grupos foi realizada pelo teste do qui-quadrado. ANOVA de uma via foi utilizada para comparar os tr&#234;s grupos e p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas Cl&#237;nicas</title>
        <p>O grupo A (97 pacientes diab&#233;ticos do sexo masculino com IAMCSST; idade m&#233;dia: 65,9 &#177; 9,2 anos), que foi o grupo controle, apresentou escore CRUSADE de baixo risco (inferior a 30). O grupo B (69 pacientes do sexo feminino; idade m&#233;dia: 65,27 &#177; 9,8 anos) apresentou escore CRUSADE de risco moderado e acima de moderado (superior a 31). O grupo C (93 pacientes do sexo feminino; idade m&#233;dia: 64,8 &#177; 7,2 anos) apresentou escores CRUSADE de baixo risco (escore inferior a 30). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas em rela&#231;&#227;o a idade, tempo primeiro contato m&#233;dico-bal&#227;o, tempo porta-bal&#227;o, hipertens&#227;o, hiperlipidemia, &#237;ndice de massa corporal, hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de ICP, hist&#243;rico familiar de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca coron&#225;ria e pontua&#231;&#227;o GRACE entre os tr&#234;s grupos (p <italic> &gt; </italic> 0,05, <xref rid="t1" ref-type="table">Tabela 1</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas gerais entre os tr&#234;s grupos</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Grupo</th>
                  <th>Masculino (aspirina + ticagrelor + tirofibana) (Grupo A, 97 casos)</th>
                  <th>Feminino (aspirina + ticagrelor) (Grupo B, 69 casos)</th>
                  <th>Feminino (aspirina + ticagrelor + tirofibana) (Grupo C, 93 casos)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">65,9&#177;9,2</td>
                  <td align="center">65,27&#177;9,8</td>
                  <td align="center">64,8&#177;7,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,824</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sexo (masculino/feminino)</td>
                  <td align="center">97/0</td>
                  <td align="center">0/69</td>
                  <td align="center">0/93</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hist&#243;rico de doen&#231;a do trato digestivo [n(%)]</td>
                  <td align="center">5(5,15)</td>
                  <td align="center">3(4,35)</td>
                  <td align="center">4(4,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,953</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tabagismo [n(%)]</td>
                  <td align="center">22(22,68)</td>
                  <td align="center">2(2,9)<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">3(3,23)<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Etilismo [n(%)]</td>
                  <td align="center">37(38,14)</td>
                  <td align="center">7(10,14)</td>
                  <td align="center">13(13,98)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FEVE &lt; 40%[n(%)]</td>
                  <td align="center">9(9,28)</td>
                  <td align="center">6(8,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">8(8,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,985</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Uso de varfarina [n(%)]</td>
                  <td align="center">2(2,06)</td>
                  <td align="center">1(1,45)</td>
                  <td align="center">2(2,15)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,943</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IBP combinados [n(%)]</td>
                  <td align="center">6(6,19)</td>
                  <td align="center">3(4,35)</td>
                  <td align="center">7(7,53)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,257</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tempo PCM-B</td>
                  <td align="center">124,3&#177;67,2</td>
                  <td align="center">132,5&#177;71,3</td>
                  <td align="center">128,5&#177;82,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,797</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tempo P-B</td>
                  <td align="center">65,6&#177;21,4</td>
                  <td align="center">71,3&#177;26,9</td>
                  <td align="center">62,6&#177;27,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,892</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o [n(%)]</td>
                  <td align="center">57(58,77)</td>
                  <td align="center">37(53,62)</td>
                  <td align="center">55(59,14)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,745</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hiperlipidemia [n(%)]</td>
                  <td align="center">49(50,52)</td>
                  <td align="center">36(52,17)</td>
                  <td align="center">48(51,62)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,976</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">32,46&#177;4,65</td>
                  <td align="center">30,13&#177;5,26</td>
                  <td align="center">29,99&#177;6,31</td>
                  <td align="center">0,823</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinina s&#233;rica (mmol/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">83,29&#177;9,7</td>
                  <td align="center">96,,32&#177;10,07<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">83,46&#177;12,35<sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0,012</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hist&#243;rico de ICP [n(%)]</td>
                  <td align="center">4(4,12)</td>
                  <td align="center">2(2,90)</td>
                  <td align="center">6(6,46)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,543</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Angina pr&#233;-infarto [n(%)]</td>
                  <td align="center">19(19,59)</td>
                  <td align="center">2(2,90)<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">4(4,30)<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hist&#243;rico familiar de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca coron&#225;ria [n(%)]</td>
                  <td align="center">5(5,15)</td>
                  <td align="center">3(4,35)</td>
                  <td align="center">5(5,38)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,954</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Escore GRACE </bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Risco baixo (&lt; 85)[n(%)]</td>
                  <td align="center">9(9,28)</td>
                  <td align="center">8(11,59)</td>
                  <td align="center">9(9,68)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,526</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Risco m&#233;dio (85 to 133)[n(%)]</td>
                  <td align="center">17(17,53)</td>
                  <td align="center">12(17,39)</td>
                  <td align="center">15(16,13)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,963</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Risco alto (&gt;133)[n(%)]</td>
                  <td align="center">71(73,20)</td>
                  <td align="center">49(71,01)</td>
                  <td align="center">69(74,19)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,902</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Escore CRUSADE </bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Risco extremamente baixo (1-20 )[n(%)]</td>
                  <td align="center">37(38,14)</td>
                  <td align="center">0(0)<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">42(45,16)<sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Risco baixo (21-30)[n(%)]</td>
                  <td align="center">60(61,86)</td>
                  <td align="center">0(0)<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">51(54,84)<sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Risco m&#233;dio (31-40)[n(%)]</td>
                  <td align="center">0(0)</td>
                  <td align="center">32(46,38)<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0(0)<sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Risco alto (41-50)[n(%)]</td>
                  <td align="center">0(0)</td>
                  <td align="center">24(34,78)<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0(0)<sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0,016</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Risco extremamente alto (&gt;51)[n(%)]</td>
                  <td align="center">0(0)</td>
                  <td align="center">13(18,84)<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0(0)<sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>
                  <italic>FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; IBP: inibidores da bomba de pr&#243;tons; ICP: interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; P-B: porta-bal&#227;o; PCM-B: primeiro contato m&#233;dico-bal&#227;o. Nota: <sup><italic>a</italic></sup>: p &lt; 0,05 em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo A; <sup><italic>b</italic></sup>: p &lt; 0,05 em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo B.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas das Les&#245;es da Art&#233;ria Coron&#225;ria</title>
        <p>N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as significativas ao comparar o n&#250;mero de les&#245;es em tr&#234;s art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias entre os tr&#234;s grupos. No entanto, em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo A, o di&#226;metro de stent implantado nos grupos B e C foi significativamente menor (p &lt; 0,05). Al&#233;m disso, o fluxo sangu&#237;neo TIMI grau 3 e o TMPG grau 3 ap&#243;s a ICP foram significativamente menos prevalentes no grupo B do que nos grupos A e C (p <italic> &lt; </italic> 0,05, <xref rid="t2" ref-type="table">Tabela 2</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas das les&#245;es da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria entre os tr&#234;s grupos (n&#250;mero de casos, %)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas das les&#245;es</th>
                  <th>Masculino (aspirina + ticagrelor + tirofibana) (Grupo A, 97 casos)</th>
                  <th>Feminino (aspirina + ticagrelor) (Grupo B, 69 casos)</th>
                  <th>Feminino (aspirina + ticagrelor + tirofibana) (Grupo C, 93 casos)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Les&#227;o de ramo &#250;nico</td>
                  <td align="center">9(9,28)</td>
                  <td align="center">6(8,70)</td>
                  <td align="center">8(8,60)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,992</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Les&#227;o de ramo duplo</td>
                  <td align="center">11(11,34)</td>
                  <td align="center">7(10,14)</td>
                  <td align="center">9(9,68)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,946</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Les&#227;o de ramo triplo</td>
                  <td align="center">77(79,38)</td>
                  <td align="center">56(81,16)</td>
                  <td align="center">75(80,65)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,956</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Complicado com les&#227;o principal esquerda</td>
                  <td align="center">6(6,19)</td>
                  <td align="center">3(4,35)</td>
                  <td align="center">6(6,45)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,867</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Escore SYNTAX</td>
                  <td align="center">22,21&#177;6,18</td>
                  <td align="center">21,75&#177;8,57</td>
                  <td align="center">22,31&#177;7,27</td>
                  <td align="center">0,863</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ICP vaso-alvo Ramo descendente anterior esquerdo</td>
                  <td align="center">51(52,58)</td>
                  <td align="center">36(52,17)</td>
                  <td align="center">49(52,69)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,998</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ramo circunflexo direito</td>
                  <td align="center">14(14,43)</td>
                  <td align="center">11(15,94)</td>
                  <td align="center">8(8,60)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,314</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita</td>
                  <td align="center">32(32,99)</td>
                  <td align="center">22(31,88)</td>
                  <td align="center">36(38,71)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,564</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Di&#226;metro dos stents (mm, x&#177;s)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,01&#177;0,33</td>
                  <td align="center">2,69&#177;0,27<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">2,70&#177;0,39<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0,046</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Comprimento dos stents (mm, x&#177;s)</td>
                  <td align="center">28,29&#177;3,74</td>
                  <td align="center">27,36&#177;5,13</td>
                  <td align="center">28,12&#177;5,07</td>
                  <td align="center">0,783</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Classifica&#231;&#227;o TIMI pr&#233;-operativa</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Grau 0</td>
                  <td align="center">95(97,94)</td>
                  <td align="center">68(98,55)</td>
                  <td align="center">92(98,92)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,857</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Grau 1 ou 2</td>
                  <td align="center">2(2,06)</td>
                  <td align="center">1(1,45)</td>
                  <td align="center">1(1,08)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,957</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Grau 3</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Classifica&#231;&#227;o TIMI p&#243;s-operativa</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Graus 0 a 2</td>
                  <td align="center">2(2,06)<sup>c</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">10(14,49)<sup>ac</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">4(4,30)<sup>bc</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0,003</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Grau 3</td>
                  <td align="center">95(97,94)<sup>c</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">59(85,51)<sup>ac</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">89(95,70)<sup>bc</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0,003</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Classifica&#231;&#227;o TMPG pr&#233;-operativa</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Graus 0 a 2</td>
                  <td align="center">97(100)</td>
                  <td align="center">69(100)</td>
                  <td align="center">93(100)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Grau 3</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Classifica&#231;&#227;o TMPG p&#243;s-operativa</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Graus 0 a 2</td>
                  <td align="center">6(6,19)</td>
                  <td align="center">20(28,99)<sup>ad</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">14(15,05 )<sup>abd</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0,0003</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Grau 3</td>
                  <td align="center">91(93,81)<sup>d</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">49(71,01)<sup>ad</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">79(84,95)<sup>abd</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0,0001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>
                  <italic>ICP: interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea. Nota: <sup><italic>a</italic></sup>: p &lt; 0,05 em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo A; <sup><italic>b</italic></sup>: p &lt; 0,05 em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo B; <sup><italic>c</italic></sup>: compara&#231;&#245;es com TIMI pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio intra-grupo do mesmo grau, p &lt; 0,05; <sup><italic>d</italic></sup>: compara&#231;&#245;es com TMPG pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio intra-grupo do mesmo grau, p &lt; 0,05.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Tempo de Interna&#231;&#227;o Hospitalar, Caracter&#237;sticas da ICP e Incid&#234;ncia de Complica&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>O tempo m&#233;dio de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar foi significativamente mais alto no grupo B que nos grupos A e C (p <italic> &lt; </italic> 0,05). Al&#233;m disso, o grupo B teve 14 casos de angina pectoris p&#243;s-infarto, enquanto os outros dois grupos tiveram 5 casos cada. Ocorreram 9 casos de arritmia grave no grupo B, o que foi maior do que nos outros dois grupos (2 casos no grupo A e 3 casos no grupo C). Houve 14 casos de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, choque cardiog&#234;nico e mortalidade em 30 dias no grupo B, o que foi maior do que nos grupos A e C (5 e 4 casos, respectivamente). Al&#233;m disso, a incid&#234;ncia de ICP seletiva, re-infarto e trombose de stent durante a interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar foi significativamente mais alta no grupo B, em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo A (p <italic> &lt; </italic> 0,05). No grupo B, ocorreram 14 casos de angina pectoris p&#243;s-infarto, 7 casos de re-infarto e 3 casos de trombose de stent. Em adi&#231;&#227;o a isso, a incid&#234;ncia total de hemorragia e a incid&#234;ncia de hemorragia moderada foram significativamente maiores no grupo C, quando comparados aos grupos A e B (p <italic> &lt; </italic> 0,05, <xref rid="t3" ref-type="table">Tabela 3</xref> ). Houve 8 casos de hemorragia moderada no grupo C, enquanto os grupos A e B tiveram 1 caso cada.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#227;o de tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, caracter&#237;sticas da ICP e incid&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es nos tr&#234;s grupos</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Item</th>
                  <th>Masculino (aspirina + ticagrelor + tirofibana) (Grupo A, 97 casos)</th>
                  <th>Feminino (aspirina + ticagrelor) (Grupo B, 69 casos)</th>
                  <th>Feminino (aspirina + ticagrelor + tirofibana) (Grupo C,93 casos)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tempo m&#233;dio de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar (dias)</td>
                  <td align="center">7,8&#177;1,5</td>
                  <td align="center">11,2&#177;3,3<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">8,3&#177;1,9<sup>ab</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0,042</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cirurgia secund&#225;ria seletiva [n(%)]</td>
                  <td align="center">12(12,37)</td>
                  <td align="center">19(27,54)<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">9(20,93)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,047</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Angina pectoris p&#243;s-infarto [n(%)]</td>
                  <td align="center">5(5,05)</td>
                  <td align="center">14(19,72)<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">5(5,38)<sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Re-infarto [n(%)]</td>
                  <td align="center">0(0)</td>
                  <td align="center">7(10,14)<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">6(6,45)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,009</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Trombose de stent [n(%)]</td>
                  <td align="center">0(0)</td>
                  <td align="center">3(4,35)<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">1(1,08)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,073</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Arritmia grave [n(%)]</td>
                  <td align="center">2(2,06)</td>
                  <td align="center">9(13,04)<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">3(3,23)<sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0,004</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca acima de Killip grau III [n(%)]</td>
                  <td align="center">2(2,60)</td>
                  <td align="center">14(20,29)<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">8(8,60)<sup>ab</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Choque cardiog&#234;nico p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio [n(%)]</td>
                  <td align="center">0(0)</td>
                  <td align="center">5(7,25)<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">1(1,08)<sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0,006</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mortalidade em 30 dias [n(%)]</td>
                  <td align="center">0(0)</td>
                  <td align="center">4(5,80)<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">1(1,08)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,004</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hemorragia total [n(%)]</td>
                  <td align="center">7(7,22)</td>
                  <td align="center">6(8,70)</td>
                  <td align="center">20(21,98)<sup>ab</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0,005</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hemorragia grave</td>
                  <td align="center">0(0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0(0)</td>
                  <td align="center">1(1,08)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,408</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hemorragia moderada</td>
                  <td align="center">1(1,03)</td>
                  <td align="center">1(1,45)</td>
                  <td align="center">8(8,60)<sup>ab</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0,012</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hemorragia leve</td>
                  <td align="center">6(6,19)</td>
                  <td align="center">5(7,25)</td>
                  <td align="center">11(11,83)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,344</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>
                  <italic>a: p &lt; 0,05 em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo A; b: p &lt; 0,05 em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo B.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Mais de 50% das mortes cardiovasculares ocorrem em mulheres. Independentemente dos resultados positivos da fisiopatologia, queixas, sintomas, sinais e resultados dos exames auxiliares, ou dos efeitos terap&#234;uticos de curto e longo prazo, as pacientes do sexo feminino apresentam as suas particularidades.<sup><xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref> , <xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref> </sup> A ICP oportuna em pacientes do sexo feminino com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda pode efetivamente reduzir a incid&#234;ncia de ECAM.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref> , <xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref> , <xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref> , <xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref> </sup> No entanto, as mulheres, especialmente as idosas, geralmente n&#227;o apresentam dor tor&#225;cica t&#237;pica durante um ataque isqu&#234;mico, o que pode atrasar o diagn&#243;stico e o tratamento. No presente estudo, a incid&#234;ncia de angina pectoris antes do infarto foi significativamente menor nas mulheres em compara&#231;&#227;o com os homens. Al&#233;m disso, sintomas n&#227;o espec&#237;ficos, bem como desconforto p&#243;s-esternal, aperto no peito, falta de ar, n&#225;usea, v&#244;mito e fadiga, foram mais comuns em mulheres com IAM. Em adi&#231;&#227;o a isso, a sensibilidade e a especificidade do eletrocardiograma e do eletrocardiograma de exerc&#237;cio no diagn&#243;stico de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca coron&#225;ria s&#227;o menores em mulheres. A falta de sintomas espec&#237;ficos e as altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas correspondentes no quadro fisiopatol&#243;gico de isquemia e a falta de medicamentos e interven&#231;&#245;es no estilo de vida oportunas e necess&#225;rias, mesmo em condi&#231;&#245;es cr&#237;ticas, como oclus&#227;o vascular completa ou subtotal, frequentemente levam a consulta tardia, perdendo a fase mais trat&#225;vel e resultando em falta de interven&#231;&#227;o precoce, como a ICP de emerg&#234;ncia; isto &#233; uma das principais causas da maior incid&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es e mortalidade em pacientes do sexo feminino com IAM.<sup><xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref> , <xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref> </sup></p>
      <p>A diabetes mellitus &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o is&#243;crita de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca coron&#225;ria. Os efeitos terap&#234;uticos dos medicamentos antiplaquet&#225;rios em pacientes com diabetes s&#227;o piores do que em pacientes sem diabetes. Al&#233;m disso, a incid&#234;ncia de fluxo sangu&#237;neo lento e n&#227;o-refluxo ap&#243;s a ICP de emerg&#234;ncia e as ECAM s&#227;o significativamente maiores do que em pacientes sem diabetes.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref> - <xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref> , <xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref> </sup> Isto sugere que uma terapia de antiagrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria intensificada &#233; necess&#225;ria para pacientes com diabetes. Diabetes mellitus &#233; um dos fatores de risco mais importantes para pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda, independentemente de o escore GRACE ser usado para avaliar eventos isqu&#234;micos ou o escore CRUSADE ser usado para predizer o risco de sangramento. A DAP &#233; o tratamento fundamental para a preven&#231;&#227;o de isquemia e trombose ap&#243;s a ICP.<sup><xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref></sup> Ap&#243;s receber a DAP, alguns pacientes ainda apresentam complica&#231;&#245;es graves de trombose, especialmente pacientes do sexo feminino com diabetes e pacientes idosos com diabetes. Os inibidores do receptor IIb/IIIa, em adi&#231;&#227;o &#224; DAP, podem efetivamente reduzir a ocorr&#234;ncia de fluxo sangu&#237;neo lento e n&#227;o-refluxo, a incid&#234;ncia de trombose aguda e subaguda e a ocorr&#234;ncia de ECAM.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref> - <xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref> - <xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref> </sup> No entanto, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas gerais, &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas da les&#227;o coronariana e aos escores GRACE entre os tr&#234;s grupos do presente estudo. Esses resultados revelaram que a TAP foi significativamente superior &#224; DAP na redu&#231;&#227;o de eventos relacionados &#224; isquemia, como a incid&#234;ncia de angina pectoris p&#243;s-infarto, arritmia grave, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, choque cardiog&#234;nico e mortalidade em 30 dias, em pacientes idosos de ambos os sexos com diabetes e IAMCSST, quando comparados a mulheres com diabetes e IAMCSST que receberam DAP. Al&#233;m disso, em compara&#231;&#227;o com as pacientes que receberam DAP, a perman&#234;ncia hospitalar m&#233;dia foi menor naqueles que receberam a TAP. Em adi&#231;&#227;o a isso, a incid&#234;ncia de ICP seletiva, re-infarto e trombose de stent em pacientes idosos masculinos com diabetes e IAMCSST que receberam TAP foi significativamente menor, quando comparada com as pacientes femininas idosas com diabetes e IAMCSST que receberam a DAP. Isso sugere que a TAP poderia efetivamente reduzir o in&#237;cio de eventos isqu&#234;micos em pacientes idosos com diabetes e IAMCSST. Al&#233;m disso, os pacientes do sexo masculino se beneficiam mais do que os do sexo feminino.</p>
      <p>O escore CRUSADE &#233; um &#237;ndice importante para avaliar o risco de hemorragia <sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup>. A idade avan&#231;ada, a presen&#231;a de diabetes mellitus e o sexo feminino s&#227;o todos fatores de risco importantes para a hemorragia. Devido ao forte efeito antiplaquet&#225;rio da tirofibana e &#224; aplica&#231;&#227;o combinada de ticagrelor, as complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas sempre foram motivo de preocupa&#231;&#227;o por parte dos m&#233;dicos cardiovasculares.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref> , <xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref> - <xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref> , <xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref> </sup> Aten&#231;&#227;o especial deve ser dada &#224; aplica&#231;&#227;o de DAP e TAP para minimizar a ocorr&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas. A DAP tem sido aplicada apenas para pacientes femininas idosas com IAMCSST, cujo escore CRUSADE estava acima do risco m&#233;dio, enquanto a TAP foi aplicada para pacientes com escores CRUSADE de baixo risco. Esses resultados revelaram que a incid&#234;ncia total de hemorragia e a incid&#234;ncia de hemorragia moderada em pacientes idosas com diabetes ap&#243;s a TAP foi significativamente maior, quando comparada &#224;quela de pacientes do sexo feminino com risco relativamente alto de hemorragia e pacientes idosos do sexo masculino com diabetes recebendo TAP. Isto indicou que o risco de hemorragia &#233; maior para pacientes femininas idosas com diabetes e IAMCSST. Vale ressaltar que existem condi&#231;&#245;es fisiopatol&#243;gicas especiais na terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria para pacientes idosas com diabetes e IAMCSST, que s&#227;o diferentes das do sexo masculino. Ao prevenir eventos causados por isquemia, aten&#231;&#227;o especial deve ser dada ao aumento do risco de hemorragia.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do Estudo</title>
        <p>O estudo comparou apenas pacientes femininas idosas com diabetes que receberam DAP e TAP e n&#227;o incluiu pacientes do sexo masculino recebendo DAP como controle. Al&#233;m disso, o tamanho da amostra era pequeno e houve falta de acompanhamento a longo prazo. A equipe de autores est&#225; conduzindo pesquisas adicionais para resolver essas limita&#231;&#245;es.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>O presente estudo mostrou que a incid&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es em mulheres idosas com diabetes e IAMCSST que receberam TAP ap&#243;s ICP foi significativamente menor do que em pacientes que receberam DAP. No entanto, a incid&#234;ncia de hemorragia nas pacientes femininas que receberam TAP foi significativamente maior, quando comparada aos pacientes masculinos que receberam TAP e &#224;s pacientes femininas que receberam DAP.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. Yoshikawa Y, Shiomi H, Watanabe H, Natsuaki M, Kondo H, Tamura T, et al. Application of DAPT score to predict ischaemic and bleeding events in patients who underwent drug-eluting stent implantation: a landmark analysis of large pooled cohort. EHJ. 2017;38(suppl_1):611-2.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Yoshikawa</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shiomi</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Watanabe</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Natsuaki</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kondo</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tamura</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Application of DAPT score to predict ischaemic and bleeding events in patients who underwent drug-eluting stent implantation: a landmark analysis of large pooled cohort</article-title>
          <source> EHJ </source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>38</volume>
          <issue>suppl_1</issue>
          <fpage>611</fpage>
          <lpage>612</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2. Wallentin L, Becker RC, Budaj A, Cannon CP, Emanuelsson H, Held C, et al. Ticagrelor versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2009 Sep 10;361(11):1045-57.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wallentin</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Becker</surname>
              <given-names>RC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Budaj</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cannon</surname>
              <given-names>CP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Emanuelsson</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Held</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Ticagrelor versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes</article-title>
          <source> N Engl J Med </source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <month>09</month>
          <day>10</day>
          <volume>361</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>1045</fpage>
          <lpage>1057</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3. Brener SJ, Mehran R, Dressler O, Cristea E, Stone GW. Diabetes mellitus, myocardial reperfusion, and outcome in patients with acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction treated with primary angioplasty (from HORIZONS AMI).Am J Cardiol. 2012;109(8):1111-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Brener</surname>
              <given-names>SJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mehran</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dressler</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cristea</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stone</surname>
              <given-names>GW</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Diabetes mellitus, myocardial reperfusion, and outcome in patients with acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction treated with primary angioplasty (from HORIZONS AMI)</article-title>
          <source> Am J Cardiol </source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>109</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>1111</fpage>
          <lpage>1116</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4. Farhan S, H&#246;chtl T, Kautzky-Willer A, Wojta J, Huber K. Antithrombotic therapy in patients with coronary artery disease and with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Wien Med chenschr. 2010;160(1-2):30-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Farhan</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>H&#246;chtl</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kautzky-Willer</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wojta</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Huber</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Antithrombotic therapy in patients with coronary artery disease and with type 2 diabetes mellitus</article-title>
          <source> Wien Med chenschr </source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>160</volume>
          <issue>1-2</issue>
          <fpage>30</fpage>
          <lpage>38</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5. Liu HL, Liu Y, Hao ZX, Geng GY, Zhang ZF, Jing SB, et al. Comparison of primary coronary percutaneous coronary intervention between Diabetic Men and Women with acute myocardial infarction. Pak J Med Sci. 2015;31(2):420-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Liu</surname>
              <given-names>HL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liu</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hao</surname>
              <given-names>ZX</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Geng</surname>
              <given-names>GY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhang</surname>
              <given-names>ZF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jing</surname>
              <given-names>SB</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Comparison of primary coronary percutaneous coronary intervention between Diabetic Men and Women with acute myocardial infarction</article-title>
          <source> Pak J Med Sci </source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>31</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>420</fpage>
          <lpage>425</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6. Park KH, Jeong MH, Ahn Y, Ahn TH, Seung KB, Oh DJ, et al. Comparison of short-term clinical outcomes between ticagrelor versus.clopidogrel in patients with acute myocardial infarction undergoing successful revascularization; from Korea acute myocardial infarction Registry-Nationgl,Institute of Health. Int J Cardiol.2016;215:193-200.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Park</surname>
              <given-names>KH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jeong</surname>
              <given-names>MH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ahn</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ahn</surname>
              <given-names>TH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Seung</surname>
              <given-names>KB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oh</surname>
              <given-names>DJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Comparison of short-term clinical outcomes between ticagrelor versus.clopidogrel in patients with acute myocardial infarction undergoing successful revascularization; from Korea acute myocardial infarction Registry-Nationgl,Institute of Health</article-title>
          <source> Int J Cardiol </source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>215</volume>
          <fpage>193</fpage>
          <lpage>200</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7. Liu Y, Liu H, Hao Z, Geng G, Chen Q, Han W, et al. Efficacy and safety of different doses of tirofiban combined with ticagrelor on diabetic patients with AMI receiving in emergency percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Int J Clin Exp Med. 2015;8(7):11360-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Liu</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liu</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hao</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Geng</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chen</surname>
              <given-names>Q</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Han</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Efficacy and safety of different doses of tirofiban combined with ticagrelor on diabetic patients with AMI receiving in emergency percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)</article-title>
          <source> Int J Clin Exp Med </source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>8</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>11360</fpage>
          <lpage>11369</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8. Liu Y, Liu HL, Hao Y, Hao Z, Geng G, Han W, et al. Short-term efficacy and safety of three different antiplatelet regimens in diabetic patients treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention: a randomised study. Kardiol Pol. 2017;75(9):850-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Liu</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liu</surname>
              <given-names>HL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hao</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hao</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Geng</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Han</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Short-term efficacy and safety of three different antiplatelet regimens in diabetic patients treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention: a randomised study</article-title>
          <source> Kardiol Pol </source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>75</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>850</fpage>
          <lpage>858</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9. Liu Y, Liu HL, Geng YG, Ba N, Jing SB, Guo W, et al. Effect of intracoronary injection of tirofiban on acute myocardial infarction in elderly patients with diabetes mellitus. Chinese Journal of Geriatric Heart Brain and Vessel Diseases. 2013;15:799-802.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Liu</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liu</surname>
              <given-names>HL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Geng</surname>
              <given-names>YG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ba</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jing</surname>
              <given-names>SB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Guo</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effect of intracoronary injection of tirofiban on acute myocardial infarction in elderly patients with diabetes mellitus</article-title>
          <source> Chinese Journal of Geriatric Heart Brain and Vessel Diseases </source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>15</volume>
          <fpage>799</fpage>
          <lpage>802</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10. Subherwal S, Bach RG, Chen AY, Gage BF, Rao SV, Newby LK, et al. Baseline risk of major leeding in non&#183;-ST&#183;-segment&#183;&#183;elevation myocardial infarction:the CRUSADE (Can rapid risk stratification of unstable angina patients suppress adverse outcomes with early implementation of the ACC/AHA Guidelines)Bleeding Score. Circulation. 2009;119(14):1873-82.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Subherwal</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bach</surname>
              <given-names>RG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chen</surname>
              <given-names>AY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gage</surname>
              <given-names>BF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rao</surname>
              <given-names>SV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Newby</surname>
              <given-names>LK</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Baseline risk of major leeding in non&#183;-ST&#183;-segment&#183;&#183;elevation myocardial infarction:the CRUSADE (Can rapid risk stratification of unstable angina patients suppress adverse outcomes with early implementation of the ACC/AHA Guidelines)Bleeding Score</article-title>
          <source> Circulation </source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>119</volume>
          <issue>14</issue>
          <fpage>1873</fpage>
          <lpage>1882</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11. Wessler JD, Stant J, Duru S, Rabbani L, Kirtane AJ. Updates to the ACCF/AHA and ESC STEMI and NSTEMI Guidelines: Putting Guidelines Into Clinical Practice. Am J Cardiol. 2015;115(5 Suppl):23A-8A.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wessler</surname>
              <given-names>JD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stant</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Duru</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rabbani</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kirtane</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Updates to the ACCF/AHA and ESC STEMI and NSTEMI Guidelines: Putting Guidelines Into Clinical Practice</article-title>
          <source> Am J Cardiol </source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>115</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <supplement>Suppl</supplement>
          <fpage>23A</fpage>
          <lpage>28A</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12. America Disbetes Association. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2010;33:204-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>America Disbetes Association</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus</article-title>
          <source> Diabetes Care </source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>33</volume>
          <fpage>204</fpage>
          <lpage>209</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13. Bekler A, Altun B, Gazi E, Temiz A, Barut&#231;u A, G&#252;ng&#246;r &#214;, et al. Comparison of the GRACE risk score and the TIMI risk index in predicting the extent and severity of coronary artery disease in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Anatol J Cardiol. 2014;15(10):801-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bekler</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Altun</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gazi</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Temiz</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barut&#231;u</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>G&#252;ng&#246;r</surname>
              <given-names>&#214;</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Comparison of the GRACE risk score and the TIMI risk index in predicting the extent and severity of coronary artery disease in patients with acute coronary syndrome</article-title>
          <source> Anatol J Cardiol </source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>15</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>801</fpage>
          <lpage>806</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14. Schwietz T, Spyridopoulos I, Pfeiffer S, Laskowski R, Palm S, DE Rosa S, et al. Risk stratification following complex PCI: clinical versus anatomical risk stratification including &#8216;post PCI residual SYNTAX-score&#8217; as quantification of incomplete revascularization. J Interv Cardiol. 2013; 26(1):29-37.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Schwietz</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Spyridopoulos</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pfeiffer</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Laskowski</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Palm</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>DE Rosa</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Risk stratification following complex PCI: clinical versus anatomical risk stratification including &#8216;post PCI residual SYNTAX-score&#8217; as quantification of incomplete revascularization</article-title>
          <source> J Interv Cardiol </source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>26</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>29</fpage>
          <lpage>37</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15. Chen Q, Liu Y, Liu HL. Effects of intracoronary tirofiban administration on diabetes mellitus complicated by acute myocardial infarction in female patients undergoing emergency percutaneous coronary intervention. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2016;9:11966-73.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Chen</surname>
              <given-names>Q</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liu</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liu</surname>
              <given-names>HL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effects of intracoronary tirofiban administration on diabetes mellitus complicated by acute myocardial infarction in female patients undergoing emergency percutaneous coronary intervention</article-title>
          <source> Int J Clin Exp Med </source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>9</volume>
          <fpage>11966</fpage>
          <lpage>11973</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>16. Roger VL, Go AS, Lloyd-Jones DM, Benjamin EJ, Berry JD, Borden WB, et al. American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Heart disease and stroke statistics-2012 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2012;125(1): e2-e220.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Roger</surname>
              <given-names>VL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Go</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lloyd-Jones</surname>
              <given-names>DM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Benjamin</surname>
              <given-names>EJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Berry</surname>
              <given-names>JD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Borden</surname>
              <given-names>WB</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Heart disease and stroke statistics-2012 update: a report from the American Heart Association</article-title>
          <source> Circulation </source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>125</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>e2</fpage>
          <lpage>e220</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>17. D&#8217;Ascenzo F, Gonella A, Quadri G, Longo G, Biondi-Zoccai G, Moretti C, et al. Comparison of mortality rates in women versus men presenting with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 2011;107(5):651-4.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>D&#8217;Ascenzo</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gonella</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Quadri</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Longo</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Biondi-Zoccai</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moretti</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Comparison of mortality rates in women versus men presenting with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction</article-title>
          <source> Am J Cardiol </source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>107</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>651</fpage>
          <lpage>654</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>18. Fath-Ordoubadi F, Barac Y, Danzi GB, Kerner A, Nikolsky E, Halabi M, et al. Gender impact on prognosis of acute coronary syndrome patients treated with drug-eluting stents. Am J Cardiol. 2012;110(5):636-42.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fath-Ordoubadi</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barac</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Danzi</surname>
              <given-names>GB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kerner</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nikolsky</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Halabi</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Gender impact on prognosis of acute coronary syndrome patients treated with drug-eluting stents</article-title>
          <source> Am J Cardiol </source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>110</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>636</fpage>
          <lpage>642</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>19. Sathyamurthy I, Jayanthi K. Dual antiplatelet therapy in acute coronary syndromes and coronary artery interventions. J Assoc Physicians India. 2014, 62(7):596-601.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sathyamurthy</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jayanthi</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <chapter-title>Dual antiplatelet therapy in acute coronary syndromes and coronary artery interventions</chapter-title>
          <source> J Assoc Physicians India </source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>62</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>596</fpage>
          <lpage>601</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p><bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold> . O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Therapeutic Effects of Triple Antiplatelet Therapy in Elderly Female Patients with Diabetes and Acute Myocardial Infarction</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Liu</surname>
            <given-names>Yang</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gao</surname>
            <given-names>Yanyan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8400-8242</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Liu</surname>
            <given-names>Hengliang</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chen</surname>
            <given-names>Qi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ji</surname>
            <given-names>Jinrui</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jia</surname>
            <given-names>Kailong</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Affiliated People&#8217;s Hospital of Zhengzhou,The Second School of Clinical Medicine,Southern Medical University, Zhengzhou - China</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Shenqiu County Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenqiu - China</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Hengliang Liu</bold> &#8226; Zhengzhou People&#8217;s Hospital, Southern Medical University - No.33, huanghe road, jinshui district Zhengzhou 450003 &#8211; China E-mail: lhldoc@163.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Liu Y, Chen Q, Ji J, Jia K; Acquisition of data: Liu Y, Gao Y, Liu H, Chen Q, Ji J, Jia K; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Liu H, Ji J, Jia K; Statistical analysis: Liu Y, Gao Y, Chen Q; Obtaining financing: Gao Y, Liu H; Writing of the manuscript: Liu Y, Liu H; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Liu H.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) is the cornerstone treatment of acute myocardial infarction (AMI).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>The present study aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of triple antiplatelet therapy (TAPT) in elderly female patients with diabetes and ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), who had undergone percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>We designed a randomized, single-blind study. Control group A (97 elderly male patients with diabetes and STEMI, whose CRUSADE scores were &lt; 30) received aspirin, ticagrelor, and tirofiban. A total of 162 elderly female patients with diabetes and STEMI were randomly divided into two groups according to CRUSADE score. Group B (69 patients with CRUSADE score &gt; 31) received aspirin and ticagrelor. Group C (93 patients with CRUSADE score &lt; 30) received aspirin, ticagrelor and tirofiban. P values &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>Compared to the findings in group A, post-PCI Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) grade 3 blood flow and TIMI myocardial perfusion grade 3 were significantly less prevalent in group B (p &lt; 0.05). When compared to groups A and C, the incidence of major adverse complications was significantly higher in group B (p &lt; 0.05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>TAPT could effectively reduce the incidence of major complications in elderly female patients with diabetes and STEMI. However, close attention should be paid to hemorrhage in patients receiving TAPT. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Platelet Aggregation</kwd>
        <kwd>Stroke</kwd>
        <kwd>Woman</kwd>
        <kwd>Aging</kwd>
        <kwd>Diabetes Mellitus</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Percutaneous Coronary Intervention/methods</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) is a cornerstone in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Compared with clopidogrel, the inhibitory effect of ticagrelor on platelets in DAPT is rapid and potent, with dual-inhibition and reversible combination. Furthermore, it can dilate coronary arteries, and it is recommended by guidelines.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup>However, studies have shown that ticagrelor and clopidogrel might significantly increase the risk of hemorrhage, compared with clopidogrel.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The incidence of slow blood flow, no-reflow, and thrombotic complications in female patients with diabetes and AMI is higher than in patients without diabetes or in male patients with diabetes and AMI who are receiving DAPT.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref> - <xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref> </sup>Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor inhibitors, in addition to DAPT, can effectively reduce the onset of complications, such as slow blood flow, no reflow, acute and subacute thrombosis, and major adverse cardiac events (MACE).<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref> - <xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref> </sup>However, it remains unknown whether the combination of triple antiplatelet therapy (TAPT) drugs, especially ticagrelor, would increase the risk of hemorrhage. The urgent issue in the treatment of AMI is how to balance the risk of ischemic events and hemorrhagic complications. In relation to DAPT (aspirin and ticagrelor), the present study aimed to investigate the short-term efficacy and safety of TAPT (aspirin, ticagrelor, and tirofiban) in elderly female patients with diabetes and AMI.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
        <title>Materials and Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Subjects and Grouping</title>
          <p>This study was conducted in two centers, Zhengzhou People&#8217;s Hospital of Southern Medical University and Shenqiu County Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, both in the Henan province. Elderly female patients with diabetes and STEMI, who were admitted to the coronary care unit and who received emergency percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) treatment from January 2013 to December 2018, were included into this study. This study was randomized and single-blinded. Blood was drawn immediately after admission. The Can Rapid Risk Stratification of Unstable Angina Patients Suppress Adverse Outcomes With Early Implementation of the ACC/AHA Guidelines (CRUSADE) score<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup>was calculated according to patients&#8217; hematocrit, creatinine clearance rate, heart rate, blood pressure, existence of heart failure, diabetes mellitus, and previous vascular diseases. This was a prospective study. According to CRUSADE score, patients were randomly divided into the following two groups: group B (score higher than 30) and group C (score lower than 30). DAPT (aspirin and ticagrelor) was given to the patients in group B, and TAPT (aspirin, ticagrelor, and tirofiban) was given to the patients in group C. Elderly male patients with diabetes and STEMI, who received emergency PCI during the same period of hospitalization, were assigned to group A (control group), and they received the same drug therapy as the patients in group C. Diagnosis of STEMI was in accordance with the European Society of Cardiology guidelines,<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup>and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus was in accordance with the World Health Organization criteria.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup>The inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) patients with the onset of STEMI at &#8804; 12 hours, (2) patients with known diagnosis of diabetes mellitus, (3) patients who agreed to receive emergency PCI and DAPT or TAPT, and (4) patients between the ages of 60 and 79 years old. The exclusion criteria were as follows: (1) patients with the onset of STEMI at &gt; 12 hours, (2) patients with blood pressure &#8805; 180/110 mmHg, (3) patients with suspected aortic dissection, (4) patients with retrieved PCI after thrombolysis for STEMI, (5) patients with a history of cerebral hemorrhage and ischemic stroke within one year, (6) patients with severe hepatic and/or renal insufficiency, and (7) patients with a history of hemorrhagic diseases.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup>The present study conforms to the standards of medical ethics. With the approval of the Ethics Committee of Zhengzhou People&#8217;s Hospital, all treatments were performed with the informed consent of patients or their families.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Emergency Percutaneous Coronary Intervention</title>
          <p>Eighteen-lead electrocardiogram was recorded immediately after admission, and vital signs were checked. Blood was drawn immediately after admission for assay of cardiac enzymes, troponin, and other related biochemical and routine testing items. In addition, 100 mg of aspirin (Bayer, Germany; 100 mg/tablet) and 180 mg of ticagrelor (Belinda Tablets, Astra Zeneca; 90 mg/tablet) were orally administered to patients in these three groups. Emergency coronary angiography and PCI were performed. If thrombi were found, a thrombus aspiration catheter was used to aspirate them (10 patients, 6 patients and 9 patients in groups A, B, and C, respectively). Tirofiban hydrochloride (10 &#181;g/kg) was injected into the coronary artery in patients in groups A and C. After PCI, 0.075 &#181;g/kg&#183;min of tirofiban hydrochloride was continuously pumped into the vein for 24 hours<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup>. Drug-eluting stents were used for all patients. Merely the culprit vessel was treated during the emergency. If a non-culprit vessel needed to be treated, selected PCI was performed 10 to 14 days later. In addition, 100 mg/d of aspirin and 90 mg/d of ticagrelor were given twice orally and continuously in patients in all three groups. Subsequently, DAPT was applied for at least 12 months. Furthermore, -receptor blockers, statins, hypoglycemic agents, and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors were continuously administered.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Observation Criteria</title>
          <p>The data for first-medical-contact-to-balloon time, door-to-balloon time, age, sex, heart rate, systolic pressure, serum creatinine, Killip classification of cardiac function, myocardial enzymes, troponin, hematocrit, past history of vascular disease and diabetes mellitus, and the existence of cardiac arrest were collected and counted. The GRACE scores<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup>and CRUSADE integral<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup>were calculated based on the above data. The SYNTAX integral<sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup>was calculated according to the pathological characteristics of coronary angiography. Subsequently, the characteristics of the culprit vessel were determined. Data for diameter and length of stents were recorded. For instance, if more than two stents were needed for more than two culprit vessels, the length of the separate stents was added to obtain the length of stent. If the target lesion was longer and more than two stents were placed in series, the total length of the stent was subtracted by 4 mm. The diameter and length of stents for selective secondary surgery of non-culprit vessels were not included. Data were also recorded for length of stay and adverse events, including selective PCI during hospitalization, post-infarction angina pectoris, re-infarction during hospitalization, acute and sub-acute thrombosis in the stent, severe arrhythmia (persistent ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, newly emerged hemodynamically unstable atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter, and high grade atrioventricular block, excluding reperfusion arrhythmia during PCI), cardiac function above Killip grade III, cardiogenic shock, and 30-day mortality<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref> - <xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref> </sup>of patients in these three groups. The Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) bleeding classification was recorded as follows: (1) severe hemorrhage: intracranial hemorrhage or clinically visible bleeding (including imaging diagnosis), decreased hemoglobin of &#8805; 5 g/dl and decreased hematocrit by &#8805; 15%); (2) moderate hemorrhage: clinically visible bleeding (including imaging diagnosis), decreased hemoglobin between 3 and 5 g/dl, slight bleeding; (3): mild hemorrhage: clinically visible bleeding (including imaging diagnosis), with decreased hemoglobin &lt; 3 g/dl.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref> - <xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref> , <xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref> </sup>TIMI blood flow grading and TIMI myocardial perfusion grade (TMPG) of the infarction-related vessels after PCI were also recorded.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref> - <xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref> , <xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref> </sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical Methods</title>
          <p>SPSS 17.0 software was used for statistical analysis of all data. The measurement data were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation. They presented a normal distribution according to Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, and the comparison between the two groups was conducted by unpaired Student&#8217;s t test. The count data was expressed as the number of cases (constituent ratio), and the comparison between the two groups was performed by chi-squared test. One-way ANOVA was employed to compare these three groups, and p &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Clinical Characteristics</title>
          <p>Group A (97 male patients with diabetes and STEMI; mean age: 65.9 &#177; 9.2 years), which was the control group, had low risk CRUSADE scores (less than 30). Group B (69 female patients; mean age: 65.27 &#177; 9.8 years) had moderate and above moderate risk CRUSADE scores (higher than 31). Group C (93 female patients; mean age: 64.8 &#177; 7.2 years) had low risk CRUSADE scores (lower than 30). There were no statistically significant differences in age, first-medical-contact-to-balloon time, door-to-balloon time, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, body mass index, previous history of PCI, family history of coronary heart disease, and GRACE score among the three groups (p <italic>&gt;</italic> 0.05, <xref rid="t1001" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Comparison of the general clinical characteristics among the three groups</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Group</th>
                    <th>Male (aspirin + ticagrelor + tirofiban) (Group A, 97 cases)</th>
                    <th>Female (aspirin + ticagrelor) (Group B, 69 cases)</th>
                    <th>Female (aspirin + ticagrelor + tirofiban) (Group C, 93 cases)</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age (years)</td>
                    <td align="center">65.9&#177;9.2</td>
                    <td align="center">65.27&#177;9.8</td>
                    <td align="center">64.8&#177;7.2</td>
                    <td align="center">0.824</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Sex (male/female)</td>
                    <td align="center">97/0</td>
                    <td align="center">0/69</td>
                    <td align="center">0/93</td>
                    <td align="center">0.000</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>History of digestive tract disease [n(%)]</td>
                    <td align="center">5(5.15)</td>
                    <td align="center">3(4.35)</td>
                    <td align="center">4(4.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.953</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Smoking [n(%)]</td>
                    <td align="center">22(22.68)</td>
                    <td align="center">2(2.9)<sup>a</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">3(3.23)<sup>a</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">0.000</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Alcohol consumption [n(%)]</td>
                    <td align="center">37(38.14)</td>
                    <td align="center">7(10.14)</td>
                    <td align="center">13(13.98)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.000</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVEF &lt; 40%[n(%)]</td>
                    <td align="center">9(9.28)</td>
                    <td align="center">6(8.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">8(8.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.985</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Warfarin use [n(%)]</td>
                    <td align="center">2(2.06)</td>
                    <td align="center">1(1.45)</td>
                    <td align="center">2(2.15)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.943</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Combined PPI [n(%)]</td>
                    <td align="center">6(6.19)</td>
                    <td align="center">3(4.35)</td>
                    <td align="center">7(7.53)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.257</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>FMC-to-B time</td>
                    <td align="center">124.3&#177;67.2</td>
                    <td align="center">132.5&#177;71.3</td>
                    <td align="center">128.5&#177;82.6</td>
                    <td align="center">0.797</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>D-to-B time</td>
                    <td align="center">65.6&#177;21.4</td>
                    <td align="center">71.3&#177;26.9</td>
                    <td align="center">62.6&#177;27.2</td>
                    <td align="center">0.892</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hypertension [n(%)]</td>
                    <td align="center">57(58.77)</td>
                    <td align="center">37(53,62)</td>
                    <td align="center">55(59.14)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.745</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hyperlipidemia [n(%)]</td>
                    <td align="center">49(50.52)</td>
                    <td align="center">36(52.17)</td>
                    <td align="center">48(51.62)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.976</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                    <td align="center">32.46&#177;4.65</td>
                    <td align="center">30.13&#177;5.26</td>
                    <td align="center">29.99&#177;6.31</td>
                    <td align="center">0.823</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Serum creatinine (mmol/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">83.29&#177;9.7</td>
                    <td align="center">96..32&#177;10.07<sup>a</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">83.46&#177;12.35<sup>b</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">0.012</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>History of PCI [n(%)]</td>
                    <td align="center">4(4.12)</td>
                    <td align="center">2(2.90)</td>
                    <td align="center">6(6.46)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.543</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Pre-infarction angina [n(%)]</td>
                    <td align="center">19(19.59)</td>
                    <td align="center">2(2.90)<sup>a</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">4(4.30)a</td>
                    <td align="center">0.000</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Family history of coronary heart disease [n(%)]</td>
                    <td align="center">5(5.15)</td>
                    <td align="center">3(4.35)</td>
                    <td align="center">5(5.38)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.954</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>GRACE score</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Low risk (&lt; 85)[n(%)]</td>
                    <td align="center">9(9.28)</td>
                    <td align="center">8(11.59)</td>
                    <td align="center">9(9.68)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.526</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Middle risk (85 to 133)[n(%)]</td>
                    <td align="center">17(17.53)</td>
                    <td align="center">12(17.39)</td>
                    <td align="center">15(16.13)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.963</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>High risk (&gt;133)[n(%)]</td>
                    <td align="center">71(73.20)</td>
                    <td align="center">49(71.01)</td>
                    <td align="center">69(74.19)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.902</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>CRUSADE score</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Extremely low risk (1-20 )[n(%)]</td>
                    <td align="center">37(38.14)</td>
                    <td align="center">0(0)a</td>
                    <td align="center">42(45.16)<sup>b</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">0.000</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Low risk (21-30)[n(%)]</td>
                    <td align="center">60(61.86)</td>
                    <td align="center">0(0)a</td>
                    <td align="center">51(54.84)<sup>b</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">0.000</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Middle risk (31-40)[n(%)]</td>
                    <td align="center">0(0)</td>
                    <td align="center">32(46.38)<sup>a</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">0(0)<sup>b</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">0.000</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>High risk (41-50)[n(%)]</td>
                    <td align="center">0(0)</td>
                    <td align="center">24(34.78)<sup>a</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">0(0)<sup>b</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">0.016</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Extremely high risk (&gt;51)[n(%)]</td>
                    <td align="center">0(0)</td>
                    <td align="center">13(18.84)<sup>a</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">0(0)<sup>b</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">0.000</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>BMI: body mass index; D-to-B: door-to-balloon; FMC-to-B: first-medical-contact-to-balloon; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; PPI: proton pump inhibitors. Note:<sup><italic>a</italic></sup>: p &lt; 0.05 compared with group A;<sup><italic>b</italic></sup>: p &lt; 0.05 compared with group B.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Characteristics of Coronary Artery Lesions</title>
          <p>No significant differences were observed when comparing the number of lesions in three coronary arteries among the three groups. However, compared to group A, the diameter of the implanted stent in groups B and C was significantly smaller (p <italic>&lt;</italic> 0.05). In addition, TIMI grade 3 blood flow and TMPG grade 3 after PCI were significantly less prevalent in group B than in groups A and C (p <italic>&lt;</italic> 0.05, <xref rid="t2001" ref-type="table">Table 2</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Comparison of the characteristics of coronary artery lesions among the three groups (number of cases, %)</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Lesion characteristics</th>
                    <th>Male (aspirin + ticagrelor + tirofiban) (Group A, 97 cases)</th>
                    <th>Female (aspirin + ticagrelor) (Group B, 69 cases)</th>
                    <th>Female (aspirin + ticagrelor + tirofiban) (Group C, 93 cases)</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Single branch lesion</td>
                    <td align="center">9(9.28)</td>
                    <td align="center">6(8.70)</td>
                    <td align="center">8(8.60)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.992</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Double branch lesion</td>
                    <td align="center">11(11.34)</td>
                    <td align="center">7(10.14)</td>
                    <td align="center">9(9.68)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.946</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Three branch lesion</td>
                    <td align="center">77(79.38)</td>
                    <td align="center">56(81.16)</td>
                    <td align="center">75(80.65)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.956</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Complicated with left main lesion</td>
                    <td align="center">6(6.19)</td>
                    <td align="center">3(4.35)</td>
                    <td align="center">6(6.45)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.867</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>SYNTAX score</td>
                    <td align="center">22.21&#177;6.18</td>
                    <td align="center">21.75&#177;8.57</td>
                    <td align="center">22.31&#177;7.27</td>
                    <td align="center">0.863</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PCI Target vessel Left anterior descending branch</td>
                    <td align="center">51(52.58)</td>
                    <td align="center">36(52.17)</td>
                    <td align="center">49(52.69)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.998</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Right circumflex branch</td>
                    <td align="center">14(14.43)</td>
                    <td align="center">11(15.94)</td>
                    <td align="center">8(8.60)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.314</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Right coronary artery</td>
                    <td align="center">32(32.99)</td>
                    <td align="center">22(31.88)</td>
                    <td align="center">36(38.71)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.564</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diameter of stents (mm, x&#177;s)</td>
                    <td align="center">3.01&#177;0.33</td>
                    <td align="center">2.69&#177;0.27<sup>a</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">2.70&#177;0.39<sup>a</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">0.046</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Length of stents (mm, x&#177;s)</td>
                    <td align="center">28.29&#177;3.74</td>
                    <td align="center">27.36&#177;5.13</td>
                    <td align="center">28.12&#177;5.07</td>
                    <td align="center">0.783</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Preoperative TIMI classification</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Grade 0</td>
                    <td align="center">95(97.94)</td>
                    <td align="center">68(98.55)</td>
                    <td align="center">92(98.92)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.857</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Grade 1 or 2</td>
                    <td align="center">2(2.06)</td>
                    <td align="center">1(1.45)</td>
                    <td align="center">1(1.08)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.957</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Grade 3</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Postoperative TIMI grading</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Grade 0 to 2</td>
                    <td align="center">2(2.06)<sup>c</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">10(14.49)<sup>ac</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">4(4.30)<sup>bc</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">0.003</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Grade 3</td>
                    <td align="center">95(97.94)<sup>c</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">59(85.51)<sup>ac</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">89(95.70)<sup>bc</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">0.003</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Preoperative TMPG classification</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Grade 0 to 2</td>
                    <td align="center">97(100)</td>
                    <td align="center">69(100)</td>
                    <td align="center">93(100)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Grade 3</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Postoperative TMPG grading</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Grade 0 to 2</td>
                    <td align="center">6(6.19)</td>
                    <td align="center">20(28.99)<sup>ad</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">14(15.05 )<sup>abd</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">0.0003</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Grade 3</td>
                    <td align="center">91(93.81)<sup>d</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">49(71.01)<sup>ad</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">79(84.95)<sup>abd</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">0.0001</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention. Note:<sup><italic>a</italic></sup>: p &lt; 0.05 compared with group A;<sup><italic>b</italic></sup>: p &lt; 0.05 compared with group B;<sup><italic>c</italic></sup>: comparisons with intra-group preoperative TIMI of the same grade, p &lt; 0.05;<sup><italic>d</italic></sup>: comparisons with intra-group preoperative TMPG of the same grade, p &lt; 0.05.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Length of Hospital Stay, Characteristics of PCI, and Incidence of Complications</title>
          <p>The average length of hospital stay was significantly higher in group B than in group A and C (p <italic>&lt;</italic> 0.05). In addition, group B had 14 cases of post-infarction angina pectoris, whereas the other two groups had 5 cases each Nine cases of severe arrhythmia occurred in group B, which was higher than that in other two groups (2 cases in group A and 3 cases in group C). There were 14 cases of heart failure, cardiogenic shock, and 30-day mortality in group B, which was higher than in groups A and C (5 cases and 4 cases, respectively). Furthermore, the incidence of selective PCI, re-infarction, and stent thrombosis during hospitalization was significantly higher in group B, when compared to group A (p <italic>&lt;</italic> 0.05). In group B, there were 14 cases of post-infarction angina pectoris, 7 cases of re-infarction and 3 cases of stent thrombosis. Moreover, the total incidence of hemorrhage and the incidence of moderate hemorrhage were significantly higher in group C, when compared to groups A and B (p <italic>&lt;</italic> 0.05, <xref rid="t3001" ref-type="table">Table 3</xref> ). There were 8 cases of moderate hemorrhage in group C, whereas groups A and group B had 1 case each.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Comparison of length of hospital stay, characteristics of PCI, and incidence of complications in the three groups</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Item</th>
                    <th>Male (aspirin + ticagrelor + tirofiban) (Group A, 97 cases)</th>
                    <th>Female (aspirin + ticagrelor) (Group B, 69 cases)</th>
                    <th>Female (aspirin + ticagrelor + tirofiban) (Group C,93 cases)</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Average length of hospital stay (days)</td>
                    <td align="center">7.8&#177;1.5</td>
                    <td align="center">11.2&#177;3.3<sup>a</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">8.3&#177;1.9<sup>ab</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">0.042</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Selective secondary surgery [n(%)]</td>
                    <td align="center">12(12.37)</td>
                    <td align="center">19(27.54)<sup>a</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">9(20.93)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.047</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Post-infarction angina pectoris [n(%)]</td>
                    <td align="center">5(5.05)</td>
                    <td align="center">14(19.72)<sup>a</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">5(5.38)<sup>b</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Re-infarction [n(%)]</td>
                    <td align="center">0(0)</td>
                    <td align="center">7(10.14)<sup>a</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">6(6.45)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.009</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Stent thrombosis [n(%)]</td>
                    <td align="center">0(0)</td>
                    <td align="center">3(4.35)<sup>a</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">1(1.08)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.073</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Severe arrhythmia [n(%)]</td>
                    <td align="center">2(2.06)</td>
                    <td align="center">9(13.04)<sup>a</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">3(3.23)<sup>b</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">0.004</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Cardiac function above Killip grade III [n(%)]</td>
                    <td align="center">2(2.60)</td>
                    <td align="center">14(20.29)<sup>a</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">8(8.60)<sup>ab</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">0.0001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Postoperative cardiogenic shock [n(%)]</td>
                    <td align="center">0(0)</td>
                    <td align="center">5(7.25)<sup>a</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">1(1.08)<sup>b</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">0.006</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>30-day mortality [n(%)]</td>
                    <td align="center">0(0)</td>
                    <td align="center">4(5.80)<sup>a</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">1(1.08)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.004</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Total hemorrhage [n(%)]</td>
                    <td align="center">7(7.22)</td>
                    <td align="center">6(8.70)</td>
                    <td align="center">20(21.98)<sup>ab</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">0.005</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Severe hemorrhage</td>
                    <td align="center">0(0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0(0)</td>
                    <td align="center">1(1.08)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.408</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Moderate hemorrhage</td>
                    <td align="center">1(1.03)</td>
                    <td align="center">1(1.45)</td>
                    <td align="center">8(8.60)<sup>ab</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">0.012</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Mild hemorrhage</td>
                    <td align="center">6(6.19)</td>
                    <td align="center">5(7.25)</td>
                    <td align="center">11(11.83)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.344</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>a: p &lt; 0.05 compared with group A; b: p &lt; 0.05 compared with group B.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>More than 50% of cardiovascular deaths occur in females. Regardless of the positive results of the pathophysiology, complaints, symptoms, signs and results of auxiliary examinations, or the short-term and long-term therapeutic effects, female patients have their own particularities.<sup><xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref> , <xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref> </sup>Timely PCI in female patients with acute coronary syndrome can effectively reduce the incidence of MACE.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref> , <xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref> , <xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref> , <xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref> </sup>However, women, especially elderly women, often have no typical chest pain during ischemic attack, which may delay diagnosis and treatment. In the present study, the incidence of angina pectoris before infarction was significantly lower in women, when compared to men. Furthermore, non-specific symptoms, such as post-sternal discomfort, chest tightness, shortness of breath, nausea, vomiting, and fatigue, were more common in females with AMI. In addition, the sensitivity and specificity of electrocardiogram and exercise electrocardiogram in the diagnosis of coronary heart disease are lower in women. The lack of specific symptoms and the corresponding electrocardiogram changes in the pathophysiological condition of ischemia and the lack of timely and necessary medicines and lifestyle intervention, even in critical conditions, such as complete or subtotal vascular occlusion, often lead to late consultation, missing the most treatable stage and resulting in a lack of early intervention, such as emergency PCI, which is one of the main causes of the higher incidence of complications and mortality in female patients with AMI.<sup><xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref> , <xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref> </sup></p>
        <p>Diabetes mellitus is an isocritical condition of coronary heart disease. The therapeutic effects of antiplatelet drugs in patients with diabetes are worse than in patients without diabetes. Furthermore, the incidence of slow blood flow and no reflow after emergency PCI and MACE are significantly higher than in patients without diabetes.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref> - <xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref> , <xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref> </sup>This suggests that enhanced antiplatelet therapy is needed for patients with diabetes. Diabetes mellitus is one of the most important risk factors for patients with acute coronary syndrome, regardless of whether the GRACE score is used for evaluating ischemic events or the CRUSADE score is used for predicting the risk of bleeding. DAPT is the cornerstone for preventing ischemia and thrombosis after PCI.<sup><xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref></sup>After receiving DAPT, some patients still have serious complications of thrombosis, especially in female patients with diabetes and elderly patients with diabetes. IIb/IIIa receptor inhibitors in addition to DAPT can effectively reduce the occurrence of slow blood flow and no reflow, the incidence of acute and subacute thrombosis, and the occurrence of MACE.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref> - <xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref> - <xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref> </sup>However, there were no significant differences in general characteristics, coronary lesion characteristics and GRACE scores among the three groups in the present study. These results revealed that TAPT was significantly superior to DAPT in reducing related ischemia-driven events, such as the incidence of post-infarction angina pectoris, severe arrhythmia, heart failure, cardiogenic shock, and 30-day mortality, in both elderly male and female patients with diabetes and STEMI, when compared to women with diabetes and STEMI who received DAPT. Furthermore, compared to patients receiving DAPT, the average hospital stay was shorter in those receiving TAPT. Moreover, the incidence of selective PCI, re-infarction, and stent thrombosis in elderly male patients with diabetes and STEMI who received TAPT was significantly lower, when compared to elderly female patients with diabetes and STEMI who received DAPT. This suggested that TAPT could effectively reduce the onset of ischemic events in elderly patients with diabetes and STEMI. Furthermore, male patients benefit more than female patients.</p>
        <p>The CRUSADE score is an important index for evaluating the risk of hemorrhage.<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup>Older age, the existence of diabetes mellitus, and female sex are all important risk factors for hemorrhage. Due to the strong antiplatelet effect of tirofiban and the combined application of ticagrelor, hemorrhagic complications have always been a matter of concern for cardiovascular physicians.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref> , <xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref> - <xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref> , <xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref> </sup>Close attention should be given to the application of DAPT and TAPT in order to minimize the occurrence of hemorrhagic complications. DAPT has been applied only for elderly female patients with STEMI, whose CRUSADE score was above middle-risk, while TAPT has been applied for patients with low-risk CRUSADE scores. These results revealed that the total incidence of hemorrhage and the incidence of moderate hemorrhage in elderly female patients with diabetes after TAPT was significantly higher, when compared to that of female patients with relatively high risk of hemorrhage and elderly male patients with diabetes receiving TAPT. However, there was no significant difference in the risk of hemorrhage between male and female patients receiving TAPT. This indicated that the risk of hemorrhage is higher for elderly female patients with diabetes and STEMI. It is noteworthy that there are special pathophysiological conditions in antiplatelet therapy for elderly female patients with diabetes and STEMI, which are different from those of males. While preventing ischemia-driven events, close attention must be given to the increased risk of hemorrhage.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Study Limitations</title>
          <p>The study only compared elderly female patients with diabetes who received TAPT and DAPT, and it did not include male patients receiving DAPT as a control. Furthermore, the sample size was small, and there was a lack of long-term follow-up. The team of authors is conducting further research to address these limitations.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>The present study showed that the incidence of complications in elderly female patients with diabetes and STEMI receiving TAPT after PCI was significantly lower than in patients receiving DAPT. However, the incidence of hemorrhage in female patients receiving TAPT was significantly higher, when compared to male patients receiving TAPT and female patients receiving DAPT.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p><bold>Sources of Funding</bold> .There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
